Visual perception
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• Motion cues 运动线索 • Pictorial cues 图形线索
Binocular depth cues
• Binocular Depth Cues双眼线索 :
– Retinal disparity 视网膜像差is the displacement between horizontal positions of corresponding images in the two eyes.一个 物体在两眼中对应的图像在水平方向上的位移 – Because there is a certain distance between the eyes, a slightly different image reaches each retina. The brain then integrates these two images into one composite view. But it does not ignore the difference in images, which is known as binocular disparity. The disparity allows the brain to estimate the distance of an object from us
• Monocular depth cues单眼线索
– Depth cues that can be perceived by only one eye
• Types of cues – Pictorial cures
• Perspective线条透视 • Clearness空气透视 • Shadowing阴影 Relative size对象的相对大小 Interposition遮挡 Texture gradient结构级差
Other Gestalt laws for organization
• Proximity接近律: people group stimuli together into the nearest proximal elements • Similarity相似律: people group information into the most similar elements. • Continuity连续性原则: experience lines as continuous even if they are interrupted • Closure闭合原则: people will fill in missing gaps to • experience objects as a whole. • common fate共同命运原则: people group objects that appear to be moving in the same direction.
Organizational Processes in Perception
Attentional process Principles of perceptual grouping知觉组织原则 Spatial and temporal intergration 空间上和时间上的整和 Motion perception Depth perception perceptual constancies
Motion perception
• The autokinetic effect自主运动 : the tendency to perceive a stationary point of light in a dark room as moving. • Stroboscopic motion动景运动: a visual illusion in which the perception of motion is generated by a series of stationary images that are presented in rapid succession.当两个刺激物按一定空间间隔和 时间距 离相继呈现时，我们会看到从一个刺激物向 另一个 刺激物的连续运动。
Organizational Processes in Perception
• The processes that put sensory information together to give you the perception of coherence are referred to collectively as processes of perceptual organization.
Figure-ground perception
• Figure: objects in our visual field that are organized to be distinguished from a collection of background objects. • Ground: background areas of the visual field. • Figure has a shape, the ground does not • Figure is close, ground is far away • Figure is dominant and remembered better
Depth perception
• Image on retina is flat and 2D, how do we perceive depth and 3D? • Using visual cues to estimate depth and distance of objects.
– Binocular cues 双眼线索 – Monocular cues单眼线索
Motion perception
• 物体的运动特性直接作用于人脑 ,为人们所 认识,即使运动知觉.
– Real movement 真正运动 – Apparent movement 似动( 似动是指在一定的时 间和空间条件下，人们在静止的物体间看到了 运动，或者在没有连续位移的地方，看到了连 续的运动。）
Attentional process
• The more closely you attend to some object or event in the environment, the more you can perceive and learn about it.
Determining the focus of our attention
The fate of unattended information
• Filter Theory was challenged by cocktail party phenomenon.
Principles of Perceptual grouping
• Principles of Perceptual grouping知觉的组织原 则: the tendency to integrate perceptual elements into meaningful patterns.
– Gestalt psychology格式塔心理学 – Other Gestalt rules for organization
Gestalt psychology格式塔心理学
• It was prominent in Germany in the 1920s. • Three founders- Max Werthimer (18801943),Kurt koffka(1886-1941),and Wolfgang Kohler(1887-1967). • Gestalt - means “whole” or good form • psychological phenomena are understood only when they are organized into a unified whole, not as individual perceptual elements.
Experiment
Binocular depth cues
• Binocular Depth Cues双眼线索 :
– Convergence视轴辐合
• the degree to which the eyes turn inward to focus on an object.
Monocular depth cues
• Goal-directed selection目的指向选择: reflects the choices that you make about the objects to which you’d like to attend, as a function of your own goals. • Stimulus-driven capture刺激驱动捕获: occurs when features of the stimuli-objects in the environmentthemselves automatically capture your attention, independent of your local goal.
• Research suggests that stimulus-driven capture wins out over goal-directed attention.
The fate of unattended information
• David Broadbent suggested that the mind has a limited capacity to process information in our environment. Thus, attention functions to restrict and regulate information that flows into our awareness. – Filter Theory过滤理论：attests that selection of attention occurs early in the process, prior to the meaning or interpretation of the object being processed.
The fate of unattended information
• Dichotic listening experiments 双 耳分听 – different auditory stimuli are presented to each ear, was used to test the filter theory. – The research subject is instructed to repeat only one of the two messages presented (a procedure called shadowing the attended message).
Motion perception
• The phi phenomenon PHI现象: a movement illusion caused by successively turning on and off two separate lights. 指物体本身并未 移动，而只因体在视网膜 上的影像连续闪动而造成的运动知觉现象。 • This phenomenon occurs when two stationary spots of light in different positions in th visual field are turned on and off alternately at a rate of about four to five times per second.
Binocular depth cues
• Binocular Depth Cues双眼线索 :
– Retinal disparity 视网膜像差is the displacement between horizontal positions of corresponding images in the two eyes.一个 物体在两眼中对应的图像在水平方向上的位移 – Because there is a certain distance between the eyes, a slightly different image reaches each retina. The brain then integrates these two images into one composite view. But it does not ignore the difference in images, which is known as binocular disparity. The disparity allows the brain to estimate the distance of an object from us
• Monocular depth cues单眼线索
– Depth cues that can be perceived by only one eye
• Types of cues – Pictorial cures
• Perspective线条透视 • Clearness空气透视 • Shadowing阴影 Relative size对象的相对大小 Interposition遮挡 Texture gradient结构级差
Other Gestalt laws for organization
• Proximity接近律: people group stimuli together into the nearest proximal elements • Similarity相似律: people group information into the most similar elements. • Continuity连续性原则: experience lines as continuous even if they are interrupted • Closure闭合原则: people will fill in missing gaps to • experience objects as a whole. • common fate共同命运原则: people group objects that appear to be moving in the same direction.
Organizational Processes in Perception
Attentional process Principles of perceptual grouping知觉组织原则 Spatial and temporal intergration 空间上和时间上的整和 Motion perception Depth perception perceptual constancies
Motion perception
• The autokinetic effect自主运动 : the tendency to perceive a stationary point of light in a dark room as moving. • Stroboscopic motion动景运动: a visual illusion in which the perception of motion is generated by a series of stationary images that are presented in rapid succession.当两个刺激物按一定空间间隔和 时间距 离相继呈现时，我们会看到从一个刺激物向 另一个 刺激物的连续运动。
Organizational Processes in Perception
• The processes that put sensory information together to give you the perception of coherence are referred to collectively as processes of perceptual organization.
Figure-ground perception
• Figure: objects in our visual field that are organized to be distinguished from a collection of background objects. • Ground: background areas of the visual field. • Figure has a shape, the ground does not • Figure is close, ground is far away • Figure is dominant and remembered better
Depth perception
• Image on retina is flat and 2D, how do we perceive depth and 3D? • Using visual cues to estimate depth and distance of objects.
– Binocular cues 双眼线索 – Monocular cues单眼线索
Motion perception
• 物体的运动特性直接作用于人脑 ,为人们所 认识,即使运动知觉.
– Real movement 真正运动 – Apparent movement 似动( 似动是指在一定的时 间和空间条件下，人们在静止的物体间看到了 运动，或者在没有连续位移的地方，看到了连 续的运动。）
Attentional process
• The more closely you attend to some object or event in the environment, the more you can perceive and learn about it.
Determining the focus of our attention
The fate of unattended information
• Filter Theory was challenged by cocktail party phenomenon.
Principles of Perceptual grouping
• Principles of Perceptual grouping知觉的组织原 则: the tendency to integrate perceptual elements into meaningful patterns.
– Gestalt psychology格式塔心理学 – Other Gestalt rules for organization
Gestalt psychology格式塔心理学
• It was prominent in Germany in the 1920s. • Three founders- Max Werthimer (18801943),Kurt koffka(1886-1941),and Wolfgang Kohler(1887-1967). • Gestalt - means “whole” or good form • psychological phenomena are understood only when they are organized into a unified whole, not as individual perceptual elements.
Experiment
Binocular depth cues
• Binocular Depth Cues双眼线索 :
– Convergence视轴辐合
• the degree to which the eyes turn inward to focus on an object.
Monocular depth cues
• Goal-directed selection目的指向选择: reflects the choices that you make about the objects to which you’d like to attend, as a function of your own goals. • Stimulus-driven capture刺激驱动捕获: occurs when features of the stimuli-objects in the environmentthemselves automatically capture your attention, independent of your local goal.
• Research suggests that stimulus-driven capture wins out over goal-directed attention.
The fate of unattended information
• David Broadbent suggested that the mind has a limited capacity to process information in our environment. Thus, attention functions to restrict and regulate information that flows into our awareness. – Filter Theory过滤理论：attests that selection of attention occurs early in the process, prior to the meaning or interpretation of the object being processed.
The fate of unattended information
• Dichotic listening experiments 双 耳分听 – different auditory stimuli are presented to each ear, was used to test the filter theory. – The research subject is instructed to repeat only one of the two messages presented (a procedure called shadowing the attended message).
Motion perception
• The phi phenomenon PHI现象: a movement illusion caused by successively turning on and off two separate lights. 指物体本身并未 移动，而只因体在视网膜 上的影像连续闪动而造成的运动知觉现象。 • This phenomenon occurs when two stationary spots of light in different positions in th visual field are turned on and off alternately at a rate of about four to five times per second.