上海市实验学校2021届高三上学期摸底考试英语试题

上海市实验学校2021届高三上学期摸底考试英语试题
一、句子翻译
1．他从来没有意识到题目越容易就应该越仔细。

(occur)（汉译英）
____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________【解析】
考查固定搭配、主语从句。

表述过去发生的事情使用一般过去时。

occur to是固定搭配意为“想起、意识到”。

当主语从句作主语时，一般习惯于将主语从句后置，使用形式主语指代主语从句。

主语为it，谓语为occurred，主语从句为that the easier the questions were, the more careful he should be。

再结合其他汉语提示故翻译为It never occurred to him that the easier the questions were, the more careful he should be。

二、完形填空
Lawmakers in New Jersey recently advanced a bill that would ban businesses from going cashless—a move that would put the state at odds with the global trend toward electronic payments but would 5．_____resistance from local officials who see no-cash policies as unfair.
Almost 1 of 3 Americans in 2018 say they don't use cash during a typical week of purchases, according to the Pew study released this week. The findings reveal life that Americans are becoming less reliant on paper currency, mirroring 6．_____ in Sweden, India and China. But state and local officials say that restaurants and shops do that adopt cashless policies have left some members of the community behind— individuals without the 7．_____ to open a bank account or who lack access to lines of credit or the mobile apps that power digital payments.
The New Jersey measure, which would apply only to face-to-face sales and would 8．_____ internet and phone purchases, comes as officials push 9．_____ efforts to bar no-cash rules in New York and Philadelphia. 10．_____ cashless policies offer consumers the promise of convenience and provide businesses greater protection against theft, they also can exclude low-income consumers or undocumented immigrants, critics say. "Cash-free businesses are discriminatory by design and pose 11．_____ to low-income communities that may not have access to credit or debit," New York Council member Torres said on Twitter when he introduced a bill that would ban the practice.
According to the Pew study, the decline in the use of 12．_____ currency is uneven among the population
when race, age and income are accounted for. Pew found a significant 13．_____ in cashless adoption tied to annual household income, with adults making at least $75,000 more than twice as likely to make all their purchases without using cash in a typical week, 14．_____ with people who make less than $30,000. The Pew findings suggest that the 15．_____of going cashless may come with a cost that only some groups of people will bear. Americans with lower incomes are roughly four times as likely than higher earners to make almost all of their purchases with cash, according to the study.
As has been noted, business leaders have 16．_____cashless policies by pointing to higher security and 17．_____ customer service and efficiency. Some advocates have focused on providing people who are underserved by the 18．_____ banking system with more affordable options, attacking the root cause behind the 19．_____ of cashless payments.
5．A．set up B．put up C．back up D．step up
6．A．deposits B．exchanges C．shifts D．currencies
7．A．ideas B．means C．directions D．outlets
8．A．attract B．exclude C．advance D．include
9．A．opposite B．associated C．similar D．collective
10．A．While B．Provided C．Because D．As
11．A．discounts B．traps C．challenges D．risks
12．A．electronic B．physical C．virtual D．circulating
13．A．similarity B．expense C．gap D．consumption
14．A．linked B．associated C．combined D．compared
15．A．outcomes B．effects C．benefits D．disadvantages
16．A．adopted B．defended C．developed D．criticized
17．A．hindered B．accomplished C．improved D．desired
18．A．traditional B．fading C．aggressive D．unqualified 19．A．transformations B．developments C．criticisms D．creations
三、阅读理解
“Deep reading” —as opposed to the often superficial reading we do on the Web —is an endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significant work of art. Its disappearance would jeopardize(危及) the intellectual and emotional development of generations growing up online, as well as
the preservation of a critical part of our culture: the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be appreciated only by readers whose brains, quite literally, have been trained to understand them.
Recent research in cognitive science and psychology has demonstrated that deep reading —slow, immersive, rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity—is a distinctive experience, different in kind from the mere decoding of words. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, the
built-in limits of the printed page are uniquely helpful to the deep reading experience. A book’s lack of hyperlinks(超链接), for example, frees the reader from making decisions —Should I click on this link or not? —allowing her to remain fully immersed in the narrative.
That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail, indirect reference and figures of speech: by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also vigorous exercise for the brain, propelling us inside the heads of fictional characters and even, studies suggest, increasing our real-life capacity for empathy (认同).
None of this is likely to happen when we’re browsing through a website. Although we call the activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the information-driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the experience they produce and in the capacities they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less engaging and less satisfying, even for the “digital natives” to whom it is so familiar. Last month, for example, Britain’s National Literacy Trust released the results of a study of 34,910 young people aged 8 to 16. Researchers reported that 39% of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but only 28% read printed materials every day. Those who read only onscreen were three times less likely to say they enjoy reading very much and a third less likely to have a favorite book. The study also found that young people who read daily only onscreen were nearly two times less likely to be above-average readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and onscreen.
20．What does the author say about “deep reading”?
A．It serves as a complement to online reading.
B．It should be preserved before it is too late.
C．It is mainly suitable for reading literature.
D．It is an indispensable part of education.
21．Why does the author advocate the reading of literature?
A．It helps promote readers’ intellectual and emotional growth.
B．It enables readers to appreciate the complexity of language.
C．It helps readers build up immersive reading habits.
D．It is quickly becoming an endangered practice.
22．In what way does printed-page reading differ from online reading?
A．It ensures the reader’s cognitive growth.
B．It enables the reader to be fully engaged.
C．It activates a different region of the brain.
D．It helps the reader learn rhetorical devices.
23．What do we learn from the study released by Britain’s National Literacy Trust?
A．Onscreen readers may be less competent readers.
B．Those who do reading in print are less informed.
C．Young people find reading onscreen more enjoyable.
D．It is now easier to find a favorite book online to read.
Earthquake survivors trapped in rubble could one day be saved by an unlikely rescuer: a robotic caterpillar that digs its way through debris. Just a few centimeters wide, the robot relies on magnetic fields to propel it through the kind of tiny cracks that would defeat the wheeled or tracked search robots currently used to locate people trapped in collapsed buildings.
The caterpillar's inventor, Norihiko Saga of Akita Prefectural University in Japan, will demonstrate his new method of motion at a conference on magnetic materials in Seattle. In addition to lights and cameras, a search caterpillar could be equipped with an array of sensors to measure other factors --such as radioactivity or oxygen levels --that could tell human rescuers if an area is safe to enter.
The magnetic caterpillar is amazingly simple. It moves by a process similar to peristalsis(蠕动), the rhythmic contraction that moves food down your intestine. Saga made the caterpillar from a series of rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid consisting of iron particles, water, and a detergent-like surfactant, which reduces the surface tension of the fluid. Each capsule is linked to the next by a pair of rubber rods. The caterpillar's guts are wrapped in a clear, flexible polymer tube that protects it from the environment.
To make the caterpillar move forwards, Saga moves a magnetic field backwards along the caterpillar. Inside the caterpillar's “head” capsule, magnetic fluid surges towards the attractive magnetic field, causing the capsule to bulge out(鼓起) to the sides and draw its front and rear portions up. As the magnetic field passes to the next capsule,
the first breaks free and springs forward and the next capsule bunches up(聚成一团). In this way, the caterpillar can reach speeds of 4 centimeters per second as it crawls along.
Moving the magnetic field faster can make it traverse(穿过) the caterpillar before all the capsules have sprung back to their original shapes. The segments then all spring back, almost but not quite simultaneously.
Saga plans to automate the movement of the caterpillar by placing electromagnets at regular intervals along the inside of its polymer tube. By adjusting the current flow to the electromagnets, he'll be able to control it wirelessly via remote control. He also needs to find a new type of rubber for the magnetic capsules, because the one he's using at the minute eventually begins to leak.
But crawling is not the most efficient form of motion for robots, says Robert Full of the University of California at Berkeley, an expert in animal motion who occasionally advises robotics designers. "If you look at the energetic cost of crawling, compare d to walking, swimming or flying, crawling is very expensive,” he says. In walking, energy is conserved in the foot and then released to help the foot spring up.
Saga acknowledges this inefficiency but says his caterpillar is far more stable than one that walks, rolls on wheels or flies. It has no moving parts save for a few fluid-filled rubber capsules. Biped robots and wheeled robots require a smooth surface and are difficult to miniaturize, and flying robots have too many moving parts. “My peristaltic crawling robot is simple--and it works,” he says.
24．From this passage, we can learn that ________.
A．a robotic caterpillar can crawl by a pair of rubber rods
B．when a caterpillar moves, the magnetic field moves backwards along it
C．the environment couldn't influence a robotic caterpillar's guts, which are wrapped in a capsule
D．crawling is very stable and efficient, and when it moves, only a few elements are needed
25．According to this passage, which is NOT TRUE about the construction of the robotic caterpillar?
A．A robotic caterpillar is made from a series of rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid.
B．Iron particles, water, and a detergent-like surfactant form a magnetic fluid.
C．Each capsule filled with a magnetic fluid is linked to a pair of rubber rods.
D．In order to keep stable condition, the caterpillar's guts are wrapped in a clear, flexible polymer tube. 26．Comparing the robotic caterpillar and the other robots, which of the following is NOT TRUE?
A．A smooth surface is indispensable to biped robots and wheeled robots.
B．Flying robots are very inconvenient when moving, because they have too many moving parts.
C．The robotic caterpillar only has rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid.
D．Wheeled robots are unable to locate trapped people because they cannot miniaturize.
Criticism of Big Tech is intensifying. At Congressional hearings last week, politicians from across the aisle gave a rough ride to executives of some of the world's most valuable companies. Amid the hubbub(喧哗), the resignation of Google's Meredith Whittaker was less noticed, but significant. Ms Whittaker, a Google artificial intelligence researcher, was a leader of protests insider the company last year. In an internal note to fellow employees, she warned that developers have a “sh ort window in which to act" to stop increasingly dangerous uses of artificial intelligence.
Ms Whittaker' s resignation reflects a growing tendency for tech companies' own staff to try to serve as the moral compass and conscience of their businesses. In companies whose value relies so much on human and intellectual capital ---and in being able to attract the sharpest minds ---employees have considerable potential impact, especially collectively.
The Google Walkouts of which Ms Whittaker was a leader began in response to the search group's treatment of sexual harassment complaints. They snowballed to include broader issues around the company’s technologies. Ms Whittaker’s decision now to resign suggests many Big Tech companies are still not doing enough to at tend to employees' concerns over corporate culture. Yet responding to internal calls to action should be an obvious choice. Threats of strikes or resignations by the talented staff who build systems risk undermining technology companies' competitiveness. Employee action can act to strengthen measures by regulators who are increasingly proactive in dealing with the excesses of Big Tech.
The rise of collective action for social good is encouraging. Traditional labour focuses ----such as workers' rights around pay and hours ----- remain important in a sector which still also makes heavy uses of cheap and poorly-skilled workers. Attempts to pressure companies into behaving ethically have more often been driven by single employees. Avenues are needed to ensure that workers can discuss potentially unethical practices without risking revenge.
Ms Whittaker’s proposal for unionisation is part of a broader chorus demanding greater employee oversight. Alphabet, Google’s parent, has already faced calls from union-sponsored pension funds to add a non-executive employee representative to its board. While not successful this year, the move showed that stakeholders such as investors are pressing for culture change within Big Tech companies.
Workers outside the tech sector, too, are forcing companies to try to solve international problems. A global climate strike is planned for September，encouraging workers to join the thousands of school students who have
protested over the past year. In the advertising industry, workers at over 20 agencies refused to work on fossil fuel briefs in solidarity, inspired by the Extinction Rebellion protests. Big Tech, facing ever more open criticism should see the message is clear. To regain trust, it will have to engage not just with regulators, but with its own employees and stakeholders.
27．We can learn from the first paragraph that Ms Whittaker _________
A．drew much criticism from politicians.
B．opposed Google's risky uses of AL.
C．disagreed with her colleagues on the future of AI.
D．resigned because her talent in AI was not recognized.
28．The author argues in Paragraph 2 that tech companies' staff _________
A．can serve as the moral models for traditional labour.
B．should keep sharpening their minds.
C．can pressure companies into behaving ethically.
D．should improve internal collaboration.
29．According to Paragraph3, internal calls to action may _________.
A．damage a company's reputation.
B．threaten a company's competitiveness.
C．impair a company' s corporate culture.
D．strengthen a company 's management system.
30．Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A．Employees Can Help to Make Big Tech Moral
B．Big Tech Staff Are Different from Traditional Labour
C．The Tech Sector Is Facing Ever More Criticism
D．The Tech Sector Is in a Wave of Resignations
四、书面表达
31.
现在很多公园向民众免费开放。

这一做法有好处，但也带来一些问题。

请谈谈你的看法。

____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 五、语法填空
We take it for granted that with memory we can remember most of things which happened in our life. But it is difficult to imagine 32．life could be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions(感知)，the basis for the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be found in our past experiences, 33．are brought into the present by memory.
Memory can be defined as the ability 34．(keep) information available for later use. It not only includes “remembering” things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also involves any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory 35．(involve) when a rat gives up eating grain because he has sniffed something suspicious in the grain pile.
Memory exists not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory storage capacity(容量) of a computer with 36．of a human being. The instant access memory of a large computer 37．hold up to 100,000 “words” ---- strings of alphabetic or numerical characters ---- ready for instant use. An average U.S. adult probably recognizes the meaning of about 42,000 English words. 38．amazing it sounds, this is but a part of the total amount of information that the teenager has stored. 39．(consider), for example, the number of faces and places that the teenager can recognize on sight.
The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings. Without doubt, a large part of a person’s memory is in terms of words and combinations of words. But 40．language greatly expands the number and the kind of things a person can remember, it also requires a huge memory capacity. It may well be this capacity that distinguishes humans 41．other animals.
六、选词填空
Many parents have toyed with home schooling. The idea conjures up idyllic(田园诗般的) images of
bright-eyed children and earnest parents clustered at the kitchen table, unravelling the mysteries of maths, science
and languages free of the dogma and structures of 42．education.
This week, parents have confronted a more chaotic reality－not home schooling in the usual sense, but enforced schooling, from home. Kitchen tables strewn(布满) with books and cereal bowls; 43．parents trying to remember how to do improper fractions while taking part in a Google Hangout(一款群聊视频软件) with work colleagues; fights over laptops as children insist they need to log on to online lessons—such scenes will have been repeated in households across the world.
A video that went 44．this week depicted the feelings of parents around the world.It showed a mother who broke after just two days of trying to marshal(安排) the schedules of her children as well as dozens of messages on WhatsApp:“If we don't die of corona, we'll die of 45．learning,”she ranted.
Some will have taken instantly to schooling from home, pleasantly surprised at the 46．to be gained from teaching young minds and at their own aptitude as teachers. For others who find the whole thing a Sisyphean(不可能完成的) task, the idea that schools may be 47．for months to come is daunting.
Home learning, as more usually understood, is not a new idea. The modern homeschool movement emerged in the 1970s, promoted by the likes of John Holt, an American teacher and education writer. He advised parents to 48．the curriculum to fit the child's interests, not the other way around.
The most recent estimates suggest that close to 60,000 children are home schooled in England, for reasons including mental health issues and special educational needs. Some parents have given up on what they see as a 49．“one-size fits all” education system.
Many technology entrepreneurs, including Google founder Larry Page, have talked about their formative years attending Montessori schools, 50．them with helping to promote a sense of questioning and self-motivation.
For parents settling in for the long haul during today's health crisis, technology is proving a 51． . School by Google Hangouts, Microsoft Teams or Zoom has been hugely popular to keep children focused as well as connected as a class.
How best to make it work? Experts say children should rise, breakfast and work according to a clear timetable in line with normal schooling and parents should take a deep breath and keep calm.
七、六选四
Life on a Ship
We three children were very excited when we walked up the gangway (舷梯) of the British flagship China Star and saw officers, crew and staff rushing around. A Chinese housekeeper led the way and helped Uncle Jean and
Aunt Reine with our luggage. Victor, Claudine and I lagged behind. The housekeeper was tall and thin and towered over everyone. 52．As we followed him down a narrow corridor towards our cabins, Victor whispered to me, “One thing about having no hair at all on your head, you always look neat!”
Though I was still feeling nervous and tongue-tied because it had only been three days since Aunt Reine took me out of St. Joseph’s, I laughed out loud. That was the effect Victor had on people. 53．“Boys to the right and girls to the left,” sa id Uncle Jean. Our two cabins were directly opposite each other. Inside, everything was neat, bare and clean. While Aunt Reine, Claudine and I were unpacking, there was a knock on the door.
Victor stood there, wearing a bright-red and orange life-jacket. “Why are you wearing that?” Claudine protested. “Our ship hasn’t even sailed yet!” “In case the China Star starts going down. Then you’ll really be sorry you’re not wearing one yourself. Here! Let me show you something!” 54．Our cabin was below deck. Outside we could see nothing but deep dark water.
Claudine became alarmed. “Mama, how often does a ship sink?” she asked. Before Aunt Reine had time to reply, Victor quipped with a straight face, “Only once!” Aunt Reine and I could not help laughing in spite of ourselves. But then Victor did something my brothers would never have done. He took off his life-jacket, slipped it on his sister and showed her how to adjust the straps. 55．At night, our housekeeper brought in a tiny roll-out bed because there were three of us.
A．Once Victor hid in a lifeboat for half an hour while we searched everywhere.
B．His head was completely hairless, and he was obviously unsteady.
C．He and Claudine made me feel at ease as soon as I met them.
D．There were only two narrow twin beds in our cabin, each covered with dark blue sheets.
E．He parted the curtain and looked out of the round window of the ship．
F．He jumped out as we passed below him, scaring and delighting us at the same time．
八、概要写作
56.
Building a lasting social relationship
We all know that friends are special people who we share our lives with, and who share their lives with us in return. But seeking friends and keeping the friendship going are never easy.
According to research recently published in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, the key is to use “we-talk”.
Led by University of California psychologist Megan Robbins and her colleagues, the researchers reviewed and
analyzed 30 different studies involving over 5,000 participants. This analysis of "we﹣talk" suggested that the frequent use of "we" and "us" is linked to happier and healthier relationships．The word “we” moves people from an individual position into a partnership, which makes us more interdependent. “The Pronouns offer an insight into whether p eople see themselves as individuals or as part of a whole.” Robbins told Science Daily.
Their research also found that "we﹣talk" is helpful for resolving conflicts．The primary point is that interdependence may bring about supportive and relationship-centered behaviors and positive perceptions of the partner – especially important in times of stress and disagreement.
Contrary to “we-talk”, there is “I-talk”, which refers to the frequent use of first-person singular pronouns, such as “I”, “me” and “mine”, whe n writing or speaking. Earlier this year, researchers analyzed a set of data that came from 4,700 people in Germany and the US. They found that too much "I﹣talk" was an accurate linguistic marker for the likelihood that someone is feeling stressed or experiencing negative emotions．
As you can see from the two studies, too much “I-talk” can make you feel depressed. But “we-talk” can encourage you to become more positive and create a ripple effect of healthy interdependence with others. So next time you’re talking to a friend, try using more “we-talk”. You may find yourself feeling more positive – and the effect it will have on your friend will be positive as well.
____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案
1-4【答案】It never occurred to him that the easier the questions were, the more careful he should be.
2．只有仔细观察和分析，我们才能发现问题所在。

(Only) （汉译英）
____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【解析】
考查倒装句和宾语从句。

固定短语：find out（=discover）发现。

根据句意可知，本句要求用only来强调方式状语，所以符合部分倒装的语法：only+“方式状语”置于句首时，表示强调，主句用部分倒装；“问题所在的地方”可用where引导的宾语从句，where在宾语从句中作地点状语。

语境表明陈述的是现在的情况，用一般现在时，故翻译为：Only through careful observation and analysis can we find out / discover
where the problem lies.或Only by observing and analyzing carefully can we find out / discover where the problem lies.
【答案】Only through careful observation and analysis can we find out / discover where the problem lies.
Or: Only by observing and analyzing carefully can we find out / discover where the problem lies.
3．不知不觉暑假结束了，真后悔浪费了许多本该花在学习上的时光。

(before) （汉译英）
____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【解析】
考查连词。

表达过去的事情使用一般过去时，表达过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响使用现在完成时。

“本应该”是should have done，前句主语为The summer vacation，谓语为came to an end，后句主语为I，谓语为regret，“后悔做过某事”后加doing。

再结合其他汉语提示故翻译为The summer vacation came to an end before I realized it, and I really regret wasting so much time I should have spent in studying。

【答案】The summer vacation came to an end before I realized it, and I really regret wasting so much time I should have spent in studying.
4．都是由于智能手机，过去的这个暑假再也不是几年前的暑假了——老师们通过手机不停地吩咐我们做这做那。

(It) （汉译英）
____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【解析】。