巧做推理判断类阅读理解题

巧做推理判断类阅读理解题
摘要：英语阅读理解在高考中起着举足轻重的作用。

为了使学生在高考中有好
的表现，这就要求学生掌握良好的阅读方法和阅读技巧。

本文介绍了
巧做推理判断类阅读理解题的技巧。

关键词：英语阅读理解；阅读技巧；方法
作者简介：张莉萍，任教于安徽省芜湖县第一中学。

英语阅读理解作为考查和测试学生语用能力的一种主要形式，在高考中起着
举足轻重的作用。

近几年来，高考中英语阅读理解的篇幅逐年增长，知识面逐渐
拓宽，难度逐渐加大。

这就要求学生平时不仅要进行大量的阅读训练，练好扎实
的基本功，而且要掌握良好的阅读方法和阅读技巧。

一、题型特点
这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。

它包括判断题和推理题。

这两类题
常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。

推理题要求在正确理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。

推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可以是某几句话，甚至中心大意或作者意图等。

但都是以文字信息为依据，既
不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。

所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息推出的答案：即对原文某一句
话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或信息的综合(summary)。

二、考点解读
判定推理是一种创造性的思维活动，虽然有一定难度，但并非无章可循。

推
理判定题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。

做题过程中我
们要注意以下几点：
1.要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的
前提和基础。

2.要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。

不
能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。

3.要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。

立足已知，推断未知；
立足现在，猜测未来。

不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观
点代替作者的观点。

4.要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。

要体会文章的基调，揣
摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。

三、考点攻破
1.细节判断题
这类题目要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。

一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。

例如：
The world is forever in debt to China for its innovations(创新).Ancient China was extreme advance and many of its discoveries are still in use today, as Robert Temple described in his book. Robert concentrates the bulk of his examples in these three categories, agriculture, domestic and industrial technology, and engineering. The Chinese excelled in many areas, including mathematics, warfare, and transportation,
to name a few.
Within this chapter, the development of iron and steel is the greatest achievement, which led to other advances. By at least the 4th century the Chinese have developed blast furnaces to obtain cast iron from iron ore. This was 1,200 years before the first blast furnace showed up in Europe.
The first blast furnace appeared in Europe most probably in ___.
A. the 13th century
B. the 14th century
C. the 15th century
D. the 16th century
解析：细节理解判断题。

由第二段的“By at least the 4th century the Chinese have developed blast furnaces to obtain cast iron from iron ore. This was 1,200 years before the first blast furnace showed up in Europe”可知，blast furnace最早是在公元四世纪的中国出现的，而欧洲比中国晚了1200年，应为16 世纪。

故正确答案为D。

2.作者意图推测题
此题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法
的目的。

作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，
客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。

这种题型要求同学们不但能理解文章的内容，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。

我们仍然以上一篇文章为例。

请看下面题目：What does the author mean by saying “The world is forever in debt to china for its innovation”？
A. China has the most innovations of the world.
B. The world owes lots of money to china for its innovations.
C. The world owes lots of thanks to china for its innovations.
D. The world has few innovations than china.
解析：由文章可知，本文介绍了中国古代的发明。

文中提到中国古代有很多
发明都早于世界。

因此，就这一点来说，整个世界都应感激中国。

因此，正确答
案为C。

3.人物观点、性格、态度等判断题
此类题目主要是考查学生对作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中
流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。

攻破这一
类题目，我们可以考虑以下几方面的办法：
(1)注意一些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度观点的词语。

要留心
作者在文章中的措词，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。

(2)由表及里地正确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替
作者的思想观点。

(3)要结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来
识别评价。

The idea of one machine that could be applied to many tasks was foreign to the scientific world of 1945. Even in 1956, Howard Aiken of Harvard University wrote: If it should turn out that the basic logics of a machine designed for the numerical solution
of differential equation coincide with the logics of a machine intended to make bills
for a department store, I would regard this as the most amazing coincidence that I
have ever encountered.” Indeed, this “coincidence” came to pass, and it has been amazing.
Howard Aiken holds an idea that____.
A. the machine can’t be designed for the numerical solution of differential equations.
B. the machine can’t make bills for a department store.
C. one machine can’t be applied to many tasks.
D. there is still coincidence, though it is little.
解析：Howard Aiken认为：本来为计算数学方程式而设计的计算机如果真的
能为商店带来经济利益，那么，这纯属一种巧合。

这说明Howard Aiken认为计算
机应用于其他领域是不可能的。

故选C。

4.因果推断题
要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。

做此类题目时，学生要正
确把握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义；根据上下文正确地梳理出因果关系。

When the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day, I was very happy. She was at least fifteen years younger than I. One day she signed me
to come near. When I walked over, she asked,“ Are you single？”“Why, yes.”I answered, smiling at her happily.
“So is my mother.” she said，“Would you like to meet her？”
(1)The writer talked about the waitress' age because he thought__________.
A. she was young
B. it a pleasure to make friends with her
C. she was beautiful
D. it strange for her to fall in love with him
(2)The waitress said hello to the writer every day because_________.
A. she lived near his house
B. he often went to visit her mother
C. she wanted to be friendly with him
D. she loved him very much
解析：这是两道推测原因的题目。

女服务员天天向作者示好，作者产生误解，以为女孩对他有意。

考虑到他们年龄相差悬殊，作者认为女孩爱上他有点稀奇。

故第1题答案是D。

女孩问作者是否单身，并提到她母亲也是单身，并邀请他与
她母亲见面，可见，女孩天天向他问好，目的是想取得他的好感，进而撮合他和
她母亲。

第2题答案是C。

5.猜测想象推理题
在做阅读理解时，有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事
件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。

做这类题时应把握作者的
写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述)，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的猜测。

We are in the computer age. We often see computers at work. They are especially useful in automatic control, date processing(数据处理) and solving complicated problems. And they are finding their way into the home. The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day. More and more cleverer computers will continue to appear. They will run faster, have more functions and work more skillfully. They will take over more tasks from us, helping to change the face of
our world. Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us.
However…
Which of the following statements is most likely to be talked about in the third paragraph?
A. Computers will soon stop developing.
B. Computers are as clever as man.
C. Many people like computers very much.
D. I don't think computers will replace us completely.
解析：本文采用了对比关系来描写。

前面描写了计算机的优势，但作者用“however”一词预示将引出相反的观点，故正确答案为D。

总之，只要我们注意选择合适的材料，灵活运用以上的各种阅读技巧，结合良好的阅读习惯，在平时的训练中不断地实践，对于推理判断类阅读理解题就一定能够顺利攻破。

作者单位：安徽省芜湖县第一中学
邮政编码：241100
Wittily Dealing with the Making Inference Question of in Reading Comprehension ZHANG Liping
Abstract: English reading comprehension takes up an important role in NMT. In order to make students perform well on NMT, students are required to grasp good reading methods and reading skills. This paper introduces some skills of making inference in reading comprehension.
Key words: English reading comprehension; reading skills; methods。