Factors-that-can-affect-consumer-purchasing-decisions.
消费者生产者与生产效率英文版课件
Consumer Producer in Manufacturing
Consumer producers in the manufacturing industry refer to individuals who play both consumer and producer roles in the manufacturing industry. They are responsible for designing, manufacturing, and selling products, as well as purchasing and using production equipment and raw materials.
• The benefits of agricultural consumer producers: By playing both consumer and producer roles simultaneously, agricultural consumer producers can obtain more benefits. They can earn income by selling agricultural products, while also enjoying a sense of self satisfaction and achievement.
Consumer Producer and Welfare
Improving consumer welfare
The consumer producer theory encourages consumer participation in the production process, which helps to increase consumer satisfaction and trust in products or services.
考研英语作文消费者考虑的因素
Consumer Considerations in the Marketplace:A Critical AnalysisIn the ever-evolving landscape of consumer behavior,the factors that influence a buyer's decision-making process are numerous and diverse. As考研学子 prepare to take on the challenges of the exam, it is imperative to understand these considerations and how they shape purchasing decisions. This essay delves into the keyfactors that consumers take into account when making purchases, highlighting the significance of these elements in today's competitive market.Firstly, price is a crucial factor that consumers consider when making purchasing decisions. Theaffordability of a product or service is often adetermining factor in whether or not a consumer chooses to buy. Consumers compare prices across different brands and products, seeking out the best value for their money. As such, pricing strategies play a pivotal role in attracting and retaining customers.Secondly, quality is another essential factor that consumers take into account. Consumers want to ensure thatthey are getting a product or service that is reliable, durable, and meets their expectations. Quality is often associated with brand reputation and consumer reviews, as consumers rely on these factors to assess the quality of a product before making a purchase.Moreover, consumers also consider the availability of a product or service. In today's fast-paced world, convenience is king. Consumers prefer products that are easily accessible and available at their fingertips. Thisis especially true for online shopping, where consumers expect quick delivery and seamless checkout processes.Additionally, consumers also factor in their personal needs and preferences when making purchasing decisions. Different consumers have different tastes, budgets, and lifestyles, which influence their purchasing behavior. For example, some consumers may prioritize sustainability and eco-friendly products, while others may focus on fashion and trends.Furthermore, advertising and marketing strategies also play a significant role in influencing consumer decisions. Companies use various marketing techniques to attractconsumers' attention and persuade them to buy their products. From catchy slogans to targeted advertising campaigns, companies strive to create a unique brand identity that resonates with their target audience.However, it is important to note that consumer considerations are not static. They evolve over time, influenced by factors such as changing lifestyles, technological advancements, and societal trends. Therefore, it is crucial for businesses to stay updated with these changes and adapt their marketing strategies accordingly. In conclusion, the factors that consumers consider when making purchasing decisions are diverse and dynamic. Price, quality, availability, personal needs and preferences, as well as advertising and marketing strategies, all play a crucial role in shaping consumer behavior. As考研学子prepare for their exams, understanding these considerations is paramount in equipping them with the knowledge andskills necessary to excel in today's competitive market.**消费者在市场中的考量因素：深入分析**在消费者行为不断变化的背景下，影响买家决策过程的因素众多且多样。
考研英语范文阅读模拟试题及答案解析2
考研英语范文阅读模拟试题及答案解析Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering the economy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes, makes itself sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence there is an analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said th at America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment-the rate below which inflation has taken off on the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.1. From the passage we learn that ________.（A）there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates（B）economy will always follow certain models（C）the economic situation is better than expected（D）economists had foreseen the present economic situation2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?（A）Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car.（B）An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.（C）A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.（D）Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.3. The sentence This is no flash in the pan (line 5, paragraph 3) means that ________.（A）the low inflation rate will last for some time（B）the inflation rate will soon rise（C）the inflation will disappear quickly（D）there is no inflation at present4. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.（A）critical of （B）puzzled by （C）disappointed at （D）amazed at1.（C）意为：经济形势比预想的好。
曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案（第七章）
曼昆微观经济学课后练习英⽂答案（第七章）rketsWHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION:There are no major changes to this chapter.LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:the link between buyers’ willingness to pay for a good and the demand curve.how to define and measure consumer surplus.the link between sellers’ costs of producing a good and the supply curve.how to define and measure producer surplus.that the equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes total surplus in a market.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 7 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence on welfare economics and market efficiency. Chapter 7 employs the supply and demand model to develop consumer surplus and producer surplus as a measure of welfare and market efficiency. These concepts are then7CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, AND THEEFFICIENCY OF MARKETSutilized in Chapters 8 and 9 to determine the winners and losers from taxation and restrictions on international trade.The purpose of Chapter 7 is to develop welfare economics—the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapters 4 through 6 employed supply and demand in a positive framework, which focused on the question, “What is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market” This chapter now addresses the normative question, “Is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market the best possible solution to the resource allocation problem, or is it simply the price and quantity that balance supply and demand” Students will discover that under most circumstances the equilibrium price and quantity is also the one that maximizes welfare.KEY POINTS:Consumer surplus equals buyers’ willingness to pay for a good minus the amount theyactually pay for it, and it measures the benefit buyers get from participating in a market.Consumer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the demand curve and above the price.Producer surplus equals the amount sellers receive for their goods minus their costs of production, and it measures the benefit sellers get from participating in a market.Producer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the price and above the supply curve.An allocation of resources that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus is said to be efficient. Policymakers are often concerned with the efficiency, as well as the equality, of economic outcomes.The equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus.That is, the invisible hand of the marketplace leads buyers and sellers to allocateresources efficiently.Markets do not allocate resources efficiently in the presence of market failures such as market power or externalities. CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Definition of welfare economics: the study of how the allocation of resources affectseconomic well-being.Students often are confused by the use of the word “welfare.” Remind themthat we are talking about social well-being and not public assistance.II. Consumer SurplusA. Willingness to Pay1. Definition of willingness to pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.2. Example: You are auctioning a mint-condition recording of Elvis Presley’s first album. Four buyers show up. Their willingness to pay is as follows:If the bidding goes to slightly higher than $80, all buyers drop outexcept for John. Because John is willing to pay more than he has to forthe album, he derives some benefit from participating in the market.3. Definition of consumer surplus: the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it.4. Note that if you had more than one copy of the album, the price in the auctionJohn and Paul would gain consumer surplus.B. Using the Demand Curve to Measure Consumer Surplus1. We can use the information on willingness to pay to derive a demand curve for the rare Elvis Presley album.2. At any given quantity, the price given by the demand curve reflects thewillingness to pay of the marginal buyer. Because the demand curve shows the buyers’ willingness to pay, we can use the demand curve to measure consumer surplus.Figure 23. Consumer surplus can be measured as the area below the demand curve and above the price.C. How a Lower Price Raises Consumer SurplusFigure 31. As price falls, consumer surplus increases for two reasons.a. Those already buying the product will receive additional consumer surplusbecause they are paying less for the product than before (area A on the graph).b. Because the price is now lower, some new buyers will enter the market andreceive consumer surplus on these additional units of output purchased (area Bon the graph).D. What Does Consumer Surplus MeasureIt is important to stress that consumer surplus is measured in monetaryterms. Consumer surplus gives us a way to place a monetary cost on1. Remember that consumer surplus is the difference between the amount that buyersare willing to pay for a good and the price that they actually pay.2. Thus, it measures the benefit that consumers receive from the good as the buyersthemselves perceive it.ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Review the material on price ceilings from Chapter 6. Redraw the market for two-bedroom apartments in your town. Draw in a price ceiling below the equilibriumprice.III. Producer SurplusA. Cost and the Willingness to Sell1. Definition of cost: the value of everything a seller must give up to produce agood.You will need to take some time to explain the relationship between theproducers’ willingness to sell and the cost of producing the good. Therelationship between cost and the supply curve is not as apparent as the2. Example: You want to hire someone to paint your house. You accept bids for thework from four sellers. Each painter is willing to work if the price you will pay exceeds her opportunity cost. (Note that this opportunity cost thus represents willingness to sell.) The costs are:3. Bidding will stop when the price gets to be slightly below $600. All sellers willdrop out except for Grandma. Because Grandma receives more than she would require to paint the house, she derives some benefit from producing in the market.4. Definition of producer surplus: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus theseller’s cost of providing it.5. Note that if you had more than one house to paint, the price in the auction wouldend up being higher (a little under $800 in the case of two houses) and bothGrandma and Georgia would gain producer surplus.B. Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus1. We can use the information on cost (willingness to sell) to derive a supply curvefor house painting services.Price Sellers Quantity Supplied$900 or more Mary, Frida, Georgia, Grandma4$800 to $900Frida, Georgia, Grandma3$600 to $800Georgia, Grandma2$500 to $600Grandma1less than $500None02. At any given quantity, the price given by the supply curve represents the cost ofthe marginal seller. Because the supply curve shows the sellers’ cost(willingness to sell), we can use the supply curve to measure producer surplus.3. Producer surplus can be measured as the area above the supply curve and below theprice.Figure 4Figure 5C. How a Higher Price Raises Producer Surplus1. As price rises, producer surplus increases for two reasons.a. Those already selling the product will receive additional producer surplusbecause they are receiving more for the product than before (area C on thegraph).b. Because the price is now higher, some new sellers will enter the market andreceive producer surplus on these additional units of output sold (area D onthe graph).D. Producer surplus is used to measure the economic well-being of producers, much likeFigure 6ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Review the material on price floors from Chapter 6. Redraw the market for anagricultural product such as corn. Draw in a price support above the equilibriumprice.Then go through:IV. Market EfficiencyA. The Benevolent Social Planner1. The economic well-being of everyone in society can be measured by total surplus,which is the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus:Total Surplus = Consumer Surplus + Producer SurplusTotal Surplus = (Value to Buyers – Amount Paid by Buyers) + (Amount Received by Sellers – Cost to Sellers) Because the Amount Paid by Buyers = Amount Received by Sellers:2. Definition of efficiency: the property of a resource allocation of maximizing thetotal surplus received by all members of society .3. Definition of equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformlythe members of society .B. Evaluating the Market EquilibriumTotal Surplus = Value to Buyers Cost to SellersFigure 7Now might be a good time to point out that many government policies involvea trade-off between efficiency and equity. When you evaluate government Pretty Woman, Chapter 6. Vivien (Julia Roberts) and Edward (Richard Gere)negotiate a price. Afterward, Vivien reveals she would have accepted a lower price, while Edward admits he would have paid more. If you have done a good job of introducing consumer and producer surplus, you will see the1. At the market equilibrium price:a. Buyers who value the product more than the equilibrium price will purchase theproduct; those who do not, will not purchase the product. In other words, thefree market allocates the supply of a good to the buyers who value it mosthighly, as measured by their willingness to pay.b. Sellers whose costs are lower than the equilibrium price will produce theproduct; those whose costs are higher, will not produce the product. In otherwords, the free market allocates the demand for goods to the sellers who canproduce it at the lowest cost.2. Total surplus is maximized at the market equilibrium.Figure 8a. At any quantity of output smaller than the equilibrium quantity, the value ofthe product to the marginal buyer is greater than the cost to the marginalseller so total surplus would rise if output increases.b. At any quantity of output greater than the equilibrium quantity, the value ofthe product to the marginal buyer is less than the cost to the marginal sellerso total surplus would rise if output decreases.3. Note that this is one of the reasons that economists believe Principle #6: Marketsare usually a good way to organize economic activity.It would be a good idea to remind students that there are circumstanceswhen the market process does not lead to the most efficient outcome.Examples include situations such as when a firm (or buyer) has market powerC. In the News: Ticket Scalping1. Ticket scalping is an example of how markets work to achieve an efficient outcome.2. This article from The Boston Globe describes economist Chip Case’s experiencewith ticket scalping.D. Case Study: Should There Be a Market in Organs1. As a matter of public policy, people are not allowed to sell their organs.a. In essence, this means that there is a price ceiling on organs of $0.b. This has led to a shortage of organs.2. The creation of a market for organs would lead to a more efficient allocation of resources, but critics worry about the equity of a market system for organs.V. Market Efficiency and Market FailureA. To conclude that markets are efficient, we made several assumptions about how markets worked.1. Perfectly competitive markets.2. No externalities.B. When these assumptions do not hold, the market equilibrium may not be efficient.C. When markets fail, public policy can potentially remedy the situation.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. Figure 1 shows the demand curve for turkey. The price of turkey is P1 and the consumer surplus that results from that price is denoted CS. Consumer surplus isthe amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyeractually pays for it. It measures the benefit to buyers of participating in amarket.Figure 1 Figure 22. Figure 2 shows the supply curve for turkey. The price of turkey is P1 and the producer surplus that results from that price is denoted PS. Producer surplus is the amount sellers are paid for a good minus the sellers’ cost of providing it (measured by the supply curve). It measures the benefit to sellers of participating in a market.Figure 33. Figure 3 shows the supply and demand for turkey. The price of turkey is P1, consumer surplus is CS, and producer surplus is PS. Producing more turkeys than the equilibrium quantity would lower total surplus because the value to the marginal buyer would be lower than the cost to the marginal seller on those additional units.Questions for Review1. The price a buyer is willing to pay, consumer surplus, and the demand curve areall closely related. The height of the demand curve represents the willingness topay of the buyers. Consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and abovethe price, which equals the price that each buyer is willing to pay minus theprice actually paid.2. Sellers' costs, producer surplus, and the supply curve are all closely related.The height of the supply curve represents the costs of the sellers. Producersurplus is the area below the price and above the supply curve, which equals theprice received minus each seller's costs of producing the good.Figure 43. Figure 4 shows producer and consumer surplus in a supply-and-demand diagram.4. An allocation of resources is efficient if it maximizes total surplus, the sum ofconsumer surplus and producer surplus. But efficiency may not be the only goal of economic policymakers; they may also be concerned about equity the fairness of the distribution of well-being.5. The invisible hand of the marketplace guides the self-interest of buyers andsellers into promoting general economic well-being. Despite decentralized decision making and self-interested decision makers, free markets often lead to anefficient outcome.6. Two types of market failure are market power and externalities. Market power maycause market outcomes to be inefficient because firms may cause price and quantity to differ from the levels they would be under perfect competition, which keeps total surplus from being maximized. Externalities are side effects that are not taken into account by buyers and sellers. As a result, the free market does not maximize total surplus.Problems and Applications1. a. Consumer surplus is equal to willingness to pay minus the price paid.Therefore, Melissa’s willingness to pay must be $200 ($120 + $80).b. Her consumer surplus at a price of $90 would be $200 ? $90 = $110.c. If the price of an iPod was $250, Melissa would not have purchased one becausethe price is greater than her willingness to pay. Therefore, she would receiveno consumer surplus.2. If an early freeze in California sours the lemon crop, the supply curve for lemonsshifts to the left, as shown in Figure 5. The result is a rise in the price oflemons and a decline in consumer surplus from A + B + C to just A. So consumer surplus declines by the amount B + C.Figure 5 Figure 6In the market for lemonade, the higher cost of lemons reduces the supply of lemonade, as shown in Figure 6. The result is a rise in the price of lemonade and a decline in consumer surplus from D + E + F to just D, a loss of E + F. Note that an event that affects consumer surplus in one market often has effects on consumer surplus in other markets.。
The Psychology of Consumer Behavior
The Psychology of Consumer BehaviorConsumer behavior is a fascinating field that delves into the complex and multifaceted ways in which individuals make decisions about purchasing goods and services. As a writer tasked with exploring the psychology of consumer behavior, it's important to recognize the intricate interplay of psychological, social, and emotional factors that influence consumer choices. From the impact of marketing strategies to the role of cultural influences, understanding consumer behavior requires a nuanced approach that takes into account a wide range of variables. One of the key aspects of consumer behavior is the role of perception and cognition in shaping purchasing decisions. Individuals often rely on their perceptions of a product or brand, as well as their cognitive processes, to evaluate the value and utility of a particular offering. This can be influenced by a variety of factors, including past experiences, personal beliefs, and external influences such as advertising and word-of-mouth recommendations. Understanding how these cognitive processes operate can provide valuable insights into consumer decision-making and offer opportunities for businesses to tailor their marketing strategies accordingly. Moreover, emotions play a significant role in consumer behavior, often exerting a powerful influence on purchasing decisions. Research has shown that emotions can heavily impact consumer choices, with individuals often making decisions based on how a product or service makes them feel. Whether it's the thrill of acquiring a luxury item or the comfort of purchasing a familiar brand, emotions can significantly shape consumer behavior. As a writer exploring the psychology of consumer behavior, it's important to delve into the emotional underpinnings of consumer choices and consider how businesses can leverage these emotional triggers to connect with their target audience. Another crucial aspect to consider is the social and cultural influences that impact consumer behavior. From the impact of social media and peer recommendations to the influence of cultural norms and values, consumer behavior is undeniably shaped by the broader social context in which individuals operate. Understanding these social and cultural dynamics is essential for businesses seeking to effectively target and engage with their consumer base. By recognizing the power of social and cultural influences, businesses can develop more tailored marketing strategies thatresonate with their target audience on a deeper level. In addition to individual and social factors, the role of marketing and advertising in shaping consumer behavior cannot be overlooked. Businesses invest significant resources in crafting marketing campaigns that aim to influence consumer perceptions and choices. From the use of persuasive messaging to the strategic placement of products, marketing strategies play a pivotal role in shaping consumer behavior. As a writer exploring the psychology of consumer behavior, it's important to critically examine the impact of marketing and advertising on consumer decision-making, and consider the ethical implications of these practices. Furthermore, the advent of e-commerce and digital platforms has revolutionized consumer behavior, presenting new opportunities and challenges for businesses. The ease of online shopping, the abundance of product information, and the influence of online reviews have transformed the way consumers make purchasing decisions. Understanding the unique dynamics of online consumer behavior is essential for businesses looking to thrive in the digital marketplace. As a writer, it's important to consider the impact of digital platforms on consumer behavior and explore the ways in which businesses can adapt their strategies to effectively engage with online consumers. In conclusion, the psychology of consumer behavior is a rich and multifaceted field that encompasses a wide array of psychological, social, and cultural factors. By delving into the cognitive processes, emotional triggers, social influences, marketing strategies, and digital dynamics that shape consumer behavior, businesses can gain valuable insights into the motivations and preferences oftheir target audience. As a writer tasked with exploring this complex field, it's essential to adopt a holistic and empathetic approach that considers the diverse array of factors that influence consumer behavior. By doing so, businesses can develop more effective strategies for engaging with consumers and fostering meaningful connections that drive long-term success.。
A Research on Consumer Behaviour
China-USA Business Review, June 2018, Vol. 17, No. 6, 316-323doi: 10.17265/1537-1514/2018.06.005A Research on Consumer Behaviour: Konya SampleA. Selçuk Köylüoğlu, Ü. Saliha Eken İnan, Ö. Emrah AcarSelcuk University, Konya, TurkeyAs one of the important part of our modern management understanding, providing customers’ desire and needs andto understand irrational behaviors, atitudes that can adapt changing and developing environmental conditionsthoroughly make their existence felt. From this point of view, for a business, it doesn’t matter from which sector itexists, concepts that show postmodern quality like consumer behavior became a powerful competitive tool bybecoming a essential value. In fact, recently it has been mentioned how much and from which dimensionconsumers are affected from different factors. In this respect, from the perspective of increasing competition andtechnologic movements, the study that consumers decisions parameters are tried to be brought to light, thequestions like how deciding process occurs, what are the steps of process and according to which factors thereasons in consumers mind during the decision process forms, will try to be answered by analysing the collecteddata.Keywords: consumption, consumer, consumer deciding processIntroductionPeople who are marketing, to be able to identify the target market, to develop marketing strategies suitable to the target market, to predict the future of market and in the name of giving the right decisions about marketing combination, need to know the needs and behaviors of consumers desires (İslamoğlu, 1999). Consumer behaviors are situations that end up with purchasing or not, as the result of forming the individuals and society’s desire and needs by insight or outsight factors. Consumer behavior is identified as a process to supply the needs and desires of individuals or groups, to purchase according to their choice, their decisions to use or give away their goods and other activities related to these (Solomon, 1996). In this regard, in the name of predicting consumer’s purchasing behavior, the purchasing moment and after purchase attitudes needed to be observed carefully and rated with environmental factors. There are so many factors that affect consumers’ purchasing process. In some cases, even the consumers themselves cannot explain the reason of their behaviors (Mucuk, 2006). In the process, consumer who passes several levels evaluates the choices and is able to decide to buy or leave the product he/she has chosen and passes another one.Consumers start purchasing process by identifying the desire and need. Consumer, after this stage, will focus on the products that affect perception positively during the collecting data stage, finding it suitable for previous experiences and opinions about the brand, uncomplicated stimulus and enough to supply consumer’sA. Selçuk Köylüoğlu, Ph.D., lecturer, Kulu V ocational School, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.Ü. Saliha Eken İnan, lecturer, Social Sciences V ocational School, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.Ö. Emrah Acar, postgraduate, Institute of Social Sciences, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to A. Selçuk Köylüoğlu, Kulu V ocational School, Selcuk University,Kulu/Konya 42770, Turkey.A RESEARCH ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: KONYA SAMPLE 317needs (Asseel, 2004). It is seen that consumers show routine or non-routine behaviors. Some of the consumers will not enter the data collecting process by showing routine behaviors. Consumers who purchase in routine level might have bought the product that they will buy before but to be in tendency to choose from different brands (Kotler & Armstrong, 1996). These consumers will ignore the process and decide fast.Our study devoted to analyzing consumer’s purchasing decision process consists three parts. In the first part, basic concepts related with consumer purchasing behavior and consumer purchasing decision process are explained. In the second part, our area study related with consumers purchasing decision process analysis appears. In the third part, the results of our qualitative study and suggestions appear.Conceptual FrameConsumptionUsing inadequate resources effectively and fruitfully lies on the base of economy. As the resources are inadequate, people should consume how much they need. For this reason, the answer of the question if our requirements will be supplied fully or not should be given. However, as the consumption concept will be formed by consumer attitude and behavior, because of the consumer’s social, cultural, economical, and psychological differences, the consumption fact started to become different. According to Solomon and his friends (1999) who study the consumer behaviors, consumers usually buy goods because of the meanings they have rather than their main features. Consumption fact forms with the meanings that consumer loads before the purchasing behavior occurs, with the purchasing and after it.ConsumerIndividuals who buy “marketing components” to provide their personal requirements, desires, and needs or have the ability to buy are called consumer (Tek & Özgül, 2013). The concept of buying, in modern understanding, is expressed as buying or renting but consumer concept was examined and said that the individual who demands to buy the product, who buys and benefits by using it can be different.In this regard, consumer is the one who consumes; user is the one who benefits from it; purchaser, on the other side, is the person who is willing to pay for it.Consumer BehaviorsConsumer behavior deals with basic topics such as why individuals choose a product, which brands they emphasize, what kind of stores they do shopping. Also socio-cultural features like culture, social classes, belief, and attitudes affect the consumer behavior (Karafakıoğlu, 2012a).Factors Determining Consumer BehaviorsConsumer behaviors are examined under two headlines as personal and interpersonal (Boone & Kurtz, 2013). Personal factors that affect consumer behavior according to Odabaşı and Barış (2014):y learning and memory;y motivation and involvement;y sense and perception;y attitudes, changing attitudes and emotions;y personality and individualism;y values and life style.Personal factors that identify consumer behaviors in other words occupation, economical conditions, life318 style (psych psychologic and family (The Stages The pr personal an stages. Cons identifies th evaluates th “environmen condition is purchase de after buying Consumer P Decidin it explains fr Consumer P When c approaches.(1) pro (2) AID (3) hier (4) acc Howev from these m (1) fact (2) logi (3) theo In imp below.Factual MoThis m process. Th model that l experiencesProble opportu Descri A RE hographic) a cal factors are (Boone & Kur of Consumer rocess of cons d interperson sumer, in this he problem, i he alternative ntal stimulant s a stimulant-cision. 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The stages cessenlighten oper y consumer bu cess Approac sion process is el;del (Odaba şı &re examining 3):tudy when re umer’s menta del is phenom uestion “what model, consum Consideration of alternative ER BEHAVI 99; Ünüsan factors that af s factors are s he effect of p ogether, it is of problem sol he research n mer is unde o consumer’s ta that are co curs; the last stof consumer be rationally how uys.chess examined, it & Bar ış, 2014consumer beh esearch quest al and emotio menology tha is the reality?mer is aware n s Purch deci OUR: KONY & Sezgin,ffect consume separated (Kar personal and seen that thi lver and decis amely collect er the effect “black box”.ollected in th tage is the eva havior process.w consumer bu t is known tha 4).haviors and tr tions are form onal situation t means factu ?” and the ba e of the prob hasing ision YA SAMPLE2007) are lier behaviors a rafak ıo ğlu, 20interpersonal s process occ sion giver. In ts the data an of “marketi . According t his black box aluating stage uys the produ at there are qu rying to unde med, these mo n who is in p ual science. P ase of approac blem and act Purchasing Activities isted like thi are: cultural,012b).factors. Whe curs in six di the first step, nd in the thir ing stimulant to Ak ın (1998x are converte e that consume ct. At the sam uite a lot mode erstand, they b odels are exp purchasing de Phenomenolog ch includes pe tualizes findin After Purchasin Activitie is and social, en bothifferent he/she rd step t” and 8), this ed into er doesme time,els andbenefitplainedecisiongy is a ersonal ng outng esA RESEARCH ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: KONYA SAMPLE 319information. When evaluating, the options intends to buy and buys. After buying, satisfaction or dissatisfaction happens. Satisfaction is the sign of well-directed process. But dissatisfaction creates three models (Day, 1977).These are being non-reaction, assertion, forming reaction.Logical ModelThis model is to make a chart by asking questions to consumer’s possible decisions in the process of purchasing or searching the answers of marketers to these questions. This model doesn’t investigate the previous experiences but sees the purchasing individuals as problem solvers. In this regard, consumer who requires the product by his problem solver role is the deciding one about product, price, amount, place, time, seller, implementer, paying type. At the moment of decision and before it, marketing components, socio-cultural factors, and personal motivations are effective.Theoretic ModelTheoretical model in most of the sources appears as “eclectic approach” or “detailed behavior models”. According to Turkish Language Society (.tr/index), eclectic means “selecting, namely according to this model consumers get involved in purchasing decision process behave eclectic according to behaviorist features”.There are three theoretic model (Engel, Blackwell, & Miniard, 1990): (1) Nicosia model, (2) Engel, Kollat, and Blackwell model, (3) Howart-Sheth model.According to Nicosia model, management should have a good communication information and by this ability should send right messages to consumer. Consumer will develop an attitude by commenting these messages with his equipment.According to Engel, Kollat, and Blackwell model, consumer behavior is based. This model occurs in four parts (Tek & Özgül, 2013). These are: data processing, central control, decision, and outcomes. First stage is to process data that consumer perceives and sources some in control of the management and some are out of control like friends’ recommendations. These data make sense in the second stage by consumer. While making sense, it is evaluated by consumer’s previous experiences about that product or brand and psychological factors like consumer’s behaviors (Khan, 2006). The third stage is decision stage; consumer buys according to data he acquired. In the last stage, environmental factors in decision stage continues.According to Howard-Steth model, consumer inspires from the “learning model” during purchasing process. This model also occurs from four stages. The first stage is input factors like brand, product, price, quality, availability, service. The second stage is out factors that affect purchasing decision process. The third stage is consumers involvement by required information. The fourth stage is perception, attitude, intention, and purchasing factors.An Area Study Concerning Consumer Purchasing Decision Process: Getting Car UsersWindow Filtered Their VehiclesIn our study as a data collecting technique, one of the qualitative techniques “interviewing deeply face to face” was chosen. As our study’s application subject is car users putting window film on their cars, choosing managements in Konya running this business is important for availability. When companies in window film business and companies have business with another sector indeed but serve in this field included in our study, rapid results were taken. Firstly about 20 examples were identified on the system. For each business, anA RESEARCH ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: KONYA SAMPLE320appointment was taken by telephone. Initially, the purpose, the importance, and the content of studying were determined. Later, it was decided how long the meeting would take, how many questions to ask, and what kind of questions to ask. And our meeting demand was met with pleasure by 20 business authorities. Interview happened face to face by questions and answers on the appointed day and hour. Interview was limited at most 40 minutes so corporation of authorities was implemented easily. Interviews were done separately in six by two different groups. Twenty-one questions were asked to authorities to collect data and they were recorded in written form.The questions asked are below:(1) Do you think that your customers who demand window film search about this and have information before?(2) From which sources they collect the data?(3) Do you ask your customers for what reason they demand window film?(4) While your customers who demand window film are deciding to purchase, especially which feature of the product do they concentrate on?(5) What is your customer profile?(6) How many competitors have you got in your service field?(7) Do you offer range of products according to their aim of usage to your customers who demand window film?(8) Do you think that your customers who demand window film want it for health reason to protect from intense sunshine? Can you give the rate?(9) Do your customers who demand window film want make their vehicle more esthetic? Can you give rate?(10) Do your customers who demand window film want it for security reasons? Can you give rate?(11) Do your customers who demand window film want it because of wannabe or envy (snobbism)? Can you give rate?(12) Do your customers who demand window film want it because they want to use their vehicle for commercial reasons?(13) What are your opinions about your customers who demand window film that they choose according to “factual model” namely inner or outer need effects?(14) What are your opinions about your customers who demand window film in purchasing decision process that decide according to “logical model” namely product, brand, amount, time, place, seller, and paying conditions?(15) What are your opinions about your customers who demand window film in purchasing decision process that prefer according to “theoretic model” namely brochure, advertisement (internet and ads on websites) or friend recommendation effects?(16) Is your customers’ reason to demand window film personal or institutional? Can you give rate?(17) What are the additional benefits that your customers who demand window film will get from this product?(18) How many different brands are there in this product? Local and foreign. Among these which ones do you recommend to your customers?(19) Are there differences among brands that will affect your customers’ purchasing decision process?A RESEARCH ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: KONYA SAMPLE 321(20) Can we learn the feedbacks you get from your customers, positive or negative, complaint or thanks?(21) On some new generation cars, there are three back windows darkened; do your customers who already have standard darkened windows demand window film application? If yes, why?We get these data after our interviews with 20 different management and their authorities:There are already several brands in use some of which have low prices but don’t guarantee the time mentioned. For this reason to increase customer satisfaction in the name of not compensating from our quality by giving detailed info we ask our customers to search. If their final decision is close to our guidance, we apply the window film on their cars. On the application to the side and back windows, we use window films that will isolate harmful sunlight and keep security. The window films we use are in different tones; lighter or darker options, we apply what our customer prefers. We are more sensitive for the front window; we especially recommend Ray-ban brand that is transparent. However, we live the decision to customers. Whatever its brand is at the moment of crash filmed windows don’t scatter but others do. Our customers are not well-informed about the quality and the additional benefits of window film but they are coming us by investigating their price according to their brands.Customer profile generally includes businessmen, academics, bureaucrats, bankers, represents and employees and their families that their occupation needs to be secret. Our customers who have their windows filmed are people who have normal or above income level and also their educational, social, and cultural levels are quite high. Most of our customers are male but nowadays our female customers’ number also increased. We ourselves also investigated its reason. Women drivers don’t want to be disturbed in traffic; they don’t want to be seen. Mothers want to nurse their babies in their car; women who have skin problems don’t want to be exposed to sun light, ones who see it on their friends’ cars wannabe…etc. Men, besides, prefer this product because of esthetics, protecting from sun and not to decipher the special life.Besides the window film is preferred on high-end market cars, it is also preferred on commercial vehicles to keep safe the goods carried in these cars. It is also preferred on tractor and buses to save fuel oil, to save the heat inside the vehicle and to protect from sunlight. Customers who prefer brand new high-end market cars have their vehicles filmed in dealer where they buy but customers who buy second hand car give their final decision by doing detailed market research. Their data are brochures, internet field, friend recommendation and speeches made with sales assistants.Result and SuggestionsApplication of window film on vehicles is an increasing trend. Especially on globalization process as consuming has become consuming society activity rather than an activity that takes place when needed, customers socio-cultural and psychological motivation in this topic is triggered. In our study, the basic reason to investigate deeply is to find out according to which theory consumers decide and to reach extensive data.In the light of findings, it is discovered that 70% of customers who have window film investigates have the idea from the people who work in this sector, also have information from internet but 30 % buy without investigating.Although the final decision of buying window film doesn’t belong to women, 20% of women were seen to have window film for one or another reason. This percentage among men is 80%. At the same time, it is seen that men are independent on decision process and effective on their wives decision process.A RESEARCH ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: KONYA SAMPLE322Table 1Consumers’ Investigation Before Purchasing the Products They Demandinquisitors Inquisitors Non70% 30% Table 2Rate of Customers Who Demand the Product According to GenderFemale Male20% 80% While it is mostly seen that private cars, for the aim of their usage, are demanded to have window films, itis observed that usage of window film increased on institutional usage because of security, saving and human and product health. Especially after terror events occurred in our country and world, companies started to apply this product to shuttles and transport vehicles.Table 3According to Products UsagePersonal Institutional 70% 30% When the customers who demand window film socio-economical structure investigated, it is seen that customers who have high-end market, brand new cars demand window film while they are buying it; commercial vehicles demand window film when it is needed.Table 4According to Products UsagePrivate car Commercial car Commercial vehicle Bus TractorHigh class Middle class52% 12% 10% 20% 5% 1% While buying the product, its price, guarantee period, extend, quality and light, medium, dark tones esthetics are effective on purchasing behavior.Table 5Decisive Effects Before Consumer’s Purchasing BehaviorQuality Esthetics Price Guarantee52% 12% 15% 21% The reason why consumers buy window film is classified in six groups. In the first group, there are the ones who buy it for security reasons; these are the people who are afraid of their side and back windows to be broken or crashed, employees whose job needs secrecy, and ones who are bothered with sunlight during their driving. In the second group, there are consumers who use for saving fuel and heat. In the third group, there are consumers who suffer from skin problems and want to be protected from sun light and lead a healthy life. In the fourth group, there are consumers who don’t want to decipher their private life, women drivers who want to nurse their babies in the car, and who want to eliminate the disturbance in traffic. In the fifth group, preference is to enrich the outlook of car esthetically and in the sixth group, it is identified that this product is preferred for snobbism and envy.A RESEARCH ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: KONYA SAMPLE 323Table 6Consumer Purchasing Attitude and IntentionSecurity Crash of the window at the time of accident 5%Occupationalsecurity2%Number is increasing because of terror Protection from sun light 25%Saving Heatsaving 10%Saving NotknownHealth 20%Confidentiality Private life personel choice Not said Having child 25%Esthetics 90%Wannabe 40%ConclusionWe come to conclusion that window films don’t prevent sight but increased the sight seeing quality, prevent windows crashing at the time of accident so it is good to prevent human life, also good for preventing skin diseases, so although it is tried to be limited the usage, it is preferred a lot. We identified that because of increasing terror events despite the laws, consumers prefer it and official institutions also prefer it for the security of their employees. In consumers purchasing behavior, they benefit from the service, product quality, price, guarantee, and reliability. They give their decisions by inside and outside motivations but at the end they decide by their logic. For companies in automotive sector, it is to vary the product range but when you look at the market, their competitors are car washes or garages. In this regard, other institutions see it a business entrepreneurship and it comes to conclusion that they have a serious competing capacity.ReferencesAkın, M. (March-April 1998). Purchasing behavior models of today’s consumer. Marketing World, 12(68), 24-35.Assael, H. (2004). Consumer behavior a strategic approach. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company.Boone, L. E., & Kurtz, D. L. (2013). Contemporary business. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Publishing.Day, R. R. (1977). Extending the concept of consumer satisfaction. Chicago: Association for Consumer Research.Engel, J. F., Blackwell, R. D., & Miniard, P. W. (1990). Consumer behavior (6th ed.). Orlando: The Dryden Press.Göçer, A. (2013). Opinions of Turkish teacher candidates on the relation between language and culture: A phenomenological research. Erzincan University Education Faculty Journal, 15(2), 29.İslamoğlu, A. H. (1999). Strategic and global approach to marketing management.İstanbul: Beta Publishing.Karafakıoğlu, M. (2012a). International marketing management. İstanbul:Beta Publishing.Karafakıoğlu, M. (2012b). Marketing principles. İstanbul: Türkmen Publishing.Khan, M. (2006). Consumer behavior and advertising management. Delhi, India:New Age International Pvt Ltd Publishers. Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (1996). Principles of marketing. New Jersey:Prentice Hall Inc.Mucuk, I. (2006). Principles of marketing. İstanbul: Türkmen Publishing.Odabaşı, Y., & Barış, G. (2014). Consumer bahaviour. Istanbul: Mediacat Publishing.Solomon, M. R. (1996). Consumer behavior buying, having and being (3th ed.).New Jersey: Prentice Hall International Editions. Solomon, M., Bamossy, G., & Askegaard, S. (1999). Consumer behavior: A European perspective. Newyork: Prentice Hall Europe.Tek, Ö. B. (1999). Principles of marketing. İstanbul: Beta Publishing.Tek, Ö. B., & Özgül, E. (2013). Principles of modern marketing. İzmir: Birleşik Publishing.Ünüsan, Ç., & Sezgin, M. (2007). Principles of marketing. İstanbul: Litera Türk Publishing.。
consequence of consumerism专八作文
consequence of consumerism专八作文Consumerism is the belief that the constant acquisition and consumption of goods and services is the key to happiness and success. However, the consequences of this belief are far-reaching and often negative.One of the most significant consequences of consumerism is its impact on the environment. The constant demand for new products and services leads to increased production and consumption, which in turn leads to greater pollution and depletion of natural resources. The production of goods also creates a large amount of waste, which contributes to the growing problem of environmental pollution and climate change.Another consequence of consumerism is its impact on society. The constant need for new products and services can lead to a culture of materialism and superficiality, where people are more focused on the acquisition of material goods than on relationships, personal growth and community. Furthermore, the constant consumption of goods and services can lead to a lack of empathy, and a disregard for the needs and well-being of others.Consumerism also has a significant impact on the economy. The constant need for new products and services can lead to overconsumption and a lack of savings, which can lead to economic instability. Additionally, the focus on consumerism can lead to the neglect of other important economic sectors, such as investment in education, infrastructure, and research and development.In conclusion, consumerism, while it may seem to bring happiness and success, has many negative consequences. It is important for society to recognize the impact of consumerism on the environment, society, and the economy and to find a balance between consumption and sustainable living. We should change our attitudes, focus on the things that truly matter and make conscious decisions about our consumption.。
关于购物的英语阅读理解中考
关于购物的英语阅读理解中考In the digital age, shopping habits have dramatically evolved. Gone are the days when consumers spent hours browsing through physical stores; now, with just a few clicks, shoppers can compare prices, read reviews, and purchase products from anywhere in the world. Online shopping has become a preferred method for many, offering convenience and variety that traditional brick-and-mortar stores struggle to match. However, this shift isn't solely about convenience. Sustainability has become a significant factor influencing consumer choices. Shoppers are increasingly looking for eco-friendly packaging and products, and companies are responding by adopting greener practices. Moreover, the rise of mobile commerce means that shopping is no longer tied to desktop computers; smartphones have become the go-to device for making purchases on-the-go. Despite these changes, physical stores are not disappearing anytime soon. Many brands are integrating online and offline experiences to create a seamless shopping journey for customers, blending the best of both worlds.Comprehension Questions:1. How have shopping habits changed in the digital age?2. What are two factors that influence consumer choices according to the passage?3. What does the term "brick-and-mortar stores" refer to?4. Why are smartphones becoming increasingly important in the context of shopping?5. How are brands adapting to combine online and offline shopping experiences?Sample Answers:1. Shopping habits have changed with the rise of online shopping, which offers convenience and variety, allowing consumers to make purchases easily from anywhere.2. Two factors influencing consumer choices are convenience and sustainability.3. "Brick-and-mortar stores" refers to traditional physical stores with a physical presence that customers can visit.4. Smartphones are becoming increasingly important because they enable mobile commerce, allowing people to shop on-the-go.5. Brands are adapting by integrating online and offline experiences to create a seamless shopping journey, combining the convenience of online shopping with the tactile experience of physical stores.。
消费对商品的影响英语作文
消费对商品的影响英语作文Title: The Impact of Consumption on Goods。
Consumption plays a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of goods in today's globalized economy. From influencing production decisions to dictating market trends, the relationship between consumption and goods is intricate and multifaceted. This essay delves into the various ways consumption impacts goods.First and foremost, consumption patterns directly influence the production of goods. Manufacturers closely monitor consumer demand to determine what products to produce, in what quantities, and with what features. For instance, if there is a surge in demand for eco-friendly products, companies are more likely to invest insustainable manufacturing practices and develop environmentally friendly goods. Conversely, if consumers show a preference for fast fashion, production processes may prioritize quantity over durability, leading to anincrease in disposable goods.Moreover, consumption habits shape the quality and design of goods. Consumer feedback and market trends inform product innovation and iteration. When consumers demand more efficient, user-friendly, or aesthetically pleasing goods, manufacturers respond by refining their products to meet these expectations. This phenomenon is evident across various industries, from technology to fashion, where companies constantly strive to align their offerings with evolving consumer preferences.Additionally, consumption influences the lifespan of goods. The concept of planned obsolescence, whereby goods are deliberately designed to have a limited lifespan, is a testament to the power of consumption. Manufacturers often employ this strategy to encourage repeat purchases and stimulate consumer spending. As a result, goods may have shorter lifespans, leading to increased turnover and waste.Furthermore, consumption impacts the global supply chain and resource allocation. As consumer preferencesshift towards certain goods, there is a correspondingeffect on resource extraction, production, and distribution channels. For example, the increased demand for electronics necessitates the sourcing of rare earth minerals, which can have significant environmental and social implications. Similarly, fluctuations in consumer demand for agricultural products can influence land use patterns and agricultural practices worldwide.Moreover, consumption behaviors have profound implications for sustainability and environmental stewardship. Excessive consumption contributes to resource depletion, pollution, and climate change, thereby threatening the long-term viability of goods production. In response, there has been a growing movement towards sustainable consumption, characterized by a shift towards eco-friendly products, minimalism, and conscious consumerism. This shift not only fosters the development of sustainable goods but also promotes ethical production practices and environmental conservation efforts.Furthermore, consumption impacts societal norms andcultural values. The goods we consume often reflect and reinforce cultural identity, social status, and lifestyle choices. Consumption patterns can perpetuate certain stereotypes, promote conspicuous consumption, or challenge prevailing norms. For example, the rise of ethical fashion movements has sparked conversations about labor rights,fair trade, and cultural appropriation within the fashion industry.In conclusion, consumption exerts a profound influence on goods, shaping production decisions, quality standards, lifespan, global supply chains, sustainability efforts, societal norms, and cultural values. As consumers, we wield significant power through our purchasing choices, and by adopting more conscious and sustainable consumption habits, we can positively impact the trajectory of goods and contribute to a more equitable, resilient, and environmentally sustainable future.。
Unit 2 Economic Life全新版大学英语综合教程六
Modern Consumers
Globalization is only one force changing the way companies market their products or services. Another involves changes in the very interests and desires of consumers themselves. Consumers today are more sophisticated than those of the past generations. They attend school for a much longer period of time; they are exposed to newspapers, magazines, motion pictures, radio, television, and Internet; and they have much greater interaction with other people. Their demands are more exacting, and their taste changes more volatile. Markets tend to be segmented as each group calls for products suited to its particular tastes. “Positioning” the product — that is, determining the exact segment of the population that is likely to buy a product, and then developing a marketing campaign to enhance the product’s image to fit that particular segment — requires great care and planning. This type of campaign is known as target marketing.
99专八试卷
1999年英语专业八级考试试卷真题PartⅠ Listening Comprehension (40 min)In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONL Y. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct response to each question on your Colored Answer Sheet.SECTION A TALKQuestions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the talk.1. The technology to make machines quieter ___.A. has been in use s ince the 1930‟sB. has accelerated industrial productionC. has just been in commercial useD. has been invented to remove all noises2. The modern electronic anti-noise devices ___.A. are an update version of the traditional methodsB. share similarities with the traditional methodsC. are as inefficient as the traditional methodsD. are based on an entirely new working principle3. The French company is working on anti-noise techniques to be used in all EXCEPT ___.A. streetsB. factoriesC. aircraftD. cars4. According to the talk, workers in “zones of quiet” can ___.A. be more affected by noiseB. hear talk from outside the zoneC. work more efficientlyD. be heard outside the zone5. The main theme of the talk is about ___.A. noise-control technologyB. noise in factoriesC. noise-control regulationsD. noise-related effectsSECTION B INTERVIEWQuestions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.6. Employees in the US are paid for their time. This means that they are supposed to ___.A. work hard while their boss is aroundB. come to work when there is work to be doneC. work with initiative and willingnessD. work through their lunch break7. One of the advantages of flexible working hours is that ___.A. pressure from work can be reducedB. working women can have more time at homeC. traffic and commuting problems can be solvedD. personal relationships in offices can be improved8. On the issue of working contracts in the US, which statement is NOT correct?A. Performance at work matters more than anything else.B. There are laws protecting employees‟ working rights.C. Good reasons must be provided in order to fire workers.D. Working contracts in the US are mostly short-term ones.9. We can be assumed from the interview that an informal atmosphere might be found in ___.A. small firmsB. major banksC. big corporationsD. law offices10. The interview is mainly about ___ in the USA.A. office hierarchiesB. office conditionsC. office rolesD. office life SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTQuestion 11 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.11. Senator Bob Dole‟s attitude towards Clinton‟s anti-crime policy is that of ___.A. oppositionB. supportC. ambiguity D . indifferenceQuestions 12 and 13 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item , you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions . Now listen to the news.12. Japan and the United States are now ___.A. negotiating about photographic materialB. negotiating an automobile agreementC. facing serious problems in tradeD. on the verge of a large-scale trade war13. The news item seems to indicate that the agreement ___.A. will end all other related trade conflictsB. is unlikely to solve the dispute once and for allC. is linked to other trade agreementsD. is the last of its kind to be reachedQuestions 14 and 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions . Now listen to the news.14. According to the news, the ice from Greenland provides information about ___.A. oxygenB. ancient weatherC. carbon dioxideD. temperature15. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Drastic changes in the weather have been common since ancient times.B. The change in weather from very cold to very hot lasted over a century.C. The scientists have been studying ice to forecast weather in the future.D. The past 10,000 years have seen minor changes in the weather.SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLINGFill in each of the gaps with ONE word. You may refer to your notes. Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable.At present companies and industries like to sponsor sports events. Two reasons are put forward to explain this phenomenon. The first reason is that they get (1)______throughout the world.The second reason is that companies and industries (2)______money, as they get reductions in the tax they owe if they sponsor sports or arts activities.As sponsorship is (3)______, careful thinking is required in deciding which events to sponsor.It is important that the event to be sponsored (4)______ the product(s) to be promoted. That is, the right (5)______ and maximum product coverage must be guaranteed in the event.Points to be considered in sports sponsorship.Popularity of the event.International sports events are big (6)______ events, which get extensive coverage on TV and in the press. Smaller events attract fewer people.Identification of the potential audienceAiming at the right audience is most important for smaller events. The right audience would attract manufacturers of other related products like (7)______ , etc. Advantages of sponsorship,Advantages are longer-term.People are expected to respond (8)______ to the products promoted. And be more likely to buy them.Advertising is (9)______the mind.Sponsorship is better than straight advertising: a) less (10) ___ ___ ; b) tax-free (1) ______ (2) ______ (3) ______ (4) ______ ( 5 ) ______(6) ______ (7) ______ (8) ______ (9) ______ (10) ______PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error and three are free from error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “／” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.If the line is correct, place a V in the blank provided at the end of the lineExampleWhen ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anIt never buys things in finished form and bangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museum (3) vwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (4) exhibitThe hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1.___human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2.___with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that onehalf emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate on fishingand only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirdsand more of the hunter-gatherer‟s calories come from plants. Detailed 3.___ studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University ofLondon, showed that gathering is a more productive source of foodthan is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4.___edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5.___Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6.___diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, ifthey escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporaryaborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7.___They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dentaldecay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their bloodcholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average American 8.___ adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to an aboriginal life 9.___style, we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for 10.___healthier diet.Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 min)SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION (30 min )In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then mark your answers on your Colored Answer Sheet.TEXT ARicci‟s “Operation Columbus”Ricci, 45, is now striking out on perhaps his boldest venture yet. He plan s to market an English language edition of his elegant monthly art magazine, FMR , in the United States. Once again the skeptics are murmuring that the successful Ricci has headed for a big fall. And once again Ricci intends to prove them wrong.Ricci is so confident that he has christened his quest “Operation Columbus ” and has set his sights on discovering an American readership of 300,000. That goal may not be too far-fetched. The Italian edition of FMR — the initials, of course, stand for Franco Maria Ricci-is only 18 months old. But it is already the second largest art magazine in the world, with a circulation of 65,000 and a profit margin of US $ 500,000. The American edition will be patterned after the Italian version, with each 160-page issue carrying only 40 pages of ads and no more than five articles. But the contents will often differ. The English-language edition will include more American works, Ricci says, to help Americans get over “an inferiority complex about their art.” He also hopes that the magazine will become a vehicle for a two -way cultural exchange —what he likes to think of as a marriage of brains, culture and taste from both sides of the Atlantic.To realize this vision, Ricci is mounting one of the most lavish, enterprising — and expensive-promotional campaigns in magazine —publishing history. Between November and January, eight jumbo jets will fly 8 million copies of a sample 16-page edition of FMR across the Atlantic. From a warehouse in Michigan, 6.5 million copieswill be mailed to American subscribers of various cultural, art and business magazines. Some of the remaining copies will circulate as a special Sunday supplement in the New York Times. The cost of launching Operation Columbus is a staggering US $ 5 million, but Ricci is hoping that 60% of the price tag will be financed by Italian corporations.“ To land in America Columbus had to use Spanish sponsors,” reads one sentence in his promotional pamphlet. “We would like Italians.”Like Columbus, Ricci cannot know what his reception will be on foreign shores. In Italy he gambled — and won — on a simple concept: it is more important to show art than to write about it. Hence, one issue of FMR might feature 32 full-color pages of 17th-century tapestries, followed by 14 pages of outrageous eyeglasses. He is gambling that the concept is exportable. “I don‟t expect that more than 30% of my reader... will actually read FMR,” he says. “The magazine is such a visual delight that they don‟t have to.” Still, he is lining up an impressive stable of writers and professors for the American edition , including Noam Chomsky, Anthony Burgess, Eric Jong and Norman Mailer. In addition, he seems to be pursuing his won eclectic vision without giving a moment‟s thought to such established competitors as Connosisseur and Horizon. “The Americans can do almost everything better than we can,” says Rieci, “But we(the Italians)have a 2,000 year edge on them in art.”16. Ricci intends his American edition of FMR to carry more American art works in order to___.A. boost Amer icans‟ confidence in their artB. follow the pattern set by his Italian editionC. help Italians understand American art betterD. expand the readership of his magazine17. Ricci is compared to Columbus in the passage mainly because___.A. they both benefited from Italian sponsorsB. they were explorers in their own waysC. they obtained overseas sponsorshipD. they got a warm reception in America18. We get the impression that the American edition of FMR will probably ___.A. carry many academic articles of high standardB. follow the style of some famous existing magazinesC. be mad by one third of American magazine readersD. pursue a distinctive editorial style of its ownTEXT BUncle GeoffMy mother‟s relations were very different from the Mitfords. Her brother, Uncle Geoff, who often came to stay at Swimbrook, was a small spare man with thoughtful blue eyes and a rather silent manner. Compared to Uncle Tommy, he was a n intellectual of the highest order, and indeed his satirical pen belied his mild demeanor. He spent most of his waking hours composing letters to The Times and other publications in which he outlined his own particular theory of the development of English history. In Uncle Geoff‟s view, the greatness of England had risen and waned over the centuries in direct proportion to the use of natural manure in fertilizing thesoil. The Black Death of 1348 was caused by gradual loss of the humus fertility found under forest trees. The rise of the Elizabethans two centuries later was attributable to the widespread use of sheep manure.Many of Uncle Geoff‟s letters-to-the-editor have fortunately been preserved in a privately printed volume called Writings of a Rebel. Of the collection, one letter best sums up his views on the relationship between manure and freedom . He wrote: Collating old records shows that our greatness rises and falls with the living fertility of our soil. And now, many years of exhausted and chemically murdered soil, and of devitalized food from it, has softened our bodies and still worse, softened our national character. It is an actual fact that character is largely a product of the soil. Many years of murdered food from deadened soil has made us too tame. Chemicals have had their poisonous day. It is now the worm‟s t urn to reform the manhood of England. The only way to regain our punch, our character, our lost virtues, and with them the freedom natural to islanders, is to compost our land so as to allow moulds, bacteria and earthworms to remake living s oil to nou rish Englishmen‟s bodies and spirits. The law requiring pasteurization of milk in England was a particular target of Uncle Geoff‟s. Fond of alliteration, he dubbed it “Murdered Milk Measure ”, and established the Liberty Restoration League, with headquarters at his house in London, for the specific purpose of organizing a counteroffensive. “Freedom not Doctordom” was the League‟s proud slogan. A subsidiary, but nevertheless important, activity of the League was advocacy of a return to the “unsplit, slowly smoked fish” and bread made with “English stone-ground flour, yeast, milk, sea s alt and raw cane-sugar.”19. According to Uncle Geoff, national strength could only be regained by ___.A. reforming the manhood of EnglandB. using natural manure as fertilizerC. eating more bacteria-free foodD. granting more freedom to Englishmen20. The tone of the passage can most probably be described as___.A. facetiousB. seriousC. nostalgicD. factualTEXT CInterviewSo what have they taught you at college about interviews? Some courses go t o town on it, others do very little. You may get conflicting advice. Only one thing is certain: the key to success is preparation.There follow some useful suggestions from a teacher training course coordinator, a head of department and a head teacher. As they appear to be in complete harmony with one another despite never having met, we may take their advice seriously. Oxford Brookes University‟s approach to the business of application and interview focuses on research and rehearsal. Training course coordinator Brenda Stevens speaks of the value of getting students “to deconstruct the advertisement , see what they can offer to that school, and that situation, and then write the letter, do their CVs and criticize each othe r‟s.” Finally, they role play interviewer and interviewee.This is sterling stuff, and Brookes students spend a couple of weeks on it. “The better prepared students won‟t be thrown by nerves on the day, ”says Ms St evens. “They‟llhave their strategies a nd questions worked out. ” She also says, a trifle disconcertingly, “the better the student, the worse the interviewee. ” She believes the most capable students are less able to put themselves forward. Even if this were tree, says Ms Stevens, you must still make your own case.“Beware of infernality,” she advises. One aspirant teacher, now a head of department at a smart secondary school, failed his first job interview because he took his jacket off while waiting for his appointment. It was hot and everyone in the staffroom was in shirtsleeves but at the end of the day they criticized his casual attitude, which they had deduced from the fact that he took his jacket off in the staffroom, even though he put it back on for the interview.Incidentally, men really do have to wear a suit to the interview and women really cannot wear jeans, even if men never wear the suit again and women teach most days in jeans. Panels respond instantly to these indicators. But beware: it will not please them any better if you are too smart.Find out about the people who will talk to you. In the early meetings they are likely to be heads of departments or heads of year. Often they may be concerned with pastoral matters. It makes sense to know their priorities and let them hear the things about you that they want to hear.During preliminary meetings you may be seen in groups with two or three other applicants and you must demonstrate that you know your stuff without putting your companions down. The interviewers will be watching how you work with a team. But remember the warning about informality: however friendly and co-operative the other participants are, do not give way to the idea that you are there just to be friends.Routine questions can be rehearsed, but “don‟t go on too long,” advises the department head. They may well ask: “What have been your worst/best moments w h en teaching?”, or want you to “talk about some good teaching you have done. ” The experts agree you should recognize your weaknesses and offer a strategy for over coming them. “I know I‟ve got to work on classroom management — I would hope for some help,” perhaps. No one expects a new teacher to know it all, but they hope for an objective appraisal of capabilities.Be warned against inexpert questioning. You may be asked questions in such a way that it seems impossible to present your best features. Some questions may be plain silly, asked perhaps by people on the panel who are from outside the situation. Do not be thrown, have ways of circumnavigating it, and never, ever le t them see that you think they have said something foolish.You will almost certainly be asked how you see the future and it is import ant to have a good answer prepared. Some people are put off by being asked what they expect to be doing i n five or ten years‟ time. On your preliminary visit, says the department head, be sure to give them a bit of an interview of your own, to see the direction the department is going and what you could contribute to it.The head teacher offers his thoughts in a nine-point plan.Iron the application form! Then it stands out from everyone else‟s, which have been folded and battered in the post. It gives an initial impression which may get yourapplication to the top of the pile.Ensure that your application is tailored to the particular school. Make the head feel you are writing directly to him or her.Put yourself at ease before you meet the interviewing panel: if you are nervous , you will talk too quickly. Before you enter the room remember that the people are human beings too; take away the mystique of their roles.Listen. There is a danger of not hearing accurately what is being said. Make eye contact with the speakers, and with everyone in the room.Allow your warmth and humanity to be seen. A sense of humor is very important. Have a portfolio of your work that can link theory to practice. Many schools want you to show work. For a primary appointment, give examples from the range of the curriculum, not just art. (For this reason, taking pictures on your teaching practice is important. )Prepare yourself in case you are asked to give a talk. Have prompt cards ready, and don‟t waffle.Your speech must be clear and articulate, with correct grammar. This is important: they want to hear you and they want to hear how well you can communicate wit h children. Believe in yourself and have confidence. Some of the people asking the questions don‟t know much about what you do. Be ready to help them.Thus armed, you should have no difficulty at all. Good luck and keep your jacket on!21. Ms. Brenda Stevens suggests that before applying job applicants should ___.A. go through each other‟s CVsB. rehearse their answers to questionsC. understand thoroughly the situationsD. go to town to attend training course22. Is it wise to admit some of your weaknesses relating to work?A. Yes, but you should have ideas for improvement in the future.B. Yes, because it is natural to be weak in certain aspects.C. No, admitting weaknesses may put you at a disadvantage.D. No, it will only prompt the interviewees to reject you.23. The best way to deal with odd questions from the interviewers is to ___.A. remain smiling and kindly point out the inaccuraciesB. keep calm and try to be tactful in your answersC. say frankly what you think about the issues raisedD. suggest something else to get over your nervousness24. The suggestions offered by the headteacher are ___.A. originalB. ambiguousC. practicalD. controversialTEXT DFamily MattersThis month Singapore passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support one‟s parents. Called the Maintenance of Parents Bill, it received the backing of the Singapore Government.That does not mean it hasn‟t generated discussion. Several members of the Parl iament opposed the measure as un-Asian. Others who acknowledged the problem of theelderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Still others believe it will subvert relations within the family: cynics dubbed it the “Sue Your Son”law.Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course, are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filial responsibility fails. The law cannot legislate filial responsibility an y more than it can legislate love. All the law can do is to provide a safety net where this morality proves insufficient. Singapore needs this bill not to replace morality, but to provide incentives to shore it up.Like many other developed nations, Singapore faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60 years of age. Demography is inexorable. In 19 80, 7.2% of the population was in this bracket. By the end of the century that figure will grow to 11%. By 2030, the proportion is projected to be 26%. The problem is not old age per se. It is that the ratio of economically active people to economically inactive people will decline.But no amount of government exhortation or paternalism will completely eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to make ends meet. Some people will fall through the holes in any safety net.Traditionally, a person‟s insurance against poverty in his old age was his family, lifts is not a revolutionary concept. Nor is it uniquely Asian. Care an d support for one‟s parents is a universal value shared by all civilized societies.The problem in Singapore is that the moral obligation to look after one‟s parents is unenforceable. A father can be compelled by law to maintain his children. A husband can be forced to support his wife. But, until now, a son or daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her parents.In 1989, an Advisory Council was set up to look into the problems of the aged. Its report stated with a tinge of complacency that 95% of those who did not have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations. But what about the 5% who aren‟t getting relatives‟ support? They have several options : (a) get a job and work until they die; (b) apply for public assistance (you have to be destitute to apply); or (c) starve quietly. None of these options is socially acceptable. And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, as society ages?The Maintenance of Parents Bill was put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have so far kept Asian nations from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person to apply to the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The court would have the discretion to refuse to make an order if it is unjust.Those who deride the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point. Only in extreme cases would any parent take his child to court. If it does indeed become law, the bill‟s effect would be far more subtle.First, it wi ll reaffirm the notion that it is each individual‟s—not society‟s—responsibility to look after his parents. Singapore is still conservative enough that most people will not object to this idea. It reinforces the traditional values and it doesn‟t hurt a soc iety now and then to remind itself of its core values. Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirk theirresponsibilities think twice. Until now, if a person asked family elders, clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financial support from his children, the most they could do was to mediate. But mediators have no teeth, and a child could simply ignore their pleas.But to be sued by one‟s parents would be a massive loss of face. It would be a public disgrace. Few people would be so thick-skinned as to say, “Sue and be damned”. The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurably strengthened. It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlement would be reached if the recalcitrant son or daughter knows that the alternative is a public trial.It would be nice to think Singapore doesn‟t need this kind of law. But that belief ignores the clear demographic trends and the effect of affluence itself on traditional bends. Those of us who pushed for the bill will consider ourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked in the firs t place.25. The Maintenance of Parents Bill ___.A. received unanimous support in the Singapore ParliamentB. was believed to solve all the problems of the elderly poorC. was intended to substitute for traditional values in SingaporeD. was passed to make the young more responsible to the old26. By quoting the growing percentage points of the aged in the population, the author seems to imply that ___.A. the country will face mounting problems of the old in futureB. the social welfare system would be under great pressureC. young people should be given more moral educationD. the old should be provided with means of livelihood27. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Filial responsibility in Singapore is enforced by law.B. Fathers have legal obligations to look after their children.C. It is an acceptable practice for the old to continue working.D. The Advisory Council was dissatisfied with the problems of the old.28. The author seems to suggest that traditional values ___.A. play an insignificant role in solving social problemsB. are helpful to the elderly when they sue their childrenC. are very important in preserving Asian uniquenessD. are significant in helping the Bill get approved29. The author thinks that if the Bill becomes law, its effect would be ___.A. indirectB. unnoticedC. apparentD. straightforward30. At the end of the passage, the author seems to imply that success of the Bill depends upon ___.A. strict enforcementB. public supportC. government assuranceD. filial awareness SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING (10 min)In this section there are seven passages with ten multiple-choice questions. Ski m or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your Colored Answer Sheet. TEXT EFirst read the question.。
发生消费行为英语作文
When it comes to consumer behavior,there are several factors that influence the decisions we make when purchasing goods and services.Heres a detailed look at some of the key elements that shape our consumer choices.1.Needs and Wants:The fundamental distinction between needs and wants is crucial. Needs are essential for survival,such as food,water,and shelter,while wants are desires that enhance our lifestyle,like luxury items or entertainment.2.Income Level:Ones income plays a significant role in determining what and how much they can consume.Higher income levels generally allow for a wider range of purchasing options.3.Budgeting:Consumers often set budgets to manage their spending.This involves allocating funds for different categories such as housing,food,transportation,and discretionary spending.4.Price Sensitivity:Some consumers are highly sensitive to price changes and may adjust their purchasing decisions based on cost.This can lead to the selection of cheaper alternatives or waiting for sales and discounts.5.Quality and Durability:The perceived quality and durability of a product can greatly influence a consumers decision.Highquality goods are often seen as worth the investment,even if they come at a higher price.6.Brand Loyalty:Many consumers develop loyalty to specific brands due to positive past experiences,brand reputation,or emotional connections.This loyalty can lead to repeat purchases and resistance to trying new brands.7.Marketing and Advertising:The influence of marketing and advertising on consumer behavior cannot be underestimated.Effective campaigns can create awareness,shape perceptions,and drive sales.8.Social Influence:The opinions and behaviors of friends,family,and social networks can significantly impact consumer choices.This is often seen in the adoption of trends or the recommendation of products.9.Personal Values and Ethics:Consumers may choose products based on their alignment with personal values,such as environmental sustainability,fair trade,or animal welfare.10.Availability and Accessibility:The ease with which a product can be obtainedinfluences consumer behavior.Products that are readily available and easy to access are more likely to be purchased.11.Convenience:The convenience of a product or service,such as online shopping or home delivery,can be a deciding factor for many consumers.12.Perceived Value:Consumers often make decisions based on the perceived value of a product or service,which can be influenced by factors such as price,quality,and the benefits offered.13.Economic Conditions:The state of the economy can affect consumer behavior,with periods of economic downturn often leading to more cautious spending and a focus on essential items.14.Psychological Factors:Emotions,personal experiences,and psychological states can all play a role in consumer behavior,sometimes leading to impulsive purchases or brand preferences.15.Technological Advancements:The availability of new technologies and the ease of access to information can change consumer behavior,as consumers become more informed and have more options at their fingertips.Understanding these factors can help businesses tailor their strategies to better meet consumer needs and preferences,ultimately leading to more successful marketing and sales outcomes.。
影响消费者购买行为的因素英语作文
影响消费者购买行为的因素英语作文Title: Factors Affecting Consumer Buying BehaviorConsumer buying behavior is a complex process influenced by various factors.These factors can be categorized into three main types: personal factors, psychological factors, and social factors.In this essay, we will explore some of the key factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions.Personal factors refer to the individual characteristics that affect a person"s buying behavior.These factors include age, occupation, income, lifestyle, and personality.For example, a young person may be more interested in fashion and trends, while an older person may prioritize comfort and practicality when making purchasing decisions.Similarly, a high-income individual may be more inclined to buy luxury goods, while someone with a lower income may focus on budget-friendly options.Psychological factors play a crucial role in consumer buying behavior.These factors include perception, motivation, learning, beliefs, and attitudes.Perception refers to how consumers interpret and make sense of the information they receive about a product or brand.Motivation refers to the needs and desires that drive consumers to seek a particular product or service.Learning refers to the process of acquiring knowledge and experience that influences consumer behavior.Beliefs are the perceptions that consumers hold about a productor brand, while attitudes are the evaluations and opinions that consumers have about a product or brand.Social factors also have a significant impact on consumer buying behavior.These factors include family, social networks, and cultural influences.Family is the most influential social factor, as the opinions and preferences of family members can greatly influence an individual"s purchasing decisions.Social networks, such as friends and colleagues, can also influence consumer behavior through their recommendations and opinions.Cultural influences, such as values, beliefs, and traditions, can shape consumer preferences and buying patterns.In addition to these factors, marketing strategies and promotional activities also play a crucial role in influencing consumer buying behavior.Advertising, sales promotions, public relations, and personal selling are some of the marketing tactics that can attract consumer attention and influence their purchasing decisions.In conclusion, consumer buying behavior is influenced by a variety of factors, including personal factors, psychological factors, and social factors.Understanding these factors is essential for businesses to develop effective marketing strategies and attract and retain customers.By considering these factors, businesses can better understand their target audience and tailor their products and marketing efforts to meet their needs and preferences.。
消费者购买家电时考虑因素的英语作文
消费者购买家电时考虑因素的英语作文When consumers consider purchasing home appliances,there are several factors that they take into account. These factors can include the brand reputation, product features, energy efficiency, price, and after-sales service.First and foremost, consumers often consider the brand reputation when purchasing home appliances. A well-established and reputable brand often gives consumers a sense of trust and reliability in the product. They aremore likely to choose a brand that has a good reputationfor quality and durability.Secondly, consumers also look at the features of the product. They want to ensure that the appliance has the functionalities that meet their specific needs. For example, when purchasing a refrigerator, consumers might look for features such as adjustable shelves, ice and water dispensers, and energy-saving modes.Energy efficiency is another important consideration for consumers. With the increasing awareness of environmental issues, many consumers are looking for appliances that areenergy-efficient. They want to minimize their environmental impact and reduce their utility bills at the same time.Of course, price is always a significant factor in any purchasing decision. Consumers want to ensure that they are getting a good value for their money. They may compareprices from different retailers and look for promotions or discounts to get the best deal.Finally, after-sales service is also crucial for consumers. They want to know that if they encounter any issues with the appliance, the manufacturer or retailerwill provide adequate support and assistance. This can include warranties, easy access to spare parts, and responsive customer service.In conclusion, when purchasing home appliances, consumers consider factors such as brand reputation,product features, energy efficiency, price, and after-sales service. These considerations help them make informed decisions and ensure that they are getting the bestpossible product for their needs.消费者购买家电时考虑的因素有很多。
如何做有诚信有道德的消费者英语作文
如何做有诚信有道德的消费者英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Being a Good Consumer is Cool!Hi there! My name is Jamie and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to talk to you about being a really awesome consumer. You might be thinking "Huh? What's a consumer?" Well, a consumer is someone who buys and uses products or services. So anytime you get a new toy, video game, clothes, or even food from the grocery store, you're being a consumer!Being a good consumer is super important. It means being honest, ethical and making smart choices when you buy things. Don't worry, it's not as boring as it sounds! Let me explain why being a good consumer rocks:You Get to Be HonestBeing honest is the best policy, even when you're shopping. Have you ever been to a store and seen a "You Break It, You Bought It" sign? That means if you accidentally break something,you have to pay for it. As good consumers, we need to be upfront if we break stuff by mistake.One time, I knocked over a vase at a store and it smashed on the floor. I felt really bad! But instead of trying to sneak away, I told the clerk what happened. They appreciated my honesty and it wasn't a huge deal. Phew!You Avoid Getting Into TroubleRemember that time you took a candy bar from the checkout line without paying? Maybe you thought no one saw, but that's actually stealing - and it's wrong. Good consumers don't shoplift or take things without permission. We pay for what we want, plain and simple.If you get caught shoplifting, you could get into big trouble with the law and your parents. No video games or sleepovers for you, mister! It's just not worth the risk. Be an honest customer to stay out of trouble.You Get to Be EthicalBeing ethical means doing the right thing, even when it's tough. As an ethical consumer, you think about how your choices affect others and the environment.For example, you love getting new shoes, but have you ever thought about where they came from? Some shoes are made using child labor in other countries, which is unfair to kids our age. An ethical consumer asks questions and avoids buying products made in an unethical way.Or what about all that plastic packaging that gets thrown away? An ethical consumer looks for products with less waste to protect the planet. It's a great way to be a superhero!You Make Smart Money ChoicesGuess what? Even kids like us have something called "purchasing power." That means the ability to buy goods and services. When you get an allowance or gift money, you're in charge of how to spend it wisely.Smart consumers compare options to get the best value. They don't just impulse buy the first thing they see. They read reviews, check prices, and choose quality over cheap junk.One time, I really wanted these cool sneakers. But after reading the reviews, I realized they fell apart quickly. Instead, I bought a basic pair that wasn't as flashy but would last way longer. Using my purchasing power that way was a win!You Influence Businesses to Be BetterHere's a mindblowing fact: Businesses actually care what consumers think! The choices we make influence how companies behave. When we expect businesses to be honest and ethical, they have to listen.Companies want our money, so they'll do what it takes to keep us happy. If enough consumers demand sustainably made products, companies will work on it. If we stop buying from dishonest brands, they'll be forced to change their practices.See? Just by being a smart, ethical consumer yourself, you're helping change the world for the better. How powerful is that?In the end, being a good consumer is just plain cool. You get to be honest, ethical, make wise choices, and use your purchasing power for good. Next time you're out shopping for a new toy or treat, remember to follow these tips. You've got this!篇2Title: Being a Honest and Ethical Consumer: A Kid's GuideHello there, fellow kids! Today, I want to talk to you about something super important - being an honest and ethical consumer. You might be wondering, "What's that all about?" Well, let me explain!You see, every time we buy something, whether it's a toy, a snack, or a new video game, we're participating in the world of consumerism. And as responsible little citizens of this planet, it's our duty to make sure we're doing it the right way.Now, being an honest and ethical consumer isn't just about following rules or being a goody-two-shoes. It's about making choices that are good for us, good for others, and good for the environment we all share. Pretty cool, right?So, how do we do it? Let me break it down for you:Be truthfulThis one's really important, guys. When we're shopping or buying something, we need to be completely honest. That means no lying, no cheating, and no trying to take advantage of others. If a store clerk asks you a question, tell the truth. If you accidentally get too much change back, let them know. Honesty is the best policy, always!Respect others' propertyI know how tempting it can be to take something that doesn't belong to us, especially when it's something we really want. But that's not cool at all! We have to respect other people'sproperty and never take or damage something that isn't ours. That's just basic decency, my friends.Be kind and politeWhen we're out shopping or interacting with people who work in stores, restaurants, or other businesses, it's essential to be kind and polite. They're human beings too, and they deserve to be treated with respect. A simple "please" and "thank you" can go a long way!Pay for what you getThis one's pretty straightforward. If you take something, you have to pay for it. No sneaking things into your pockets or trying to get freebies. That's called stealing, and it's wrong. As consumers, we have to be responsible and pay our fair share.Think before you buyBefore you spend your hard-earned allowance or your parents' money, take a moment to think about what you're buying. Do you really need it? Is it good for you? Is it harmful to the environment? Making smart choices as a consumer is a big part of being ethical.Support ethical businessesThese days, there are lots of companies and businesses that try to do good for the world. They might use eco-friendly materials, treat their workers fairly, or donate part of their profits to charity. Whenever possible, try to support these ethical businesses with your consumer dollars. It's a win-win!Recycle and reuseOnce you've bought something, don't just toss it aside when you're done with it. Look for ways to recycle or reuse things whenever you can. It's better for the planet, and it's the responsible thing to do.I know, I know, all of this might sound like a lot of rules and serious stuff. But trust me, being an honest and ethical consumer is super important, and it'll make you feel really good about yourself too.Think about it this way: by following these guidelines, you're not just being a good person; you're setting an example for others to follow. You're showing the world that kids can be responsible, caring, and committed to making the world a better place, one purchase at a time.So, the next time you're out shopping or buying something, remember these tips. Be honest, be kind, and be ethical. It's thecoolest way to be a consumer, and it'll make you feel like a real-life superhero!Who's with me? Let's all strive to be honest and ethical consumers, and let's make our parents, teachers, and the whole world proud!篇3Being a Good Consumer: Doing the Right ThingHi there! My name is Emma and I'm going to teach you all about being a good consumer. What does that mean? It means making smart choices when you buy things and treating people fairly. It's super important because we all buy stuff, right? Whether it's clothes, toys, books, or food, we're all consumers. And if we want to make the world a better place, we have to be responsible consumers.Being an ethical consumer means thinking about how the things we buy affect other people and the planet. It means not just caring about getting the best deal, but also caring about things like: were the people who made this treated well? Did making this hurt the environment? Is this product really something I need or is it just wasteful?I know, I know, it sounds like a lot to think about, especially for a kid. But I promise it's not as hard as it seems! Let me break it down into some simple rules:Rule #1: Buy Only What You Really NeedThis one is huge. So many of us buy way more stuff than we actually need, and that's just wasteful. All that extra manufacturing uses up precious natural resources and energy. Then a lot of those unwanted items just end up getting thrown away and sitting in landfills forever! No bueno.Before you ask your parents to buy you something, really think about whether you truly need it. Will you actually use it and get value from it? Or will the novelty wear off after a week and it'll just collect dust? Chances are, you probably have enough already. Learn to be content with what you have!Rule #2: Buy Quality Over QuantityThis goes along with the first rule - it's better to have a few nicely-made items that will last than a bunch of cheaply-made junk that will break or wear out quickly. Not only is fast fashion and disposable stuff bad for the environment, but it's also disrespectful to the people who made those items, often in poor working conditions for tiny pay.Pay a little more for quality goods from companies that treat their workers well and try to reduce their environmental impact. Those items may cost more upfront, but they'll serve you much better in the long run. It's the smart financial choice and the ethical choice.Rule #3: Research Companies Before BuyingNowadays, most big companies have websites and it's easy to find information on how they operate. Before buying from a company, do a quick search to see if they have good labor policies and environmental records. If a company mistreats workers or pollutes a lot, take your money elsewhere!There are also websites that rank companies on their social and environmental responsibility. For bigger purchases, it's worth taking a few minutes to look into the company's practices. Vote with your dollar for the good guys!Rule #4: Buy Local When PossibleBuying locally-made goods is awesome for several reasons. First, it supports your community's economy and jobs. Second, locally-made stuff doesn't have to travel across the world, so it has a much smaller carbon footprint than items shipped from faraway. And third, you can often find out more about the company and production process since it's right in your backyard.Check out farmer's markets for local produce, visit local craft fairs, or look for locally-owned stores. The items may cost slightly more, but the positive impact is worth it. Plus, you're getting unique items, not the same mass-produced stuff as everyone else!Rule #5: Buy Used or Borrow When You CanBuying new isn't always necessary - there are so many opportunities to get used items in great condition! Check second-hand stores, yard sales, online markets, or even borrow from friends and family. You'd be surprised at the cool stuff you can find.Not only does this save you money, but it keeps perfectly good items out of the trash and reduces the need for new production. Just make sure anything you borrow gets returned on time and in the same condition! Reusing and sharing is a great way to be sustainable.Rule #6: Take Good Care of Your PossessionsThis one is simple - if you treat the things you own with care and respect, they'll last much longer. That means you won't haveto replace items as frequently, which is better for your wallet and the planet. Plus, it shows appreciation for the resources and labor that went into making those items.Treat your toys, clothes, books, and other possessions gently. Follow any care instructions, do basic repairs when needed, and store things properly. Taking good care of your belongings is part of being a responsible owner and consumer.Rule #7: Recycle and Dispose ProperlyUnfortunately, even if we're really careful consumers, sometimes items will eventually wear out beyond use. When that happens, we have to dispose of them responsibly. First, see if the item can be donated, repurposed, or recycled in any way. If not, make sure you're throwing it away in the proper waste stream.Different materials like plastic, metal, paper, and electronics have to be disposed of through different channels to be processed correctly and safely. Look into your local municipality's guidelines and make an effort to sort your waste properly. Trashing stuff carelessly can pollute the environment in really harmful ways.So there you have it - seven awesome rules to become a super ethical consumer! I know it might seem like a lot, but evenfollowing a few of these rules can make a big difference. Just get in the habit of thinking about where products come from and how your choices affect others. It's a simple mindset shift that can have hugely positive impacts.The companies and brands out there are supposed to serve us as consumers, not the other way around. We should use our economic power to support good companies and policies. If we allband together as conscious consumers, we can demand better practices from businesses. We the people are the driving force!It feels great to make ethical choices as a consumer. You can feel proud knowing you're doing your part to reduce waste, treat workers fairly, and protect the environment. You're being a amazing citizen of this planet we all share. What could be better than that?So next time you want to buy something, just pause and think it through. Ask yourself the tough questions and make the responsible choice as a consumer. Your actions, no matter how small, create ripples that can lead to huge positive changes. Pretty cool, right?Alright, that's all I've got for today's lesson! I'll leave you with this: consuming isn't just mindlessly acquiring stuff. It's a powerful economic force that shapes our world. Use that powerwisely by being an ethical, honest, and conscious consumer. The Earth will thank you!篇4Being an Honest and Ethical ConsumerWhen I go shopping with my parents, I see so many cool toys, games, and treats that I want to buy. But my mom and dad always remind me that we need to be careful about what we purchase and where we shop. They say it's important to be an honest and ethical consumer. At first, I didn't really understand what that meant. Isn't everyone honest when they go shopping? Why would someone be dishonest or unethical?After some explanations from my parents and teachers, I've learned that being an ethical consumer is about making responsible choices that don't harm others or the environment. It means being truthful, following the rules, and thinking about how our buying decisions impact the world around us. It's actually a篇5Title: Being a Super Honest ConsumerHi everyone! Today I want to talk about being an awesome, honest consumer. What does that mean? Well, it means being a really good person when you buy stuff and use products and services. It's important because it helps make the world a better place.First, let me explain what a consumer is. A consumer is someone who uses products and services. So if you buy food at the grocery store, toys, clothes, games, books, or anything else, you're a consumer. If your parents pay for utilities like electricity and water, or services like cable TV and internet, then you're a consumer too when you use those things.Now, what does it mean to be an ethical and honest consumer? Ethical means doing the right thing and being a good person. Honest means telling the truth and not lying or tricking anyone. As consumers, we should follow some important rules to be ethical and honest.Rule #1: Don't Steal or ShopliftThis one is pretty obvious, but it's really important. Stealing things from stores instead of paying for them is called shoplifting, and it's illegal! It's like taking something that doesn't belong to you. If everyone stole, stores would go out of business. Always pay for what you want at stores.Rule #2: Be Careful with Discount Codes and CouponsUsing discount codes and coupons can save you money, which is great. But you have to use them the right way. Don't try to use expired coupons or codes that you're not supposed to have. That's dishonest. And definitely don't make fake coupons - that's illegal!Rule #3: Don't Damage Products or PackagingSometimes kids think it's funny to squeeze stuff in the grocery store, rip open packaging, or mess up displays. But that's not cool! Those products belong to the store until someone buys them. Damaging stuff on purpose is wrong and can get you in big trouble.Rule #4: Tell the Truth About Your AgeA lot of places give discounts to kids under a certain age. Maybe your family gets discounts on movie tickets if you're under 12. It's really tempting to lie about how old you are to get those discounts. But lying is wrong, even if it saves some money. Be honest and tell your real age.Rule #5: Respect Other Customers and EmployeesWhen you go shopping, there will be other customers and employees at the stores. It's important to be polite andrespectful to everyone. Don't be loud, messy, or rude. Follow the store rules. If an employee asks you to stop doing something, listen to them. They're just doing their job.Rule #6: Buy Quality Products That LastAs consumers, one way to be ethical is to buy quality products instead of cheap junk that will break quickly. Things that last a long time without being replaced are better for the environment. You're wasting less and being a responsible consumer.Rule #7: Only Buy What You Really NeedIt's so easy to walk into a store and want to buy every toy or gadget you see. But a smart, ethical consumer only buys what they really need or will truly use a lot. Buying too much stuff you don't need is wasteful and bad for the planet. Make wise choices.Rule #8: Support Good CompaniesSome companies are awesome - they treat workers well, protect the environment, give to charity, and make quality products safely. As a consumer, you can support those good companies by choosing to buy their products instead of products from bad companies.Rule #9: Follow the Rules for Returns and RefundsMost stores have policies about returning items or getting refunds. An honest consumer reads and follows those policies. Don't try to return items you aren't supposed to or get refunds you don't qualify for. That's tricking the store, which is wrong.Rule #10: Leave Honest ReviewsThese days, a lot of people read reviews online before buying products. As consumers, we should always leave honest, truthful reviews about products - not fake or misleading ones. Don't trash a product unfairly, but also don't praise a terrible product. Be fair and honest in your reviews.Following these 10 rules for being an ethical, honest consumer is super important. When we're good consumers, we make better choices, we're fair to businesses, and we have a positive impact on the world around us.I get it - shopping and getting new stuff is really exciting. But we have to be responsible and do the right thing. Businesses work hard to sell products and services, and they deserve to be treated honestly and ethically in return.Plus, think about how you'd feel if someone stole from you or lied to you. Not cool, right? We have to treat others how wewant to be treated. As ethical consumers, we can make a big difference through our actions.It might seem small, but every time we follow the rules and do the right thing as consumers, it adds up. We're showing respect, integrity, and care for our communities and the planet. Those are awesome qualities to have!What do you think? Will you join me in being a Super Honest Consumer? Let's all try our best to make smart, ethical choices as consumers. It's a simple way to make a positive impact every single day. We've got this!篇6Being an Honest and Ethical ConsumerHi there! My name is Emma and I'm going to tell you all about how to be an honest and ethical consumer. It's super important to make good choices when buying things or using services. By being honest and ethical, we can make the world a little bit better.What does it mean to be an honest consumer? It means telling the truth and not trying to cheat or take advantage of others. For example, if you go to a store and accidentally get toomuch change back, the honest thing is to let the cashier know and give the extra money back. It might be tempting to keep it, but that wouldn't be right.It's also important to be honest when returning things or making complaints. If you broke something on purpose, you shouldn't lie and say it was defective. That's being dishonest. It's better to own up to your mistakes.Being an ethical consumer means thinking about how your choices impact others and the environment. It means considering things like:• How products are made and what they are made of• Ho w workers are treated• How much waste is created• Whether companies respect human rights and protect the planetLet me give you some examples of ethical choices:• Buying toys, clothes and other items that are made without using child labor• Choosing products with less plastic packaging to cut down on waste• Looking for fair trade certified items to make sure workers were paid fairly• Buying from companies that use sustainable practices and materialsSometimes being an ethical consumer means paying a little more money. But it's worth it to make sure no one was exploited and that the planet was protected in the making of the item.There are lots of ways to learn about which companies and products are ethical. Parents and teachers can help guide you. Websites and organizations provide information too on things like fair trade, sustainable businesses, and companies with good track records.It's also ethical to reduce, reuse, and recycle as much as possible. This cuts down on waste and is better for the environment. simple things like:• Using a reusable water bottle instead of disposable plastic bottles• Buying second-hand clothes, toys and books• Recycling plastic, glass, paper and metal• Composting food scraps instead of throwing them away• Donating old toys and clothes instead of tossing themMaking these choices shows you care about sustainability and not wasting resources. They may seem like small things, but they make a big difference when everyone does them!When we head to the store, we have the power to "vote" for good companies with our money. If you buy from an unethical business that harms people or the planet, you're supporting those bad practices. But if you spend your money with ethical, honest businesses, you're telling them "Keep doing the right thing!"It feels good to make positive choices as a consumer. I really enjoy learning about companies that are doing things the right way. It makes me proud to support them. My money goes a little further because I know it's not hurting others.At the same time, being an ethical consumer doesn't mean you can never buy anything fun, cool or affordable. It's all about balance and making thoughtful choices based on your values and priorities.For bigger purchases like electronics, toys or clothes, do a bit of research first on the companies that make them. Are they ethical? Do they have good practices? For smaller things likeschool supplies or snacks, don't stress too much. Just do your best overall.Something else to remember is that companies won't change unless customers demand it. The more people who expect businesses to be honest and ethical, the more they will have to listen. Corporations respond to public pressure.By being a conscious, mindful consumer yourself, you are putting your values into practice. You're sending the message that ethics and integrity matter to you. Over time, those choices add up and move society in a positive direction.So those are my tips on how to be an awesome, honest and ethical consumer! Even as kids, the way we spend our money and what we value makes a difference. If we all make an effort, we can create a world with more fairness, sustainability and integrity. What could be better than that?。
影响评分的英文作文
影响评分的英文作文英文：When it comes to evaluating something, such as a product or service, there are many factors that can influence the rating. As a consumer, I have found that the following factors are particularly important:1. Quality: The quality of the product or service is the most important factor for me. If the product is of high quality and meets my expectations, then I am more likely to give it a high rating.2. Price: Price is also an important factor. If the product is too expensive, then I am less likely to give it a high rating. However, if the price is reasonable and the product is of good quality, then I am more likely to give it a high rating.3. Customer service: Customer service is anotherimportant factor. If the company provides excellent customer service, then I am more likely to give them a high rating. On the other hand, if the customer service is poor, then I am less likely to give them a high rating.4. Brand reputation: The reputation of the brand can also influence my rating. If the brand has a good reputation for producing high-quality products, then I am more likely to give them a high rating.5. Personal experience: My personal experience with the product or service can also influence my rating. For example, if I had a bad experience with a product, then I am less likely to give it a high rating.中文：当评估某个产品或服务时，有许多因素可以影响评分。
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Examine factors that can affect consumer purchasing decisions. Evaluate the i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h i s f o r t h e w a y s c o m p a n i e s m a r k e t t h e i r g o o d s IntroductionIn marketing, consumer purchasing decision is very important to influence companies market their goods, because consumer purchasing decision decide companies strategic plan. Customer purchasing decisions have a series of segments; it is a process of customer purchasing behavior. The customer purchasing decisions process consists of stimulating needs, gather information, evaluation, risk analysis, implementation, and purchasing behavior (Fishbein 1975). There are a lot of factors can affect consumer decisions making, on the whole, there are two main parts, one is individual factor which includes personal factors and mental factors, another part is environment factors such as price, brand name, product characters, customer service and social impact (McMullan 2008). Some researchers think that individual factors firsthand affect consumer decision making, but some researchers argue that environment factors direct impact both individual factors and consumer decision making. This essay partly agree their both opinions, the essay will argue that the individual factors which include personal factors and mental factors and environment factors such as price, brand and social factor affect to consumer purchasing decision, also individual factors and environment factors both impact each other, each factor will give supporting points and against points, also examples will be given. The essay focuses two main points, first is individual factors, and second is environment factors.Individual FactorsThe individual factors have personal factors and mental factors, they are main reasons to impact consumer purchasing decisions, and consumer purchasing decisions are maineffect to companies strategy in marketing, so companies must rely on individual factors to produce their production.Firstly, Personal factor has two points; they are stabilizing factor and random factor. The stabilizing factor may affect range of decision making. The stabilizing factor is personal character, such as age, income, and career (Fishbein 1975). For example, a professor and a government officer, they have same salary, but they may have different distribution of salary, because their work features result in their different demands. According to consumer different features, the companies can give different level productions. For instance, in mobile phone shop, there are some expensive mobile phones for businessmen, also some cheaper mobile phones for students. Above cases showed that personal features can impact companies market to produce different good to consumers. About random factor, it must have especial situation and conditions, so it may have little effect to consumer decision making.In addition, mental factors include attitude and experience. First, a lot of research show that consumer’s past experience and knowledge can impact their attitude and purchasing desire, this reason may conduce marketers makes packing of goods look like interesting. Beerli (2004) point out that purchasing behavior primarily used by the purchasing desire,attitude is one factor of purchasing desire, attitude through purchasing desire to affect consumers purchasing behavior. For example, when consumers buy products, there are a lot of features may be given attitude by consumers, such as price, design of products, brand, advertisement of produces, and service quality, therefore the attitude of production and companies of consumers decide stratagem of companies, also it impacts production of companies output. Second, a good customers experience can help companies hold resource of consumer. The experience is a result by past knowledgeand skills, the result of personal behavior strongly impact process of gather experience. A good experience let consumers may choose same products in next time, for example, a man who bought a sort of brand cigarette, if he very enjoy this brand cigarette, he may buy it again next time. The experience will result in new products to succeed or fail, so when new products are born, the marketer usually give tries for consumers, such as T ango drink. A successful experience may help companies hold consumer’s heart, but an unsuccessful consumers experience will let companies lose their consumers (Fishbein 1975). This claim has stress the mental factors may change costumers mind; this will affect consumers final decision making. In fact, individual factors can not exist alone, because there is an interactive relationship between individual factors and production, they affect each other.However, personal factors are subjective factors of consumers, it only depend individual subjective factors. Although marketers struggle to know personal factors, but marketers only can know a few personal factors, because there are some personal privacy problems and individual features are not easy to understand. According to Szymanski (2000) that individual factors can impact companies marketing stratagem, also it may misguide companies to produce frustrated production, if companies understood wrong individual factors. Other anti points, mental factors are subjective factors of consumer too; it is more difficult to understand than personal factors for marketers. The attitude factors have randomicity and dependent reasons, the attitudes fully depend on personal emotion, for example, and when consumers shopping, they may want to buy something is not in their shopping plan. Also it was impacted easier by visual sense, such as advertisement on TV. The experience of consumer could be important, but there are a lot of productions never given to try, such as valuables, therefore the public praise are more important than theexperience of consumer. As Swaminathan (2000) claim that the experience is necessary, but it may be not important in all industry. This view argues that the attitude and experience factors are not important in all industry, it partly was agreed, the attitude and experience factors are necessary, they also are important in all industries, because there are not conditions to try in few industries, if possible, they will try too.Environment FactorsThe environment factors include three factors; there are price factor, brand factor, and social factor. The environment factors could impact individual factors, they also affect consumer decision making, because the environment factors have the most interactive between consumers and marketers.Firstly, price factor is concernful factor to affect consumers decision making. Compare price of same production, consumers usually do this before they buy products. Marketer efforts to reduce costs of production, and consumers want to pay lowest cost to buy production, so the cost is important for both of them. The competitive price will allure most people to shopping, Dawar (1994) state that 85% of consumers concerned about the price, competitive prices is an important factor, and it may stimulate consumers to spend more money in USA. For example, odd pricing is very popular pricing in UK, we usually can find it in supermarkets, such as £0.99, £9.99, these pricing can give consumers a psychology pricing, such £0.99, it is max price under £1, when consumers who buy this pricing product, they may feel better, because their psychology pricing may be 1 pound. Matos (2009) also claim that consumers perceptive pricing affects consumer decision making, instead of real pricing. This claim has shown the pricing can impact production of companies output, it also can affect psychology pricing of consumers, the pricing is most weight age in consumer mind, so the pricing is really important factor for consumers andcompanies both.Secondly, the brand factor can hold a group consumer for companies marketing. Familiar extent may impact consumers to choose their glad brand, this basic on experience of consumer. As familiar extent increase, consumers will feel products are reassuring when they make decisions. For example, people who bought a computer, he has compared his computer with other brand computer, he found his computer is better than other one, he may want to know more information about this brand for next shopping. The famous brands is a good sample for above argument, because the famous brands had too many advertising in media, we always can see them, if we live the city, consumers known them even they have not any purchasing experience of famous brands. Dawar (1994) show that many consumers like to buy famous brands, rather than buying an unknown brand on internet in USA. The state has give a clear famous brands effect, and it point out people who want to buy something, the famous brands will be first choice on internet, it has shown the brand effect is important for companies marketing stratagem.Thirdly, social factors may result in consumers to make settled and group decision making. It has two main parts, there are role and family factors and stratum factor(Hoffman 1997).A person who can be different roles in different place, for example, a man is a manager in his office, also he is a father in family, personal roles do not only impact people common behavior, it could affect consumers purchasing behavior. A man also is a father in family; he may make decision to buy settled things in family such as car, garden tools. Companies may consider above problem and produce related production. Social stratum is a similar social status of an open group, open means that individuals can freely enter and leave group (Harvey 1998). For example, students and officers, for deferent stratums, companies may provide disparate production for consumers, such as bus card, studentsmay have students bus card, children may have children bus card. As Oliver (1999) claim that companies usually face a group making decision in stratum factor, companies should gingerly consider stratum factor. This claim has discussed social factors give companies settled and group decision making, this is especial decision making of consumers, it may be important for companies, because there are some evidences are not very clear.In fact, the environment factors may mostly affect individual factors, because the environment factors are main referrence when consumer shopping it also can give more choice to consumers, but in sometimes, environment factors never can affect individual factors.However, the environment factors are necessary and important in marketing, but it can not influence individual factors sometimes. First, in common situation, price is very important for consumers, and low price is really absorbing, but if people who do not need this product, they never want to buy it even the price is very low. For example, men who never want to buy women’s especial items even it is low price. Secondly, the brand effect is not huge effect in consumer decision making. If condition allowed, people usually want buy famous brands, but we know there are a lot of common shop in shopping centre, such as ZARA, H&M, they also produce fashion products, but it is not expansive, this show consumers consider brand, price and fashion, they will find a balance between brand and fashion, so brands are thought by consumers, but fashion and price are more important than brand. Thirdly, social factors do not make settled and group decision making. Although there are deferent role in deferent place, a role may handle settled decision making, but the role may change, if role change, decision making will be changed, so it is not really settled. Group decision making has same issue, because social stratum is a similar social status of an open group, because it is opened, so it may change in all time,companies can not easy to catch group decision making, so it is not important to consumer decision making. Sherry (1990) point out that individual factors and environment factors both affect each other, but they all should be considered for consumers decision making. This claim shown individual factors and environment factors are alternating, when consumers buy products, their may be affected by multifold factors. ConclusionIn conclusion, there are individual factors and environment factors to affect consumer purchasing decisions. Individual factors are necessary, companies should depend on individual factors to produce their good, it is partly right, because companies need to know consumer’s demand, then they produce goods for consumers, but it is not easy to understand by privacy and psychology, so it may accelerates companies are successful or unsuccessful. Environment factors impact individual, because people always are allured by price, brand, but there are some especial items for male or female, something consumers never want to buy even it is very cheaper. 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