the diffenrence between since and for
diogenes and alexander 课文翻译
diogenes and alexander 课文翻译“Diogenes and Alexander” is a famous story about the ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes andthe Macedonian king Alexander. The story has been repeated since antiquity and is believed to have originated in the writings of Plutarch, although some scholars suggest that it could have originated in the works of Aesop or Xenophon.The story goes as follows: One day, Alexander the Great went to visit the renowned philosopher Diogenes of Sinope and found him resting in the sunlight. Alexander asked if there was any favor he could do for Diogenes, to which the philosopher replied, “Yes, stand out of my light.”Alexander was so impressed with this reply that he said, “If I were not Alexander, I would be Diogenes.” To which Diogenes replied, “If I were not Diogenes, I would still be Diogenes.”This story has become a popular parable in Western culture because of its depiction of the two figures. It shows how Alexander, who was known for his power and ambition, humbled himself in front of the philosopher and admired his wisdom and wit. On the other hand, it also shows how Diogenes, despite his simplicity and lack of material possessions, was still content with the life he had chosen for himself.In this way, the story serves as an example of the importance of living a life of virtue and moderation over one of wealth and power. It reminds us that our character and wisdom are more important than what we own or how much power we possess.In Chinese culture, the story of Diogenes and Alexander is often used as an allegory toillustrate the contrast between the Confucian ideal of cultivating one's character, and the Daoistideal of living in harmony with nature. This interpretation ties in with the traditional Chinese view that morality comes from self-cultivation and not from external rewards or punishments.In summation, the story of Diogenes and Alexander is a timeless classic that can be interpreted in many different ways. Its lessons of humility and moderation are valuable for people of all ages and cultures, and can help us remember to focus on the things that truly matter in life.。
高二英语哲学讨论单选题30题
高二英语哲学讨论单选题30题1. In the philosophical debate, the term "metaphysics" refers to the study of _____.A. the nature of realityB. human behaviorC. social systemsD. language structure答案：A。
“metaphysics”意为形而上学，主要研究现实的本质。
选项B“human behavior”指人类行为；选项C“social systems”指社会系统；选项D“language structure”指语言结构。
在哲学讨论中，“metaphysics”通常指对现实本质的研究，故选A。
2. When discussing philosophy, the phrase "epistemology" is concerned with _____.A. moral valuesB. knowledge and beliefC. artistic expressionD. economic systems答案：B。
“epistemology”指认识论，主要涉及知识和信念。
选项A“moral values”是道德价值观；选项C“artistic expression”是艺术表达；选项D“economic systems”是经济系统。
哲学中“epistemology”侧重于知识和信念方面，所以选B。
3. In a philosophical context, "ontology" is the branch of philosophythat examines _____.A. beauty and aestheticsB. the nature of beingC. political theoriesD. logical reasoning答案：B。
The difference between and 作文
The difference between and 作文The Differences Between College and High SchoolTo me, high school life is unforgettable, but the college life is wonderful. When I fled from the high school and stepped into college campus, my first feeling is, "I am free". However, comparing to the high school, college life is really quite different, and it doesn't like what I imagined. College students are still facing many challenges and problems. The major differences between the two education stages are as follows, a. In high school, students has to study hard under the pressure from the school and family, because the reality is so strict that for the future college entrance exams they either to be washed out or lucky to be enrolled. College students are always no need to worry about this and they can feel free for their classes.b. College life is more colorful which in high school often can not be seen. College students have more options for their life, except study, they can have a party at weekend, plan a travel during holidays, go for sports as they like and develop their part time interestingly, etc.c. Certainly college students are facing the big pressure as well. College life is the first step for young people to enter the society and they have to find where the door is. They have much more and special classes to study to make sure they will find a good job to serve the society. They have to prepare themself fully all the time and accept any colleges may arise before them.In general, I like my high school life and at the same time I enjoy my college life, although they are different.。
清溪高中：The_Universal_Dragon
Dragon's descendants
Enjoy a song
Chinese Loong
• 龙腾虎跃，龙飞凤舞，生龙活虎，龙吟虎 啸，藏龙卧虎龙的子孙”、“龙的传人” 龙的精神”是中华民族的象征，是中国五 千年伟大历史的象征，是崛起的伟大中国 人们勤劳、勇敢、不屈不挠、大胆创造、 诚信和谐的立于世界民族之林的精神。龙 的形象：“角似鹿、头似驼、眼似兔、项 似蛇、腹似蜃、鳞似鱼、爪似鹰、掌似虎、 耳似牛”。山不在高，有仙则名，水不在 深，有龙则灵，斯是陋室，惟吾德馨”。 “卧龙”，
• Fast-reading （4 minutes） • Try to find out the main idea of each paragraph.
The Universal Dragon
Part one:
the main idea of each • Para.1 paragraph : Put forward the topic of
alligator
Summary
lizard
alligator
The reasons for the diffenrence
In China, the idea of the dragon may have come from agriculture the _______, an animal snake usually seen in plenty of water, hated which is a good sign for _________. In the west, the idea of the
Dragon, and give us a brief introduction about it. Para.3 • : The introduction about tradional Chinese Loong. Para.4 • : A different reputation Para.5 about Western dragon — a story of Beowulf and national flag of Wales. • : The reasons why Western dragon has a different character.
15年级试卷及答案英语
15年级试卷及答案英语专业课原理概述部分一、选择题（每题1分，共5分）1. The word "antidisestablishmentarianism" is known for being one of the longest words in the English language. What does it mean?A. Opposition to the idea of separating church and state.B. Support for the establishment of a national church.C. The belief in the abolition of all established churches.D. A movement to establish new religious denominations.2. In English grammar, which of the following is not a type of clause?A. Noun clauseB. Adjective clauseC. Verb clauseD. Adverb clause3. Who is known as the father of English literature?A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. William ShakespeareC. Jane AustenD. Charles Dickens4. What is the correct past participle form of the verb "lie" (meaning to recline)?A. LayB. LnC. LayedD. Layed5. Which of the following is an example of an oxymoron?A. BittersweetB. Jumbo shrimpC. Open secretD. All of the above二、判断题（每题1分，共5分）1. The phrase "the die is cast" is derived from ancient Roman history. (True/False)2. "Etc." is an abbreviation for "and so on." (True/False)3. "Between" should only be used when there are exactly two items. (True/False)4. An adjective always es before a noun in a sentence. (True/False)5. The letter 'E' is the most monly used letter in the English language. (True/False)三、填空题（每题1分，共5分）1. A(n) ____________ is a word that has the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings.2. The past tense of "go" is ____________.3. A ____________ is a group of lines in a poem, usually with a consistent number of syllables and a specific rhyme scheme.4. The opposite of a synonym is a ____________.5. In English, a ____________ is a word that indicates negation, such as "not" or "never".四、简答题（每题2分，共10分）1. What is the difference between a phoneme and a grapheme?2. Expln the concept of a dangling modifier.3. What is the purpose of a ma splice?4. Define the term "colloquialism".5. How do you form the parative and superlative forms of adjectives?五、应用题（每题2分，共10分）1. Correct the punctuation in the following sentence: "Its a beautiful day isnt it"2. Identify and correct the error in the following sentence: "She didn't went to the store."3. Convert the following sentence into a passive voice: "The chef is preparing the meal."4. Rewrite the following sentence to remove the passive voice: "The cake was eaten the children."5. Change the following sentence into a question: "You are going to the party."六、分析题（每题5分，共10分）1. Analyze the use of symbolism in the poem "The Road Not Taken" Robert Frost.2. Discuss the themes and motifs in Shakespeare's play "Hamlet".七、实践操作题（每题5分，共10分）1. Write a short story of about 200 words using the following words: "mystery", "whisper", "frost", "courage".2. Create a dialogue between two characters discussing their favorite books.八、专业设计题（每题2分，共10分）1. Design a lesson plan for teaching the difference between "affect" and "effect" to high school students.2. Create a vocabulary quiz focused on words derived from Latin.3. Develop a writing exercise that encourages students to use active voice.4. Outline a reading prehension activity using a short story Edgar Allan Poe.5. Plan an interactive grammar game to teach subject-verb agreement.九、概念解释题（每题2分，共10分）1. Expln the concept of a "homophone" with examples.2. Define "alliteration" and provide an example from literature.3. What is a "gerund" and how is it used in a sentence?4. Expln the difference between "syntax" and "semantics".5. Define "onomatopoeia" and give two examples.十、思考题（每题2分，共10分）1. How does the use of metaphor enhance the meaning of a poem?2. Reflect on the importance of understanding idiomatic expressions in a foreign language.3. Discuss the role of punctuation in conveying tone and meaning.4. Consider the impact of regional dialects on the standardization of English.5. Think about how literary devices contribute to the overall theme of a novel.十一、社会扩展题（每题3分，共15分）1. Discuss the influence of social media on the evolution of the English language.2. How has global munication affected the spread of English as an international language?3. Explore the challenges faced English language learners in a multicultural classroom.4. Analyze the impact of technology on reading and writing skills among teenagers.5. Consider the role of English in international business and diplomacy.本专业课原理概述部分试卷答案及知识点总结如下一、选择题答案1. A2. C3. A4. B5. D二、判断题答案1. True2. True3. True4. False5. True三、填空题答案1. Homophone2. Went3. Stanza4. Antonym5. Prefix四、简答题答案1. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, while a grapheme is the smallest unit of writing that represents a phoneme.2. A dangling modifier is a phrase that is intended to modify a word or phrase, but because of its placement, it ends up modifying a different word or phrase, leading to confusion.3. A ma splice is the incorrect use of a ma to join two independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction or appropriate punctuation.4. A colloquialism is a word or phrase that is informal and typically used in conversational language rather than in formal written language.5. To form the parative and superlative forms of adjectives, add "-er" and "-est" respectively to the base form of the adjective (e.g., "fast" bees "faster" and "fastest").五、应用题答案1. "It's a beautiful day, isn't it?"2. "She didn't go to the store."3. The meal is being prepared the chef.4. The children ate the cake.5. Are you going to the party?六、分析题答案1. The poem "The Road Not Taken" Robert Frost uses symbolism to represent the choices we make in life and the consequences of those choices. The two roads represent different paths or decisions, and the traveler's choice reflects the plexity and uncertnty of life's journey.2. In Shakespeare's play "Hamlet," themes and motifs such as revenge, madness, appearance vs. reality, and the moral corruption of Denmark are explored. These themes contribute to the overall narrative and character development, and help to convey the play's message about the nature of humanity and society.七、实践操作题答案1. The answers to the creative writing questions (short story and dialogue) will vary as they are subjective and based on individual creativity and interpretation of the prompts.知识点分类和总结：一、选择题：考察学生对英语语言基础知识的掌握，包括词汇、语法、文学等。
side by side 3 unit 5 the first class
1 contents: SIDE BY SIDE 3 UNIT5 first class page51—592 materials: text book, CD, cards, pictures3 Aims: present perfect vs. present tensePresent perfect vs.past tense4 proceduresThe first period1 guess the jobs（20分钟）T: Who has been trained for travelling in spacecraft? (astronaut)Who has been trained for acting? (actor and actress)I have been interested in dancing for many years.Who do I want to be in the future?If I don’t know the information I ,what is the question?If I don’t know the information dancing,what is the question?If I don’t know the information for many years,what is the question?2the differences between for and since（20分钟）T: Do you know Bin Latin?What has he done?What isthe difference between for and since?I have some time expressions for you, you are going to add for or since before them,OK?(词条：2000，2001，2008,2010,1888,3 years,4days,6 weeks)3match the words and make sentences（10分钟）T: for 3 years didSince 2000 have done3 days ago didIn 1999 have done4according to p52 to make a sentence chain（10分钟）the second period1free talk about hospital（10分钟）T: look at the sign ,and guess the place(draw a cross to guess hospital)Do you know something about hospital?2draw a person and say something about the problems about person（20分钟）T: What is this?Do you know the parts of the body?Group A and Group B you are going to have a PKPlease mark the parts of the body.What is the matter with the head/neck/arm/knee/whole body?Who can look at the white board to retell the whole story?3t:do the actions（10分钟）Ss:guess the metters(her knee has been swollen for three weeks)4according to p55-57 to make a role play（10分钟）5Do the exercises on p55 and check the answer（10分钟）Homework:1 听，读听磁带，跟读课文，精听15分钟，泛听30分钟2 写练习册完成第5单元的前半部分3 预习P58-64 查出生词的中文意思。
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1
1。
3考研真题与典型题详解I。
Fill in the blanks。
1。
The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研）2。
Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language。
（北二外2003研)3. Language， broadly speaking， is a means of______ communication。
4。
In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences b ased on limited rules。
This feature is usually termed______5。
Linguistics is the scientific study of______。
6。
Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some r ules for people to observe.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8。
The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______。
福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案
福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案一本课程复习题所提供的答案仅供学员在复习过程中参考之用，有问题请到课程论坛提问如学员使用其他版本教材，请参考相关知识点1.Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.2.There is a three-word sentence stage in first language acquisition.3. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains asubject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 4. A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by meansof syntax, lexicon, and phonology.nguage is entirely arbitrary.6.The naming theory of meaning was proposed by the ancient Greekscholar Plato.pounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.8.All utterances take the form of sentences.9.Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many caseschange its part of speech.10.The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. II. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement.1.The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and theend of ____.A. tongueB. hard palateC. soft palateD. vocal cords2.Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”,“case” and so forth are called ____ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational3. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by a process of learning, and not genetically is usually referred to as ____.A. performanceB. language acquisitionC. cultural transmissionD. competence4. The sound [s] and [z] are the results of air escaping under frication between tongue and ____ before passing through the teeth.A. hard palateB. uvulaC. alveolar ridgeD. soft palate5.____ deals with language application to other fields, particularlyeducation.A. Linguistic geographyB. Applied linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Comparative linguistics6. Vowels that are produced between the positions for a front and back vowel are called ____ vowels.A. openB. closeC. frontD. central7、______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. CompetenceB. PerformanceC. LearningD. Acquisition8、______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmaticstudy of language.A. SpeakingB. SpeechC. SoundD. Spoken9. A ______ analysis of an utterance will reveal what thespeaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical10.The most basic element of meaning is traditionally callen______A. morphemeB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammaticalIII. Dissect the following words into morphemes. (2*5=10)1. though _______________ _______考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-222. speeches _________________ _____ 考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-223. geography ___________ ___________ 考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-224、morpheme___________ ___________ 考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-225、syntactic___________ ___________ 考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-22IV. Define the following terms. (5*6=30)1. the telegraphic stage考核知识点：language acquisition，参见P482. language考核知识点：language ，参见P33. discreteness考核知识点：discreteness参见P94. vowel考核知识点：vowel，参见P145. internal structure考核知识点：internal structure，参见P22V. Answer the following questions. (15*2=30)1. Why do we say language is arbitrary?考核知识点：arbitrary，参见P5参考答案要点：Arbitrariness in narrow sense refers to the lack of physical，logical or natural connection(i．e．the inexplicability of the relationship)between individual linguistic symbols and the meanings they symbolize．We know people use linguistic symbols which are originally meaningless to refer to something meaningful．There is no physical，’logical or natural connection between the symbolic signs used in language and the meaning they stand for．It is inexplicable．Wecan’t explain why the English people use‘'water'’to refer to the stuff in this bottle．Similarly,we can’t explain why the Chinese people use“水”to refer to the stuff．So language is arbitrary in nature．2. What’s the difference between langue and parole?考核知识点：langue and parole，参见P3-10参考答案要点：Language is full ofvarieties：no two speakers speak in an identical manner；no two speakers have an identical learning experience．Language consists in its varieties，that is to say,language is realized through its varieties(cp．the relation．between fruit and apple，between phoneme and allophones and phones and between langue and parole．福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案二本课程复习题所提供的答案仅供学员在复习过程中参考之用，有问题请到课程论坛提问如学员使用其他版本教材，请参考相关知识点I. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). (15 points,1.5 points for each)1、Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language..2、Language is not only linearly-structured.3、Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon and alsoa context-dependent behavior.4、General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories,5、descriptions, models and methods applicable are not in any linguistic study.6、Some languages are not superior to other languages.7、Compounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.8、 Not all utterances take the form of sentences.9、Morphemes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.10、The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morphe. 参考答案：1-5 F T F T F 6-10 T F T T FII. Choose the ONE choice that best completes each statement. (20 points,2 points for each)1.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of childlanguage acquisition?_______.A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formationB. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of humanbeingsC. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use参考答案B2.The pair of words "lend"and "borrow"are ___.A.gradable oppositesB.relational oppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms参考答案B3. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the workof the British scholar .A.Jacob GrimmB.Rasmus RaskC.Franz BoppD.Sir William Jones参考答案D4. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.A.unusualB.something to be fearedC.abnormalD.natural参考答案D5. __produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation andpronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.A.Broca"s aphasicB.The linguistic deprivationC.The damage on the angular gyrusD.Wernicke"s aphasic参考答案D6.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say "night" as"light".This shows: .A.They cannot pronounce/n/B. Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in theirmother tongueC.The teachers do not have a good teaching methodD.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds参考答案B7.. A word with several meanings is called __word.A.a polysemousB.a synonymousC.an abnormalD.a multiple参考答案A8.. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn"t it?"is __.rmativeB.phaticC.directiveD.performative参考答案B9. The most recognizable differences between American English andBritish English are in __ and vocabulary.ageB.grammarC.pronunciationD.structure 参考答案C10. __deals with the way in which a language varies through geographicalspace.A.Linguistic geographyB.LexicologyC.LexicographyD.Sociolinguistics参考答案AIII. Define each of the following terms. (30 points, 6 points for each) 1. phonetics考核知识点：phonetics，参见P122. phoneme考核知识点：phoneme，参见P163. stress考核知识点：stress，参见P174.reference考核知识点：reference，参见P355. idiolect考核知识点：idiolect，参见P41Answer the following questions. (35 points)1. How, in your opinion, does pragmatics differ from semantics?考核知识点：pragmatics and semantics，参见P28-35参考答案要点：Pragmatics is the study of the meaning which is not included in semantics and whose interpretation is dependent on its social contexts．Semantics is the science of meaning．Semantics is concemed t11 encoding and decoding of meaning，(finding out how people encode their meaning and how people try to interpret their meaning)，identifying and classifying meanings，lexical meaning，sentential meaning，and utterance2. What’s the difference between sense and reference?考核知识点：sense and reference，参见P35参考答案要点：There are two different meanings of meaning：sense(the meaning that relates linguistic forms with what is in the non．1inguisticworld)and reference(the meaning that lies in the relation or contrasts among linguistic forms themselves，i．e．how the meanings are divided by the different linguistic forms／how different linguistic forms may be used to express meanings)．3. Explain language production with some examples.考核知识点：language production，参见P51参考答案要点：Language production is more difficult to study than language comprehension for the following reasons：the way thoughts are turned into speech(We don’t know how thoughts are turned intospeech．)；indirect approach through analyzing errors in speech production(We can only use this indirect approach to infer from these errors how we produce speech．)Following Carroll’s model of speech production,there are four stages：construction of thought to be expressed(You must have something in your mind to be expressed)，formation ofthought into linguistic forms(When you have some thought,you should turn it into linguistic forms)，construction of a motor command for the utterance(You need to prepare the command for the speech organs to speak)，execution ofthat motor command(You’re actually saying what you want to say)．福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案三本课程复习题所提供的答案仅供学员在复习过程中参考之用，有问题请到课程论坛提问如学员使用其他版本教材，请参考相关知识点I. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). (15 points,1.5 points for each)11.Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.12.There is a three-word sentence stage in first language acquisition.13.A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains asubject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 14.A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by meansof syntax, lexicon, and phonology.nguage is entirely arbitrary.16.Articulatory phonetics that studies speech sounds from a physicalpoint of view, focusing on their physical properties intransmission.17.In speech sound production, lower part of the oral cavity arerelatively stable and function as a foil to the upper part in itsarticulatory movements.18.Consonants are sounds made by a closure or narrowing somewhere inthe vocal tract.19.Stress may play different functions in different languages.20.Affixation changes the grammatical class of the word.参考答案1-5 F T F T F 6-10 F F T T FII. Choose the ONE choice that best completes each statement. (20 points, 2 points for each)3.The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and theend of ______.A. tongueB. hard palateC. soft palateD. vocal cords4.Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”,“case” and so forth are called ______ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational3. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted fromgeneration to generation by a process of learning, and not geneticallyis usually referred to as ______.A. performanceB. language acquisitionC. cultural transmissionD. competence4. The sound [s] and [z] are the results of air escaping under fricationbetween tongue and ______ before passing through the teeth.A. hard palateB. uvulaC. alveolar ridgeD. soft palate6.______ deals with language application to other fields, particularlyeducation.A. Linguistic geographyB. Applied linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Comparative linguistics6. Language has that distinguish it from other semiotic systemsused by humans and animals.A. functionB. design featuresC. importanceD. performance7. the main source of energy for speaking, initiating the airflowfor speech, hence pulmonic airstream mechanism.A. MouthB. HeartC. NoseD. Lung8. The phones that can be grouped together as variants of one phonemehave to be similarA. phoneticallyB. phonologicallyC. soundD. seem9. morpheme is a morpheme that contributes to the lexical meaningof the word.A. FunctionalB. LexicalC. GrammaticalD. Performative10. According to , language determines the framework of speaker’sperception and thought.A. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisB. Positivist theoryC. Use theoryD. Speech Acts theory 参考答案1-5 C A D A B 6-10 B D AB AIII. Define each of the following terms. (30 points, 6 points for each) 1. pragmatics考核知识点：pragmatics，参见P352. semantics考核知识点：semantics，参见P283. phonology考核知识点：phonology，参见P154. linguistics考核知识点：linguistics，参见P105. syntax考核知识点：syntax，参见P22Answer the following questions. (35 points)1. What is psycholinguistics?考核知识点：psycholinguistics，参见P48参考答案要点：Psycholinguistics is the study of the relation between language and mind，especially language acquisition and learning，and language comprehension and production．2. What’s the difference between free morpheme and bound morpheme? 考核知识点：free morpheme and bound morpheme，参见P20参考答案要点：Morpheme may also be classified according to their role in word formation．Inflectional morpheme is a bound morpheme that shows the inflectional changes of the wordand that expresses a certain grammatical meaning．Most of inflectional morphemes in English arerealized through their allomorphs，e．g．{past tense}-->一ed,一d，…An inflectional morpheme doesnot change the grammatical class ofthe word，e．g．{change)change is a verb，and{change)+{pasttense)is still a verb．Derivational morpheme is a morpheme that is added to a word to form a new word．Derivational morpheme may be a bound morpheme such as affixes，but it may also be a freemorpheme such as those used to form a compound．There are six key terms used in derivational3. Explain pidgin and creole with some examples.考核知识点：pidgin and creole，参见P43参考答案要点：Pidgin refers to a kind of lingua franca which is also known as“marginal language”．It has areduced grammatical structure，lexicon and stylistic range and has no native speakers．Theformation of a pidgin usually involves two or more speech communities and requires considerable motivation on the part of the speaker．Pidgin usually flourishes in areas of economic development and of substantial trading among different speech communities．Pidgin English used in trading among the English and the Chinese in Shanghai in the old days．Pidgin English used in Asia in trading includes elements from Malay,Chinese and精品文档。
The difference between English and Chinese
The difference between English and ChineseHaving been learning English for almost 8 years, I have really found some differences between English and Chinese. Here are some of my findings.First, there are some literal differences between the two languages. The differences can also be divided into two types. One is related to the words themselves, and the other is about the meanings of words. You may have noticed that some English words change according to the person and tense. They are verbs. And most nouns in English need to change their forms when they refer to the plurality, While Chinese characters lack changes in form. When we need to tell a story happened in the past in Chinese, we just need to mark it with a past time point, such as yesterday, several days ago or long long ago. We don’t change the forms of the words at all. The other point is that some English words have more than one meaning, so do Chinese. But usually the meanings of English can hardly conform to the Chinese, Thus causing much difficulty and challenge to the translation. Here is one example:--This is an order from Bush!--I don’t care it is from bush, tree or grass.Yes, you understand the meaning, so do I. but when beingacquired to translate it into Chinese, I feel too hard for me to make it.Second, by learning English, I find the British think differently from the Chinese. Generally speaking, an English sentence is usually much longer than a Chinese one. English features in clear subject, clear predicate and you can figure out the function of each member of a sentence without much difficulty. Well, as a Chinese, having been learning Chinese ever since I was born, I can’t pick out the subject or predicate easily from any given Chinese sentences. I will go mad if I try to analysis Chinese using the skills I have acquired from learning English.Third, there is a difference in culture between British and Chinese. And I think it is the root why English is different from Chinese. For example, in 60s to 70s last century, the south Korean, Singapore and China’s Hong Kong and Taiwan were called “the four Asian tigers”. But if you translate it directly from Chinese to English, it will be “the four Asian dragons”. If an Englishman comes across the term for the first time, he may be shocked and mistook it for another meaning. For the dragon, which is the symbol of strength, speed and vigor, represents evil in western culture. And the image of tiger in westernpeople’s minds conforms to these characteristics. So it is the four Asian tigers rather than the four Asian dragons in English. And such examples related to the differences between cultures are countless.When I was an English beginner, I was told that Chinese was much complicated and difficult than English. I didn’t believe that then. But now, several years later, especially after taking the translation course and finding it really hard to finish the translation exercises I am deeply convinced that Chinese is something I still cannot manage well.。
英语初中九年级试卷及答案【含答案】
英语初中九年级试卷及答案【含答案】专业课原理概述部分一、选择题（每题1分，共5分）1. 下列哪个单词的发音与其他选项不同？A. catB. dogC. fishD. horse2. 选择正确的单词填空：I _______ my homework yesterday.A. doB. didC. doesD. done3. Which sentence is correct?A. She don't like apples.B. He don't go to school bus.C. They doesn't have any money.D. I don't know whether you like it or not.4. Choose the correct past tense of the verb "go":A. goedB. wentC. goneD. goed5. What is the opposite of "expensive"?A. cheapB. costlyC. valuableD. worthless二、判断题（每题1分，共5分）1. "Can" is used to ask a question. ( )2. "I didn't do anything" means "I did something". ( )3. "He is taller than me" is incorrect. ( )4. "They are going to the cinema" is in the present continuous tense. ( )5. "She has been living in London for five years" shows a past action. ( )三、填空题（每题1分，共5分）1. I _______ (go) to the supermarket yesterday.2. _______ (he) brother is a doctor.3. We _______ (watch) a movie tonight.4. _______ you like tea or coffee?5. They _______ (travel) around the world last year.四、简答题（每题2分，共10分）1. What is the difference between "affect" and "effect"?2. Expln the use of "used to" and "would" in the past.3. What is the past perfect tense and give an example.4. How do you form questions in the present simple tense?5. What is the difference between "its" and "it's"?五、应用题（每题2分，共10分）1. Write a sentence using the future perfect tense.2. Turn the following sentence into a question: "She will go to the party."3. Correct the mistake in this sentence: "He don't like pizza."4. Use "eitheror" in a sentence.5. Write a sentence using the conditional tense.六、分析题（每题5分，共10分）1. Analyze the following sentence: "If I had known about the meeting, I would have attended."2. Expln the difference between "I have been living here for five years" and "I lived here for five years."七、实践操作题（每题5分，共10分）1. Write a short dialogue between two people planning a trip.2. Describe your favorite book or movie, using the past perfect tense to talk about events that happened before other past events.八、专业设计题（每题2分，共10分）1. 设计一个简单的英语学习计划，包括每天的学习内容和目标。
英语语言学概论笔记(期末复习资料)
英语语言学概论笔记（期末复习资料）【考研1号】专为英语基础一般及薄弱者打造《英语语言学概论》重、难点提示Questions & Answers on Key Points of Linguistics《英语语言学概论》重、难点问与答1.1. What is language?―Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like ―book‖) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languag es have different ―books‖: ―book‖ in English,―livre‖ in French, in Japanese, in Chinese, ―check‖ in Korean. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages, developed or―new‖. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term ―human‖ in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific.1.2. What are design features of language?―Design features‖ here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell thedifference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability1.3. What is arbitrariness?By ―arbitrariness‖, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds (see I .1). A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo words, like ―bang‖, ―crash‖, ―roar‖, which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds (words compounded to be one word) are not entirely arbitrary either. ―Type‖ and ―write‖ are opaque orunmotivated words, while ―type-writer‖ is less so, or more transparent or motivated than the words that make it. So we can say―arbitrariness‖ is a matter of degree.1.4.What is duality?Linguist s refer ―duality‖ (of structure) to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning.According to Hu Zhanglin et al. (p.6), language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into aninfinite更多精华请登陆考研1号网 【考研1号】专为英语基础一般及薄弱者打造number of sentences (note that we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!). Duality makes it possible for a person totalk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.1.5.What is productivity?Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking si tuation. No one has ever said or heard ―A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the small hotel bed with an African gibbon‖, but he cansay it when necessary, and he can understand it in right register. Different from artistic creativity, though, productivity never goes outside the language, thus also called ―rule-bound creativity‖ (byN.Chomsky).1.6.What is displacement?―Displacement‖, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. When a man, for example, is crying to a woman, about something, it might be something that had occurred, or something that is occurring, or something that is to occur. When a dog is barking, however, you can decide it is barking for something or at someone that exists now and there. It couldn’t be bow wowing sorrowfully for dome lost love or a bone to be lost. The bee’s system, nonetheless,has a small share of ―displacement‖, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.1.7.What is cultural transmission?This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it ―language acquisition device‖, or LAD) has a genetic basis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one other than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. Ifa human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The Wolf Child reared by the pack of wolves turned out to speak thewolf’s roaring ―tongue‖ when he was saved. He learned thereafter, with no small difficulty, the ABC of a certain human language.1.8.What is interchangeability?(1) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. We can say, and on other occasions can receive and understand, for example, ―Please do something to make me happy.‖ Though some people (including me) suggest that there is sex differentiation in the actual language use, in other words, men and women may say different things, yet in principle there is no sound, or word or sentence that a man can utter and a woman cannot, or vice versa. On the other hand, a person can be the speaker while the other person is the listener and as the turn moves on to the listener, he can be the speaker and the first speaker is to listen. It is turn-taking that 更多精华请登陆考研1号网 【考研1号】专为英语基础一般及薄弱者打造makes social communication possible and acceptable.(2) Some male birds, however, utter some calls, which females do not (or cannot?), and certain kinds of fish have similar haps mentionable. When a dog barks, all the neighboring dogs bark. Then people around can hardly tell which dog (dogs) is (are0 ―speaking‖ and which listening.1.9.Why do linguists say language is human specific?First of all, human language has six ―design features‖ whichanimal communication systems do not have, at least not in the true sense of them (see I .2-8). Let’s borrow C. F.Hocket’s Chart that compares human language with some animals’ systems, from Wang Gang (1998,p.8).Secondly, linguists have done a lot trying to teach animals such as chimpanzees to speak a human language but have achieved nothing inspiring. Beatnice and Alan Gardner brought up Washoe, a female chimpanzee, like a hum an child. She was taught ―American sign Language‖, and learned a little that made the teachers happy but did mot make the linguistics circle happy, for few believed in teaching chimpanzees.Thirdly, a human child reared among animals cannot speak a human language, not even when he is taken back and taught to lo to so (see the ―Wolf Child‖in I.7)1.10.What functions does language have?Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and per formative. According to Wang Gang (1988,p.11), language has three main functions: a tool of communication, a tool whereby people learn about the world, and a tool by which people learn about the world, and a tool by which people create art. M .A. K.Halliday, representative of the London school, recognizes three ―Macro-Functions‖: ideational, interpersonal and textual (see! 11-17;see HU Zhuanglin etal., pp10-13, pp394-396).1. 11What is the phatic function?The ―phatic function‖ refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. Much of the phatic langua ge (e.g. ―How are you?‖ ―Fine, thanks.‖) Is insincere if taken literally, but it is important. If you don't say ―Hello‖ to a friend you meet, orif you don’t answer his ―Hi‖, you ruin your friendship.1.12. What is the directive function?The ―directive function‖ means that language may be used to get the hearer to do something. Most imperative sentences perform this function, e.g., ―Tell me the result whenyou finish.‖ Other syntactic structures or sentences of other sorts can, according to J.Austin an d J.Searle’s ―indirect speech act theory‖(see Hu Zhuanglin et al., pp271-278)at least, serve the purpose of direction too, e.g., ―If I were you, I would have blushed to the bottom of my ears!‖更多精华请登陆考研1号网 【考研1号】专为英语基础一般及薄弱者打造1.13.What is the informative function?Language serves an ―informational function‖ when used to tell something, characterized by the use of declarative sentences. Informative statements are often labeled as true (truth) or false (falsehood). According to P.Grice’s―Cooperative Principle‖(see HuZhuanglin et al., pp282-283), one ought not to violate the ―Maxim of Quality‖, when he is informing at all.1.14.What is the interrogative function?When language is used to obtain information, it serves an―interrogative function‖. This includes all questions that expect replies, statements, imperatives etc., according to the ―indirect speech act theory‖, may have this function as well, e.g., ―I’d liketo know you better.‖ This may bring forth a lot of personal information. Note that rhetorical questions make an exception, since they demand no answer, at least not the reader’s/listener’s answer.1.15.What is the expressive function?The ―expressive function‖ is the use of language to reveal something about the feelings or attitudes of the speaker. Subconscious emotional ejaculations are good examples, like ―Good heavens!‖ ―My God!‖ Sentences like ―I’m sorry about the delay‖ can serve as good examples too, though in a subtle way. While language is used for the informative function to pass judgment on the truth or falsehood of statements, language used for the expressive function evaluates, appraises or asserts the speaker’s own attitudes.1.16.What is the evocative function?The ―evocative function‖ is the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer. Its aim is, for example, to amuse, startle, antagonize, soothe, worry or please. Jokes (not practical jokes, though) are supposed to amuse or entertain the listener; advertising to urgecustomers to purchase certain commodities; propaganda to influence public opinion. Obviously, the expressive and the evocative functions often go together, i.e., you may express, for example, your personal feelings about a political issue but end up by evoking the same feeling in, or imposing it on, your listener. That’s also the case with the other way round.1.17.What is the per formative function?This means people speak to ―do things‖ or perform actions. On certain occasions theutterance itself as an action is more important than what words or sounds constitute the uttered sentence. When asked if a third Yangtze Bridge ought to be built in Wuhan, the mayor may say, ―OK‖, which means more than speech, and more than an average socialindividual may do for the construction. The j udge’s imprisonment sentence, the president’s war or independence declaration, etc., are per formatives as well (see J.Austin’s speech Act Theory, Hu Zhuanglin, ecal.pp271-278).1.18.What is linguistics?―Linguistics‖ is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one更多精华请登陆考研1号网 【考研1号】专为英语基础一般及薄弱者打造society, but also the language of all human beings. A linguist, though, does not have to know and use a large number of languages, butto investigate how each language is constructed. He is also concerned with how a language varies from dialect to dialect, from class to class, how it changes from century to century, how children acquire their mother tongue, and perhaps how a person learns or should learn a foreign language. In short, linguistics studies the general principles whereupon all human languages are constructed and operate as systems of communication in their societies or communities (see Hu Zhuanglin et al., pp20-22)1.19.What makes linguistics a science?Since linguistics is the scientific study of language, it ought to base itself upon the systematic, investigation of language data, which aims at discovering the true nature of language and its underlying system. To make sense of the data, a linguist usually has conceived some hypotheses about the language structure, to be checked against the observed or observable facts. In order to make his analysis scientific, a linguist is usually guided by four principles: exhaustiveness, consistency, and objectivity. Exhaustiveness means he should gather all the materials relevant to the study and give them an adequate explanation, in spite of the complicatedness. He is to leave nolinguistic ―stone‖ unturned. Consistency means there should be no contradiction between different parts of the total statement. Economy means a linguist should pursue brevity in the analysis when it is possible. Objectivity implies that since some people may be subjectivein the study, a linguist should be (or sound at least) objective,matter-of-face, faithful to reality, so that his work constitutes partof the linguistics research.1.20.What are the major branches of linguistics?The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics (e.g.Hu Zhuanglin et al., 1988;Wang Gang, 1988). But a linguist sometimes is able to deal with only one aspect of language at a time, thus the arise of various branches: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, pragmatics, psycholinguistics, lexicology, lexicography, etymology, etc.1.21.What are synchronic and diachronic studies?The description of a language at some point of time (as if itstopped developing) is a synchrony study (synchrony). The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study (diachronic). An essay entitled ―On the Use of THE‖, for example, may be synchronic, if the author does not recall the past of THE, and it may also be diachronic if he claims to cover a large range or period of time wherein THE has undergone tremendous alteration (see Hu Zhuanglin et al., pp25-27).1.22.What is speech and what is writing?(1) No one needs the repetition of the general principle oflinguistic analysis, namely, the primacy of speech over writing. Speechis primary; because it existed long long before writing systems cameinto being. Genetically children learn to speak before learning to write.Secondly, written forms just represent in this way or that the speech sounds:更多精华请登陆考研1号网 【考研1号】专为英语基础一般及薄弱者打造individual sounds, as in English and French as in Japanese.(2) In contrast to speech, spoken form of language, writing aswritten codes, gives language new scope and use that speech does not have. Firstly, messages can be carried through space so that people can write to each other. Secondly, messages can be carried through time thereby, so that people of our time can be carried through time thereby, so that people of our time can read Beowulf, Samuel Johnson, and Edgar A. Poe. Thirdly, oral messages are readily subject to distortion, either intentional or unintentional (causing misunderstanding or malentendu), while written messages allow and encourage repeated unalterable reading.(3) Most modern linguistic analysis is focused on speech, different from grammarians of the last century and theretofore.1.23.What are the differences between the descriptive and the prescriptive approaches? A linguistic study is ―descriptive‖ if itonly describes and analyses the facts of language, and ―prescriptive‖ if it tries to lay down rules for ―correct‖ language behavior. Linguisticstudies before this century were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were based on ―high‖ (literary or reli gious) written records. Modernlinguistics is mostly descriptive, however. It (the latter) believesthat whatever occurs in natural speech (hesitation, incomplete utterance, misunderstanding, etc.) should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, corrupt, or lousy. These, with changes in vocabulary and structures, need to be explained also.1.24.What is the difference between langue and parole?F. De Saussure refers ―langue‖to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and refers ―parole‖ to the actual or actualized language, or the realization of langue. Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speaking situation; langue not actually spoken by an individual, parole always a naturally occurring event; langue relatively stable and systematic, parole is a mass of confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation. What a linguist ought to do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole, I. e. to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole and make than the subject of linguistics. Thelangue-parole distinction is of great importance, which casts great influence on later linguists.1.25.What is the difference between competence and performance?(1) According to N. Chomsky, ―competence‖ is the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and ―performance‖ is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances. The former enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. Aspeaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. So a speaker’s performance does not always match or equal his supposed competence.(2) Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence,rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his更多精华请登陆考研1号网 【考研1号】专为英语基础一般及薄弱者打造native language.(3) C homsky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as,though similar to, F. de Saussure’s langue-parole distinction. Langue is a social product,and a set of conventions for a community, while competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual. Sussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than N. Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.1.26.What is linguistic potential? What is actual linguistic behavior?M. A. K. Halliday made these two terms, or the potential-behavior distinction, in the 1960s, from a functional point of view. There is a wide range of things a speaker can do in his culture, and similarly there are many things he can say, for example, to many people, on manytopics. What he actually says (i.e. his ―actual linguistic behavior‖) on a certain occasion to a certain person is what he has chosen from many possible injustice items, each of which he could have said (linguistic potential).1.27.In what way do language, competence and linguistic potential agree? In what way do they differ? And their counterparts?Langue, competence and linguistic potential have some similar features, but they are innately different (see 1.25). Langue is a social product, and a set of speaking conventions; competence is a property or attribute of each ideal speaker’s mind; linguistic potential is all the linguistic corpus or repertoire available from which the speaker chooses items for the actual utterance situation. In other words, langue is invisible but reliable abstract system. Competence means ―knowing‖, and linguistic potential a set of possibilities for ―doing‖ or―performing actions‖. They are similar in that they all refer to the constant underlying the utterances that constitute what Saussure, Chomsky and Halliday respectively called parole, performance and actual linguistic behavior. Paole, performance and actual linguistic behavior enjoy more similarities than differences.1.28.What is phonetics?―Phonetics‖ is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making,especially those sounds used in speech, and provides methods fortheir description, classification and transcription (see Hu Zhuanglin etal., pp39-40), speech sounds may be studied in different ways, thus by three different branches of phonetics. (1) Articulatory phonetics; the branch of phonetics that examines the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate in the process. (2) Auditory phonetics, the branch ofphonetic research from the hearer’s point ofview, looking into the impression which a speech sound makes on the hearer as mediated by the ear, the auditory nerve and the brain. (3) Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear. Most phoneticians, however, are interested in articulator phonetics.1.29.How are the vocal organs formed?The vocal organs (see Figure1, Hu Zhuanglin et al., p41), or speech organs, are organs of更多精华请登陆考研1号网 【考研1号】专为英语基础一般及薄弱者打造the human body whose secondary use is in the production of speech sounds. The vocal organs can be considered as consisting of three parts; the initiator of the air-stream, the producer of voice and theresonating cavities.1.30.What is place of articulation?It refers to the place in the mouth where, for example, the obstruction occurs, resulting in the utterance of a consonant. Whatever sound is pronounced, at least some vocal organs will get involved. g.Lips, hard palate etc., so a consonant may be one of the following (1) bilabial: [p, b, m]; (2) labiodental: [f, v]; (3) dental: [,]; (4) alveolar: [t, d, l, n.s, z]; (5) retroflex; (6) palato-alveolar: [,]; (7) palatal: [j]; (8) velar [k, g,]; (9) uvular; (10) glottal: [h]. Some sounds involve the simultaneous use of two places of articulation. For example, the English [w] has both an approximation of the two lips and those two lips and that of the tongue and the soft palate, and may be termed ―labial-velar‖.1.31.What is the manner of articulation?The ―manner of articulation‖ literally means the way a sound is articulated. At a given place of articulation, the airstreams may be obstructed in various ways, resulting in various manners of articulation, are the following: (1) plosive: [p, b, t, d, k, g]; (2) nasal: [m, n,]; (3) trill; (4) tap or flap; (5) lateral: [l]; (6) fricative: [f, v, s, z]; (7) approximant: [w, j]; (8) affricate: [].1.32.How do phoneticians classify vowels?Phoneticians, in spite of the difficulty, group vowels in 5 types: (1) long and short vowels, e.g.,[i:,]; (4) rounded and unroundvowels,e.g.[,i]; (5) pure and gliding vowels, e.g.[I,].1.33.What is IPA? When did it come into being ?The IPA, abbreviation of ―International Phonetic Alphabet‖, is a compromise system making use of symbols of all sources, including diacritics indicating length, stress and intonation, indicating phoneticvariation. Ever since it was developed in 1888, IPA has undergone a number of revisions.1.34.What is narrow transcription and what is broad transcription?In handbook of phonetics, Henry Sweet made a distinction between―narrow‖ and ―broad‖ transcriptions, which he called ―Narrow Romic‖. The form er was meant to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including even the most minute shades of pronunciation while Broad Romic or transcription was intended to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language.1.35.What is phonology? What is difference between phonetics and phonology? (1) ―Phonology‖ is the study of sound systems- the invention of distinctive speechsounds that occur in a language and the patterns wherein they fall. Minimal pair, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist.(2) Phonetics, as discussed in I.28, is the branch of linguistics studying the更多精华请登陆考研1号网 【考研1号】专为英语基础一般及薄弱者打造characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. A phonetist is mainly interested in the physical properties of the speech sounds, whereas a phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they areconceived and printed in the depth of the mind phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which from meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign ―accent‖, to make up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to from plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in one’s language.1.36.What is a phone? What is a phoneme? What is an allophone?(1) A ―phone‖ is a phonetic unit or segment. T he speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. When we hear the following words pronounced:[pit], [tip], [spit], etc., the similar phones we have heard are [p] for one thing, and threedifferent[p]’s, readily making possible the ―narrow transcription or diacritics‖. Phones may and may not distinguish meaning. A ―phoneme‖ is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. As an abstract unit, a phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. For example, the phoneme[p] is represented differently in [pit], [tip] and [spit].(2) The phones representing a phoneme are called its ―allophones‖,i. e., the different (i.e., phones) but do not make one word so phonetically different as to create a new word or a new meaning thereof. So the different[p]’s in the above words are theallophones of the same phoneme[p]. How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random.In most cases it is rule-governed; these rules are to be found out by a phonologist.1.37.What are minimal pairs?When two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string , the two forms(i. e., word) are supposed to form a ―minimal pair‖, e.g.,―pill‖ and ―bill‖, ―pill‖ and ―till‖, ―till‖ and ―dill‖,―till‖ and ―kill‖, etc. All these words together constitute a minimal set. They are identical in form except for the initial consonants. There are many minimal pairs in English, which makes it relatively easy to know what are English phonemes. It is of great importance to find the minimal pairs when a phonologist is dealing with the sound system of an unknown language(see Hu Zhuanglin et al., pp65-66).1.38.What is free variation?If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast; namely, if the substitution of one for the other does not generate a new word form but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, the two sounds then are said to be in ―free variation‖. Theplosives, for example, may not be exploded when they occur before another plosive or a nasal (e. g., act, apt, good morning). The minute distinctions may, if necessary, be transcribed in diacritics. These unexploded and exploded plosives are in free variation.更多精华请登陆考研1号网 。
听力原文：正式语言与非正式语言
听力原文：正式语言与非正式语言语言无论是何种语言都有正式与非正式之分。
那么，他们的区别是什么?下面，我们一起来看一篇听力原文。
You probable have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways depending on the situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two general levels of usage — a fomal level and an informal level. English is no exception. The diffenrence in these two levels is the situation in which you use a particular level.你或许注意到人们会用不同的方式表达类似的观点，这取决于他们所处的环境。
这种现象很自然。
所有语言都有两个普遍的使用层次——正式层面和非正式层面。
英语也不例外。
两个层次的区别在于你使用语言的语境。
Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, reference books and in business letters. You would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school. Informal language is used in conversation with colleagues, family members and friends, and when we write personal notes of letters to close friends.正式语言是在课本、参考书和商业信函中出现的语言。
关于对比关系的英语作文
关于对比关系的英语作文英文回答：Contradictions are an inherent part of human nature. They are the discrepancies between our thoughts, words, and actions that can lead to confusion, frustration, and even conflict. However, contradictions can also be a source of growth and understanding. By exploring the contrasts within ourselves and our world, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the complexities of life and the interconnectedness of all things.One of the most common types of contradictions is the discrepancy between our beliefs and our actions. We may believe in the importance of honesty, but we may find ourselves lying to avoid a difficult conversation. We may believe in the power of kindness, but we may struggle to show compassion towards those who have wronged us. These contradictions can create a sense of guilt and shame, and they can make it difficult for us to live in alignment withour values.However, it is important to remember thatcontradictions are not always a bad thing. In fact, they can be a sign of growth and progress. As we learn and grow, our beliefs and values may change. This can lead to inconsistencies between our old and new ways of thinking and behaving. Rather than seeing these contradictions as a failure, we can see them as an opportunity to reflect on our values and make necessary adjustments.Another type of contradiction is the discrepancy between our inner and outer worlds. We may feel one way on the inside, but we may present a different face to the world. We may be struggling with anxiety or depression, but we may put on a brave face to hide our pain. We may be angry or resentful, but we may suppress our emotions to avoid conflict. These contradictions can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness, and they can make it difficult for us to connect with others.However, it is important to remember that we are notalone in our contradictions. Everyone experiences them at some point in their lives. The key is to learn how to manage them in a healthy way. This means accepting that contradictions are a part of life, and that it is okay to feel conflicted at times. It also means being honest with ourselves and others about our feelings and experiences. By doing so, we can create a more authentic and fulfilling life.Contradictions are a part of the human experience. They can be frustrating and confusing, but they can also be a source of growth and understanding. By exploring the contrasts within ourselves and our world, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the complexities of life and the interconnectedness of all things.中文回答：矛盾是人性的一部分。
理解消融隔阂的英语作文
Understanding and Bridging the GapIn our increasingly globalized world,the importance of understanding and bridging the gap between different cultures,languages,and social groups cannot be overstated.The ability to communicate effectively and empathetically is essential for fostering a harmonious and inclusive society.This essay will explore the significance of bridging gaps and offer some strategies for achieving this goal.Firstly,it is crucial to recognize the existence of gaps in our society.These can be cultural,linguistic,socioeconomic,or even generational.Cultural gaps arise from differences in customs,traditions,and values.Linguistic gaps are evident when people do not share a common language,which can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunications.Socioeconomic gaps are the disparities in wealth and opportunities between different groups,while generational gaps refer to the differences in perspectives and experiences between different age groups.To bridge these gaps,we must first cultivate an attitude of openness and curiosity.Being open to learning about other cultures and ways of life can help us appreciate the diversity that exists in our world.This involves actively seeking out opportunities to engage with people from different backgrounds,whether it be through travel,social events,or online platforms.Secondly,effective communication is key to bridging gaps.This means not only speaking and listening but also understanding the nonverbal cues and context that accompany communication.Learning a new language can be a powerful tool for breaking down linguistic barriers and fostering connections with people from different cultures. Moreover,empathy plays a vital role in bridging gaps.By putting ourselves in others shoes and trying to understand their experiences and perspectives,we can develop a deeper appreciation for their point of view.This can help to reduce prejudice and promote mutual respect.Education is another important factor in bridging gaps.Through education,we can learn about the history,culture,and values of different groups,which can help to dispel stereotypes and cational institutions should strive to create an inclusive environment that celebrates diversity and encourages students to learn from one another.Lastly,collaboration and cooperation are essential for bridging gaps.By working together on common goals and projects,people from different backgrounds can learn toappreciate each others strengths and contributions.This can lead to the development of strong,supportive communities that thrive on diversity.In conclusion,understanding and bridging the gap between different cultures,languages, and social groups is a complex but rewarding endeavor.By cultivating an attitude of openness,engaging in effective communication,practicing empathy,promoting education,and fostering collaboration,we can work towards creating a more inclusive and harmonious society.It is through these efforts that we can truly appreciate the richness of our diverse world and build a brighter future for all.。
初中英语宾语从句
In spoken language, that can often be omitted.
Байду номын сангаас
When using special interrogative words to guide object clauses, it is important to use declarative sentence order, which is "interrogative word+subject+predicate+other".
Common types
01
The object clause guided by "that" has no meaning and does not serve as an element in the sentence, only serving as a guiding function. For example: I know (that) he is a good boy
Usage of special interrogative words as guide words
Special interrogative words act as corresponding components in clauses (such as subject, object, attributive, etc.).
清溪高中公开课：The Universal Dragon复习课程
The Difference
In Western culture: The Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf tells the
story of a Scandinavian _h_e_r_o_. Beowulf, who fights and kills a(n) _d_a_n_g_e_ro_u_s_ dragon but is himself killed in the fight. In Wales, the red dragon which appears on the Welsh flag is a _p_o_s_it_iv_e_ symbol, indicating _s_tr_e_n_g_th_ and a sense of _n_a_ti_o_n_a_l _id_e_n_ti_ty_.
The Universal Dragon
• Fast-reading （4 minutes） • Try to find out the main idea of each
paragraph.
the main idea of each paragraph
Part one: Part two: Part three:
possible and fill the following blanks later.
The Difference
In Chinese culture: Dragons are generous and wise, though they
can be _u_n_p_re_d_ic_ta_b_le_. It was closely connected to the _r_o_y_a_l _ family:
The Universal Dragon
大学英语作文TheDiffere...
⼤学英语作⽂TheDiffere...The Differences between College Study and High School StudyWhen I ’m a high school student, I’m longing for the college life very much. From my point of view, the college study is free and easy . Now I have been staying in the university for one and a hal f year which shows that my previous thought isn’t true. It is very different between college study and high school study .A t high school, the students’ subjects are same. But at college, the students can have subjects they like. In high school, your teacher often spent time going over the assigned reading and the assigned problems in class or going over important points again and again. In college, learning does not take place primarily in the classroom, and you, not your professors, are responsible for what you learn. In high school, the teacher planned most of this time for you. In college it is you who must be responsible for this time. Managing this shift in responsibility is one of the most important things you can do to increase your likelihood of success.Knowing the differences in the way learning is structured at college can help you be successful. The key is to understand how important your time is and to use it well. Here are some tips for using your learning time effectively:Plan a balanced schedule of activities including school, work, sleep and fun.Take good class notes and study your notes as soon after class as possible. If this is not possible reserve some time the days of your classes to review the material. Remember academics are your primary responsibility.College is different than high school, but you can be successful and still have fun.Get yourself a good planner, do your scheduling, and have a great year!When I 'm a high school student, I'm longing for the college life very much.[推荐词汇] very在写作中使⽤的太多，可考虑换为extremely, exceedingly, remarkably, intensely。
2021年托福试题阅读理解模拟题考点复习(卷九)
2021年托福试题阅读理解模拟题考点复习（卷九）The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceability of British copyright law in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itself to subjects of high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors impatient for payment.In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts, catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy. Chapbooks were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally boundsimply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, cost-effective editions and sold cheaply.By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of a given year, provided the perfect steady seller because their information pertained to the locale in which they would be used.1. Which aspect of colonial printing does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Laws governing the printing industry.(B) Competition among printers(C) Types of publications produced(D) Advances in printing technology2. According to the passage , why did colonial printers avoid major publishing projects?(A) Few colonial printers owned printing machinery that was large enough to handle major projects.(B) There was inadequate shipping available in the colonies.(C) Colonial printers could not sell their work for a competitive price.(D) Colonial printers did not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects.3. Broadsides could be published with little risk to colonial printers because they(A) required a small financial investment and sold quickly(B) were in great demand in European markets(C) were more popular with colonists than chapbooks and pamphlets(D) generally dealt with topics of long-term interest to many colonists4. The word "they" in line 17 refers to(A) chapbooks(B) tales(C) jokes(D) pages5. The word "antecedent先前的，先时的，先行的" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) predecessor 前任，前辈，(被取代的)原有事物，前身(B) format(C) imitation(D) component6. Chapbooks produced in colonial America were characterized by(A) fine paper(B) cardboard covers(C) elaborate decoration(D) a large number of pages7. The word "appealing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) dependable(B) respectable(C) enduring(D) attractive8. What were "steady sellers" (line 23)?(A) Printers whose incomes were quite large(B) People who traveled from town to town selling Books and pamphlets(C) Investors who provided reliable financial Support for new printers(D) Publications whose sales were usually consistent from year to year9. The word "locale现场，场所" in line 28 is closest in meaning to(A) topic(B) season(C) interest(D) place10. All of the following are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) "Broadsides" (line 6)(B) "catechisms" (line 15)(C) "chapbooks" (line l6)(D) "Almanacs" (line 25)CCAAA BDDDBEthology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960's but has become even more influential today. The origins of ethology can be traced back to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists, Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-known of these is imprinting, the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger.Imprinting takes place during an early, restricted time period of development. If the mother goose is not present during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may imprint on it instead.Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child development —the critical period. It refers to a limited times span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether complex cognitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods. For example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? If language is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child's capacity to acquire it reduced?Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and its parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling, grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach, care for, and interact with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure that the baby will be fed,protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and affection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectional tie between parent and baby.1. What was Darwin's contribution to ethology?(A) Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.(B) Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.(C) Darwin's work provided the basis for ethology.(D) Darwin was the first person to apply ethological theory to children.2. The word "diverse多变化的" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) small(B) varied(C) wild(D) particular3. The word "ensures" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) guarantees(B) proves(C) teaches(D) assumes4. According to the passage , if a mother goose is not present during the time period when imprinting takes place, which of the following willmost likely occur?(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.(C) The mother will later imprint on the gosling.(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.5. The word "it" in line 12 refers to(A) development(B) goose(C) time(D) object6. The word "suitably" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) willingly(B) moderately(C) appropriately(D) emotionally7. The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants EXCEPT(A) grasping(B) crying(C) eating(D) smiling8. According to the passage , attachment behaviors of infants areintended to(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs of the infant met(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent(C) provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation(D) prepare the infant to cope with separation9. The phrase "affectional tie" in line 30 is closest in meaning to(A) cognitive development(B) emotional attachment(C) psychological need(D) behavioral change10. It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that(A) to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied(B) failure to imprint has no influence on intelligence(C) the notion of critical periods applies only to animals(D) there are similarities between animal and human behaviorCBADD CCABDFlatfishMembers of the flatfish family, sand dabs and flounders, have an evolutionary advantage over many colorfully decorated ocean neighborsin that they are able to adapt their body coloration to different environments. These aquatic chameleons have flattened bodies that are well-suited to life along the ocean floor in the shallower areas of the continental shelf that they inhabit. They also have remarkably sensitive color vision that registers the subtlest gradations on the sea bottom and in the sea life around them. Information about the coloration of the environment is carried through the nervous system to chromatophores, which are pigment-carrying skin cells. These chromatophores are able to accurately reproduce not only the colors but also the texture of the ocean floor. Each time that a sand dab or flounder finds itself in a new environment, the pattern on the body of the fish adapts to fit in with the color and texture around it.1. It is NOT stated in the passage that sand dabsA are a type of flatfishB are in the same family as floundersC have evolvedD are colorfully decorated2. According to the passages, it is NOT true that sand dabs and floundersA have flattened bodiesB live along the ocean floorC live in the deepest part of the oceanD live along the continental shelf3. All of the following are stated about the vision of sand dabs and flounders EXCEPT that they areA overly sensitive to lightB able to see colorsC able to see the sea bottomD aware of their surroundings4. It is NOT true that chromatophoresA are skin cellsB carry pigmentC adapt to surrounding colorsD change the ocean floor5. It is NOT mentioned in the passage that sand dabs and floundersA move to new environmentsB adapt their behaviorC can change colorD adapt to textures around them参考答案：DCADBBy far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax orwool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning andLine weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during(5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. Americanproducers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cottongin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separatingthe fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton wasrelatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were(10) concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, availableonly along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shortergrowing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that aworker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from(15) seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The laterdevelopment of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivityfurther.The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread ofthe cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American(20) export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total Americanexports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of Americanexports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The(25) growing market for cotton and other American agriculturalproducts led to anunprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of theUnited States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT(A) cotton's softness(B) cotton's ease of processing(C) a shortage of flax and wool(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.答案：CIn July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiouslywatched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere ofJupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9Line after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out(5) along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been firstglimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quicklyscientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giantplanet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming firethat quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each fragment slammed(10) at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy wastransformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through thetunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues form these explo-sions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out tofrom dark ribbons.(15) Although this impact event was of considerable scientific importance, it especially piquedpublic curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening televisionnewscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly themost open scientificendeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed beforeour very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the(20) fact that we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catstrophe by randomassaults from celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should nothave been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary explo-ration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least ingeologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.3. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following EXCEPT(A) a dismembered body(B) a train(C) a pearl necklace(D) a giant planet答案：DUnder the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there aredeposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds;or look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also revealLine clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible.(5) What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock thatgradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots oftrees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers—all of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller andsmaller pieces that eventually become clay.(10) Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is themost abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxidessilica and alumina combined with alkalis like potassium and someso-called impuritiessuch as iron. Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is thebasis of clay. When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful(15) objects, which can then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered withimpermeable decorative coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanicaction, with its intense heat, fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rockcalled obsidian, so can we apply heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard,dense material. Different clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire(20) clays, never become nonporous and watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay canstand only a certain amount of heat without losing its shape through sagging or melting.Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account forthe differences in texture and appearance between a china teacupand an earthenwareflowerpot.2. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the following areas?(A) in desert sand dunes(B) in forests(C) on hillsides(D) near rivers答案：AAs Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means ofbringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets(B) the High Street Market was forced to close(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.3. The word "hinterland " 腹地in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) tradition(B) association(C) produce(D) region4. The word "it" in line 6 refers to(A) the crowded city(B) a radius(C) the High Street Market(D) the period5. The word "persisted"坚持，持续in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) returned(B) started(C) declined(D) continued6. According to the passage , fairs in Philadelphia were held(A) on the same day as market says(B) as often as possible(C) a couple of times a year(D) whenever the government allowed it7. It can be inferred that the author mentions "Linens and stockings" in line 12 to show that they were items that(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia(C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia(D) could easily be transported8. The word "eradicate"根除in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) eliminate(B) exploit 开采(C) organize(D) operate9. What does the author mean by stating in lines 15-16 that "economic development was on the merchants' side "?(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.10. The word "undergoing"经历in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) requesting(B) experiencing(C) repeating(D) includingBCDCD CBABB。
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1、比较过去时与现在完成时
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
eg: I saw this film yesterday.
（强调看的动作发生过了。
）
I have seen this film.
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。
）
2、比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间（点），for用来说明动作延续时间长度（段）。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born.
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我现在已不在这里工作。
)
I have worked here for many years.
(现在我仍在这里工作。
)
3、since的四种用法
1) since + 过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
2) since + 一段时间 + ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.。