外研版高一英语必修3_Module1_名师讲语法：Grammar1_and_Grammar2_精讲练

名师讲语法：Grammar1 and Grammar2 精讲练观察下列从Reading and V ocabulary 中选取的句子，体会被动语态的用法。

①It is one of the most beautiful cities in the world and is visited by more than eight million tourists every year.
②One of Barcelona's most famous landmarks is the Church of the Sagrada Familia，which was designed by an architect called Antonio Gaudi.
③Many of Florence's most beautiful paintings and sculptures were produced by great artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.
④Athens，the capital of Greece, is known as the birthplace of western civilization.
⑤Buildings such as the Parthenon on the Acropolis Hill were built during this period.
[自我总结]
1．前3个句子中都有by，by之后是动作的，后两个句子中没有by, 是为了突出动作的或者不知道、没必要指出动作的。

2．被动语态的基本结构为：。

【答案】 1.执行者；承受者；执行者 2.助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词
Ⅰ.一般现在时与一般过去时的被动语态
英语中的语态分主动语态和被动语态两种。

如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语动词用主动语态；如果主语是动作的对象，谓语动词用被动语态。

英语中只有及物动词和及物动词短语和某些动词短语才能构成被动语态。

1．被动语态的构成
被动语态的构成形式为“be＋动词的过去分词”，随时态的不同，“be”发生相应的变化。

一般现在时的被动语态是由am, is, are ＋动词的过去分词构成；一般过去时的被动语态是由was/were＋动词的过去分词构成。

(1)一般现在时
Football is played all over the world.
全世界到处都踢足球。

Miss Gao，you are wanted on the phone.
高老师，有人给你打电话。

(2)一般过去时
He was invited to dinner yesterday evening.
昨天晚上他被邀请去吃饭了。

The buildings were built last year.
这些房子是去年造的。

2．被动语态的用法
被动语态主要用于以下场合：
(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者时。

如：
Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。

He was hurt in the car accident.
他在车祸中受伤了。

(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身而不必指明谁是动作的执行者时。

The injured were allowed home after treatment.
受伤者在医院的治疗后被获准回家。

At last an agreement was arrived at.
终于达成了一项协议。

(3)当我们强调或侧重动作的执行者时，这时我们可用by 引出动作的执行者。

The work will be examined by a group of experts soon.你的工作即将受到一组专家的检查。

Such things are only eaten by animals. 这样的东西只有动物才吃。

(5)“get ＋过去分词”的被动语态为习惯用法，这种结构往往更强调动作的结果而非动作本身
Supposing you drink five bottles of beer, do you think you would get drunk?
假如你喝五瓶啤酒，你会醉吗？
They got married last year. 他们去年结的婚。

Ⅱ.主谓一致
主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持数的一致关系。

英语主谓一致
一般要遵循三条原则，即：语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就近原则。

1．语法一致原则
语法一致原则是指谓语动词和它的主语在语法形式上必须取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式，如：
Tom doesn't like swimming.
汤姆不喜欢游泳。

Jane and Mary look alike.
简和玛丽看起来很像。

2．意义一致原则
意义一致原则是指谓语动词和主语的一致，同由主语所表达的单复数概念来决定，而不是根据主语的实际语法形式。

有时主语的语法形式是单数，但所表达的概念是复数意义，这时动词应采用复数形式，如：
The football team are having breakfast now.
足球队员们在吃早饭。

The news was exciting.
这条消息令人振奋。

3．就近原则
就近原则指谓语动词的人称和数要在形式上与最靠近它的那个名词或代词取得一致。

当一个句子有两个主语而它们又是either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also..., or 等连接时，谓语动词与靠近它的主语保持一致，如：Either your students or Mr Wang knows this.
你的学生们或王老师知道这件事。

Neither Jim nor his friends were interested in this film.
汤姆和他的朋友们都对这部电影不感兴趣。

主谓一致这三个原则中有很多需要注意的问题，本模块中主要涉及到主语为集体名词和代词的语法项目，下面就这两个语法项目详细论述。

(1)主语为集体名词
①某些集体名词既可表示单数也可表示复数。

如果集体名词作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中的成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式，如：
Our group were discussing heatedly on the subject.
我们小组成员正对这个问题进行热烈的讨论。

(group 指小组成员)
Our group is made up of four girls and five boys.
我们小组有4个女孩和5个男孩组成。

(group 指小组整体)
The population in China is very large，and one third of the population are farmers.
中国的人口很多，其中三分之一是农民。

(前一个population 指整体，后一个population 指成员)
②某些集体名词如people，police，cattle，youth 等常作复数看待，谓语动词与复数形式的谓语搭配，如：
The police are searching for him.警察正在搜寻他。

The cattle were driven away from the hill.
那些牲畜从山上被赶走了。

③某些名词如equipment(设备)，furniture(家具)，jewelry(珠宝)，clothing(衣服)，machinery(机械)，表示单数概念，谓语动词要相应地采用单数形式，如：
A lot of equipment has been replaced by the new equipment. 许多旧设备已经被新设备代替了。

All the machinery in the factory was controlled by robots.这个厂所有的机械都由机器人来控制的。

(2)主语为代词
①有些代词尽管意义上是多数，但谓语动词要用单数形式，这类代词有：either，neither，each，another，somebody，someone，something，anything，anyone，everyone，everything，everybody，no one，nothing，nobody等。

Each of them wishes to be a professional football player.
他们每个人都渴望成为职业足球运动员。

Everything around us is matter.
我们周围所有的东西都是物质。

注意：
a．在neither of 与either of 的结构中，谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式，如：
Neither of them was/were in good health，but both worked hard. 他们俩身体都不好，但工作却都很努力。

b．each 用于单数名词前，谓语动词用单数形式，each用于复数主语后，谓语动词用复数形式。

each of，each one of后接复数名词或代词，但谓语动词常用单数形式。

Each (one) of the houses was different.
每座房子都不同。

Each student has been given their own e-mail address.
每个学生都得到了一个自己的电子邮件地址。

They each have their own car.
他们每个人都有自己的车。

②none 作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数，这要取决于说话人的看法，如：
None of us seem to have thought of it.
似乎我们全都没有想到这一点。

None of us has got a camera.(None＝Not a single one)我们都没有照相机。

③both，(a) few，many，several作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，如：
Both (of) the instruments are not precise ones.
这两种仪器并不都是精密仪器。

④all 作主语表示人时，谓语动词用复数；表示物时，谓语动词用单数，如：
All is well that ends well.结果好一切都好。

All are eager to reach an agreement.
大家都急于达成一项协议。

Ⅰ.单项填空
1．(2012·陕西高考)The basketball coach，as well as his team，interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.
A．were B．was
C．is D．are
【解析】The basketball coach，as well as his team.结构中，前面的名词作主语，故谓语动词为单数，shortly after the match可知动作发生在过去，应用一般过去时。

【答案】 B
2．When and where to build the new factory yet.
A．is not decided B．are not decided
C．has not decided D．have not decided
【解析】when and where to build the new factory所指的是一件事，因此谓语动词要用单数。

故选A。

【答案】 A
3．(2013·湖南高考)If nothing ，the oceans will turn into fish deserts.
A．does B．had been done
C．will do D．is done
【解析】句意：如果什么措施都不采取的话，海洋将会变成鱼类的沙漠。

根据“主将从现”的原则，即主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，再根据语境可知此处应用被动语态，故答案为D。

【答案】 D
4．(2012·天津高考)The letters for the boss on his desk but he didn't read them until three days later.
A．were put B．was put
C．put D．has put
【解析】句意：给老板的那些信被放在了桌子上，但直到三天后他才读的。

根据but后的“didn't read”可知老板读信是发生在过去，所以信被放到桌子上应该发生在“读信”之前，也是过去的动作，与现在无关，所以排除D，因为现在完成时表示动作到现在刚刚结束或是对现在造成了影响或结果。

the letters与put之间为被动关系，故排除C；而且the letters作主语，是复数，可排除B。

所以答案为A。

【答案】 A
5．(2012·北京高考)—Have you heard about that fire in the market?
—Yes，fortunately no one .
A．hurt B．was hurt
C．has hurt D．had been hurt
【解析】句意：——你听说市场的那场火灾了吗？——听说了，幸好没有人受伤。

本题考查动词的时态和语态。

句中主语no one与谓语动词之间为被动关系，故排除A项和C项。

火灾发生在过去，因此选择一般过去时的被动语态，故选择B项。

D项为过去完成时，表示动作发生在过去的过去，与语境时间不符。

【答案】 B
6．(2011·上海春招)A lot of people often forget that oral exams to test our communicative ability.
A．design B．are designed
C．are designing D．are being designed
【解析】句意为“很多人经常忘记设计口语测试是用来检测我们的交际能力的。

”一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时，常与often，always，usually，sometimes，every day等时间状语连用。

oral exams与design的关系存在着被动，故选B。

【答案】 B
7．Such poets as Shakespeare widely read，of whose works，however，some difficult to understand.
A．are；are B．is；is
C．are；is D．is：are
【解析】主句中的主语应为poets，谓语动词用复数，其后的非限制性定语从句的主语应为some of whose works，谓语动词也应是复数。

故选A。

【答案】 A
8．(2013·北京高考)—Have you heard about the recent election?
—Sure, it the only thing on the news for the last three days.
A．would be B．is
C．has been D．will be
【解析】句意：——你听说过有关最近选举的事情了吗？——当然，这已
经成为最近三天报道的唯一话题。

根据时间状语“for the last three days”可知此处用现在完成时，故答案为C。

for the last three days是本题的关键信息，它多与现在完成时连用。

【答案】 C
9．(2012·辽宁高考)Mum，I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I on Friday.
A．get paid B．got paid
C．have paid D．had been paid
【解析】分析句子我们知道，儿子或者女儿非常客气地向母亲借钱。

这里运用过去时表达“客气、委婉”的语气，而非过去发生的事情。

运用过去时表达“客气、委婉”语气的用法是我们常见的，例如Would you please...？或者Could you...?
【答案】 A
10．(2013·福建毕业班质检)—Have you heard about that school bus accident?
—Yes，fortunately all on board including the driver .
A．were saved B．was saved
C．have saved D．has been saved
【解析】句意：——你听说那个校车事故了吗？——听说了，幸运的是，所有乘客包括司机都被救了出来。

设空处与前面的主语为被动关系，需用被动语态，故排除C项。

题干中all指“人”，相当于all the people，故谓语动词需用复数形式，故答案为A项。

【答案】 A
Ⅱ.句型转换(由主动语态变被动语态)
1．The teacher told the children a story.
→The children a story by the teacher.
【答案】were told
2．Different cooks in different parts of China cook dishes in different ways.
→Dishes in different ways by different cooks in different parts of China.
【答案】are cooked
3．The boy happened to meet her in the street.
→She happened in the street by the boy.
【答案】to be met
4．The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.
→The foreign guests a warm welcome by the children. 【答案】were given
5．They watched the children sing that morning.
→The children that morning.
【答案】were watched to sing
6．People believe that he is ill.
→It that he is ill.
→He be ill.
【答案】is believed；is believed to。