2022年人教版高考英语复习 高效解答语法填空与短文改错必须掌握的基础知识 一、学会划分句子成分

高效解答语法填空与短文改错必须掌握的基础知识
一、学会划分句子成分
句子不清、理解不明、一见长难句就发懵,皆因句子成分没划清。

划分句子成分、拆分长难句是正确理解、应用复杂句式的必备手段。

句子有若干个组成部分,分别承担着不同的作用,这些组成部分叫作句子成分。

英语中的句子成分分为主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、宾语(Object)、表语(Predicative)、定语(Attribute)、状语(Adverbial)、补语(Complement)和同位语(Appositive)。

(一)主语——习惯于发号施令,偶尔也会被赶下台
在句子中,主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。

主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。

但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以“下台”而位于谓语动词之后或省略。

能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、主格代词、数词、动词-ing(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。

当主语为从句时,为避免头重脚轻,可用it作形式主语。

(1)(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)I’m writing to ask for your guidance on a sho rt play. (主格代词作主语)
(2)(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷满分作文)The route went from our school gate to the foot of the South Mountain. (名词作主语)
(3)(2020·全国Ⅱ卷满分作文)Taking part in a fruit picking activity on a farm is meaningful and rewarding. (动词-ing短语作主语)
(4)To bring a small gift is a good idea. (动词不定式作主语)
(5)To start with, what I intend to stress is that we are about to start our next lesson in Classroom 8 of the Teaching Building at 10 am next Friday. (从句作主语)
(6)(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. (It 作形式主语)
(二)谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”,执行命令雷厉风行
谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或具有的特征,常位于主语之后。

谓语可由动词、动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词+实义动词”充当,有时态、语态和语气的变化,同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。

语态判断的依据是看主语和动词之间的关系,如果两者之间是主动关系就用主动语态,如果是被动关系就用被动语态。

(1)(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)I can give a brief introduction of these masterpieces from the perspective of a native speaker of China. (“情态动词+实义动词”作谓语)
(2)(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)I have good news to tell you that a music festival will be held in our school hall on June 5th at 2 pm. (实义动词作谓语)
(3)(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)I am good at English and familiar with Chinese paintings. (系表结构作谓语)
(4)(2021·全国乙卷)First of all, as smart online learners, we can make full use of the most extensive educational resources to broaden the horizons. (情态动词+动词短语作谓语)
(5)(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)I do expect Youth can publish more classic works and have a promising future. (实义动词expect前加do强调谓语动词)
(6)(2021·全国乙卷)Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact(影响)travel to undisturbed places. (谓语动词是被动语态)
(三)宾语——一直受到压制,有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”
宾语表示谓语动作、行为的对象,一般位于及物动词和介词的后面,受到主语的限制和制约。

宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、动词-ing(短语)、动词不定式或从句充当,根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。

宾语在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。

(1)(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Most of the racers finished the whole course. (名词作宾语)
(2)(2021·全国乙卷)I love doing housework. (动词-ing形式作宾语)
(3)(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)I’m glad to know that you’ve come to China to learn kung fu in a school in my hometown. (从句作宾语)
(4)Don’t forget to praise your friend for the delicious foods he offers. (不定式短语作宾语)
(5)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)
Mr Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing. (him为间接宾语; a lot of valuable advice为直接宾语)
(6)复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)
Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations. (us为宾语; to pay more attention. . . examinations为宾语补足语)
(四)表语——最会察言观色,就看“主子”脸色
表语一般位于系动词(如be、become、get、look、grow、turn、seem等)之后,用来说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征和状态,一般由名词、名词性物主代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。

(1)Needless to say, they were deeply moved. (形容词作表语)
(2)(2021·全国乙卷)The first step is to go exploring.(不定式短语作表语)
(3)My favourite sport is running. (动词-ing形式作表语)
(4)That’s why I think the trip along the Yangtze River will be a better choice. (从句作表语)
(五)定语——鞍前马后搞服务,全心全意勤务兵
修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。

定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词,可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词(短语)或从句等充当。

定语有前置和后置两种情况,如短语结构、从句等作定语时,常置于被修饰词之后。

(1)(2020·浙江高考)I have achieved satisfactory results in recent examinations. (形容词作定语)
(2)(2020·全国Ⅰ卷满分作文)He is a volunteer who works as a gate guard in our community
during the epidemic of COVID-19. (从句作定语)
(3)The exhibition will be held in the City Museum located in the north of our city. (过去分词短语作定语)
(4)(2021·全国乙卷)In conclusion, we should have a good understanding of its advantages and disadvantages and find a proper way to make our study more efficient. (不定式短语作定语) (六)状语——行踪飘忽不定,却对动词“情有独钟”
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。

一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度、伴随等意义。

状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词或从句等充当。

状语在句子中的位置很灵活,所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。

常见情况:通常在句子基本结构后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,地点状语一般放在时间状语之前;一些表示频率的副词(如often、always等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,实义动词之前。

高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法,故说它对动词“情有独钟”。

(1)(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Thanks to his efforts in epidemic prevention and control, our neighborhood has been in a good state. (介词短语作状语)
(2)(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Looking forward to seeing you soon. (副词作状语)
(3)(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)To let us experience the life in the countryside, our school organized a fruit picking activity on a farm last weekend. (不定式短语作状语)
(4)(2019·全国Ⅰ卷)Having known that a traditional Chinese painting exhibition will be held at the gallery in London during the summer holiday, I’m extremely excited. (现在分词短语作状语)
(5)(2019·北京高考)If you want a deep experience in the city,shared bikes would be the best choice. (从句作状语)
(6)(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Refused as I was, I still received some great encouragement, which gives me confidence to be a writer. (从句作状语)
(七)补语——始终寄人篱下,永远成不了“主人”
补语也叫补足语,主要起补充说明的作用,最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语,所以说它寄人篱下,成不了“主人”。

补足语可由名词(短语)、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词、介词短语或从句充当。

(1)(2020·浙江高考)We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China. (名词短语作宾语补足语)
(2)We’ll try our best to make our country more and more beautiful. (形容词作宾语补足语)
(3)(2021·全国甲卷)Because this activity will be presented on the English website, I sincerely want you to offer me some advice. (不定式短语作宾语补足语)
(八)同位语——总是玩失踪,特殊场合还是“显露原形”
对句子中的名词或代词做进一步解释、说明,与前面的名词或代词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。

英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的,所以说它爱玩失踪,如果要对前面的名词的具体内容做进一步的说明,这时候就需要同位语,可谓“显露原形”。

可以用作同位语的有名词(短语)、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动词-ing形式或从句等。

(1)(2019·天津高考)I’m Li Jin,a student at Chenguang High School. (名词短语作同位语)
(2)There is no doubt that I will improve its reputation through my efforts. (从句作同位语)
(3)(2021·全国甲卷)Word came that our school is going to hold a class meeting whose topic is related to Chinese traditional customs. (从句作同位语)
简单句的6种基本句型
1. S+V+P(主系表结构)
句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。

这类动词叫作系动词。

表示状态的系动词有be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain等。

表示转变或结果的系动词有become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove等。

①With winter coming slowly, it is getting colder and colder day by day.
冬天慢慢到来, 天气也一天比一天冷了起来。

②(2020·江苏高考)Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health. 早餐前体育锻炼对健康更有益。

③The pizza tastes delicious without any cheese at all.
不加奶酪的披萨饼很好吃。

2. S+V(主+谓)
句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。

这类动词叫作不及物动词, 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。

常见的有appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise 等。

①His heart broke when his wife died.
他妻子死时他的心都碎了。

②Her son used sign language to tell her what happened.
她儿子用手语告诉她发生了什么事。

③His voice rose almost to a scream.
他提高了嗓门, 几乎在尖叫。

3. S+V+O(主+谓+宾)
谓语动词都具有实义, 都是主语产生的动作, 但不能表达完整的意思, 必须后接一个宾语, 即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。

这类动词叫作及物动词。

①(2020·江苏高考)As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first.
结果, 他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比先吃早饭后锻炼时多。

②(2020·天津高考) You will hear from me soon.
你很快就会收到我的信。

③They will receive their awards at a ceremony in Stockholm.
他们会在斯德哥尔摩举行的仪式上接受颁奖。

4. S+V+O+O(主+谓+宾+宾)
有些谓语动词必须后接两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。

这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者, 另一个是动作的间接承受者。

这种句型中, 作间接宾语的常常是“人”, 作直接宾语的常常是“物”。

这种句型可以转化为其他两种句型: 动词+宾语+for sb. ; 动词+宾语+to sb. 。

如: He gave us good advice on the work. =He gave good advice on the work to us.
他在这项工作上给我们提出了很好的建议。

5. S+V+O+C(主+谓+宾+补)
有些及物动词, 如果只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语, 这样才能使意思完整。

宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系。

常用于这种句型的动词有appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make(使、让), name等。

例如:
①I heard someone knocking on the door.
我听见有人在敲门。

②Without knowledge, we can never make our country richer and stronger.
没有知识,我们永远不可能使我们的国家更加富强。

6. There be+主语+地点状语(或时间状语)(存在句)
用来表示人或事物的存在、出现等意义, 而且大都是用于描述性文章中。

表示“(客观)存在、有”。

这里的there没有实际意义, 不可与副词“there那里”混淆。

例如:
①There may be a rain this afternoon.
今天下午可能有雨。

②There stands a tall building across the river over there. 那边河对面耸立着一幢高层建筑物。

③There was a car stolen last night. 昨晚有辆车被偷了。