应用文写作中的公式化语言

应用文写作中的公式化语言：诵读与仿写英语书面表达一直是英语学习的难点之一。

而应用文的写作有着严格、固定的格式限制，许多考生由于对应用文的行文格式、语言特点缺乏了解，写出的文章不伦不类。

实际上，掌握英语写作的固定格式、常用的公式化语言是写好应用文的核心因素。

那么如何才能写好应用文呢？应用文写作有无捷径可言呢？答案是肯定的，这包括研究他人的范文进行仿写、背诵常用的公式化语言两个方面。

具体说来，仿写主要侧重文章章法和语言表达两个方面：比如文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序；语言表达包括遣词造句、遵循公式化语言的基本模式等。

上一期重点讲解了应用文写作的格式问题，本期将专门针对书信文体总结归纳写作中的公式化语言，以期对广大考生有所裨益。

之所以选择书信格式是因为书信是近几年的必考项目，也是应用文测试的重点文体形式。

一、书信的一般公式化语言
书信是一种最常见的应用文。

它包括祝贺信、介绍信、邀请信、申请信、询问信、致谢信、辞职信、约会信、道歉信、推荐信、投诉信等十多类。

书信写作句式与公式化语言包括：
开头用语：
(1) I was really surprised to receive your letter yesterday.
(2) Your kind letter afforded me much pleasure.
(3) I'm sorry I've been so slow in answering your letter...
(4) We are very happy to say that we are all in the full enjoyment of health.
(5) I have the pleasure (honor) to inform (tell) you that...
(6) I would have written to you earlier, but I have had so many things to do that I have not had one moment for myself.
(7) I must apologize for my delay in answering your letter.
(8) I am very glad to hear that you are all enjoying good health.
(9) I apologize for not writing to you for so long.
(10) It was good to hear from you and I shall be very pleased to let you have the information you need. 结尾用语：
(1) Kindly favor us with an early reply.
(2) Take care of yourself.
(3) I'm looking forward to your early (favorable) reply.
(4) I do hope that you and your family are in good spirits and robust health.
(5) Best wishes for your health and every happiness.
(6) We would appreciate it if you could respond right away.
(7) Kindly let us have your reply at your earliest convenience.
(8) Do please write and let me know how you are getting on there.
(9) Hope to hear from you as early as possible.
(10) An early call or reply would be greatly appreciated.
二、不同类型书信的公式化语言
（一）申请信
开头用语：
(1) In today's newspaper I noticed your advertisement for...I have learned that you are hiring...
(2) The kind of work in which your company is engaged particularly interests me.
(3) I would like to be considered as a candidate for the position advertised in... / I saw advertised in... / I have just seen in the...
(4) I feel I have the necessary qualifications and experience needed for the position of... advertised in the paper.
(5) I hope to go to Stanford University next year, and get my Ph.D. in 2006.
(6) I am interested in (seeking) a challenging position in your firm.
(7) I have read the announcement of the scholarship in ... that your university is offering, and I would like to submit my application.
(8) I wish to become a graduate student in the Department of Economics at your university.
(9) I would like to apply for admission to your college.
(10) Immediately I saw your advertisement in the paper for..., I felt it was just the kind of post for which I have the qualifications and for which I have been looking for some time.
结尾用语：
(1) If my application is successful, I should / would like to...
(2) I am available for a personal interview if you are interested in my application.
(3) I would appreciate an interview at your convenience.
(4) I hope you will kindly send me an application form.
(5) It seems to me that this experience, together with my education, has given me ideal preparation to assume the role of...in a firm such as yours.
(6) I should be pleased to attend for an interview at your convenience, when I could give you further details concerning myself.
(7) I hope I may be granted an interview, when I can explain my qualification more fully.
(8) I shall bring with me the full details of my testimonials as you request.
(9) I have experience of ..., therefore I may have the ability you are looking for.
(10) My interest and skill in ... contribute to my qualification for this job.
（二）推荐信
开头用语：
(1) To my knowledge, Mr. X is ...
(2) Aside from the aspect of ..., he gives me the impression that ...
(3) I am very pleased to write this letter of recommendation to support his application.
(4) Moreover, several of his teachers spoke highly of his creativity and devotion to his academic pursuits.
(5) During his work, he had completed a lot of important research projects, and accumulated rich experience and skills in the following fields.
(6) I had ample opportunities to observe him in many ways.
(7) Meanwhile, Mr. X is a versatile young man.
(8) I am very delighted to have been asked to write this letter of recommendation for ...
结尾用语：
(1) I would appreciate it profoundly if you kindly take her into consideration for admission.
(2) I strongly recommend ...to you and your favorable consideration of his application will be highly appreciated.
（三）邀请信
开头用语：
(1) I am extending to you our formal invitation to ...
(2) It is with the greatest pleasure that I write to cordially invite you to attend the meeting.
(3) I hope you will give me the pleasure of your company on the occasion of a dinner with a few friends next Saturday, the 16th this month, at 6 o'clock.
(4) It gives me the greatest pleasure to invite you to visit this exhibition.
(5) May I take this opportunity to invite you to our university to give a lecture?
(6) Will you do us the favor of joining our party?
(7) If you have no other plans for Monday, May 15th, will you come to our party at my home?
结尾用语：
(1) We hope you can come and look forward to seeing you soon.
(2) We are anticipating your reply.
(3) We would be very pleased if you could honor us with your company.
(4) Awaiting an early acceptance of our cordial invitation and with kind regards.
(5) I hope you won't decline my invitation.
（四）投诉信
开头用语：
(1) The focus of the complaint is ...
(2) My name is ...I am a...I venture to write you a letter about ...
(3) I am writing to complain about ...
结尾用语：
(1) To be frank, I am not prepared to put up with the situation any more.
(2) We know that you are not generally careless, but we would like your assurance that this will not happen again.
(3) I think it's high time you realized...
(4) I must warn you that unless you do something about the situation I will be forced to take legal action.
（五）致谢信
开头用语：
(1) Allow me to express to you my warmest appreciation for the many courtesies you extended to me during my last visit to London.
(2) Please accept my profound appreciation for...
(3) I appreciate your kindness in granting me an interview last week.
(4) I am writing to thank you, on behalf of my wife and on my own behalf, for the lovely time we had at your party last night.
(5) It is generous of you to show me so much consideration.
(6) Thank you so much for ...
(7) Many thanks for your nice present and valuable advice.
(8) With many thanks to you for entertaining me so generously.
(9) I am most grateful to you for ...
(10) With deepest gratitude I write you here a few lines.
结尾用语：
(1) It was kind and generous of you to do this for me, and I appreciate it more than I can say.
(2) Many thanks to you for your ...again.
应用文写作能力的提高需要经过长期的实践锻炼。

仿写与背诵是提高写作能力的有效途径。

只有通过大量背诵，并且有意识地将其中的精彩部分储存于记忆之中，才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。

因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。

但背诵不等于机械记忆，而是有选择性地背诵，具体到应用文上来，就是要大量背诵与记忆公式化语言，有了大量的积累写作时才会有话可说。

同时，我们还需要模仿他人的范文，只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才能提高自己的写作水平。

开头用语：
（1）我真的很惊讶，昨天收到你的来信。

（2）你的来信使我很高兴。

（3）我很抱歉我一直这么慢在回答你的信...
（4）我们非常高兴地说，我们都在充分享受健康。

（5）我很高兴（荣誉）的通知（告诉）你，...
（6）我会写信给你过，但我这样做，我还没有一个时刻为自己有这么多的事。

（7）我必须道歉，我在回答你的信的延迟。

（8）我很高兴听到你都享受良好的健康。

（9）很抱歉，我没有给你写信了这么久。

（10）这是很好的收到你的来信，我会很高兴让你有你需要的信息。

结尾用语：
（1）请有利于我们与早期的答复。

（2）多多保重。

（3）我期待着您的早日（有利）的答复
（4）我希望你和你的家人在良好的精神状态和强壮的身体。

（5）为您的健康，生活愉快，谨呈最诚挚的祝福。

（6），我们将不胜感激，如果你能马上做出反应。

（7）请让我们有你在你方便的时候尽早答复。

（8）请写出来，让我知道你是如何获得在那里。

（9）希望尽快收到你的来信。

（10）提前赎回或答复，将不胜感激。

二，不同类型书信的公式化语言
（一）申请信
开头用语：
（1）在今天的报纸上，我注意到您的广告...我已获悉贵公司正在招聘...
（2）公司是一家从事工作中，尤其是我感兴趣的。

（3）我想被视为候选人的位置刊登英寸.. /我看到宣传英寸.. /我刚才看到的...
（4）我觉得我有必要的资格和经验，需要的位置... 广告中的文件。

（5）我希望去斯坦福大学大学明年，我的博士于2006年。

（6）我在（寻求）一个具有挑战性的在你的公司感兴趣。

（7）我已阅读公告的奖学金... 大学提供的，我想我递交申请。

（8）我希望能成为你在大学经济系的研究生。

（9）我想你的大学申请入学。

（10），我立刻看到你的广告的文件...，我觉得这是刚才的那种，我有资格和我一直在寻找了一段时间后。

结尾用语：
（1）如果我的应用是成功的，我应该/想...
（2）我的个人采访，如果你有兴趣在我的应用程序。

（3）我将不胜感激在您方便接受记者采访。

（4）我希望你请给我一个申请表。

（5）在我看来，这方面的经验，以及我的教育，给了我理想的准备承担的角色......像你这样的公司。

（6）我应该感到高兴参加在您方便接受记者采访时，当我可以给你更多关于我的详细信息。

（7）我希望我可以被授予接受采访的时候，我可以更充分地解释我的资格。

（8）我会用我带来的全部细节，我的推荐，按照您的要求。

（9）我有经验......，所以我可能有你正在寻找的能力。

（10）我的兴趣和技能... 这项工作有助于我的资格。

（二）推荐信
开头用语：
（1）据我所知，X先生是...
（2）除了...方面，他给我的印象是...
（3）我很高兴写这封推荐信，以支持他的申请。

（4）此外，他的老师给予了高度评价，他的创造力和奉献精神，以他的学术追求。

（5）在他的工作，他已完成了许多重要的研究项目，并积累了丰富的经验和技能，在以下领域。

（6）我有充分的机会观察他在许多方面。

（7）同时，X先生是一个多才多艺的青年男子。

（8）已被要求写一封推荐信，我很高兴...
结尾用语：
（1）我会很感激它深刻地请你把她考虑录取。

（2）我强烈建议......给您和您的积极考虑他的申请，将不胜感激。

（三）邀请信
开头用语：
（1）我延伸到我们的正式邀请...
（2）这是最大的乐趣，我写诚挚地邀请您出席本次会议。

（3）我希望你给我的快乐，你的公司的晚餐之际，本月16日，下周六与几个朋友在6点钟。

（4）它给了我最大的荣幸地邀请您参观本次展会。

（5）请允许我借此机会邀请您来我们的大学演讲吗？
（6）你会做我们加入我们党的青睐呢？
（7）如果你没有其他的计划，周一，5月15日，你来我们党在我家？
结尾用语：
（1）我们希望你能来，并期待着您的到来。

（2）我们期待您的回复。

（3）我们将非常高兴，如果你能兑现我们与贵公司。

（4）等待一个早期接受我们的盛情邀请和亲切的问候。

（5）我希望你不会拒绝我的邀请。

（四）投诉信
开头用语：
（1）投诉的焦点是...
（2）我的名字是...我是...我冒昧给你写了一封信...
（3）我写的抱怨...
结尾用语：
（1）坦率地说，我不准备忍受的情况。

（2）我们知道，你是不是一般的不小心，但我们希望您保证，这不会再发生了。

（3）我认为这是你应该意识到了...
（4）我必须警告你，除非你做一些事情的情况，我将被迫采取法律行动。

（五）致谢信
开头用语：
（1）请允许我向你表示我最热烈的感谢给予我许多的礼节，你在我最后一次访问伦敦。

（2）请接受我深深的感谢......
（3）我非常感谢你的好意给我上周接受采访时。

（4）我写信感谢你，代表我的夫人和我个人的名义，为可爱的时候，我们曾在你的聚会昨晚。

（5）这是承蒙您对我如此关怀。

（6）太感谢你了......
（7）非常感谢你的好礼物和宝贵的意见。

（8）非常感谢你如此慷慨地招待我。

（9）我非常感谢你...
（10）最深切的感谢，我在这里给你写了几行。

结尾用语：
（1）它是善良，慷慨，你为我做这个，我可以说，我更欣赏它。

（2）非常感谢您。

制造六级作文闪光点——精彩结尾九法
一般来说，大学英语六级作文的结构包括开头、正文、结尾三部分。

由于时间紧迫，许多考生开头和正文部分写得还不错，但结尾部分却匆匆了事，苍白无力，形成虎头蛇尾，从而影响了作文整体的得分。

事实上，六级作文的结尾部分是阅卷老师重点浏览的地方，它会直接影响到阅卷老师的总体印象分，所以结尾部分与文章的开头一样重要。

精彩的结尾会起到画龙点睛的作用，使整篇作文前后呼应，连贯完整。

当然，文章的结尾应紧扣主题，并呼应文章的开头。

这种呼应不是对开头的简单重复，而是主题的升华或深入。

所以，精彩的作文结尾应做到简短精悍，给阅卷老师留下完整深刻的印象。

下面重点介绍九种常用的六级作文结尾写法，供广大考生学习参考。

1．重申主题法：在文章结尾时，换一个角度再次强调文章开头的主题，做到前后呼应。

当然，重申主题并不是简单的重复，而应巧妙地使用不同的句式或手法。

[例1] From the day we were born we have been taught to be honest for it is believed that it pays to be honest. (opening 开头)
Therefore, we should be honest at any time for it pays in the long run. Honesty will make our life more wonderful. (ending结尾)
[例2] The relationship between a teacher and a student can be either good or bad, helpful or harmful. (opening开头)
In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutually beneficial. The student gains knowledge eagerly and enjoyably and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job. (ending结尾)
例1的开头点明“诚实使人受益”，结尾又以精简的语言重申做人应该诚实的观点，前后呼应；例2开头的主题是“师生关系”，结尾又以“良好的师生关系使双方受益”呼应主题。

2．概括归纳法：这是最常见的结尾写法，用几个句子总结文章的主要内容，以强调文章的主题来结束文章，从而给读者留下更深刻的印象。

[例1] Better After-Sale Service by the Producers （title题目）
To sum up, since after-sale service is so beneficial to both producers and consumers, it is inevitable that there will be more and better such services provided in the future. （ending结尾）
[例2] Advantages and Disadvantages of Overseas Study （title题目）
In conclusion, the advantages of overseas study outweigh its disadvantages. Once they return home, the overseas students will make great contributions to our motherland. （ending结尾）
例1通过概括归纳，总结了文章的主要内容，强调了文章的主题：更好的售后服务将有利于生产者和消费者；例2概括归纳了这样一个结论：海外留学的利大于弊，留学生回国后将能为祖国做出更大的贡献，以强调主题来结束文章，给人以深刻印象。

3．希望号召法：在文章的结尾，可以根据论述的主题，向人们表达希望或向人们发出号召，希望或号召人们针对某事采取积极的行动或有效的措施等。

[例1] Consequently, it is high time that we made great efforts to put an end to fake commodities. (ending结尾) [例2] Therefore, we call on everybody on campus to show your sincere love and make a donation to Mary. Love is stronger than death and your donation will make the difference to the life of your schoolmate.(ending结尾)
例1的结尾希望人们为消灭伪劣商品贡献自己的一份力量；例2在结尾时发出号召：呼吁全体同学向一位身患重病的同学玛丽捐款，以挽救她的生命。

4．展望未来法：在文章的结尾，可以根据文章的主题，提出对将来的一种展望。

但这种展望是对文章主题的引申，而不应该是一种新的观点。

[例1] If students are given much more opportunities to use computers, they will be better prepared for the society of tomorrow.(ending结尾)
[例2] With some improvements, supermarkets have steadily become more popular. There is no doubt about it—more and more housewives around the world will be standing in the check-out line in the near future. (ending结尾)
例1的结尾提出了对明天的展望：如果学生有更多的机会使用计算机，他们就能更好地适应未来的社会；例2的结尾表明：随着进一步的改善，超市已经越来越受欢迎，并展望了超市未来的发展——世界上将会有越来越多的家庭主妇光临超市。

5．反问设问法：在文章的结尾，可以对文章所提出的观点进行反问或设问。

这种结尾可以启发读者思考，达到深化主题的目的。

[例1] Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communicating, why should we not develop this skill as far as possible? (ending结尾)
[例2] An open China has realized the importance of business. Why should we give up this opportunity and rely on agriculture? (ending结尾)
例1通过反问，强调了培养听力技能的必要性；例2通过设问，突出强调了在中国发展商业的重要性，发人深思，达到了深化主题的目的。

6．提出建议法：这种六级作文的结构一般是“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”。

通过提出问题和分析问题后，考生可以在结尾时，提出自己的建议或解决问题的措施，从而使文章连贯完整。

[例1] Noise Pollution （title题目）
Since noise is a serious pollution, measures must be taken to control it. Laws and regulations should be passed to reduce the noises in the city. New technologies ought to be developed to decrease the noises produced by cars, and machines. Devices should be installed to monitor noises and protect people from the damages caused by noises. Only in this way can noise pollution be brought under control. （ending结尾）
[例2] Copyright Piracy （title题目）
In China the conditions of copyright piracy are very serious. I suggest that strict regulations and laws be passed to protect copyright, and forceful measures be taken to enforce such laws and regulations. Therefore, the healthy growth of technology and the
economy can be ensured. （ending结尾）
例1中针对噪音污染问题，在结尾时提出了一系列建议和措施来解决噪音污染问题；而例2中作者针对盗版问题，建议通过制定严格的法律法规来保护版权，打击盗版。

7．解答问题法：与上面提出建议法相似，只不过是在结尾时，首先提出一个问题，然后给予回答，提出建议或解决问题的办法。

这样既使前后呼应，连贯完整，又突出了主题。

[例1] What should we do about the water shortage? I think people should be aware of the real situation about water shortage and consciously save water. The government should make certain laws to protect water resources and take effective measures to exploit water supply. Therefore, we will not be thirsty in the future. (ending结尾)
[例2] But how can electronic money be used by more people more effectively? I think more facilities should be installed so that electronic money can be used more conveniently. And the security of using electronic money should be improved.例1中首先提出了水资源短缺这个问题，然后提出解决该问题的一些建议，前后呼应；例2中首先提出怎样能让更多的人更有效地使用电子货币的问题，然后提出了解决问题的意见，使结尾连贯完整，自成一体。

8．表达观点法：这种六级作文的结构通常是“描述现象——列举现象利弊——提出个人观点”。

通过描述某种现象，列举此种现象的利弊后，在文章结尾时表达自己的观点，阐明自己的态度，这是六级作文常见的一种结尾法。

[例1] In my opinion, colleges are mainly places for study. Participation in social activities ought to be limited to a certain extent so that study tasks can be completed successfully. The most important thing is that we should strike a balance between study and social activities.
[例2] So I believe that people should take a correct attitude towards playing the lotteries. I would like to view this as a kind of donation rather than gambling. As the chance of making fortune is extremely little, I will never think much of getting the money or believe in such kind of superstition.
例1中通过对大学生参加校园社会活动的利弊进行分析后，在结尾时提出了自己的中立观点——在学习和社会活动之间保持平衡；例2中通过分析了彩票的益处以及可能造成的问题后，在结尾阐明了自己对待彩票的态度。

9．谚语格言法：在文章的结尾，可以引用谚语或格言来印证自己的观点。

结尾的谚语和格言能强调主题，归纳全文，起到言简意赅、锦上添花的作用，所以这种结尾法也深受六级考生的推崇。

[例1] From this memorable experience I now come to the realization that where there is a will there is a way.
[例2] This lesson tells us that Rome was not built in a day. We should advance in order and be patient if we want to get the goal on time.
例1中的谚语“有志者事竟成”，强调了主题，归纳了全文；例2中的谚语“罗马非朝夕建成”，言简意赅，锦上添花。

以上介绍了九种六级作文最常用的结尾方法，但到底选择何种方法来结尾必须依据文体来决定。

原则上，记叙文、描写文在叙述或描写完事物后就可自然结束。

而说理性或逻辑性较强的说明文、议论文常用结论性的语言来结束文章。

总而言之，精彩的结尾可以成为六级作文的闪光点。

夯实写作基础，正确写作简单句
句子是英语写作的基石，优秀的文章由优秀的句子构成。

英语句子浩如烟海，多种多样。

可这些异彩纷呈的句子归根结底都是由简单句通过一定规则组合构成的，或者本身就是简单句。

因此只有写好简单句，才能夯实英语写作的基础。

根据笔者批阅四级作文的经验，很多考生的语言错误其实就出在简单句的写作上。

因此简单句的写作有必要得到我们的重视。

本文拟通过分析考生在简单句写作中的错误来分析正确写作简单句的要点。

下面这篇文章是2005年1月大学英语四级考试作文试题的例文。

文章在布局谋篇方面较好，但是语言方面存在一些错误：
Dear fellow students,
[1] I am grateful that you offer me the chance to speak here. [2] I believe I am the best candidate for the post of chairman of the student union.
[1] Firstly, I have the ability which is necessary for the post. [2] I have been the monitor of our class since came to this university. [3] In the past years, I worked very well on the post. [4] There are many teachers praise me for my work. [5] Secondly, I have many hobbies. [6] I play basketball and football very good, besides, my tennis is good too. [7] Thirdly, I have a lot of friends who can help me out if I have difficulties.
[1] If I were chosen to be the chairman of the student union, I would work hard for the benefits of you, my dear fellow students. [2] I believe I am fully qualified for the post. [3] Thank you!
这篇例文的错误集中出现于第二段。

第二句应该改成I have been the monitor of our class since I came to this university.因为从句（从句自身是个简单句）中缺少了主语。

第四句应该改成Many teachers praise me for my work. 因为原句中有两个谓语动词。

第六句应该改成I play basketball and football very well, besides, I am good at playing tennis.原句中有两个错误：（1）good是形容词，不可作状语；（2）my tennis is good对应了中文的说法，作者真正要表达的意思应该是球技不错，而不是球本身不错。

上面这些错误各不相同，但是都反映出作者还没有夯实简单句这一基础。

下面，笔者系统地分析一下考生在简单句写作过程中常出现的错误。

（一）中文式英语
1．机械性对应式错误
机械性对应式错误有两类：（1）机械性词序对应，如：I very like sport so I never ill （我非常喜欢体育运动，因此我从不生病）。

考生在写句子时，语序的安排要遵从英语语法的要求，而不应该参照汉语语序。

（2）机械性词汇对应，如：My body is good ( 我的身体很好)。

汉语的很多词是多功能或者是多义的，如：“好”可以是形容词也可以是动词。

该词对应的用法就更多了：好人、身体好、好吃、好走、穿好了衣服、好多人、好漂亮、好客、好高骛远等等，考生要根据特定语境中的意义和用法选择特定的对应词，而不能只用一个“good”或“well”简单翻译。

如：
原句： I often can't understand the meanings of some words.
修改句：I can't often understand the meanings of some words.
在本例中，原句机械地对应了汉语的语序。

原句：I think learning English well very much.
修改句：I want to learn English well very much.
汉语的“想”，在本例中是“渴望”之意，应该用want。

原句：Taking part in sports and games will give us a good body.
修改句：Taking part in sports and games will keep us fit and healthy.
在本例中，“好身体”其实是“健康”的意思。

原句：People now have condition to eat good things.
修改句：People can now afford nutritious food.
在本例中，“有条件”其实是“支付得起”的意思。

原句：TV can widen our eyes.
修改句：Watching TV can widen our horizon.
汉语中，人们通常说“电视”能开阔我们的视野，其实人们表达的是“看电视”能开阔视野，英文应该把这个意思明确还原。

2. 一个句子包含多个谓语动词
汉语的一个简单句可以有多个动词，但是英语的简单句只允许存在一个谓语动词。

如果句子的语义需要多个动词同时出现，则必须要把其中的一个动词变成非谓语形式，即动名词、不定式或分词。

动名词和不定式可以在句子中担当主语、宾语和表语，分词可以担当定语或状语。

原句：Go to the movie frequently will cost a lot of money.
修改句：Going to the movie frequently will cost a lot of money.
原句：Make cities greener has many advantages.
修改句：Making cities greener has many advantages.
原句：The best solution to the traffic problem in Shanghai is build subways.
修改句：The best solution to the traffic problem in Shanghai is to build subways.
原句：There are some cultures exist in different forms.
修改句：There are some cultures existing in different forms.
前三例中，第一个谓语动词形式被改成了动名词或不定式，担当主语或表语。

第四例中，exist被改成分词，担当后置定语。

3. 无主句
汉语中存在着大量的无主句，这些主语的缺省符合汉语的语法，也不会造成理解障碍。

无主句既出现于汉语口语中，也出现于汉语书面语中。

如朱自清的散文名篇《荷塘月色》中，第一段的前几个句子都是无主句：
这几天心里颇不宁静。

今晚在院子里坐着乘凉，忽然想起日日走过的荷塘，在这满月的光里，总该另有一番样子吧。

月亮渐渐升高了，墙外，马路上孩子们的欢笑，已经听不见了；妻在屋里拍着闰儿，迷迷糊糊地哼着眠歌。

我悄悄地披了大衫，带上门出去。

与汉语不同，英语中没有无主句，作者必须要根据具体的意思，明确地把主语表达出来，不可缺省。

如：
原句：Surfing the web is convenient and won't suffer from traffic jams.
修改句：Surfing the web is convenient, and people won't suffer from traffic jams.
原句：Without electricity, the world would become dark in the night and even could not watch TV.
修改句：Without electricity, the world would become dark in the night and one even could not watch TV.
以上两个例句都是由and连接而成的并列句。

错误出现于各自的第二个分句（即简单句）中。

作者要表达的意思分别是“上网很方便，也可以免受交通拥堵的困扰。

”和“没有电，整个世界在夜晚就会漆黑一团，甚至看不成电视”。

这两句话，在汉语中是完全可以接受的。

但是在英语中，第二个分句的主语若不出现，就会造成理解障碍——读者可能会认为后面分句的主语是承前省略。

（二）结构性错误
1．成分缺失
英语句子千千万万，句式结构亦不尽相同。

可英语句子不管多么复杂，归纳起来不外乎六个基本句式，即：
[1] S+V主谓结构
[2] S+V+O 主谓宾结构
[3] S+V+P主系表结构
[4] S+V+O1+O2 主谓双宾语结构
[5] S+V+O+C 主谓宾补结构
[6] There be结构
所有的英语句子都是由这几个基本句式组合演化而来。

考生在写作时只要对照这几种基本句型，就会立刻发现自己写的句子是否有问题。

原句：If they from different countries, they will have different living habits.
修改句：If they are from different countries, they will have different living habits.
原句：If continue, there will be no room and no resources left for future generations.
修改句：If this continues, there will be no room and no resources left for future generations.
以上两例虽然是复合句，但其中的错误都发生在简单句（从句）中。

第一例缺少了动词，第二例缺少了主语。

2．修饰语错误
上面列出的六种基本句式中只体现了主干成分。

除了主干成分，句中还有修饰语，即定语或状语。

状语可以由副词，介词短语或非谓语动词担当。

考生在使用非谓语动词或介词短语作状语时，务必要记住：非谓语动词短语和介词短语缺省的逻辑主语等同于句子的主语。

如果缺省的逻辑主语不同于主句的主语，可以通过以下两种方式来修改。

[1] 修改主语，使之等同于修饰语的逻辑主语；
[2] 修改修饰语，把修饰语变成一个从句。

原句：At the age of ten, Susan's grandfather passed away.。