翻译方法与原则cha

4.1.2 Choice of Word Meanings.
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Some common-used ways available to find an equivalent in the TL.
Special Techniques Employed in Translating a Word.
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Approach
Method1
Method2
Technique A
Technique B
etc.
Generally speaking, the translation techniques include the followings: 4.1 Diction （遣词用字） 4.2 Repetition （重译法） 4.3 Amplification （增译法） 4.4 Omission (减译法) 4.5 Conversion (转换法) 4.6 Inversion （词序调整法） 4.7 Negation (正说反译，反说正译法) 4.8 Change of voices (语态变换法) 4.9 Division（分译法） 4.10 Combination（合译法）
Approach: we mean that an idea or theory is being applied: that whatever the translator does, certain theoretical principles are always borne in mind. The word much more general and has the implication that whatever methods or techniques that the translator uses, he/she does not feel bound by these, but only by theory in which he/she believes. But he/she will adopt these if he/she find new and better methods or techniques which fit in with his/her approach.
Stylistic meaning
Language use can be formal, neutral and casual in style. The stylistic features of words, which make words appropriate for appropriate situations, constitute stylistic meanings of words.
Associative Meaning .
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2.1 Conceptual Meaning .
Conceptual meaning is often described as dictionary meaning or literal meaning of a word. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.
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we therefore have a hierarchical system from which it follows that different approaches may share the same techniques and even the same methods; and different methods may share the same techniques.
Chapter 4
单击添加副标题
Translation Techniques （110214134 杨倩)
In this chapter, we are going to study different translation techniques in details. Therefore, first of all, it’s worthwhile discussing briefly the difference between the three words, which are often used in translation: approaches, methods, techniques.
Technique: we mean a procedure used in the translation. A technique then is the narrowest term, meaning one single procedure.
Method: a method is a set of procedures or a collection of techniques used in a systematic way which it is hoped will result in successful translation. Namely, it will consist of a number of techniques, probably arranged in a specific order.
Connotative meaning
Connotative meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. Connotations are apt to vary from age to age and from society to society. Talking about connotation is in fact talking about the real world experience one associates with an expression when one uses or hears it.
(see P100-101)
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The meaning of a word is its use in the language. And each word, when used in a new context, is a new word.
A Chinese word or phase may have a variety of English equivalents to different situations.
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Affective meaning
Affective meaning refers to that part of meaning which conveys emotions and attitudes of a language user. Sometimes affective meanings are brought out only in context.
Grammatical Meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships or functions, such as tense meaning, singular meaning, etc.. Words with the similar lexical meaning can have different grammatical meanings, and words with different lexical meanings can have the same grammatical meaning. Grammatical meaning is in use.
How many meanings can a word possibly have?
Diction, the proper choice of words and phrases to express meaning, is one of the basic translation techniques. It must be based on the accurate comprehension of the original. The meaning of a word is its use in the language, not only its definitions in the dictionary. Words do not have meaning; people have meaning for words.
4.1 Diction （遣词用字）
4.1 iction （遣词用字）
Choice of Word Meanings.
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Word Meaning:
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4.1.1 Word Meaning:
Grammatical Meaning.
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Lexical Meaning.
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Grammatical Meaning.
Some common-used ways available to find an equivalent in the TL.
.Choice of Word Meanings According to Their Parts of Speech.
4.1.2 Choice of Word Meanings.
In the practice of translation, what perplexes us most frequently is how to find an equivalent in the TL (target language). Great care is called for in the translation of “familiar” English words into Chinese, as their meanings vary with the change in collocation or context:
2. Lexical Meaning.
Lexical Meaning is composed of conceptual meaning and associative meaning. Lexical meaning is relatively stable.
Conceptual Meaning .
Associative meaning is that part of meaning which has been supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It is the meaning which arises of the associations a word acquires. It is open-ended, unstable and indeterminate, because it varies with culture, time, place, class, individual experiences, etc. Associative meaning includes connotative, stylistic, affective and collocative meanings. 1)Connotative meaning 2)Stylistic meaning 3) Affective meaning