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市场营销重点课程Ch04 消费者市场和购买行为分析

第四章第一部分消费者市场和购买行为分析（一）单项选择题（在下列每小题中，选择一个最合适的答案。

）1、_________是人类欲望行为最基本的决定因素。

A．文化B．性格C．国家D．社会2、消费者的购买单位是个人或_________。

A．集体B．家庭C．社会D．单位3、大多数消费者只能根据个人好恶和做出购买决策。

A．智慧B．经验C．感觉D．能力4、某种相关群体的有影响力的人物称为。

A．“意见领袖”B．“道德领袖”C．“精神领袖”D．“经济领导者”5、一个人的_________影响着消费需求和对市场营销因素的反应。

A．能力B．个性C．联系D．精神6、不同生活方式_________对产品和品牌有不同的需求。

A．群体B．社会C．模型D．艺术7、马斯洛认为需要按其重要程度分，最低层次需要是指_________。

A．生理需要B．社会需要C．尊敬需要D．安全需要8、_________在人格诸领域中最后形成，反映社会的各项准则，由理想、道德、良心等组成。

A．本我B．超我C．自我D．含我9、_________指存在于人体内驱使人们产生行为的内在刺激力，即内在需要。

A．刺激物B．诱因C．反应D．驱使力10、消费者购买过程是消费者购买动机转化为_________的过程。

A．购买心理B．购买意志C．购买行动D．购买意向11、体育明星和电影明星是其崇拜者的。

A．成员群体B．直接参照群体12、下列哪个因素不是影响消费者购买行为的主要因素_________。

A．文化因素B．社会因素C．自然因素D．个人因素13、对于减少失调感的购买行为，营销者要提供完善的_________，通过各种途径提供有利于本企业和产品的信息，使顾客确信自己购买决定的正确性。

A．售前服务B．售后服务C．售中服务D．无偿服务14、在复杂的购买行为中，消费者购买决策过程的第三个阶段是。

A．确认B．收集信息C．备选产品评估D．决定购买15、消费者对于有些产品品牌差异明显，但消费者不愿花长时间来选择和估价，而是不断变换所购产品的品牌，这种购买行为称为_________。

离散数学ch04图论根树(课件)

04
根树的性质与算法
根树的性质
根树的定义
根树的性质1
根树的性质2
根树的性质3
根树是一种有向无环图，其中有一个节点被指定为根节点，其他节点按层次结构排列，从根节点出发，每个节点恰好有一条有向边指向其子节点。
根树的节点数等于其子树的节点数之和加一。
根树的深度等于其最深叶子节点的深度加一。
路径与回路
总结词
路径与回路是图论中重要的概念，路径是指一系列连续的边和顶点，回路是指起点和终点相同的路径。
详细描述
在图论中，路径是指从起始顶点到终止顶点的一系列连续的边和顶点。每个顶点和边在路径中只出现一次，且顺序必须一致。回路则是指起点和终点相同的路径，即路径中存在一个顶点，通过一系列的边回到该顶点。回路在图论中具有重要意义，如在欧拉路径。
图论的重要性
图论在计算机科学、电子工程、交通运输、生物信息学等领域有
广泛应用。
图论为复杂系统提供了统一的数学框架，使得可以运用数学方法和计算机技术来分析和优化这些
系统。
图论在解决实际问题中发挥了关键作用，如路由优化、社交网络分析、蛋白质相互作用网络等。
算法效率和复杂性的优化
在解决实际问题时，算法的效率和复杂性是关键因素。如何优化图论和根树的算法，提高其计算效率和降低其计算复杂性，是一个具有挑战性的问题。
THANKS
感谢观看
低运输成本。
交通控制
03
根树可以用于构建交通信号灯的控制逻辑，提高道路的通行效
率。
06
总结与展望
图论与根树的重要性和发展前景
重要应用领域
图论和根树在计算机科学、电子工程、交通运输、生物信息学等领域有广泛的应用，对解决实际问题具有重要意义。

24lc04b手册解读

24lc04b手册解读24LC04B是一款串行电可擦写可编程只读存储器（EEPROM），为I2C总线设备。

该手册解读将为您提供对24LC04B的详细了解和使用指南。

首先，24LC04B是一种具有4 K位容量（512字节）的EEPROM芯片。

它采用8位地址寻址，支持128个地址，每个地址存储1字节的数据。

这种存储器具有电子擦除和编程功能，可以在电路中直接读取和写入数据。

该手册的内容将包括以下几个主要方面：1. 芯片特性：这一部分将介绍24LC04B的主要特征和功能。

例如，它的供电电压范围、工作温度范围、写入和擦除周期等。

您将了解到该芯片的规格和限制，以确保正确的使用。

2. 引脚功能：这一部分将详细说明24LC04B的引脚分配和功能。

您将了解到每个引脚的用途，例如供电引脚、I2C通信引脚和写保护引脚等。

这将帮助您正确连接和配置该芯片。

3. 通信协议：这一部分将解释24LC04B的通信协议。

该芯片采用I2C总线通信，您将了解到如何通过I2C总线与其他设备进行通信，并了解到一些常见的数据传输协议和时序要求。

4. 数据读取和写入：这一部分将为您提供关于如何读取和写入数据的具体指南。

您将了解到读取数据的指令、地址寻址和数据写入的方法。

此外，还将介绍如何进行页写入和扇区擦除等操作。

5. 错误处理和故障排除：这一部分将为您提供一些处理错误和故障的技巧和建议。

如果您在使用24LC04B时遇到问题，这些信息将帮助您更好地理解可能的原因和提供解决方案。

通过仔细阅读24LC04B手册，您将对如何正确配置和使用该芯片有更深入的了解。

无论是初学者还是有经验的工程师，都可以从该手册中获得有关24LC04B 的详尽信息，提高开发和设计工作的效率。

请根据您具体的需求，查阅24LC04B手册以获取更多详细信息。

ch04弹性理论

弹性公式

弧弹性公式
ΔQ/（Qa+Qb）/2 ΔQ Pa+Pb Ed = -———————— 或 =- — × —— ΔP/（Pa+Pb）/2 ΔP Qa+Qb

点弹性公式与计算
dQ/Q dQ P Ed =- —— 或 = -—×— dP/P dP Q
弹性计算

某杂志价格为2元时销售量为5万册，价格为3元时销售量为3万册，则需求价格弹性为多少？
以大幅度减少，税收就主要由生产者承当。

对食盐、香烟、汽油征税和娱乐产业征税的不同效果
练习回复

在竞争性商品X市场中，有10000个相同的个人，每个人的需求函数都是 Qd＝12 －2P，同时又有1000个相同的生产者，每个生产者的供给函数都是Qs＝20P. 1）求商品X的市场需求函数和市场供给函数。 2）在同一坐标系中，绘出商品X 的市场需求曲线和市场供给曲线，并表示出均衡点。 3）求均衡价格和均衡产销量。
影响需求价格弹性的因素

商品的可替代性商品用途的广泛性

商品对消费者的重要程度
商品的消费支出在消费总支出中所占的比重
消费者调节需求量的时间。
需求收入弹性

定义：需求收入弹性是指某种商品需求量变动的百分比与收入变动的百分比之比。

公式：ΔQ/Q
ΔY/Y
ΔQ Y
ΔY Q
Ey = —— 或 = —× —
解：P=1，则Qs = c+d，另dQ/dP= d dQ P 1 d Es = —×— = d × —— = —— dP Q c+d c+d
分类及影响因素

①Es=0，供给完全无弹性 ②0<Es<1，供给缺乏弹性

ch04不定期船

第二节不定期船航次估算
13
航次估算(Voyage Estimate)，就是根据各待选航
次的货运量、运费率、航线及船舶本身的有关资料以
及港口使费和燃油价格，估算各航次的收入、成本、
每天净收益及其它经济指标。通过航次估算，船东可以预知某个航次是否盈利；而且经过各个航次之间的航次估算结果的对比，能够使船舶经营人找出盈利最好、最合适的航次。
d d海 ( 海淡 ) / 淡
(5)注意货物的积载因数。
17
5、航次费用的估算
航次费用是随航次的不同而不同的，它是可变成本，主要包括：燃料费、港口使费、货物装卸费、运河费、额外保险费以及其它费用。
18
6、盈利性分析
航次盈利指标的计算按下面公式进行：航次总收入航次净收入
解：
42
43
例3：一艘载重吨为44600吨的干散货船，预计年船舶资本成本和经营费用的分摊额为1168000美元，全年营运 11.5个月。该船航速每小时14.5海里，及在此航速下主机耗油量每天重油是42吨，辅机用轻柴油每天２吨，当时市场油价是，重油每吨85美元，轻柴油每吨120美元。在 S港卸完货物时从经纪人处传来两个租船机会：机会１：程租。见例1
前者以月计算，不问月大小，仅在租费期间不到一个
月时，才以30天作为一个月按比例计算，而后者仅按实际天数计算。两种方法可以互相换算。
期租租船价可分为成本基价(Hire Base，H/B)和赢利
基价(charter Base，C/B)两种，用这两种基价，可以使
船舶所有人估算期租经营的盈亏，并将其作为选择期租的
= 9321 （美元）> 0
答：船东执行该合同是赢的。
32
第四章不定期船运输

常用CPU引脚功能

10 27 13 5 12 3 11 4 10 2
13 3 3 4 9、10 212源自111032
2 6
6
4
3
11
33 8 37
10
34
M494B1 飞跃54C2Y-2 38 ST63156 福日2108H 2 M37103M4-750SP 福日HFC-2168 42 CCU-2070-LDTV-06A 福日HFC2553 28 M37102M8-503SP 福日HFC-2587 58 CTV591S.GW3 海尔692-733AM-02 41 TMS73C167 海尔H-2916 10 WH2000C 海尔HP-3408 41 LC864512V-5D18 海尔HS-2588D 7 LC864512A-5C77 海信TC2139 7 LC864516AN 海信TC2146 7 M34300N4-721SP 海信TC2520 17 P83C266BDR 海信TC2532F 3、41 TMP87PS38N 海信TC2902GD 7 MN15245KWC MN15245SAY 华强69510-00 21 M34300N4-584SP 华日C54J-1 33 LC864012L-5711 环宇新宇宙王C5420 8 TMP43238135A 黄河HC47-3 14 M50453-101SP 佳丽彩EC-2063R 27 PCA84C640/019 金星C498 41 Z86227-SR1285 金星C5416 32 Z90103-JX-2 金星C5417 32 CXP80420-134S 金星C7428 37 M37210M3-010SP 康力CE-6448-1 21 M34300N4-011SP 快乐HC2808R 30 TMP47C634AN 快乐HC2983N 22 M37102M8-509SP 乐华MC-15A 44 MN14821JTB MN14821TKG 龙江7755JM 7 M50436-602SP 牡丹51C5 10 TMP47C433AN 牡丹54C10 8 GS8234-01F 牡丹64C1 44 M37102M8 牡丹64C2 58 Z86227 牡丹CW25638 4 M37103M4-655SP 日立C21D8A 42 M34300N4-657SP 日立CMT-2518 1 M34300N4-555SP 日立CMT-2518 30 M37210M4-650SP 日立CMT2579-041 M37204MB-852SP 日立CMT2598 58 M50432-551SP 日立CPT-2157SF 30 M50161-554SP 日立CTP-2005D M50163-150SP 日立CTP-2008SP 31 M34300N4-551SP 日立G7-X 1 UPD1514C-036 日立N982 1 M50124SA M50162SA 三洋CTP-6925-00 10 SAA1293 上海Z247-8A 5 M50433-531SP 双喜C541PD-1 16 MN15151TWE MN15151TWP 松下C-150 29

ch04统计分布的数值特征

此称为加权算术平均公式。可以证明，当f1= f2=…= fn时，
加权算术平均公式，将化为简单算术平均公式。
表4－1 单变量分组表
组数i 1 2 3 …
标志变量xi x1 x2 x3 …
频数fi f1 f2 f3 …
n-1
xn-1
f n-1
n
xn
fn
-
合计
f
• Ch4 统计分布的数值特征
•
§4.1 数值平均数
6160
• Ch4 统计分布的数值特征
•
§4.1 数值平均数
§4.1.1 算术平均数
解：上表是50个工作日车流量的分布情况，只能作大概估计其日平均车流量数。方法是计算其各组的组中值，用其组中值变量代替各组的一般水平，然后进行加权求平均。即
n
x
(xi fi )
i 1 n
fi
6160 50
i 1
123.2(辆 /时).
f(x). 15
10
123.2
5
0
100 110 120 130 140 x
图4－3 某路口车流量分布
同时，我们也整理得到了该路口比较准确的车流量分布规律。
• Ch4 统计分布的数值特征
•
§4.1 数值平均数
§4.1.1 算术平均数
三、算术平均数的数学性质 ■各变量值与算术平均数的离差之和为零。
f1 f2 f3 ... fn
50
• Ch4 统计分布的数值特征
•
§4.1 数值平均数
§4.4.1 算术平均数
如果整理后的分布为组距变量分布，则必须用组中值变量设数据组中值变量序列及相应的频数序列fi为
x i代替组距变量xi。

ch04国际经济学课后答案与习题（萨尔瓦多）

ch04国际经济学课后答案与习题（萨尔⽡多）*CHAPTER 4(Core Chapter)THE HECKSCHER-OHLIN AND OTHER TRADE THEORIESOUTLINE4.1 Introduction4.2 Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory4.3 The Formal Heckscher-Ohlin ModelCase Study 4-1 The Revealed Comparative Advantage of Various Countries and Regions4.4 Factor-Price Equalization and Income DistributionCase Study 4-2 Has International Trade Increased U.S. Wage Inequalities?4.5 Empirical Tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory4.6 Economies of Scale and International TradeCase Study 4-3 The New International Economies of Scale4.7 Trade Based on Product DifferentiationCase Study 4-4 Growth of Intra-Industry Trade4.8 Technological Gap and Product Cycle ModelsCase Study 4-5: The United States as the Most Competitive Economy in the World4.9 Transportation Costs and International Trade4.10 Environmental Standards and International TradeAppendix The Specific-Factors Model and Intra-Industry Trade ModelsA4.1 The Specific-Factors ModelA4.2 A Model of Intra-Industry TradeKey TermsInternationalofscaleeconomies pricesRelativefactorproducts Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) theory DifferentiatedtradeIntra-industryHeckscher–Ohlintheorem(H–O)Factor-proportions or factor-endowment theory Technological gap modelcyclemodelProductFactor–price equalization theoremcostsTransportationStolper-Samuelsontheoremmodel Nontraded goods and services Specific-factorsparadox Environmental standardsLeontiefMonopolisticcompetitionscalereturnsIncreasingtoLecture Guide1. This is one of the most important and difficult chapters in the book. It is also a long chapter andrequires four lectures to cover adequately.2. In the first lecture, I would cover sections 1-3. Section 3 is one of the most important sections inthe book because it presents the H-O model. I would proceed slowly and carefully in explaining Figure 4.1 and compare it to the standard trade model of Figure 3.4.3. In the second lecture, I would cover sections 4 and 5. Section 4 on the factor-price equalizationtheorem and income distribution is a difficult section. Case Study 4-2 should be of great interest to the students and give rise to a great deal of class discussion.4. In third lecture, I would cover sections sections 6-7, paying a great deal of attention to section 7on trade in differentiated products.5. In fourth lecture, I would cover the rest of the chapter.Answers to Review Questions and Problems1. a. The Heckscher–Ohlin (H-0) theorem postulates that a nation will export those commodi- ties whose production requires the intensive use of the nation’s relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodities whose production requires the intensive useof the nation’s relatively scarce and expensive factor. In short, the relatively labor-richnation exports relatively labor-intensive commodities and imports the relativelycapital-intensive commodities.b. Heckscher and Ohlin identify the relative difference in factor endowments amongnations as the basic determinant of comparative advantage and international trade.c. The H-O Theory represent an extension of the standard trade model because it explains the basis for comparative advantage (classical economists, such as Ricardo had assumed it) and examines the effect of international trade on factor prices and income distribution (which classical economists had left unanswered).2. See Figure 1 on the next page.3. a. The factor–price equalization theorem postulates that international trade will bring about the equalization of the returns to homogeneous or identical factors across nations.b. The Stopler-Samuelson theorem postulates that free international trade reduces the realincome of the nation’s relatively scarce factor and increases the real income of the nation’s relatively abundant factor.Fig 4.1Fig 4.2XXb. The specific-factors model postulates that the opening of trade (1) benefits the specific factorused in the production of the nation’s export commodity, (2) harms the specific factor used in the production of the nation’s import-competing industry, and (3) leads to an ambiguouseffect (i.e., it may benefit or harm) the mobile factor.c. Trade acts as a substitute for the international mobility of factors of production in itseffect on factor prices. With perfect mobility, labor would migrate from the low-wagenation to the high-wage nation until wages in the two nations are equalized. Similarly,capital would move from the low-interest to the high-interest nation until the rate ofinterest was equalized in the two nations.4. a. The Leontief paradox refers to the original Leontief’s finding that U.S. import substituteswere more K-intensive than U.S. exports. This was the opposite of what the H-O theorempostulated.b. The Leontief paradox was resolved by including human capital into the calculations andexcluding industries based on natural resources. Recent research using data on many sectors, for many countries, over many years, and considering that countries could specialize in aparticular subset or group of commodities that were best suited to their specific factorendowments, provides strong support for the H-O theorem.c. The Hecksher-Olhin theory remains the centerpiece of modern trade theory for explaininginternational trade today. To be sure, there are other forces (such as economies of scale,product differentiation, and technological differences across countries) that provide additional reasons and explanations for some international trade not explained by the basic H-O model.These other trade theories complement the basic H-O model in explaining the pattern ofinternational trade in the world today.5. International trade with developing economies, especially newly industrializing economies (NIEs), contributed in two ways to increased wage inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers in the United States during the past two decades. Directly, by reducing the demand for unskilledworkers as a result of increased U.S. imports of labor-intensive manufactures and, indirectly, byspeeding up the introduction of labor-saving innovations, which further reduced the U.S.demand for unskilled workers. International trade, however, was only a small cause of increased wage inequalities in the United States. The most important cause was technological change.6. a. Economies of scale refer to the production situation where output grows proportionatelymore than the increase in inputs or factors of production. For example, output may morethan double with a doubling of inputs.b. Even if two nations were identical in every respect, there is still a basis for mutually bene-ficial trade based on economies of scale. When each nation specializes in the production of one commodity, the combined total world output of both commodities will be greater thanthan without specialization when economies of scale are present. With trade, each nationthen shares in these gains.c. The new international economies of scale refers to the increase in productivity resultingfrom firms purchasing parts and components from nations where they are made cheaperand better, and by establishing production facilities abroad-26-7. a. Product differentiation refers to products that are similar, but not identical. Intra-industrytrade refers to trade in differentiated products, as opposed to inter-industry trade incompletely different products.b. Intra-industry trade arises in order to take advantage of important economies of scale inproduction. That is, with intra-industry trade each firm or plant in industrial countries canspecialize in the production of only one, or at most a few, varieties and styles of the sameproduct rather than many different varieties and styles of a product and achieve economies of scale.c. With few varieties and styles, more specialized and faster machinery can be developedfor a continuous operation and a longer production run. The nation then imports othervarieties and styles from other nations. Intra-industry trade benefits consumers because ofthe wider range of choices (i.e., the greater variety of differentiated products) available atthe lower prices made possible by economies of scale in production.8. a. According to the technological gap model, a firm exports a new product until imitators incountries take away its market. In the meantime, the innovating firm will have introduced a new product or process. b. The criticism of the technological gap model are that it does not explain the size of techno- logical gaps and does not explore the reason for technological gaps arising in the first place, or exactly how they are eliminated over time.c. The five stages of the product cycle model are: the introduction of the product, expansion of production for export, standardization and beginning of production abroad through imitation, foreign imitators underselling the nation in third markets, and foreigners underselling theinnovating firms in their home market as well.9. See Figure 2 on page 25.10. A nation with lower environmental standards can use the environment as a resource endow-ment or as a factor of production in attracting polluting firms from abroad and achieving acomparative advantage in the production of polluting goods and services. This can lead totrade disputes with nations with more stringent environmental standards.-27-Multiple-Choice Questions1. The H-O model extends the classical trade model by:a. explaining the basis for comparative advantageb. examining the effect of trade on factor prices*c. both a and bd. neither a nor b2. A nation is said to have a relative abundance of K if it has a:a. greater absolute amount of Kb. smaller absolute amount of Lc. higher L/K ratio*d. lower price of K in relation to the price of L3. A difference in relative commodity prices between nations can be based on a difference in:a. technologyb. factor endowmentsc. tastes*d. all of the above4. In the H-O model, international trade is based mostly on a difference in:a. technology*b. factor endowmentsc. economies of scaled. tastes5. According to the H-O theory, trade reduces international differences in:a. commodity pricesb. in factor prices*c. both commodity and factor pricesd. neither relative nor absolute factor prices6. According to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, international trade leads toa. reduction in the real income of the nation’s relatively abundant factor*b. reduction in the real income of the nation’s relatively scarce factorc. increase in the real income of the nation’s relatively scarce factord. none of the above7. Which of the following is false with regard to the specific factors theorem, international trade *a. harms the immobile factors that are specific to the nation’s export commodities or sectorsb. harms the immobile factors that are specific to the nation’s import-competing commoditiesc. has an ambiguous effect on the nation’s mobile factorsd. may benefit or harm the nation’s mobile factors8. Perfect international mobility of factors of productiona. leads to a reduction in international differences in the returns to homogenous factorsb. acts as a substitute for international trade in its effects on factor pricesc. operates on the supply of factors in affecting factor prices*d. all of the above9. The Leontief paradox refers to the empirical finding that U.S.*a. import substitutes were more K-intensive than exportsb. exports were more L-intensive than importsc. exports were more K-intensive than import substitutesd. all of the above10. From empirical studies, we conclude that the H-O theory:a. must be rejectedb. must be accepted without reservations*c. can generally be acceptedd. explains all international trade11. International trade can be based on economies of scale even if both nations have identical:a. factor endowmentsb. tastesc. technology*d. all of the above12. A great deal of international trade:a. is intra-industry tradeb. involves differentiated productsc. is based on monopolistic competition*d. all of the above13. Intra-industry trade takes place:a. because products are homogeneous*b. in order to take advantage of economies of scalec. because perfect competition is the prevalent form of market organizationd. all of the above14. Which of the following statements is true with regard to the product-cycle theory?a. it depends on differences in technological changes over time among countriesb. it depends on the opening and the closing of technological gaps among countriesc. it postulates that industrial countries export more advanced products to lessadvanced countries*d. all of the above15. Transport costs:a. increase the price in the importing countryb. reduces the price in the exporting countryc. falls less heavily on the nation with the more elastic demand and supply curves of the traded commodity*d. all of the above-30-ADDITIONAL ESSAYS AND PROBLEMS FOR PART ONE1. Assume that both the United States and Germany produce beef and computer chips with the following costs: United States Germany(dollars) (marks)Unit cost of beef (B) 2 8Unit cost of computer chips (C) 1 2(a) What is the opportunity cost of beef (B) and computer chips (C) in each country?(b) In which commodity does the United States have a comparative cost advantage?What about Germany?(c) What is the range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States and Germanyfor each computer chip traded?(b) How much would the United States and Germany gain if 1 unit of beef is exchangedfor 3 chips?Answ. (a) In the United States:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 2 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/2 unit of beef.In Germany:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 4 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/4 unit of beef.(b) The United States has a comparative cost advantage in beef with respect to Germany,while Germany has a comparative cost advantage in computer chips.(c) The range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States and Germany foreach unit of beef that the United States exports is2C < 1B < 4C(d) Both the United States and Germany would gain 1 chip for each unit of beef traded.2. Given: (1) two nations (1 and 2) which have the same technology but different factor costs conditions, and (3) no transportation costs, tariffs, or other obstructions to trade.Prove geometrically that mutually advantageous trade between the two nations is possible.Note: Your answer should show the autarky (no-trade) and free-trade points of production and consumption for each nation, the gains from trade of each nation, and express the equilibrium condition that should prevail when trade stops expanding.) Ans.: See the figure below.Fig 4.3Fig 4.4Nations 1 and 2 have different production possibilities curves and different community indifference maps. With these, they will usually end up with different relative commodity prices in autarky, thus making mutually beneficial trade possible.In the figure, Nation 1 produces and consumes at point A and Px/Py=P A in autarky, while Nation 2 produces and consumes at point A' and Px/Py=P A'. Since P A < P A', Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation 2 in Y. Specialization in production proceeds until point B in Nation 1 and point B' in Nation 2, at which P B =P B' and the quantity supplied for export of each commodity exactly equals the quantity demanded for import.Thus, Nation 1 starts at point A in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B in production, and by exchanging BC of X for CE of Y reaches point E in consumption. E > A since it involves more of both X and Y and lies on a higher community indifference curve.Nation 2 starts at A' in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B' in production, and by exchanging B'C' of Y for C'E' of X reaches point E'in consumption (which exceeds A').At Px/Py=P B =P B', Nation 1 wants to export BC of X for CE of Y, while Nation 2 wants to export B'C' (=CE) of Y for C'E' (=BC) of X. Thus, P B =P B' is the equilibrium relative commodity price because it clears both (the X and Y) markets.3. (a) Identify the conditions that may give rise to trade between two nations. (b) What aresome of the assumptions on which the Heckscher-Ohlin theory is based? (c) What does this theory say about the pattern of trade and effect of trade on factor prices?Ans. (a) Trade can be based on a difference in factor endowments, technology, or tastesbetween two nations. A difference either in factor endowments or technology results in a different production possibilities frontier for each nation, which, unlessneutralized by a difference in tastes, leads to a difference in relative commodity price and mutually beneficial trade. If two nations face increasing costs and have identical production possibilities frontiers but different tastes, there will also be a differencein relative commodity prices and the basis for mutually beneficial trade between the two nations. The difference in relative commodity prices is then translated into adifference in absolute commodity prices between the two nations, which is the immediate cause of trade.(b) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory (sometimes referred to as the modern theory – asopposed to the classical theory - of international trade) assumes that nations have the same tastes, use the same technology, face constant returns to scale (i.e., a givenpercentage increase in all inputs increases output by the same percentage) but differ widely in factor endowments. It also says that in the face of identical tastes or demand conditions, this difference in factor endowments will result in a difference in relative factor prices between nations, which in turn leads to a difference in relativecommodity prices and trade. Thus, in the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the internationaldifference in supply conditions alone determines the pattern of trade. To be noted is that the two nations need not be identical in other respects in order for internationaltrade to be based primarily on the difference in their factor endowments.(c) The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem postulates that each nation will export the commodityintensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodityintensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factor. As an important corollary, itadds that under highly restrictive assumptions, trade will completely eliminate thepretrade relative and absolute differences in the price of homogeneous factors amongnations. Under less restrictive and more usual conditions, however, trade will reduce, but not eliminate, the pretrade differences in relative and absolute factor prices among nations. In any event, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory does say something very useful onhow trade affects factor prices and the distribution of income in each nation. Classical economists were practically silent on this point.4. Suppose that tastes change in Nation 1 (the L-abundant and L-cheap nation) so that consumers demand more of commodity X (the L-intensive commodity) and less of commodity Y (the K- intensive commodity). Suppose that Nation 1 is India, commodity X is textiles, and commodi- ty Y is food. Starting from the no-trade equilibrium position and using the Heckscher-Ohlinmodel, trace the effect of this change in tastes on India's (a) relative commodity prices anddemand for food and textiles, (b) production of both commodities and factor prices, and(c) comparative advantage and volume of trade. (d) Do you expect international trade to leadto the complete equalization of relative commodity and factor prices between India and theUnited States? Why?Ans. (a) The change in tastes can be visualized by a shift toward the textile axis in India'sindifference map in such a way that an indifference curve is tangent to the steepersegment of India's production frontier (because of increasing opportunity costs) after the increase in demand for textiles. This will cause the pretrade relative commodity price of textiles to rise in India.(b) The increase in the relative price of textiles will lead domestic producers in India toshift labor and capital from the production of food to the production of textiles. Since textiles are L-intensive in relation to food, the demand for labor and therefore the wage rate will rise in India. At the same time, as the demand for food falls, thedemand for and thus the price of capital will fall. With labor becoming relative more expensive, producers in India will substitute capital for labor in the production of both textiles and food.(c) Even with the rise in relative wages and in the relative price of textiles, India stillremains the L-abundant and low-wage nation with respect to a nation such as theUnited States. However, the pretrade difference in the relative price of textilesbetween India and the United States is now somewhat smaller than before the change in tastes in India. As a result the volume of trade required to equalize relativecommodity prices and hence factor prices is smaller than before. That is, India need now export a smaller quantity of textiles and import less food than before for therelative price of textiles in India and the United States to be equalized. Similarly, the gap between real wages and between India and the United States is now smaller and can be more quickly and easily closed (i.e., with a smaller volume of trade).(d) Since many of the assumptions required for the complete equalization of relativecommodity and factor prices do not hold in the real world, great differences can be expected and do in fact remain between real wages in India and the United States.Nevertheless, trade would tend to reduce these differences, and the H-O model does identify the forces that must be considered to analyze the effect of trade on thedifferences in the relative and absolute commodity and factor prices between Indiaand the United States.5. (a) Explain why the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended. (b) Indicate in what important ways the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model can be extended. (c) Explain what ismeant by differentiated products and intra-industry trade.Ans. (a) The Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended because, while generallycorrect, it fails to explain a significant portion of international trade, particularly the trade in manufactured products among industrial nations.(b) The international trade left unexplained by the basic Heckscher-Ohlin trade model canbe explained by (1) economies of scale, (2) intra-industry trade, and (3) trade based on imitation gaps and product differentiation.(c) Differentiated products refer to similar, but not identical, products (such as cars,typewriters, cigarettes, soaps, and so on) produced by the same industry or broadproduct group. Intra-industry trade refers to the international trade in differentiated products.。

ch04 苯系物含量的气相色谱法测定

• 2.校正因子测定及定性分析（1）在最佳柱温下，用1µL微量注射器分别取纯苯、甲苯和二甲苯各0.5µL进样，记录色谱图中各色谱峰保留时间，与步骤（5）所得结果相比较，进行定性分析。（2）取一支1µL微量注射器取混合标样 0.5µL进样，记录各峰的峰面积和保留时间，重复测定两三次，计算各组分的校正因子。
八、苯系物含量的气相色谱法测定
（一）、实验目的
掌握气相色谱分离的基本原理和色谱分析的基本工作方法。掌握保留值的测定及用保留值定性的方法。学习校正因子的测定和校正归一化法定量的方法。
（二）实验原理 • 气相色谱的流动相为惰性气体，具有一定活性的吸附剂作为固定相。当多组分的混合样品进入色谱柱后，由于吸附剂对每个组分的吸附力不同，经过一定时间后，各组分在色谱柱中的运行速度也就不同。吸附力弱的组分容易被解吸下来，最先离开色谱柱进入检测器，而吸附力最强的组分最不容易被解吸下来，因此最后离开色谱柱。如此，各组分得以在色谱柱中彼此分离，顺序进入检测器中被检测、记录下来。
（七）仪器操作规程

1打开稳压电源； 2打开氮气阀，打开净化器上的载气开关阀，然后检查是否漏气，保证气密性良好； 3调节总流量为适当值（根据刻度的流量表测得）； 4调节分流阀使分流流量为实验所需的流量（用皂膜流量计在气路系统面板上实际测量），柱流量即为总流量减去分流量； 5打开空气、氢气开关阀，调节空气、氢气流量为适当值； 6根据实验需要设臵柱温、进样口温度和FID检测器温度； 7打开计算机与工作站； 8FID检测器温度达到150℃以上，按FIRE键点燃FID检测器火焰； 9设臵FID检测器灵敏度和输出信号衰减； 10待所设参数达到设臵时，即可进样分析； 11实验完毕后，先关闭氢气与空气，用氮气将色谱柱吹净后关机。

ch04决策支持系统(新)

知识的概念：
知识是加工了的、深思熟虑过的、经过推理了的、已经达成共识的关于实体的状态以及实体之间的联系的一系列事实，可以用来指导行动，是理解自然规律并根据自然规律预测实际系统行为的能力。
是以各种不同方式把多个信息关联在一起的信息结构。是人们对客观事物及其规律的认识，知识还包括人们利用客观规律解决实际问题的方法和策略等。
4.2 人工智能基本原理
4.2.1 逻辑推理 4.2.2 知识表示与知识推理 4.2.3 搜索技术
4.2.1 逻辑推理
1.形式逻辑是研究人的思维形式及其规律的科学，主要用于
形成概念，作出判断，进行推理。
（1）概念：概念反映事物的特有属性和属性的取值。（2）判断：对概念的肯定或否定；（3）推理：从一个或多个判断推出一个新判断的过程。
（3）假言易位推理：“如果p，那么q”为真，同时“非q” 为真，则推出“非p”为真。 p→q，～q ┝ ～p
归纳推理
（1）数学归纳法： A包含B1、B2，……
B1真，Bn → Bn＋1
A真
（2）枚举归纳推理：由所见的某一类事物的部分分子具有某种属性，而且没有遇到相反的情况，于是得出这一类事物都具有这种属性的一般性结论。
10、市场销售中最重要的字就是“问”。19:18:5219:18:5219:188/17/2021 7:18:52 PM
11、现今，每个人都在谈论着创意，坦白讲，我害怕我们会假创意之名犯下一切过失。21.8.1719:18:5219:18Aug-2117-Aug-21
12、在购买时，你可以用任何语言；但在销售时，你必须使用购买者的语言。19:18:5219:18:5219:18Tuesday, August 17, 2021
4.1.1 智能决策支持系统概念

我国公众无线电对讲机的频段(附欧美及台湾地区公众对讲机频率)

我国公众无线电对讲机的频段（附欧美及台湾地区公众对讲机频率）公众对讲机，人们俗称为民用对讲机。

这是指只能工作在政府无线电管理部门指定的供公众使用的无线频率的对讲机。

它实质上是属于一种个人业务通信范畴，是以个人家用或小团体的近距离无线电通信业务。

使用公众对讲机无须批准，不收频率占用费，免通话费，任何人都可以选购使用。

但这类公众对讲机在频率、功率及技术指标方面都有明确的规定。

目前我国正在制定“400MHz 频段公众对讲机技术规范和测量方法”的国家标准。

据悉，我国的公众对讲机的国家标准参照的是美国FCC 标准47CRR 的第95部分——个人无线电服务，该部分的标准包括7个方面内容。

经比较，我国公众对讲机与其第二方面内容家用无线电业务（FRS）相当，因此我国公众对讲机的标准主要是参考美国相关标准“FRS”来制订。

欧洲在公众对讲机方面也有相应的标准。

各国标准虽不尽相同，但有一点是一致的，即功率电平上都不超过0.5W。

在频率方面，却相差较大，各个国家或地区各自规定或执行自己确认的频率和频道数量。

我国开放的频道数是20个，频率范围409.750~409.9875MHZ ；美国则是14个频点，分462MHz和467MHz两组，每组7个频点；在台湾地区也为14个频率点，在446.00625MHz~446.09375MHz ；在泰国开放频点达到80个，从245.000MHz~245.7375MHz。

据了解，日本、韩国采用的是美国规定的公众频率。

此外，作为公众对讲机，各国的技术规范都规定对讲机的前面板上不能设置编程操作功能，目的是防止用户随意扩展频率范围，修改工作参数。

按规定，公众对讲机只能显示频道数，不能显示其工作频率。

同时还规定公众对讲机可以使用低于300HZ的亚音频技术（CTCSS），俗称防干扰码或叫私密线，以防止其同频率的对讲机的干扰。

根据《中华人民共和国无线电管理条例》《进口无线电发射设备的管理规定》《生产无线电发射设备的管理规定》，在国内市场上销售的公众对讲机，不论进口的还是国产的，都必须经国家无线电检测中心，符合国家有关管理规定和技术标准，获得信息产业部无线电管理局签发的无线电发射设备型号核准证。

机械制造基础ch04机床基本知识

5 . 按机床主要工作部件的数目可分为：
单轴（single axle）多轴（multi spindle）单刀（single-tool）多刀机床（multi-cutter machine tool）
机床数控化引起机床传统分类方法发生变化，主要表现在机床品种不是越分越细，而应是趋向综合。
二、机床型号编制方法: （regimentation method of machine tool’s model number）
其中：
1）有（）的代号或数字，当无内容时则不表示，若有内容则不带括号；
2）有○符号者，为大写的汉语拼音字母；
3）有△符号者，为阿拉伯数字；
4）有 ○△ 符号者，为大写的汉语拼音字母或者为阿
拉伯数字、或两者兼有之。
通用机床型号辅助部分:
基本部分/ （ Δ ）（- Δ ）
其它特性代号企业代号
例1： CA6140型卧式车床
2、
联系复合运动之内的各个分解部分，因而传动链所联系的执行件相互之间的相对速度（相对位移量）有严格的要求，以保证运动的轨迹。
在内联系传动链中，不应有摩擦传动或是瞬时传动比变化的传动件（如链传动）。
注：
有几个简单运动就有几个外联系传动链，它们可以有各自的运动源，也可共用一个运动源。内联系传动链本身不能提供运动，需要有外联系传动链将运动源传到内联系传动链上来。如果外联系传动链与内联系传动链有公用段，内、外传动链的换置器官（机构）不应布置在公共段。
三、传动原理图
定比机构：传动比固定的传动机构。换置机构：变换传动比的传动机构。
用一些简明的符号把传动原理和传动路线表示出来，就是传动原理图。
例：卧式车床的传动原理图

ch04(监测与诊断系统)解读

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B）放大器和预处理器放大器和预处理器用来调整由传感器输出的电信号的大小和输出阻抗等。
C） A／D接口板 A／D接口板主要功能是将信号从连续量变为一个个的离散数字量。A／D接口板可以同时完成对多路信号的转换(采样 )。 D）开关量板用于离散信号。 E）微型计算机计算机是监测与诊断系统的心脏，负责完成信号的接收、储存、转换和控制等工作。还可以将信号及分析处理结果显示和打印出来。
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例2：风机在线监测系统
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《易》曰：天道亏盈而益谦，地道变盈而流谦。
风机一般有大直径的转子，以700一900r／m的转速支承在结构钢或混凝土地基架座上的轴承中运转。一般，这类风机的主要故障是由于不均匀的结垢或沉结材料跌落引起的不平衡和不同轴。其全部特征是在运转频率附近的振动变化。在这种系统中，为显示轴运动，在各个轴承上装了测振传感器。用一台双通道电荷故大器对两个传惑器输出信号予以放大。经滤波器滤波后将信号送入微机系统。两个轴承的温度监测由铜电阻为敏感元件构成的传感器来完成。并通过放大器将信号送入微机。微机通过振动信号和温度信号的变化而识别风机的运转状态。
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F）磁带记录仪用磁带记录仪定期到现场记录信号，然后带回来重放并进行分析。便于离线分析。
G）示波器
H）滤波器由传感器输出的振动信号中包含的频率成分比较复杂，频率范围也较宽，但有些频率成分是我们不感兴趣的，如高频噪声干扰信号。因此要用滤波器对传感器输出的信号“过滤”，除掉一些我们不感兴趣的频率成分，然后送入计算机处理。
14
（2）数据采集系统的工作步骤 A）组态组态即选定被监测对象，选定测点，确定巡检的路线和周期，确定测量参数，并把这些信息输入计算机。 B）巡检准备巡检之前把数据采集系统与计算机联接起来，使用相应的软件使采集系统处于准备状态，使内存清零，把采集系统的时钟与计算机时钟对准，标定准确的采祥时间。把巡检路线和测点参数等组态信息输入采集系统。

深圳地区FM电台频率表

深圳地区FM电台频率表（觉得好，请给我加分）87.4 中央三套.音乐之声(广州转,关外效果好)87.5 珠海交通音乐频道87.8 华夏之声(深圳梧桐山发射)88.1 商业一台(香港)88.3 商业一台(香港)88.5 中国国际台(市区内无发正常收听,广州转,关外效果好)88.6 商业一台(香港)89.0 增城电台89.3 中央一套.中国之声(广州转,可以在不同方向收听中山音乐台) 89.3 中山音乐台89.5 商业一台(香港)89.8 深圳电台.新闻频道90.1 顺德电台(关外宝安区效果好)90.3 商业二台(香港)90.4 广东电台台山台90.7 商业二台(香港)91.2 商业二台(香港)91.4 广东卫星台(广州)91.8 广东卫星台(深圳梧桐山发射)92.4 南海电台92.6 香港电台.第一台(香港)92.8 斗门电台92.9 肇庆电台(深圳部分地区可以收到)93.2 香港电台.第一台(香港)93.4 香港电台.第一台(香港)93.6 广东电台.健康频道(关外效果好.广州发射)93.9 广东电台.音乐频道94.6 佛山电台(关外效果好)95.1 珠海电台.城市之声95.3 香港电台.第二台(香港)95.6 开平电台(易受95.8影响,市内难以接收)95.8 中央一套.中国之声(深圳梧桐山发射)96.2 广州电台(关外效果好)96.4 香港电台.第二台(香港)96.7 中山电台97.1 深圳电台.音乐频道(深圳梧桐山发射)97.4 珠江经济台(广州发射)97.8 香港电台.第四台(香港)98.0 澳门电台.葡萄牙语98.3 新会电台98.5 佛山电台98.7 香港电台.第四台(香港)99.1 中央一套.中国之声(深圳地区唯一单声道频率)99.3 广东电台.音乐频道(广州发射)99.5 惠阳电台99.7 新城娱乐台(香港)100.0惠州电台(关外部分地区收到)100.0新城娱乐台(香港)(深圳市内可听)100.2江门电台100.4新城娱乐台(香港)100.7 澳门电台100.8 东莞电台101.2 中央三套.音乐之声101.7 番禹电台(关外效果好)102.2 广东卫星台102.5 新城财经台(香港)102.7 广州电台(关外效果好)103.0 珠江经济台103.5 汕尾电台(深圳东部沿海地区可以收到)103.6 广东电台.城市之声(关外效果好.广州发射)103.8 珠江经济台(珠海转)104.3 宝安电台104.7 新城财经台(香港)104.9 华夏之声双语频率(珠海发射)105.2 广东电台.羊城交通台105.7 广东电台.南粤之声(深圳梧桐山发射)106.2 深圳电台.交通频率(深圳梧桐山发射)106.6 中央二套.经济之声(关外效果好.广州发射)106.8 香港电台.第五台(香港)(关外收不到)106.9 东莞电台.音乐频道(市内很难接收)107.1 中国国际广播电台107.3 博罗电台(市内很难接收)(市内很难接收)107.6 广东电台.体育频道(关外效果好.广州发射)107.9 龙华电台现在好多MP3播放器都已经具有了FM接收功能，但是在搜索电台时定位能力非常差。

长虹CPU对照及代换--厂方资料

长虹系列彩电微处理与机型对照表—厂方资料（F04）PF2163（F04）PF2163PF216522CH05T1611TDA9373PS-N223CH05T1621OM8373PS CH-16DPF3495PF2995PF2595PF25156PF25118PF2588（F6）SF2588（F6）SF2583（F05）SF2598（F06）SF2539（F05）SF2511（F06）PF29008PF29118PF2985（F06）PF2983（F05）SF2911（FB0）SF2911F （FB0）PF2992（FB0）PF2939（F05）SF3488（F06）SF3411（FB0）SF3411F （FB0）24CHT0606MN1873287CN-1125E1828E18PF209E25CHT0807TMP87CM38N-3529CN-9R2112T R2113T R2115T BT R2116BT R2117T BT R2118T BT 14B2721B33PF21B826CHT0808TMP87CM38N-3593CH-1029D8327CHT0818TMP87CM38N-1A22CH-1029SD8329D85R2518AE （D ）2625FD29D83D298328CHT0819TMP87CM38N-3673CN-9G2510（B ）G2521G2526G2526（B ）G2929G253929CH0827TMP87CM38N CN-9G2923D29D3B C2985B C2929B G2125PF21B8PF29B830CH08T0601TMPA8803CN-18A SF2168E SF2170E SF1498E31CH08T060432CH08T0609TMPA8823CN-18EAPF2193E PF2118E PF2191E SF2193E SF2118E SF2191E PF2193E （F18）SF2191E （F08）SF1498E （A ）SF2191E（G ）33CH08T060234CH08T0608PF2591E SF2991E SF2918E PF2518E SF2591E SF2991EF SF3418EF SF2918EF SF2518E SF2991E HD25933HD29933PF2918E PF3418E PF2991E PF2918E （N ）PF3418E （N ）SF2591EGPF2593E PF2518E （N ）PF29S1835CH08T0607PF2955E HD29966SF2566E SF2966ESF3466E H29D80E H34D80E 36CH08T0610TMPA8829CN-18EDPF2993E PF3493E HD29988HD3498837TMP87CP38NCN-6G2966A B C G2967A G3898R2916C2917G 2918G 2919G R3818G 38TMP87CM38N CN-7T2981/A/C T2982/A CT3418/A C3419T/PT R2916T/17T/18T/19TR3415T/16T 39CHT1201S3C8837D37G2573G2585G2983G2983A PF29D9PF29D1840CHT1202S3C8837D3741KS88P8324NCH-10DG298525D85PF29D934D88G2988G2585G29D9G29D66G3478G3480G3488G298D PF299D H34D80H3489DH29D80H2919D G299D G29D9（A）PF2519D H29S86（D）PF29D9（A）42CH12T1004S3C8849X24CH-10D PF3489D G3578H2519D PF29D18（A）PF2989D PF2589D H2589D PF348DH34D80H29S96D43CH78T0601P87C766DT-6DP2998（01）DP3488DP3498长虹新机型微处理器的带换一.CN-12机心微处理器的带换1.CH0406-5M18为最早状态，100套节目豫置，存储器为24C04；2.CH0410-5P78可以带换CH0406-5M18，但存储器需更换为24C08，重新进行ROM校正；3.CHT0416-5V58可以直接带换CH0410-5P78，CHT0416-5V58本身无需ROM校正；4.CHT0416-52D9与CHT0416-5V58，可以直接带换；5.CH04T1218-5W60可以直接带换CHT0416-5V58、CHT0416-52D9、CHT0410-5P78、CH0406-5M18，但总线数据需做调整；其它CPU不允许带换CH04T1218-5W60；6.CH0410-5P78也可以替换CHT0416-5V58、CHT0416-52D9，由于存储器需进行ROM校正一般情况下不推荐；7.CH04T1229-51V9与以上CPU管脚兼容，但遥控器不同（CH04T1229-51V9为长虹统一编码），不允许互换；特殊情况下，若的确相互换，需将遥控器、存储器一并更换，同时需正得用户同意，因为相互带换后，屏幕显示内容完全发生了变化。

05cr17ni4cu4nb标准

05cr17ni4cu4nb标准
摘要：
1.05cr17ni4cu4nb 标准介绍
2.05cr17ni4cu4nb 的化学成分
3.05cr17ni4cu4nb 的特性和用途
4.05cr17ni4cu4nb 的焊接方法
5.05cr17ni4cu4nb 的注意事项
正文：
05cr17ni4cu4nb 是一种不锈钢材料，常用于制造耐腐蚀的零部件。

这种材料的标准为GB/T 20878-2007，它的化学成分主要包括碳(C)0.05%、硅(Si)0.15%、锰(Mn)0.60%、铬(Cr)17.00%、镍(Ni)4.00%、铜
(Cu)4.00%、氮(N)0.15%、硼(B)0.0015%。

05cr17ni4cu4nb 具有优良的耐腐蚀性、高温性能和抗氧化性，广泛应用于石油、化工、船舶、食品、医药等领域。

例如，它可以用于制造热交换器、锅炉、管道、阀门、泵等设备。

在焊接05cr17ni4cu4nb 时，应采用相应的焊接材料和焊接方法。

常见的焊接方法有手工电弧焊、气体保护电弧焊、电阻焊等。

焊接材料可选用相应的不锈钢焊条、焊丝和焊剂。

在使用和焊接05cr17ni4cu4nb 时，应注意以下几点：
1.切割、加工、焊接前，应清除表面的油污、氧化皮和焊渣等；
2.焊接前应进行预热处理，焊接过程中应控制焊接速度和层间温度；
3.焊接完成后，应进行后热处理，以消除残余应力和改善焊接质量；
4.焊接材料和焊接方法应符合相关标准和要求。

总之，05cr17ni4cu4nb 是一种具有优良性能的不锈钢材料，广泛应用于各种耐腐蚀场合。