高二英语 Module21 Lesson 1 虚拟语气用法复习学案 北师大版模块七

Unit 21 Human Biology Lesson 1 Super Athletes
Grammar---- “虚拟语气”
Tips：When you＇re good to others, you are best to yourself.善待他人，即是最善待自己。

Learning objective: How to use “虚拟语气
Key &Difficult Learning Point: How to use “虚拟语气”correctly
Learning Procedures
Step 1虚拟语气的基本用法
虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式，用来表示非真实的假设，或者用来表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望。

一、非真实条件中的虚拟语气
非真实条件就是违背事实情况的假设，包括违背现在事实的假设，违背过去事实的假设，以及违背将来的假设。

在这三种情况下，条件从句和主句中的谓语动词采取下列虚拟形式。

1．违背现在事实的假设：从句谓语动词用一般过去时（were/did），主句谓语动词用would/could /should /might+动词原形
If the earth had no gravity，the moon would fly to the sun．假如地球没有引力，月球就要向太阳飞去。

If were a fish, I could swim in the river freely.假如我是鱼的话，我就可以在河中自由地游泳了。

If I were you ，I would reconsider their proposal．我要是你，就重新考虑他们的建议。

2．违背过去事实的假设：从句谓语动词用过去完成时（had+ been/done），主句谓语动词用would/could /should /might + have+动词过去分词
If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train．我要是早点动身，就赶上火车了。

If I had studied harder, I would have been admitted to a better university. 我要是早点更加努力学习的话，就被一所好大学录取了。

If she hadn't taken your advice, she would have made a serious mistake．她要不是听了你的劝告，就犯大错误了。

3．可能违背将来事实的假设：从句谓语动词用过去式/Were to/should+动词原形，：主句谓语动词用would /could /should/might+动词原形
这里指的是将来不大可能发生的假设，或者虽有可能发生，但说话人主观上不希望发生的假设。

这种假设相当于汉语中常用的"万一"，"居然"，"竟然"等含义。

例如：
If he should fail, we would encourage him to try again．万一他失败，我们就鼓励他再试一次。

If I were to be given another chance, I would study harder.要是再给我一次机会，我就会更加努力地学习。

If I were to do it , I would do it in a different way．要是我来做这件事，我会采用另一种做法。

【注意】
①由某些连词如suppose, supposing（假设）=if也可以引导条件句。

Eg: Supposing white were black, you would be right. 假如黑白颠倒的话，你就是正确的。

②由并列连词but, otherwise ,or 连接的并列句，表转折。

Eg: I am busy ,otherwise I would go 要是我不忙的话，我就去。

4．介词短语表示的假设条件
有时不用if引导条件从句，而用介词with (有), without(如果没有) ,but for(若无) ,under(要是在)引出的介词短语，表示违背事实的假设条件，这时句中谓语动词仍用虚拟语气形式。

Eg: Without air，there would be no wind or clouds．没有空气就不会有风，也不会有云。

We couldn’t have finished the work on time without your help.要是没有你的帮助的话，我们就不能按时完成这项工作了。

In that case，we could have done the work better．如果那样的话，我们本可能把工作做得更好些的。

But for the storm，we should have arrived earlier．要是没有碰上暴雨，我们还会早一点到的。

5．连接词if的省略
如果条件从句的谓语包含有had，should或were，有时if可以省略。

这时had，should或were要移到主语的前面，形成倒装。

这种句型主要见于书面形式。

Eg : If I were you, I would go there. = Were I you, I would go there.我要是你的话，就去那里了。

If I had come earlier, I would not have missed this scene in the film. = Had I come earlier, I would not have missed this scene in the film.我要是来早一点的话，就不会错过电影的这个情景。

Had he not been ill，he might have come．要不是生病，他会来的。

Should it rain tomorrow，what could we do？万一明天下雨，我们能做些什么呢？
【注意】
在否定句中，否定词应放在主语之后，不可提前，也不可缩写。

If he had not seen his brother, he would not have known the news = Had he not seen his brother, he would not have known the news. 他要是没有见到他哥哥的话，就不知道这个消息。

二、其他从句的虚拟语气
在表示建议、命令、要求以及"重要性"和"紧迫性"等含义的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，由"动词原形"或"should＋动词原形"构成。

现分述如下：1．主语从句
在下列结构的主语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气
It is necessary that ．．．（有必要……；……必须）
It is imperative that．．．（必须……；……是要紧的）
It is important that．．．（重要的是……；……是很重要的）
It is essential that．．．（必须……；……是必要的）
It is advisable that．．．（最好……；……是理想的）
It is better that．．．（最好……）
It is ordered that．．．（根据命令……；人们要求……）
It is proposed that．．．（人们建议……）
It is desired that．．．（最好……；需要……）
It is requested that．．．（人们要求……）
It is suggested that．．．（有人建议……）
It is recommended that．．．（有人推荐……）
It is demanded that．．．（根据要求……）
It is decided．．．（已经决定……）
It is arranged that．．．（业已安排……）
例如：
It was arranged that they leave the following week．根据安排，他们下星期动身。

It is suggested that the meeting（should）be held at some other time．人们建议换一个时间开会。

It is suggested that she should do it again. 他建议她这件事情再做一次。

It is necessary that he (should )be here tomorrow. 他有必要明天来这里。

I’m sorry that she should fail in the exam. 真可怜，她考试竟然不及格。

It’s strange that she should fail in the exam. 真奇怪，她考试竟然不及格。

2．宾语从句
在下列动词的宾语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气：suggest（建议），insist（坚持），recommend（推荐），order（命令），propose（提议），require（要求），request（要求），command（命令），demand（要求）。

例如：
He commanded that we（should）attack the enemy at once．他命令我们立即向敌人进攻。

They demanded that the right to vote be given to every adult．他们要求给予每个成年人选举权。

【注意】
⑴当insist表坚持要某人做某事时用虚拟语气，而当表坚持说，坚持认为，表一种客观事实时用陈述语气。

①I insist that a doctor should be sent for immediately. 我坚持立即派人找医生。

②I insisted that I hadn’t broken the glass. 我坚持说我没有打烂玻璃。

⑵当suggest表建议用虚拟语气，当表暗示时用陈述语气
①I suggest that we should set off at once. 我建议我们立即动身。

②He suggests that she should do it again.他建议她这件事情再做一次。

③His pale face suggested that he was ill. 他苍白的脸色表明他生病了。

⑶wish，would rather后的虚拟语气
动词wish后的宾语从句，表示未实现的主观愿望。

这类宾语从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气。

如果与现在事实相反，宾语从句用一般过去时。

Eg: I wish she were with me now. 她现在和我在一起该多好啊！
I wish I knew both English and French．我要是既懂英文又懂法文就好了。

I wish I were as young as you．我要是像你一样年轻该多好。

I would rather you were here now, 我真希望你现在在这里。

如果与过去事实相反，宾语从句用过去完成时。

Eg: I wish I had bought that house last year. 我去年要是买了那所房子该多好啊！
如果与将来事实相反，宾语从句用would/should/could/might+动词原形
Eg: I wish I would hold a birthday party next month. 我要是下个月能开个生日派对该多好啊！
【注意】
动词wish如果是过去时态，后面的宾语从句中虚拟语气形式不变，仍用过去时、过去完成时和过去将来时。

例如：
I wished I hadn't made that mistake．我当时多么希望没犯那个错误。

3．同位语从句和表语从句
在下列名词的同位语从句和表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气：suggestion（建议），proposal（提议），order（命令），instruction（指示、指令），advice（劝告），motion（提议）。

例如：
He gave the order that the results of the experiment（should）be rechecked．他命令对那次实验的结果重新核对。

What do you think of his suggestion that she should do it again? 你认为他的让她再做这件事情的建议如何？
My suggestion is that we（should）send a trade delegation to Malaysia．我建议派一个贸易代表团去马来西亚。

His suggestion was that she should do it again. 他建议她这件事情再做一次。

4. 由as if , as though引导的方式状语从句谈论不可能或不真实的情形时，使用虚拟语气。

Eg: She loved the little child as if she were his mother.她非常爱这个小孩子，好像是他的妈妈似的。

After that, he acted as if nothing had happened.从此之后，他表现地好像什么都没有发生似的。

They look worried, as if something would happen. 他们看起来很担心，好像什么事情要发生似的。

【注意】
当谈论可能或真实的事或情形时不用虚拟语气。

Eg: It looks as if I’m going to be busy. = I’m probably going to be busy. 看起来我就要忙了。

三．由It is/was (high) time that …引导的从句须用一般过去时或should+动词原形。

Eg: It is high time that we got up /should get up now. 我们到起床的时候了。

四．有的条件句，主、从句动作时间不一致，叫错综时间条件句，要根据句子意思来调整主句的谓语动词.
Eg : If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. 如果现在一
切都没准备好，明天情况就糟了。

（从句与过去事实相反，主句与将来事实相反。

）
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天问他的话，就知道现在要做什么了。

（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。

）
If it had rained last night , it would be very cold today . 如果昨天晚上下雨的话，那么今天就非常冷了。

（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。

）
If I were you，I wouldn’t have missed the film last night．如果我是你，我就不会错过昨天晚上的那部电影。

（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。

）
If he had followed the doctor’s advice，he would recover already．如果他遵照医生的劝告，现在病就好了。

（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。

）
Step 2 虚拟语气专练
1. (2008山东)Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ______ it without you。

A. can manage
B. could have managed
C. could manage
D. can have managed
2. (2008江西)What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he ____ better。

A. need have done
B. must have done
C. can have done
D. might have done
3. —I wish I ________ the meeting。

(2009年郑州市第二次质量检测)
—But you didn’t。

4. —Why didn’t you come to Mike's birthday party yesterday?
—Well, I________, but I forgot it。

(河南省普通高中2009年毕业班教学质量调研考试)
A. should have
B. must
C. should
D. must have
5. (2009年河北保定市高三调研试题)I ____ to go for a walk, but someone called and I couldn’t get way。

A. was planning
B. had planned
C. planned
D. would plan
6. (2009年河北保定市高三调研试题)I would like _______ you to my birthday party, but I was busy and forgot to call you。

A. to invite
B. inviting
C. to have invited
D. having invited
7. —Did you visit the famous cultural relics last month? (江西省重点中学2009届高三第一次联考)
—No, we _____ visited it, but we spent too much time shopping。

A. could have
B. must have
C. can have
D. ought to have
8. Mary said to me, "Had I seen your bag, I _____ it to you." (2004年)
A. will return
B. must return
C. could return
D. would have returned
9. _____ the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business. (2004年)
A. If he took
B. If he should take
C. Were he to take
D. Had he taken
10. Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth ______ well. (2004年)
A. would not grow
B. will not grow
C. had not grown
D. would not be grown
11. But for my classmates' help, I _____ the work in time. (2004年)
A. did not finish
B. could not finish
C. will not finish
D. would not have finished
12. I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there. (2001年)
A. were
B. would be
C. had been
D. will be
Step 3 课堂小结
Step 4 课后反思。