2013版英语一轮精品复习学案：Unit1 A land of diversity(新人教版选修8)

选修8）
【高考新动向】
【考纲全景透析】【重点单词】
1 means n. 手段；方法
①Today an airship is used as a means of advertising .
现在飞船被用来作为一种广告工具。

②The burglars entered the house by means of a ladder.
窃贼用梯子爬进了这所房子。

③By no means is this the first time you have been late .
这绝不是你第一次迟到。

2.majority n.大多数，大半
the / a majority of +名词，谓语动词的数与of后面的名词相一致。

the majority 单独作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可。

in the /a majority 占多数
be in the/a majority 构成大部分/大多数
a majority over s
b 超过对方的票数
1). A / The majority of doctors agree that smoking is extremely harmful to health.
大多数医生认为吸烟对健康极为有害。

2). The majority was/were in favour of the proposal.
多数人赞成这个建议。

【即境活用】
1). English speakers form the ________ (大多数) of the population.
2). Among the members of the committee those who favour the proposed changes are _______ (介词) the
majority.
3). They had a large majority _______ (介词) the other party at the last election.
4). The majority of people _________ (prefer) peace to war.
5). The majority of the damage _________ (be) easy to repair.
Keys: 1). majority 2). in 3). over 4). prefer / prefers 5). is
3. occur vi. 发生；出现；存在
occur to... (主意) 浮现于脑海中；被想到；被想起；（某人）想到……
【温馨提示】occur是英语中很重要的动词，它用法灵活，常作为命题点来考查经常考查的角度是sth. occurs to sb. 或It occurs to sb. that从句；以及occur与happen, take place等动词或动词短语的词义和用法辨析
1). The tragedy occurred only minutes after take-off. 这一悲剧在起飞后几分钟内就发生了。

2). Didn’ t it occur to you that he might be late? 你当时没有想到他可能会迟到吗?
【即境活用】Has it ever ____ you that this old book might be valuable?
A. occurred
B. occurred to
C. struck to
D. come
【解析】选B。

句意：你是否曾经想过这本旧书可能有价值？occur to sb. 表示“某人想起”符合搭配形式。

4 .applicant n.申请人
apply for... 申请……apply to... 适用……
fill in the application form for sth. 填写……申请表
application n.申请(书)；应用；用途apply v. 申请；运用，适用
1). We had 250 applicants for the job. 有250人申请这份工作。

2). As the wages were low, there were few applicants for the job. 因为工资低, 没有什麽人申请这份工作。

【即境活用】
根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。

1). Successful _________ (apply) will receive notification within the week.
2). This rule can’ t be applied ________ (介词) every case.
3). You should ________ ________(申请) the job immediately, in person or by letter.
4). The question in the second half of the form _________ ________ (适用) married men only. Keys: 1). applicants 2). to 3). apply for 4). apply to
5. indicate vt. 指出；标示；表明
indicate sth (to sb) 指示；指出；标示indicate that/wh-表示……；示意……indication n. 指出；表明indicative adj.指示的；暗示的
1). I asked him where my sister was and he indicated the shop opposite.
我问他握姐姐在哪，他指指对面的商店。

2). Research indicates that men find it easier to give up smoking than women.
研究表明男人感到比女人更容易戒烟。

【即境活用】根据句子的意思，在括号里填入适当的词。

1). The government has ________ (表明) that it intends to cut taxes.
2). A flashing red light ________ (标示) that a stretch of road was undergoing repairs.
3). There is every ________ (indicate) of a change in the weather.
Keys: 1). indicated 2). indicated 3). indication
【重点短语】
1. live on 继续生活或存在
【相关短语】
live on sth 以某物为食；靠某种经济来源生活
live by doing sth 靠做某事物为生
live for sth 以某事物为生活目标
live through sth 经历某事物而幸存
live together 在一起生活；同居
live up to sth 依照某事物行事；表现出符合某事物的标准
live with sth 接受或容忍某现象
live to be... = live to the age of... 活到……岁
live a... life 过着……的生活
【即境活用】根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的live短语。

1). The lonely old man _______ _______ charity.
2). Mozart is dead but his music _______ _______.
3). My grandfather _______ _______ both world wars.
4). We should work hard and try to _______ _______ _______ our parents’ expectations.
5). The brave girl is learning to _______ _______ her disability.
Keys: 1). live on 2). lives on 3). lived through 4). live up to 5). live with
2. make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等
【相关短语】
bring sb/sth (back) to life 给某人/事物的活力；使复活
lay down one’ s life (for sb/sth) 为……献身；牺牲生命
lead a dog’ s life 过狗一般的生活（长期忧虑、痛苦或悲伤）
make one’ s way in life 在生活中有所成就
take one’ s (own) life: commit suicide 自杀
put an end to one’ s life: kill oneself 自杀
take sb’ s life: kill sb 取某人性命
a/sb’ s way of life（某人的或某些人的）生活方式
a walk of life 行业；职业；阶层
to the life 逼真
end one’ s days/life (in sth)（处於某状况下或在某处）度过余生
【即境活用】根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的介词或翻译。

1). He laid down his life _______ the cause of freedom.
2). They interview people from _______ _______ _______ _______ (各行各业的人).
3). She adapted easily to the French _______ _______ _______ (生活方式).
Keys: 1). for 2). all walks of life 3). way of life
3. keep up坚持；维持；沿袭古老的风俗、传统等；使某人不能去睡觉
【相关短语】
keep up with sb/sth. 跟上（某人/某事物）；（与某人/某事物）同步前进或保持联系；跟上（形势）keep (on) doing sth. 继续做某事物；重复做某事物
keep away from（使某人/事物）不靠近某人/事物
keep sb back from sb/sth（使某人）与某人/事物保持距离
keep sth. back 阻止某事物
keep oneself/sb from sth/doing sth 使自己/某人不能做某事物
keep sth from sb 不将某事告诉某人
keep off (sb/sth) 不接近或不接触某人/事物
keep sb/sth out (of sth) 不让某人/物进入（某处）
keep in touch with保持与某人的联系
keep fit 保持健康
1). You’ re all doing a splendid job; keep up the good work! 你们干得都很出色, 要坚持下去!
2). I do hope we’ re not keeping you up. 我希望我们没有耽误你睡觉。

【即境活用】In the face of all these difficulties, we’re not discouraged and our spirits ____ well.
A. keep up
B. go up
C. hold up
D. pick up
【解析】选A。

考查动词短语辨析。

句意：面对所有这些困难，我们没有气馁，而是继续保持斗志。

keep up 继续保持；go up上升；hold up支撑，耽搁；pick up捡起，接收。

4. mark out 划线标出……界线
be marked with... 标记着……
Please mark out the sentences that you don’ t understand with a red pen. 请用红笔标出你不懂的句子。

【即境活用】根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词。

1). I’ ve lost a case _______ _______ (标记着) “IX” on its back.
2). She carefully _______ _______ (划线标出) the important phrases and sentence patterns.
Keys: 1). marked with 2). marked out
5. take in 包括；吸收；接纳；欺骗
【相关短语】
take apart拆开；剖析，抨击(论点等) take down拿下，取下；拆卸；记下
take back取回，带回；收回说过的话；使…回忆起昔日take care of 照料，保管
take up开始从事；占用(时间或空间)；着手处理take medicine服药
take it easy别紧张，慢慢来
take over继承，接收，接管take off脱下(衣服等)；起飞
take on承担，从事；呈现take one’ s place入座；代替某人的位置
take one’ s time不急，慢慢干
1). The students find it easy to take in what you teach. 学生发现你的课很好懂。

2). He had nowhere to sleep so we offered to take him in. 他没地方可以睡，我们于是就提出让他留宿。

【即境活用】用与take相关的短语填空。

1). Don’ t be _______ _______ by his promises.
2). Who do you think will ________ ________ now that the governor has been dismissed?
3). These boxes of yours are ________ ________ too much space.
4). 1 was really _______ _______ when seeing old photos.
5). Dear ladies and gentlemen，please now _______ _______ _______.The opera is soon to begin.
6). Tom carefully ________ ________what the teacher said
Keys: 1). taken in 2). take over 3). taking up 4). taken back
5). take your place 6). took down
6. a great/good many 相当多，很多
【重点句型】
That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language .
这就是今天有超过40%的加利福尼亚人把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的原因。

句中的why 引导的为表语从句，注意以下句式区别
①Tom came late for the meeting .That was because he was ill.
汤姆开会迟到了，那是因为他病了。

②Tom was ill.That was why he came late for the meeting.
汤姆病了，那就是他开会迟到的原因。

③The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was that he was ill.
汤姆开会迟到的原因是因为他病了。

【热点难点全析】
名词性从句
1、名词性从句中连接词的运用
名词性从句中的连接词有连词that / whether / as if，连接代词what / who/ which / whose / whatever / whoever / whomever / whichever，连接副词where / when / why / how / wherever / whenever。

（1）that的用法
①主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略如：
That they are good at English is known to us all.
The problem is that we don’t have enough money.
She expressed the hope that they would come to China one day.
②宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省，在以下几种情况中that不能省略：
（A）当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时，that不可省略；
（B）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，that不能省；
（C）当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉如：
He judged that, because he was a child, he did not understand wine.
Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.
The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.
③that从句作主语和宾语时，可以用it 来替换成以下几种结构表达
(A)It is clear/certain/likely/true/surprising that…
（B）It is a pity/shame/good idea/no wonder that ...
（C）It is said/reported/ believed/known/thought/suggested that …
（D）It seems/happens that。

如：
It happened that I went out last night.
It is said that China will win in the World Cup.
【点拨】that和what的区别。

that 引导名词性从句时，在主从句中不充当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what可以分解成定语从句中的先行词+ 关系代词即常说的先行词+ that。

如：
It’s shame that he has made such a mistake. Do what he says.
【点拨】同位语从句与定语从句中that的区别
同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何句子成分；而定语从句中的关系代词that 在句中做宾语或主语，宾语与先行词有修饰关系。

如果句子是同位语从句，就应用连词that而不能用which.同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词后解释名词的含义或内容，如以下名词：news、fact、suggestion、truth、plan、belief、doubt、possibility、idea等，而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰如：
They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.(同位语从句)
The hope she expressed is that they would come to visit China again.（定语从句）
【点拨】whether和if的用法
①whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用whether如：
It all depends on whether they will come back.
②后面直接跟or not 时用whether如：
I didn’t know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan.
③主语从句表语从句中只能用whether。

如：
Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.
The question is whether they have so much money.
④whether可以引导同位语从句，用以说明前面的名词的内容，if不能。

如：
We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not.
⑤whether常与or连用表示一种选择，if不能这样用；whether也可与动词不定式连用但if不能如：
The question of whether they are male or female is not important.
I have not decided whether to go or not.
⑥间接引语位于句首时或者是间接引语提前时用whether不用if如：
Thank you, but whether I’ll be free I’m not sure at the moment.
⑦whether可引导一个让步状语从句表示“不管”、“无论”，而if不能。

如：
Whether he comes or not, we will begin our party on time.
【点拨】疑问词+ ever和no matter + 疑问词的区别
①疑问词+ ever可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的部分如：
Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.
You can choose whatever you like in the shop.
②疑问词+ ever还可引导让步状语从句如：
Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished,
Whatever you do, you must do it well.
③no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句如：
No matter what you do, you must do it well.
No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished.
【点拨】when和where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别。

when 和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词，则when和where引导的是定语从句，否则则为同位语从句如：
They put forward the question where they could get the money.
This is the place where the accident happened.
2、名词性从句中主句和从句的时态一致
（1）宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致，但如果从句表示的是客观现象，虽然主句是过去时态，从句仍用一般现在时如：
Hello, I didn’t know you were in London. How long have you been here?
The teacher told us that light travels at a very high speed.
（2）主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数，如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数如：
When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.
When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet.
When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided.
3、名词性从句的词序
名词性从句在句中要用陈述句语序如：
He asked me what was the matter with me.
We’ve heard the news that we’ll move into the new house.
Whatever you say will interest us all.
【语法专练】
1．life began on the earth is one of the biggest puzzles to scientists.
A．How B．What C．Where D．That
2．surprised me most was they had finished it so quickly．
A．What；what B．That；that
C．What；that D．That；what
3. Many of the creatures in the movie “Avatar” are not real, but much of __________ happens is attractive.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. them
4. The firm invested approximately 60 million dollars in it says is the world’s largest bottle-bottle recycling plant.
A. that
B. where
C. what
D. how
5. _____never gives up will succeed.
A. Whoever
B. Who
C. No matter who
D. Whom
6.The art centre is _____ used to be a factory, _____ millions of tractors were made.
A. what; where
B. where; where
C. what; which
D. where; which
7.It didn’t surprise us at all caused his success.
A. why
B. that
C. how
D. what
8．It,s really no business of yours_____I spend my summer holidays．
A．who B．which C．where D．whom
9. Is this research center _________ you met some foreign guests last week?
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. in which
10．You can only be sure of _________ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something what you might get in the future.
A．what B. that C. which D. whom
Key: ACCCA ADCBA
【高考零距离】
1.（2012•陕西卷•T20）20. As many five courses are provided, and you are free to choose ______ suits you best.
A whatever B. whichever C. whenever D. wherever
【解析】选B。

考查名词性从句。

所填词引导的从句做动词choose的宾语，引导词在从句中做主语，意思是：无论哪件，选B。

其余选项与句意不符。

2（2012•山东卷•T25）It doesn’t matter ________ you pay by cash or credit card in this store.
A. how
B. whether
C. what
D. why
【解析】选B此处it是形式主语，后面whether...or…引导的主语从句是真正的主语，whether...or…意为：是…还是…都行。

句意：在这个商店中用现金或信用卡支付都可以。

考查主语从句的连接词。

3.（2011•山东卷•T26）I’m afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is _____ he never finis hes anything.
A. that
B. when
C. where
D. why
【解析】选D。

恐怕他在很大程度上是一个空谈的人而不是一个干实事的人，这就是他为什么一事无成的原因。

根据句子语法结构，why在句中用来引导表语从句。

其他连词与句子语意不符。

4.（2011•山东卷•T33）We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know _____ she’ll accept it.
A. where
B. what
C. whether
D. which
【解析】选C。

考查名词性从句。

句意为：我们已经为她提供了这份工作，但我不知道她是否会接受。

选项中whether引导宾语从句表示是否，where表示地点；what往往在名词性从句中指“……的人或物”；which 表示“哪一个”。

5.（2010·江苏卷·T27）—Do you think their table tennis team will win the first place at the coming Asian Games?
—_________.Ours is much stronger than theirs.
A. Of course
B. It depends
C. Don’t mention it
D. By no means
【解析】选D. by no means 表示绝不It depends. 表示看情况而定.
6．（2010·北京卷·T31）I want to be liked and loved for I am inside.
A. who
B. where
C. what
D. how
【解析】选C. what 引导的宾语从句作for 的宾语，what在从句中作am的表语。

7.（2010·江苏卷·T35）—I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
—That’s_______I don’t agree .You should have a more active life.
A.where
B.how
C.when
D.what
【解析】选A. 这就是我不同意的地方.agree 是不及物动词,所以用where. 用表语从句.
8.（2009·安徽卷·T10）We tried to find a table for seven，but they were all .
A. given away
B. kept away
C. taken up
D. used up
【解析】选C。

考查动词短语辨析。

句意：我们努力找一个有七个人座位的桌子，但是它们都被占了。

give away “分发, 泄露”；keep away“不接近，使离开”；take up 占用（时间、空间等）；use up“用完，用光”。

9.(2008·上海卷·T36) It has been proved ___ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life.
A. if
B. because
C. when
D. that
【解析】选D. 按照句意：据证明-----可知it为形式主语，用that。

【考点提升训练】
一、听力(略)
二、单项选择
21. He didn’t go by bike with me. That was _______ there was something wrong with his bike.
A. because
B. why
C. how
D. when
22.【2012届河南省郑州市高三第二次质量预测】26. 一I want to have a dog as a pet. What do you think of it? —If I were you, I'd rather have a cat，because it's _______ to take care of.
A. the easiest
B. easy
C.easier
D. the easier
23. Which director was he ______when talking about the latest film?
A. looking up
B. giving out
C. applying for
D. referring to
24. It’s beyond words. Nowhere else in the world _______ such a wonderful house!
A. can find you
B. you can find
C. there can be
D. can there be
25._______ the students in our school go to college in their teens.
A. A good many
B. A great many of
C. A great deal of
D. A lot of
26. Some students find it hard to______ the new teacher’s dialect.
A. take in
B. take up
C. take over
D. take on
27. In the end, they found a great deal of evidence _____ that the so-caloled gentleman was a thief.
A. indicate
B. to be indicating
C. to indicate
D. indicating
28. surprises us most is that she doesn’t even know the difference between the two lies.
A. What; where
B. All; which
C. What; that
D. That; where
29. 【2012届贵州师大附中高三年级检测】18. Water, which seems so simple and common, is ______ makes life
possible.
A. what
B. that
C. which
D. how
30. 【2012届湖北省武汉市高三适应性训练】24．Do not fear them; for there is nothing covered that will not
be ________, and nothing hidden that will not be made known．
A．criticized B．defined C．estimated D．revealed
【答案】D
31. You see, the arrow on the wall _______ the way to the parking lot.
A. announces
B. indicates
C. declares
D. says
32. A good idea __________ to me, and I quickly picked up the phone to tell Jack about it.
A. struck
B. appeared
C. happened
D. occurred
33. A large ______ of the hotel’s income ______ from the visitors to the lake nearby.
A. percentage ; are
B. percentage; is
C. percent; are
D. percent; is
34. ---Heard about the TOYOTA Recall?
---Yeah. ____ the measure, the car company is heavily influenced on its reputation.
A. without
B. despite
C. besides
D. although
35. As the wages were low, there were few ______for the job.
A. employees
B. applicants
C. inventors
D. researchers
三、完形填空
（2012·山东省东明一中高三押题卷）The day finally came, when I had to leave the warm home where I'd grown up. I ran to the back yard, as tears came up from my heart. Suddenly I 36 a hand rest on my shoulder.I looked up to 37 my grandfather. “It isn't 38 ，is it，Bi lly?” he said softly.
Gently 39 my hand in his, we walked, hand in hand, to the front yard, 40 a huge red rose-bush sat alone.
"What do you see here, Billy?" he asked. I looked at the flowers, not knowing 41 to say, and then answered,"I see something soft and 42 , grandpa."
He pulled me 43 . “It isn't just the roses that are beautiful, Billy. It's that special place in your heart that makes them so.” “Billy, I 44 these roses when my first son was born. It was my 45 of saying 'thank you' to God. I 46 to watch him pick roses for his mother. Then, as a young man of only 20, a terrible war robbed him of his life.” Grandpa slowly stood up. "Never say good-bye, Billy. Never 47 to the sadness and the loneliness. Instead, I want you to remember the joy and the 48 when you first said hello to a friend."
A year later, my grandpa became very 49 . Then all members of the
family were 50 back, and I returned to the old house. When it came to my 51 , I took his hand as 52 as he had once taken mine.
"Hello, grandpa," I 53 . His eyes slowly opened and said. "Hello, my friend." With a brief 54 he died. Suddenly, and truly, I knew what he had 55 about never saying good-bye ---- about refusing to give in to sadness.
36. A. felt B. fixed C. watched D. heard
37. A. watch B. interview C. see D. discover
38. A. difficult B. hard C. easy D. comfortable
39. A. making B. taking C. 1eading D. carrying
40. A. where B. when C. which D. while
41. A. what B. how C. who D. whether
42. A. red B. tasty C. funny D. beautiful
43. A. close B. hard C. far D. around
44. A. bought B. planted C. treated D. discovered
45. A. approach B. method C. way D. solution
46. A. preferred B. wanted C. referred D. used
47. A. give up B. give off C. give in D. give away
48. A. word B. happiness C. sight D. memory
49. A. ill B. weak C. old D. serious
50. A. ordered B. called C. delivered D. sent
51. A. pleasure B. duty C. turn D. wish
52. A. happily B. sadly C. carefully D. gently
53. A. laughed B. shouted C. added D. whispered
54. A. sign B. sigh C. smile D. wave
55. A. thought B. meant C. worried D. cared
四、阅读理解
A
India first, college can wait!
It was an opportunity 19-year-old Jodi Sagorin felt she couldn’t pass up.
The California student had received an admission letter to New York University, but she wanted to follow a calling to volunteer in India. When she got an offer to do just that, she decided there would be no better time to do it.
“It matches everything I’m interested in,” she said. “It’s just one of those things; it was meant to be.”
Last month, Sagorin packed up her belongings and headed over to Uttar Pradesh as an intern(实习生) for Drishtee, an organization that works for the economic and social development for the needy in India.
During her stay in India —for up to seven months —Sagorin will help with programs involving micro-finance, entrepreneurship(创业), healthcare and women’s empowerment.
Since her younger days, Sagorin had read inspiring stories of change makers throughout the world and decided she wanted to get involved somehow.
She decided volunteering would be the path she’d take and NYU could wait. She wanted to make a difference even wh en others said it wouldn’t be possible.
When Sagorin broke the news about deciding to put off college, her parents felt pride, nervousness, fear and excitement.
“We’re really proud of her of wanting to do this,” said Mike Sagorin, her father. “We’re a litt le concerned about a 19-year-old girl going out there by herself and hope she’ll be safe.”
Sagorin and her family researched everything they could about the organization and bought more than a dozen books about the country.
Before her trip to India, Sagorin raised $3,500 to pay for her travel and living expenses, along with some to donate to the people she would work with in India.
She has promised to send various levels of gifts — from a personal postcard to a personalized video touring the Taj Mahal — to those who pledge money towards her trip.
(Visit Sagorin’s blog at ifyouneverdid. com for more information.)
56. Sagorin chose to go to India instead of New York University because ____.
A. she decided that going to university would be a waste of time
B. she could put off college but only had one chance to volunteer in India
C. she had long dreamed of going to India to work for the needy there
D. New York University didn’t appeal to her
57. Sagorin became volunteer as a result of ____.
A. her determination to change the world
B. her parents’ encouragement and help
C. the training she’s received at school
D. being inspired by Drishtee volunteers
58. Which statement shows that Sagorin’s parents supported her decision?
A. They were a little worried about her safety in India.
B. They gave money for her travel and living expenses.
C. They helped her to get more information about India.
D. They were proud of her for choosing not to go to university.
59. The underlined word “pledge” probably means ____.
A. help to collect
B. decide to return
C. refuse to donate
D. promise to give
60. What is the main point of the article?
A. To prove helping the needy is a great experience.
B. To call on teenagers to follow Sagorin’s example.
C. To introduce a volunteer named Sagorin and the decision she made.
D. To encourage more volunteers to work for Drishtee.
B
Chocolate soap is supposed to be good for the skin. But it’s not so good for the tongue. Unfortunately for the US soldiers of World War II, the chocolate bars the army gave them tasted like they were intended for use in the bath.
In the army’s defense, it wasn’t trying to win any cooking awards. In fact, it specifically ordered that its chocolate bars not be too delicious, so soldiers wouldn’t eat them too q uickly. These bars were created for survival, not taste. “They were awful,” John Otto, a former army captain in World WarⅡsaid. “They were big, thick things, and they weren’t any good. I tried them, but I had to be awful hungry after I tried them once.”
As unappealing as the chocolate bars were to some, others liked them. Samuel Hinkle, the chemist who created the chocolate bars, pointed out that the number of bars made were far greater than the army needed. “It soon became obvious that the generous American soldiers were sharing their valued possessions with their foreign friends, whether soldiers of other countries or local citizens.”
The bars turned many hungry Europeans into friends of the United States. “People wanted them,” said Otto, “You’d give them to kids. In some places they were very hungry. And they sure helped relax people about American soldiers.”
Otto said he never saw a European turn his or her nose up at the chocolate. “It was food,” he said, “At that time, everyone was very hungry. I saw G erman kids standing outside the U.S. army kitchen. They weren’t begging, just standing there very politely. When we were done, the kids would eat the food out of the garbage. They were that hungry.”
Other Europeans did not see chocolate until well after th e war ended. “We didn’t see any Americans where I was,” said Elizabeth Radsma, who was 25 years old when the Germans occupied her country, the Netherlands. “Even after the war, we saw only English. Maybe the Americans gave out some chocolate in the big cit ies, but we were only in a small town. Before the British, we saw only German soldiers. But chocolate? Don’t make me laugh! Maybe in my dreams!”
A soldier in the field might have responded “Be careful what you wish for” — and then gratefully bit on a chocolate bar, the only food available for miles.
61. What was the American soldiers’ attitude towards the chocolate bars?
A. They were delicious.
B. They tasted awful.
C. They were necessary for survival.
D. Too many of them were produced.
62. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. The US soldiers used the chocolate bars as bath soap.
B. The US soldiers did not have enough food during World WarⅡ.
C. The US army produced more chocolate bars than necessary for its soldiers.
D. European people regretted eating chocolate bars from the US soldiers.
63. The underlined expression “turn his or her nose up at” probably means ____.
A. reject
B. demand
C. receive
D. smell
64. Why does the author mention the German kids’ story?
A. To tell how friendly the American soldiers were.
B. To describe the hunger in Germany during the war.
C. To prove German kids could be very polite.
D. To show how much they were eager for chocolate.
65. Elizabeth Radsma never saw chocolate during the war because ____.
A. the US soldiers handed out all chocolate to people in big cities
B. the German soldiers kept them all for themselves
C. the British soldiers didn’t share it with the local people
D. the US soldiers never showed up in the small town she lived in
C
In the early 1950s, researchers found that people scored lower on intelligence tests if they spoke more than one language. Research in the sixties found the opposite. Bilingual people scored higher than monolinguals, people who speak only one language. So which is it?
Researchers presented their newest studies last month at a meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science. The latest evidence shows that being bilingual does not necessarily make people smarter. But researcher Ellen Bialystok says it probably does make you better at certain skills.
Ellen Bialystok said, “Imagine driving down the highway. There’re many things that could
capture your attention and you really need to be able to monitor all of them. Why would bilingualism make you any better at that?”
And the answer, she says, is that bilingual people are often better at controlling their attention — a function called the executive control system.
Ms. Bialystok is a psychology professor at York University in Toronto, Canada. She says the best method to measure the executive control system is called the Stroop Test. A person is shown words in different colors. The person has to ignore the word but say the color. The .problem is that the words are all names of colors.
E llen Bialystok said, “So you would have the word blue written in red, but you have to say red. But blue is so salient(显著的), it’s just lighting up all these circuits(电路) in your brain, and you really want to say blue. So you need a mechanism(机制) to override that so that you can say red. That’s the executive control system.”
Her work shows that bilingual people continually practice this function. They have to, because both languages are active in their brain at the same time. They need to suppress(抑制) one to be able to speak in the other.
This mental exercise might help in other ways, too. Researchers say bilingual children are better able to separate a word from its meaning, and more likely to have friends from different
cultures. Bilingual adults are often four to five years later than others in developing dementia or
Alzheimer’s disease.
66. What’s the best title of the text?
A. Bilingual People, Smarter
B. Monolingual People, Smarter
C. Bilingual People, Longer Lives
D. Bilingual People, Better at Some Skills
67. The underlined word “override” in Paragraph 6 probably means ____.
A. pay attention to
B. take no notice of
C. take an interest in
D. take care of
68. In the Stroop Test, supposing you have the word yellow written in white, you will have to say ____.
A. white
B. yellow
C. blue
D. red
69. Which group of people can most likely pass the Stroop Test?
A. People who can speak only Chinese.
B. People who can speak only Japanese.
C. People who can speak more than one language.
D. People who can speak only English.
70. Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the text?
A. A bilingual child is better at separating a word from its meaning.。