GMAT阅读长难句解析(6,69)
GMAT(教学部+)长难句
申友国际教育（教学部）复合句1.In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners,companies,and countries,employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy,and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.2.None of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized,and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized.3.New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related,the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes.4.Joseph Glarthaar’s Forged in Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War,but it uses more soldiers’letters and diaries—including rare material from Black soldiers—and concentrates more intensely on Black-White relations in Black regiments than do any of its predecessors.5.Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment,and of how historical evidence could undermine the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities.6.The mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently.7.Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.8.Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics,since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the"poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.9.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States,but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,"can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.10.Although I dedicate this volume to her and to her best friend,fellow club woman and retired primary school teacher Virtea Downey,I still blush at the fact that I went to graduate school to become a historian in order to contribute to the Black Struggle for social justice and yet met her request to write a history of Black women in Indiana with condescension.11.Their primary action took place at night on rain-swept city streets,in narrow ash-can alleys,in claustrophobic diners,and in dingy,shadowy hotel rooms with neon signs flashing outside the windows,rooms in which,as hard-boiled author Nelson Algren once put it,“every bed you rent makes you an accessory to somebody else’s shady past.”12.Toward the end of the afternoon,we followed what seemed to be a large movement of chimpanzees into one great open room in the forest,relatively clear except for columns of but trees.13.Our one great accomplishment is language,but our great hope is the internal compass that may enable us to guide ourselves and our technological powers into the future:our glowing capacity for valuing our own kind and for at least some empathy beyond our kind.14.Bringing this voice to life via the book is one of the subtler aspects of the reading magic,but hearing a book in the voice of another amounts to a silencing of that self—it is an act of vocal tyranny.15.The Whigs were strongest in the towns,cities,and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy,whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.16.People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime—are likely to act aggressively,whereas people who believe that a particular War or act of aggression is unjust,who think that aggression is never justified,are less likely to behave aggressively.17.Jazz became the hottest new thing in dance music,much as ragtime had at the turn of the century,and as would rhythm and blues in the forties,rock in the fifties,and disco in the seventies.18.when it comes to substantive--particularly behavioral-information,crows are less well known than many comparably common species and,for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones:the endangered California condor,to cite one obvious example.19.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra,and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.20.Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks,but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.21.During the1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible light microscope,while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement.申友国际教育（教学部）复杂句1.Early textile-mill entrepreneurs,in justifying women’s employment in wage labor,made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores;the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women.2.Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed more than two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granite-like bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth.3.The new tax law allowed corporations to deduct the cost of the product donated plus half the difference between cost and fair market selling price,with the proviso that deductions cannot exceed twice cost.4.These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group,certain other bacteria,the archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria,represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.5.Historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women,even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions.6.Argument pointing out the extend of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common ancestor before bacteria arose.7.Paul confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolution published in1776.8.This revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation grew in Part from the research that Woodward had done for the NAACP legal campaign during its preparation for Brown v.Board of Education.9.Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines,thereby eliminating the need to store the spare stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.10.Merchants chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices,including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs.11.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.12.That each large film will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized vacates of free market economic theories.13.The historian Frederick J.Turner wrote in the1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is,the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.14.With the conclusion of a burst activity,the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids,leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted,via oxidative metabolism,by the liver into glucose,which is then sent in part back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.15.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent,he shows that the slaves’preference,revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent,was very much for stable monogamy.16.Such variations in size,shape,chemistry,conduction speed,excitation threshold,and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.17.what are we to make of this sputtering debate,in which charges of imperialism are met by equally passionate accusations of vandalism,in which each side hates the other,and yet each seems to have its share of reason?18.This preference for exogamy,Daivd suggests,may have derived from West African rules governing marriage,which,though they differed from one tribal group to another,all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.19.It is incomprehensible that a way cannot be found to protect a mere60 square miles of land that are home to one of the world’s most spectacular biological phenomena.20.Paul argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore,music,and religious expression from one generation to another,a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.21.The well-lit,singing and tap-dancing,happy-ending world of the1930’s had in ten short years become a hostile,orderless place in which alienation, obsession,and paranoia ruled.22.American humor,neither unfathomably absurd like the Irish,nor sharp and sensible and full of the realities of life like the Scottish,is simply the humor of imagination.23.The costume served as a stand-in for herself,a second skin never totally assimilated to the person hidden under it but so integral to her that even when it was taken off,it retained something of the wearer's being.24.The one word that sums up the attitude of the silent filmmaker is enthusiasm, conveyed most strongly before formulas took shape and when there was more room for experiments.25.The recording industry is unalterably convinced that the easy availability of freely downloadable commercial songs will bring about the apocalypse,and yet since downloadable music began flooding the Net,CD sales have risen by20 percent.26.Flying against the azure sky and past the green boughs of the oyamels,this myriad of dancing embers reinforced my earlier conclusion that this spectacle is a treasure comparable to the finest works of art that our world culture has produced over the past4000years.27.The tension between race pride and identification with the nation as a whole was nowhere more dramatic than in the most controversial editorial ever printed in Crisis,"Close Ranks,"which in July1918called on Black Americans to "forget our special grievances and cloy our ranks"with the White people "fighting for democracy"during the First World War.28.Perhaps the most devastating single criticism of the authenticity of the museum design has been that excavation of the original villa site has been so incomplete that there is insufficient knowledge available even to attempt a legitimate re-creation.29.What did amaze me about the potato-size rock that fell from Mars was that it had traveled millions of miles across space to land here,blasted from world to world by a planetary collision of the sort that purportedly killed off our dinosaurs,and had lain waiting for millennia upon an Antarctic ice field,until an observant young woman traveling in an expedition party picked it up, because she figured that it had come from another world.30.Except for these few dubious addresses,each little plot in our development was landscaped like a miniature estate;the puniest“expanse”of unhedged lawn was made to look like a public park.31.Scent for many of us can be only a theoretical,technical expression that we use because our grammar requires that we have a noun to go in the sentences we are prompted to utter about animals'tracking.32.The concept of two warring souls within the body of the Black American was as meaningful for Du Bois at the end of his years as editor of Crisis,the official journal of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP),as when he had first used the image at the start of the century.33.They like a play when they become interested in the human destinies that are represented,when the love and hatred,the joys and sorrows of the dramatic personages so move them that they participate in it all as though it were happening in real life.34.To mention just one example,no one has yet succeeded in putting before us even a single viewer who was incapable of telling the difference between a family quarrel in the current soap opera and one at his or her family's breakfast table.35.Claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.36.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically,the materials by no means determine what is done.37.The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North,though less spectacularly.38.In the seventeenth century the organ,the clavichord,and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group,a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.39.As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health,it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy.40.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.41.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century,including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it,the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality,finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound,from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.42.These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history,providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented.43.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface,the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans,in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.44.The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.45.The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask,for example,why a people chooses to use clay and not copper when both items are available.46.What we today call American folk art was,indeed,art of,by,and for ordinary,everyday“folks”who,with increasing prosperity and leisure,created a market for art of all kinds,and especially for portraits.47.Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy,desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height,and temperatures as high as46degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles.48.A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals,vegetation,or materials adversely.49.Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canopy of branches,a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of almost everything else.50.In taking up a new life across the Atlantic,the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life.申友国际教育（教学部）省略句1.While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other self-serving motives,this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments.2.The consumption of protein increases blood concentration of the other amino acids much more,proportionately,than it does that of tryptophan.3.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.4.Although some experiments show that,as an object becomes familiar,its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel,the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis,at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.5.However,as they gained cohesion,the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres,who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.6.Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.7.Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of1.4M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.8.An impact(on the Mars)capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon,in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth.9.In experiments,an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs,but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs.10.The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature,of course,does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.申友国际教育（教学部）倒装句1.More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry.2.Emancipation has been less profound than expected,for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.3.So desperate is the situation that the Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources has recognized the monarch migration as an endangered biological phenomenon and has designated it the first priority in their effort to conserve the butterflies of the world.4.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the20years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth.5.Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate,or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.6.Had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils,they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.7.Most important,perhaps,was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist,Thomas Cole,who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.8.Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate,lay eggs,and rear their young are common murres,Atlantic puffins,black-legged kittiwakes,and northern gannets.9.Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits.10.Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals,sometimes easily recognizable as such,often distorted into gorgeous,weird,but always functional shapes.11.With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it,young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.12.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before1927as “silent”,the film has never been,in the full sense of the word,silent.13.Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity,the number of species in a particular ecosystem,to the health of the Earth and human well-being.14.Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well:that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony.15.Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them.Nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.16.Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration,from town and farm to city,within the United States.17.Here in lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.18.Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle,but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.19.One such novel idea is that of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’natural constitution:specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes,if they can be identified and isolated,that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria.Hence,the intensified research on legumes.20.Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s10”neurons should occupy,let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.。
雅思课堂阅读分析总结(长难句)
Reading 1:A remarkable Beetle1.easier to control than buffalo flies【not given】-原文（第二段）：Ausrealia’s native dung beetles are scrub and woodland dwellers,specializing in couase marsupial droppings(粪便) and avoiding the soft cattle dung in which bush flies and bufflo flies breed.[澳洲本土的蜣螂生活在灌木丛和林地里，特别喜欢吃有袋动物的粪便，不吃灌木蝇和水牛蝇繁殖的软牛粪。
]-分析：原文并没有提到灌木蝇和水牛蝇控制的难易之分，因此答案为not given。
2.of dung beetle were initiallybrought to Australia by the CSIRO(由CSIRO带到澳大利亚,brought to A by B 由B带到A).【no】-原文(根据CSIRO定位至第3段)：Between 1968 and 1982,the CSIRO imported insects from about 50 different species of dung beetle,from Asia, Europe and Africa,aiming to match them to different climatic zones in Australia.-分析：由原文知从1968年到1982年，CSIRO从亚洲、欧洲和非洲进口了大约50种不同种类的蜣螂，目的是让它们适应澳大利亚不同的气候区。
而不是题目中的4000种蜣螂，故答案为no。
3.题目：Dung beetles were brought to Australia by the CSIRO over a fourteen-year period.【yes】-原文：Between 1968 and 1982,the CSIRO imported insects from about 50 different species of dung beetle,from Asia, Europe and Africa,aiming to match them to different climatic zones in Australia.-分析：1968至1982为14年，题目和原文相符合，故答案为yes。
考研英语长难句66句(含详细解析)
1.This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.词汇突破：cognitive 认知的（后天习得的）Intuitive 先天的和以上这组单词概念相同的表达还有：Nature先天；nurture后天；born ;先天的；made 后天的；innate天生的；Acquired后天习得；Determine 决定Coupled with 相当于and,想类似的表达还有along with ; combined with等。
主干识别：句子的主语是This success和later research ；谓语是led; 宾语是Ericsson; 不定式短语to conclude 做状语；主干结构是：this success and later research led Ericsson to conclude that …其他成分：在research后面接一个现在分词短语做后置定语，在这个现在分词短语中that引导的从句做showing 的宾语；在不定式短语中that引导的从句做conclude的宾语；more…than结构翻译为与其说，不如说。
微观解析：由于主语中的第二个并列成分比较长，且是用两个逗号隔开的，在阅读的时候可以跳读；把This success和动词led先连起来然后再来解析其他成分。
译文赏析：这种成功和后来表明记忆本身并不是先天决定的研究使爱立信总结道，记忆的行为与其说是一种先天的行为不如说是一种习得的行为。
2.It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.词汇突破：visualize 想象Figure out 发现和找出Suits 使…适合主干识别：句子主语是由how引导的一个主语从句，it是句子的形式主语；句子主干为: How …is not obvious.在主语从句中主语是capacity，谓语是suits 宾语是one ;其他成分：状语为to answer…主语后加上两个动词不定式做后置定语；动词不定式中的宾语questions后面接一个that引导的定语从句。
考研英语阅读理解长难句真题分析详解含翻译p
考研英语阅读理解长难句真题分析详解含翻译1. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure , which today is an electonic infrastructure , the better off you’re going to be .结构：•The more foreign capital [主语] you have [定语] helping you build [谓语] your Third Wave infrastructure [宾语] ,•非限制性定语从句：which today [主语] is [谓语] an electronic infrastructure [宾语] ,•the better off you’re going to be [主+谓].单词：electronic a.电子的ad.电子地n.电子电路电子器件词组：the more...the more 越...越...better off a.更好的富裕的Be going to 将要打算直译：你拥有越多的外国资金来帮助你建设第三次基础设施建设浪潮，也就是今天得电子基础设施，你将变得更加富裕。
解析：•You have作定语修饰capital•Which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰infrastructure译文：你拥有的帮助你建设第三次基础设施建设浪潮的外国资金越多，也就是今天得电子基础设施，你就会越富裕重点：•the more...the more 越...越...•better off a.更好的富裕的2. That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled , or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled .结构：•That [主] doesn’t mean [谓] lying down and becoming fooled , or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled [宾].单词：corporation n.企业公司法人社团Run vt.经营管理运转词组：Lie down 躺下卑躬屈膝Mean doing sth 意味着做....直译：这并不意味着好吃懒做和变得愚蠢活着让外国企业的经营不受控制。
【GMAT长难句读法】例句分析
第二章深入篇看了上一章，相信你已经知道怎样可以读懂一个难句了，但是难句有很多种，不同的难句要有不同的读法，这样才能在最短的时间内，最快速，最准确的读懂一个很难的句子。
笔者认为读难句有三种境界：一. 认识，所以知道；二. 不认识，但是知道；三. 认识，但是不知道。
下面我们就一起来进入读难句的三个境界。
一．认识句子中的单词，所以知道句子的意思。
认识句子中的单词，所以知道句子的意思，这是读句子的第一个境界。
这种句子可能是我们平时生活中常见的，或者句子是讲某一专业的方面，但句子中的单词并没有达到某种深度，所以我们可以大概认识句子中的所有单词。
句子的结构也不是特别复杂，所以认识句子的单词基本可以知道句子的意思。
读这种难句，相对来讲是比较容易的，只要按照我们前面介绍过的方法读句子就可以了，注意忘记语法，不理会复杂的句子形式，只看句子的内容，也就是按英文顺序排列的中文即可。
下面例句有些人名地名仍然保留原样，因为对我们理解句子意思并不产生影响，这样的句子已经接近读句子的第二个境界了。
1．While Jackie Robinson was a Brooklyn Dodger, his courage in the face of physical threats and verbal attacks was not unlike that of Rosa Parks, who refused to move to the back of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama.#当Jackie Robinson 是一个Brooklyn Dodger时，他的勇气面对身体上的威胁和语言上的攻击，并不像Rosa Parks的那样，Rosa Parks拒绝移动到一辆汽车的后面在Montgomery, Alabama。
2．A recent study has found that within the past few years, many doctors have elected to retire early rather than face the threats of lawsuits and the rising costs of malpractice insurance.# 一个最近的研究发现，在过去的几年里，很多医生选择早点退休，而不是面临威胁/被起诉的和越来越多的费用/用于不当处置的保险的。
杨鹏GRE&GMAT长难句 全书英文句子整理打印版
1, that sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.2, Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.3,Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an as pect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.4, as she put it in The Common Reader, “it is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.”5,with the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.6, alt hough Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.7, Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of – and so was crucial in sustaining – the black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.8, this preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.9, His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the US, but his definition of racial prejudice as “racially – based negative prejudgements against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competit ion,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.10, such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.11, it was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed insteadto influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.12, although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system.13, other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.14, although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.15, in large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.16, if one begin by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek description of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact – real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society.17, thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field – theoretical equations.18, the physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumption.19, however, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.20, as my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them.21, although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, it authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.22, is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?23, in addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toome r’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; dose this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are potted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?24, Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.25, although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into the space.26, the role those anthropologist ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constrains –ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that “come naturally” in archetypal situation in any culture.27,which of the following most probably p rovides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constrains” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?28, a low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.29, perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that over-looked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.30, studies by Hargrave and Green estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.31, in the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient – poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.32, the hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.33, only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within in with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.34, the historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the US since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier – that is, the depletion of available new land need35, in the early 1950’s, historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large number, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.36, historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes towards crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.37, it can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?38, my point is that its central consciousness – its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives – owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary cities.39, even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.40, but achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non – living matter require knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other – an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.41, Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law – notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned – that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.42, Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform that Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Treatment is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codification of Jewish law in the diaspora.43, Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islam law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.44, one such novel idea is that of interesting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution: specially, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, the intensified research on legumes.45, it is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrog en gas.46, unless they succeed, they yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated, and even if the transfer of those gene complexes, once they are found, becomes possible.47, its subject (to use Maynard Mack’s categories) is “life – as –spectacle,” for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without; the tragic lliad, however, presents “life – as –experience” : readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.48, most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.49, A critique of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and radical prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.50, The best evidence for the layered mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic racks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid ocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists, is the upper mantle. 51, some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.52,fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-B’s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.53, the very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselveson all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.54, but those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.55, now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land.56, it is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s) that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s) of the peptide hormone s. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will contain these mRNA’s. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them, then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s, but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.57, the molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.58, nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.59, this succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and event not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposit.60, there have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.61, many critics of Emily Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a “romantic” reading receives more confir mation.62, Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts.63, this is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an-encom-passing interpretation.64, the isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.65, more probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds.66, A long-term view of the history of the English colonies that became the US has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution.67, it is not known rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. n. 同源捕虏体68, even the “radical” critiques of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.69, they are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles, whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way, and which can be detected.70, open knowledge of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the US in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion, that change in wome n’s economic condition, though insufficient by itself, “remains the basic factor” in improving women’s situation, was particularly unacceptable.71, other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle by the Earth’s collision w ith another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its core.72, however, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 73, Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern – acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural model – was not only more typicallyEnglish than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire.74, Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg country, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.75, a very specialized feeling adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut – sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton.76, these historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period.77, apparently most massive starts manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.78, this is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.79, An impact capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth – intersecting orbit is even lesspr obable than such an event on the moon, in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth.80, Nor only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor – specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently.81, As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.82, while the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct, the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed, showing, for instance, that is was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles, and throwing the date once more into utter confusion.83, the methods that a community devise to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.84, traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.85, because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuring loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.86, for example, the spiral arrangement of scale – bract complexes on ovule – bearing pine cones, where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces, thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next.87, FE, however, predicted that women would be liberated from “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”.88, it was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880s created a new class of “dead –end” jobs, thenceforth considered “women’s work”.89, The increase in the number of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.90, for one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density – independent factors all the time.91, in order to understand the n ature of the ecologist’s investigation, we may think of the density – dependent effects on growth parameters as the “signal” ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density – independent effects act to produce “noise” in population dynamics.92, but the play’s complex view of Black self –esteem and human solidity as compatible is no more “contradictory” than Du Bois’ famous, well-considered ideal of ethnic self –awareness coexisting with human unity, or Fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles.93, in which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs’s to Raisin in the sun?94, Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth – century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward argument that deserve evaluation.95, Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed.96, Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.97, it can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War?98, she wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.99, although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.100, with regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eight-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example, laboring people in eighteenth – century England readily shifted from home – brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.101, The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by them.102, such philosophical concerns as the mind – body problem or, more generally, the nature of human knowledge they believe, are basic human question whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested.103, the idea of an autonomous discipline called “philosophy” distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out, close examination, to be of quite recent origin.。
tpo69三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo69三篇阅读解析阅读-1 (1)原文 (1)译文 (3)题目 (4)答案 (8)背景知识 (9)阅读-2 (11)原文 (11)译文 (13)题目 (14)答案 (19)背景知识 (19)阅读-3 (23)原文 (23)译文 (25)题目 (27)答案 (30)背景知识 (31)阅读-1原文Why Snakes Have Forked Tongues①The forked tongue of snakes has intrigued people for millennia,inspiring many hypotheses.In many cultures and religions,the forked tongue symbolizes malevolence and deceit.The first person known to inquire about the functional significance of the forked tongue was Aristotle;he suggested that it would double the pleasure of sensations of taste.By the beginning of the twentieth century,the consensus was that the snake’s tongue is a tactile organ;that is,the snake uses it to tap the ground much as a blind person uses a cane.②In1920Browman suggested what seemed to be a winning hypothesis:When the snake retracts its tongue,the tips(or tines)of the forked tongue are inserted into openings on both sides of the roof of the mouth;through these openingschemical stimuli reach special organs that help snakes detect smells—the vomeronasal organs(VNO).These organs are highly developed in snakes,lizards, and many mammals.They are a second system for detecting smells that appears to have evolved specifically to detect pheromones,the chemical signals that animals secrete as messages to other animals of their species.Browman suggested that the forked tongue flicks out,picking up chemical signals,and then delivers these to the VNO.This hypothesis was widely accepted into the1980s.Then X-ray movie studies of tongue flicks in snakes and lizards with forked tongues disproved the hypothesis;they showed that when the tongue is withdrawn into the mouth,it enters a sheath and the tips do not go into the openings to the VNO.Instead,the chemical molecules are deposited on pads at the bottom of the mouth,and closing the mouth presses the pads and molecules against the VNO openings.③If the tongue is not forked to fit into the VNO,then what function could the forked shape serve?Schwenk proposes a solution that encompasses observations from several fields—animal behavior,ecology,sensory physiology,and neuroanatomy.He hypothesizes that the forked tongue allows the snake to sense chemical stimuli at two points simultaneously,thereby giving it the ability to detect differences in an odor trail.Obtaining two simultaneous readings enhances the ability of the snake to detect the edges of odor trails,and thus to follow pheromone trails accurately.This ability is important in seeking both prey and mates.④This spatial chemical perception is like other systems for spatial perception that are based on simultaneous stimulation of two separated sense organs—for example,auditory localization,which depends on differential stimulation at the two ears.Similarly,the use of the two eyes permits stereovision.⑤Several kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that forked tongues evolved as chemosensory edge detectors to enhance the ability to follow odor trails:(1) Snakes and lizards spread the tines of their tongue apart when they retrieve odor molecules,then draw the tines together when retracting the tongue.The greater the distance between sampling points,the better the animals sample differences within an odor trail.(2)Lizards that forage widely have forked tongues,whereas lizard species without forked tongues tend not to forage widely.(3)Forked tongues have evolved independently at least twice in different families of reptiles, indicating their value as an adaptation.(4)In the snake nervous system,each tine of the tongue is linked to a nucleus in the other side of the brain,and the twonuclei are linked across the two hemispheres.This arrangement is similar to the anatomy of auditory centers in mammals and birds that permits the computation of differences between what one ear hears and what the other ear hears and thus mediates auditory localization.⑥Species in other orders have also evolved paired chemical receptors to guide individuals to mates or prey.For example,male gypsy moths have large,elaborate, odor-detecting antennae with which they track potential mates over large distances,and the ant nest beetle has spoon-shaped antennae extending from each side of the head with which it detects and follows the pheromones of the ants that are its food.译文为什么蛇有叉状舌头①蛇的叉状舌头吸引了人们数千年，激发了许多假设。
GMAT阅读长难句之插入语和省略句
GMAT阅读备考的一大难点就是长难句，并且在众多的难句结构中，最常见的要数插入语和省略句，考生要想顺利攻克GMAT阅读就要先过这两关。
接下来小编为大家带来GMAT阅读长难句之插入语和省略句，希望对大家的备考有帮助。
GMAT阅读长难句之插入语1. 插入语，顾名思义就是在句子中加安插的一个成分，主要起解释、说明、总结、或者表示态度、转移话题、承上启下等作用。
一般将其去掉之后，句子结构仍然完整。
在英语语法中，常见的插入语主要有8种形式：分句、形容词及短语、过去分词短语、介词短语、副词、不定式、现在分词短语、用标点符号引导插入语。
这些插入语通常会对考生迅速找出句子主干产生一定的迷惑作用，影响考生的做题速度。
因此，攻克插入语是备考GMAT阅读难句过程中一项艰巨的任务。
2. 如何分析GMAT阅读中的插入语插入语其实很容易识别，考生在句子汇总碰到插入语可以先将其忽略，对句子的主体结构进行分析和理解，然后再把插入语放入整个句子中分析其具体的作用。
下面为大家举例说明：During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, th ough producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.”翻译：在19世纪，她说，对家庭经济有贡献的“有用小孩“的观念逐渐向现如今的”无用小孩“的观念让路，尽管他们不会给家里带来收入，甚至还有大量花销，但在感情上，还是极其无价的。
胡敏长难句69句
1693胡敏长难句69句★1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数5，下同）译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。
难句类型：倒装、省略<a > 本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。
所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。
<b > 在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individuall will have中，an individuall will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。
第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。
意群训练：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)（这是一种）译文：照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。
GMAT阅读主题题详解
GMAT阅读主题题详解GMAT阅读主题题详解主题题(Topic Question)主题题是GMAT阅读(也是GRE和托福阅读的必考题型)每个阅读文章至少有一个题是主题题。
对于主题题的做法，很简单，两种处理方式：A.找到主题句(TopicSentence)B.没有主题句的，找到【关键词】：^p 。
选择含有【关键词】：^p 的选项。
C.排除法。
排除包含过于细节的选项(比方人名、地名)主题题的典型问法：The primary purpose of the passage is to propose...The primary purpose of the passage is to...In the passage,the author is primarily concerned withdoing which of the following?那么，如何寻找主题句(TopicSentence)或是【关键词】：^p (Topic Word)呢?答案是：首尾句。
GMAT阅读(包括GRE和托福，甚至更广泛的英文表达)都是将作者的主要思想(main idea)放在段首或是段尾(主要是段首句)。
第一，这样的表达开门见山;第二，容易在段中对主题进展进一步展开。
只有非常少的文章在段落中部放置主题句，有的话也会有明显的转折语气成分。
所以，我们找主题句的方法是：多段段落的文章：首段首尾句，和中间段落首尾句结合一个段落的文章：首尾句。
注意：首尾句不包含疑问句段落靠前局部的转折句问题与解决策略：问：我找到主题句了，在段落首句很明显。
但是我仍然读不懂怎么办?答：读不懂有两个原因，首要原因很多人说是词汇看不懂，其实不对，应该是句子构造的不熟悉和看不懂。
在句子中，尤其是长难句，词汇问题每个人都存在，也就是说对于美国人Native Speaker来说，GMAT和GRE这两个逻辑考试仍然存在大量不认识的单词。
所以句子不懂，不能说没有词汇原因，但是词汇不是重点。
GRE 阅读难句教程
GRE&GMAT阅读难句教程（杨鹏长难句）
1.介绍
《GRE & GMAT阅读难句教程》精心挑选了GRE、GMAT历年考题中大量让考生头痛，而且不易理解和容易出错的结构复杂、意思艰深的句子，以结构分析法，采用各种特定的标识，剖析每段难句，并附有译文和解释。
为便于读者掌握分析意群的能力，还将原文做了意群标识。
以实战的要求为目的、迅速读懂、利用语法但是不靠语法，学练结合、以练为主。
2.使用方法：
本书使用价值较高，有着详细的使用方法：
STEP ONE
了解长难句（阅读并思考杨鹏难句1-3章）
STEP TWO
初期接触长难句第四章GRE部分前20句话好好看仔细看按照one中体会到得去做并且好好看好杨鹏给的解释至于语法除非自己有很大的兴趣我不推荐读我们要练习的是一个熟练度一个感觉一个惯性一个对高信息密度灌输的承受力而且那本书除了句子选取之外具体的分析意义不大把这20句话透透彻彻，让难句的融入我们大脑的阅读习惯中
STEP THREE
重新读1-3章继续体会
STEP FOUR.
快速扫过剩下的109句以每天20-30句的速度不用细分析只要满足看懂，
能体会到里面的调调就行
还有GMAT部分的69句也这样做
STEP FIVE
重新读1-3章继续体会
STEP SIX
自此之后每天背完一个LIST就10句早起和睡前也都是10句平时上没用的课的时候也把难句拿出来一句句看（熟练了的话基本上一节课就可以翻一遍）日复一日。
(完整版)gmatgre长难句打印版
也不知道杨鹏先生是否同意（应该不会反对，呵呵，一样么？），我将其《GRE&GMAT 阅读难句教程》中的G部分全部摘录下来，希望能够对大家有所帮助，不过在摘录的过程中，发现电子版的好像跟正规出版的差几个句子，也罢，全部原封不动了！真的很感谢杨先生，我的阅读水平显著提高了，就在这个5、1长假，而且我还玩了好长时间，呵呵不过路漫漫，不知何时是尽头，我准备7月份考G，8月份考T，呵呵，年底申请，最好是能够申请Marketing了，与同道中人一起努力了，呵呵！感谢ECUST 的Miss Hu提供的资料。
我在berrain抄录所有难句的基础上加了杨鹏的解释和意群训练，这样此文档基本已涵盖全书的内容，希望它对各位G友的阅读能力能有所帮助。
GRE难句解读——提高GRE阅读必须要过的第一关作者：杨鹏读者学习指导：大原则：以实战的要求为目的。
难句子不仅出现在阅读中，还出现在句子填空、逻辑但体中，因此，对难句子得攻克变得相当重要。
原则一：迅速读懂原则二：利用语法、不靠语法即在Gre中，考生永远也不需要再考场上分析一句话的语法成分，也不要想这句话有没有语法错误，考生的唯一任务就是现场迅速的读懂文章。
然而在初期可以少量的运用语法，目的有二：一为初学者如果看不懂句子得结构，往往会感到心情沮丧，或大脑混乱，根本就读不尽文章，因此引入语法能够给读者以信心；二为运用语法，可以了解文章的语法结构，并最终完全熟悉各种类型的句子，达到一遍就可以读懂句子得效果。
原则三：学练结合，以连为主训练的类别：1、难句阅读训练；2、阅读理解力训练；即“懂”3、阅读速度与阅读习惯训练，即“迅速”。
实际上，对于英语语法得学习，包括对英文单词的中文释意的记忆和对英语句子得中文翻译，都只是我们学习英语的辅助工具；我们最终的目的，是为了提高对英语的实际使用能力。
具体到Gre的考试的应用上，就是看到英语句子时，正确的做法不应该是现场分析出其余法结构，再背出每个单词的中文释意，再把这些中文单词串成句子，最后才根据翻译出来的中文来想这句话的意思是什么，而是读到每个单词、每一句话的时候，大脑中的第一反映是其意思而不是中文释意。
gmat长难句训练
gmat长难句训练1. 定义与释义1.1 词性：名词1.2 释义：GMAT 考试中用于训练理解长难句能力的句子1.3 英文解释：Sentences used in the GMAT exam to train the ability to understand long and difficult sentences.1.4 相关词汇：GMAT sentence training2. 起源与背景2.1 词源：GMAT（Graduate Management Admission Test）是研究生管理科学入学考试的简称2.2 趣闻：GMAT 长难句训练对于提升考生的语言理解能力非常重要3. 常用搭配与短语3.1 GMAT long sentence：GMAT 长句例句：The GMAT long sentence in the passage confused many test-takers.翻译：文章中的 GMAT 长句让很多考生感到困惑。
3.2 difficult sentence in GMAT：GMAT 中的难句例句：Understanding the difficult sentence in GMAT is crucial for getting a high score.翻译：理解 GMAT 中的难句对于获得高分至关重要。
4. 实用片段（1）. "I was really struggling with the GMAT long difficult sentences during my preparation. Some of them were so complex that I had to read them several times to understand the meaning."翻译：“在准备过程中，我真的在努力应对 GMAT 中的长难句。
考研阅读长难句【精讲】
考研阅读⻓长难句句 | 解析We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pilotandrelaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.我们⽆无意识地伸⼿手获取它们（习惯成⾃自然），设定⼤大脑为⾃自动驾驶模式，然后按照熟悉的程序，放松地进⼊入⽆无意识的舒适状态。
主⼲干：主谓 | 介词短语 for them 为⽬目的状语修饰不不及物动词 reach（伸⼿手）修饰：现在分词setting和relaxing作伴随状语与主⼲干同时发⽣生逻辑主语是we记词：auto- ⾃自动的 pilot v. 驾驶 adj. 试点的 n. ⻜飞⾏行行员routine n. 常规；⽣生活乏味；例例⾏行行程序 adj. 常规的；乏味的mindless adj. 盲⽬目的；⽆无需动脑的Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit,we can instead direct our own changeby consciously developing new habits.(我们)不不要将⾃自⼰己视为不不可改变的习惯性⽣生物，相反，我们能够，通过有意识地培养新习惯，指导⾃自⼰己的改变。
主⼲干：主谓宾 | instead可以放在we的前⾯面语义不不变表示转折修饰：dismissing现在分词作伴随状语与主⼲干同时发⽣生 | rather than表示否定修饰：介词短语by developing…作⽅方式状语修饰direct记词：dismiss vt. 摒弃、对……不不值⼀一提(as)；解雇；解散；驳回(本句句译为“视作”即可) direct adj. 直接的；笔直的；坦率的；正好的 vt. 对准；管理理；指挥；导演Instead,the new habits we deliberately press into ourselvescreate parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.⽽而我们刻意坚持的新习惯会创造出平⾏行行路路径，它们会绕过之前的⽼老老路路（旧习惯）。
考研英语阅读理解长难句真题分析详解含翻译s
考研英语阅读理解长难句真题分析详解含翻译More and more governments , afraid their countries will be left behind f want to spread Internet access.结构：• More and more governments ［主语］,・ Afraid ［谓语］their countries will be left behind ［宾语从句］, want to spread ［谓语］Internet access ［宾语］.单词：spread vt.传播伸展展开a.伸展的Widespread a.广泛的普遍的Access v.接近使用访问n.通道机会入口进入使用权词组：More and more 越来越...直译：越来越多的政府，担心自己的国家会落伍，从而想要发展互联网使用There are reasons to be optimistic = Reasons to be optimisticare are there译文：然而，新的和积极的用来对抗数字鸿沟的力量，过去不明显的。
现在，我们有理由感到乐观There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow.结构：There be 句型：There are technological reasons to hope宾语从句：the digital divide will narrow解析：•There be句型中，包含了一个宾语从句•hope后面是宾语从句，省略了引导词that译文：我们有技术理由去期望数字鸿沟将会缩小4.As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized , it is in the interest of business to univesalize accessafter all , the more people online , themore potential customers there are.结构:As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized ［方式状语］,it ［形式主语］is ［谓语］in the interest of business ［宾语］to univesalize access ［真正的主语］after all, the more people online , the more potential customers there are .单词：commercialize vt.使商业化使商品化universalize vt,使普遍化Access n.进入手段接触的机会词组：In the interest of为了…的利益符合…的利益The more...the more 越…越…More and more越来越…After all 毕竟直译：随着互联网变得越来越商业化，普遍的接触是符合商业的利益, 毕竟，越多的人上网，就有越多的潜在消费者解析:•It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的t。
GRE&GMAT阅读难句教程
TOEFL 群：243745114；GRE 群：243745709；GMAT ：243745864GRE&GMAT 阅读难句教程
使用方法STEP ONE
了解长难句（阅读并思考杨鹏难句1-3章）
STEP TWO
初期接触长难句第四章GRE 部分前20句话好好看仔细看按照one 中体会到得去做并且好好看好杨鹏给的解释
至于语法除非自己有很大的兴趣我不推荐读我们要练习的是一个熟练度一个感觉一个惯性一个对高信息密度灌输的承受力而且那本书除了句子选取之外具体的分析意义不大!把这20句话透透彻彻让难句的融入我们大脑的阅读习惯中
STEP THREE
重新读1-3章继续体会
STEP FOUR
快速扫过剩下的109句以每天20-30句的速度不用细分析只要满足看懂，能体会到里面的调调就行
还有GMAT 部分的69句也这样做
STEP FIVE
重新读1-3章继续体会
STEP SIX
自此之后每天背完一个LIST 就10句早起和睡前也都是10句平时上没用的课的时候也把难句拿出来一句句看（熟练了的话基本上一节课就可以翻一遍）
日复一日
STEP SEVEN
每过一遍都要看1-3章一次
STEP EIGHT
if<>step nine
then go to step six:
else do step nine
STEP NINE
直到有一天你的书废了（前提是你不能折磨那本书）或者你已经烂记于心、倒背如流把看那些句子变成看起来自然而然很习惯的时候
就可以停了。
GMAT阅读常考两大考点解析【主旨题+目的题】【武汉申友GMAT阅读干货】
GMAT阅读常考两大考点解析【主旨题+目的题】>>>武汉申友GMAT编辑<<<GMAT阅读题型主要分为主旨题和细节题两大类，而细节题又可以细分为单一细节题，推断题，逻辑题和结构题。
在这几种GMAT阅读常考的题型中，主旨题是最常见的形式，几乎每篇阅读都有一道主旨题，主旨题的问法通常是The passage is primarily concerned about…或者The purpose of the passage is to…对于主旨题，我们首先需要的是把文章的结构理清楚，这样才能快速的选出答案。
其实通过做题会发现，GMTA阅读篇幅短小，但是观点明确，行文严谨，因此对于主旨题，切忌以文章的某个小点来代替全文的内容，一定要从整体出发，有“大局意识”。
下面申友GMAT通过例题给大家具体讲解下GMAT阅读主旨题和目的题该如何去做。
一、GMAT阅读主旨题主旨题相对于需要推理类的细节题比较容易，因为我们强调拿到一篇GMAT文章首先需要看文章的结构句，结构句通常就会给出这篇文章的主要内容，结构句就相当于主干，把整篇文章串联起来。
第一遍先浏览结构句，第二遍再来通读全文，那这个时候再来做主旨题，就比较确定了。
而且大家会注意到，主旨题的选项通常是一个动词加宾语，我们首先看动词，一般选择态度中性的词语，比如discuss，argue或者explain等，除非作者态度很明显，那么对于challenge，dismiss，refute这些态度偏向很明显的动词，通常都是不选的。
举个主旨题的例子：For many years, historians thought that the development of capitalism had not faced serious challenges in the United States. Writing in the early twentieth century, Progressive historians sympathized with the battles waged by farmers and small producers against large capitalists in the late nineteenth century, but they did not question the widespread acceptance of laissez-faire (unregulated) capitalism throughout American history. Similarly, Louis Hartz, who sometimes disagreed with the Progressives, argued that Americans accepted laissez-faire capitalism without challenge because they lacked a feudal, precaptialist past. Recently, however, some scholars have argued that even though laissez-faire became the prevailing ethos in nineteen-century America, it was not accepted without struggle. Laissez-faire capitalism, they suggest, clashed with existing religious and communitarian norms that imposed moral constraints on acquisitiveness to protect the weak from thepredatory, the strong from corruption, and the entire culture from materialist excess. Buttressed by mercantilist notions that government should be both regulator and promoter of economic activity, these norms persisted long after the American Revolution helped unleash the economic forces that produced capitalism. These scholars argue that even in the late nineteenth century, with the government’s role in the economy considerably diminished, laissez-faire had not triumphed completely. Hard times continued to revive popular demands for regulating business and softening the harsh edges of laissez-faire capitalism.The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) reveal the underlying similarities of certain arguments regarding the development of capitalism in the United States(B) synthesize two competing arguments regarding the development of capitalism in the United States(C) defend an established argument regarding the development of capitalism in the United States(D) summarize a scholarly refutation of an argument regarding the development of capitalism in the United States(E) discuss a new methodology for the study of the development of capitalism in the United States这是一篇一段式文章。
GMAT考试阅读练习题目及解析
GMAT考试阅读练习题目及解析一、阅读理解练习题目题目1阅读以下段落，回答问题。
"The rise of the internet has transformed the way we gather information. With the click of a button, we have access to a vast amount of knowledge that was once difficult to obtain. However, this easy access to information also brings challenges, such as the overload of data and the difficulty in distinguishing between accurate and inaccurate information."1. What is the main idea of the passage?2. According to the passage, what are the benefits of the internet?3. What challenges does the easy access to information bring?题目2阅读以下段落，回答问题。
"Climate change is one of the most pressing global issues of our time. The Earth's climate is changing rapidly, and this is largely due to human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These activities release large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat and cause the Earth's temperature to rise. This phenomenon, known as global warming, has serious consequences for our planet, including rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and the loss of biodiversity."1. What is the main idea of the passage?2. According to the passage, what are the causes of climate change?3. What are the consequences of global warming?二、阅读理解练习题目解析解析11. main idea: The main idea of the passage is to discuss the impact of the internet on the way we gather information, highlighting both the benefits and the challenges it brings.2. benefits of the internet: The passage mentions that the easy access to information is one of the benefits of the internet.3. challenges of easy access to information: The passage states that the easy access to information brings challenges such as data overload and the difficulty in distinguishing between accurate and inaccurate information.解析21. main idea: The main idea of the passage is to discuss the issue of climate change and its consequences, emphasizing the role of human activities in causing global warming.2. causes of climate change: The passage mentions that burning fossil fuels and deforestation are two of the main causes of climate change.3. consequences of global warming: The passage lists several consequences of global warming, including rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and the loss of biodiversity.通过以上练习题目及解析，可以帮助考生提高GMAT考试的阅读理解能力。
考研英语阅读理解长难句真题分析详解附译文e
考研英语阅读理解长难句真题分析详解附译文1. The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English . “By the third generation , the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families .”Hence the description of America as a “graveyard ”for languages .结构：•The children of immigrants [主] tend to [谓] be bilingual and proficient in English [宾] .•“By the third generation , the original language [主] is [系] lost in the majority of immigrant families [表] .”•Hence the description of America as a “graveyard ”for languages单词：Description n.描述描写Subscribe vi.订阅捐款认购Proficient a.熟练的精通的n.精通专家能手Bilingual a.会说两种语言的词组：Tend to 往往通常The majority of 大多数直译：移民的孩子通常会两种语言以及精通英语。
但是“到了第三代，大多数的移民家庭中的母语都遗失了”。
因此，美国被描述为语言的“墓地”译文：移民的子女几乎都具有双语能力，且精通英语。
“到了第三代，原来的语言在大多数移民家庭中都消失了”，因此，有人就把美国描述成语言的“墓地”重点：•Tend to 往往通常•The majority of 大多数2. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent , higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans .结构：•By 1996 foreign-born immigrants [主]•定语从句：who [主] had arrived [谓] before 1970•had [谓] a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent , higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans [宾]解析：•who引导定语从句，用来修饰immigrants ，句子中作主语直译：到1996年，在1970以前到达美国的国外出生的移民，拥有自己房屋的比率是75.6%，高于本土出生的美国人的房屋拥有率69.8%译文：到1996年为止，1970年之前到达美国，出生在国外的移民中，75.6%拥有自己的房产，高于本土美国人69.8%的比例重点：•who引导定语从句，用来修饰immigrants ，句子中作主语3. Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks . ”By the third generation , one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics , and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians .结构：•Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics [主] “have [谓] higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks [宾] .•”By the third generation , one third of Hispanic women [主] are married [谓（被）] to non-Hispanics [宾] , and 41 percent of Asian-American women [主] are married [谓（被）] to non-Asians [宾]单词：Hispanic a.西班牙裔拉丁美裔直译：外国出生的亚裔和西班牙裔“比美国本土的白人和黑人的通婚率更高”。
胡敏长难句69句
胡敏长难句69句1693胡敏长难句69句★1.Thate某ratiowillbefavoredwhichma某imizethenumberofdecendantanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberof genecopietranmitted.（难度系数5，下同）译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。
难句类型：倒装、省略本句的正常语序应当是：Thate某ratiowhichma某imizethenumberofdecendntanindividuallwillhaveandhencethenumberof genecopietranmitedwillbefavored.但是因为主语Thate某ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。
所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语willbefavored之后。
在which 引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在ma某imize的第一个宾语thenumberofdecendantthatanindividuallwillhave中，anindividuallwillhave是修饰decendant的定语从句，但是，因为在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。
第二处省略是在第二个thenumberof之前，省略了与前面一样的成分thate某ratiowhichma某imize.Andhence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。
意群训练：Thate某ratiowillbefavoredwhichma某imizethenumberofdecendantanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberof genecopietranmitted.2.（Thii）Adeiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwamightgiveawayabruptlyto thedeireonthepartofwhatwemightconideranovelit-cientittorecorde某actlyandconcretelythetructureandte某tureofaflower.(5++)（这是一种）译文：照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。
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GMAT阅读长难句解析（6/69）
杨鹏长难句最大的好处就是它不仅仅有翻译，还有句子类型分类，详细的句子分析和意群训练。
所以前期在做题的时候最好严格按照老师教的方法，循序渐进，千万不要为了追求速度而囫囵吞枣，不求甚解，接下来小编就GMAT阅读长难句解析为大家介绍下，希望考生能够掌握，顺利备考GMAT 阅读考试。
006
The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents.
难度：5
难句类型：复杂修饰+专有名词
The traditional view supposes |that| the upper mantle of the earth behaves /as a liquid/ /when it is subjected to small forces for long periods/ and | that 丨differences (in tem-perature )(under oceans and continents) are sufficient to produce convection (in the mantle of the earth) /with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents/.
译文：传统观点认为，地球的上层地幔/当其长期受到小的压力的时候/，其行为/ 类似于液体/;而且认为(在海洋和大陆下地瘦的)(温度的)不同足够产生(地球地幔中的)对流，/在中部海脊之下产生上升对流，在陆地下产生下降流/。
解释：主句后面带着两个宾语从句，第二个从句离主句的谓语动词supposes比较远，这需要读者对读长句子有心理准备。
后面这个从句的结构比较复杂，主语differences 有两个修饰成分，把主语和谓语隔得比较远; with 之后的内容是修饰produce 的方式状语。
另外本句中的专有名词也比较多，但是本句中的这些单词都是理科文章中的常用单词。
意群训练：The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the conti- nents.。