Classification of Agricultural Animals
生态学专业英语词汇
absolute reproductive value 绝对生殖值abundance 多度abyssal zone 深海带acclimation 驯化accumulation horizon 淀积层aestivation 夏眠age structure 年龄结构age-specific life table 特定年龄生命表agroecosystem 农业生态系统alleles 等位基因allelochemic 异种信息素/种间外激素Allen’s rule 阿伦法则allogenic succession 异发演替allopatric speciation 异域性物种altruism 利他行为asexual reproduction 无性生殖association group 群丛组association table 群丛表association unit theory 群丛单位理论associations 群丛Autecology 个体生态学autogenic succession 自发演替autotrophs 自养生物Acid precipitation 酸沉降Acid rain 酸雨Agricultural eco-engineering 农业生态工程Agricultural ecology, agroecology 农业生态学Agricultural economical zoning 农业经济区位Agricultural resources 农业资源Agroecosystem 农业生态系统Agroforestry 农林业系统Allee’s principle 阿利氏群聚原则Allelochemicals 化感物质Allelopathy 化感作用Artificial auxiliary energy 人工辅助能Artificial direct regulation 人工直接调控Artificial information flow 人工信息流Auxiliary energy 辅助能balancing selection hypothesize 平衡说basal area 底面积Bergman’s rule 贝格曼规律bethal zone 半深海带biocoenosis 生物群落bioconcentration 生物浓缩biological enrichment 生物富集biomagnification 生物放大biomass 生物量biome 生物带bionomic strategy 生态对策biosphere 生物圈Biodynamic agriculture 生物动力农业Biogecochemical cycle 生物地球化学循环Biological agriculture 生物农业Biological control 生物防治Biological energy subsidies 生物辅助能Biological oxygen demand BOD 生化需氧量生化耗氧量Biomass 生物量Bionomic strategies 生态对策Biological micro-cycle 生物小循环bottle neck 瓶颈C3 plant C3植物C4 plant C4植物CAM plant CAM植物Capital flow 资金流Carrying capacity 环境容纳量Chemical ecology 化学生态学Chemical oxygen demand COD 化学耗氧量Chinese Ecological Agriculture 中国生态农业Climax 顶极群落Coase’s theory 高斯理论Coevolution 协同进化Commensalisms 偏利作用Community 群落Competition 竞争Competition exclusion principle 竞争排斥原理Components structure 组分结构Controlled availability fertilizers, CAFs 控效肥料Crop productivity potential 作物生产潜力cannibalism 同种相食carnivores 食肉动物carring capacity 负荷量catastrophic 灾难性因素chamaephytesCh 地上芽植物character displacement 特征替代cheliophytes 阴性植物climate climax 气候顶级climate school 气候学派climax community 顶级群落climax 顶级群落cline 渐变群closed community 封闭群落clumped 集群分布coadapted system 协同适应系统coarse grained 粗粒性分布co-dynamics 相互动态co-evolution 协同进化cohort 同生群cold desert 冷荒漠colonization 定居, 建群coloration 色泽communities in littoral zone 沿岸生物群落communities in the limnetic zone 湖沼带生物群落communities in the profundal zone 深水带生物群落Community ecology 群落生态学community matrix 群落矩阵community organization 群落组织community 群落companion species 伴生种compen-satory predation 补偿性捕食competition coefficient 竞争系数competition hypothesis 竞争假说competitive exclusion 竞争排除competive lottery 抽彩式竞争conservation 保守主义者conspicuousness 显著度constancy 恒有度contest competition 干扰竞争contest type of competition 争夺型竞争continental rise 大陆隆continental shelf 大陆架continental slope 大陆坡convergent adaptation 趋同适应convergent oscillation 趋同波动cost of gene recombination 基因重组价cost of mating 交配价cost of meiosis 减数分裂价courtship behavior 求偶行为coverage 盖度crude density 原始密度cryptophytesCr 隐芽植物Decomposer 分解者Desertification 土地沙漠化Detritus food chain 腐食食物链decomposition 分解作用delayed density dependence 延后密度制约density effect 密度效应density ratio 密度比density-dependent 密度制约density-independent 非密度制约deterministic model 决定模型detrial food chain 碎食物链detritus feeder 食碎生物development 发育differential species 区别种diffuse competition 分散竞争diominant-submissive 支配—从属directional selection 定向选择discrete generation 离散世代disruptive selection 分裂选择disturbance climax/disclimax 偏途顶级divergent oscillation 趋异波动dominance 优势度dominant species 建群种dominant species 优势种dominant-submissive 支配—从属关系dry desert 干荒漠dynamic classification 动态分类系统dynamic life table 动态生命表dynamic-composite life table 动态混合生命表earth nucleus 地幔earth’s crust 地核Ecological amplitude 生态幅ecological density 生态密度ecological dominance 生态优势ecological environment 生态环境ecological equivalent 生态等值种ecological factor 生态因子ecological force 生态力ecological invasion 生态入侵ecological natality 生态出生率ecological release 生态释放Ecology 生态学ecosystem development 生态系统的发育Ecosystem ecology 生态系统生态学ecosystem 生态系统acetone hypothesis 生态交错带假说ecotype 生态型ectoderm 外温动物edge effect 边缘效应etiolating phenomenon 黄化现象emergy 能值emigration 迁出endogenous migration 内因性迁移endoderm 内温动物environment hormone 环境激素environment 环境equilibrium theory 平衡理论euphonic zone 透光带euryecious 广栖的euryhaline 广盐性的euryhydric 广水性的euryphagic 广食性的eurythermal 广温性的eurytopic species 广适种eutrophication 富营养化evergreen hardwood forest 常绿硬材林Evolution ecology 进化生态学evolution force 进化力exogenous migration 外因性迁移exploitive competition 利用竞争exponetial growth 指数增长Eco-economical zoning 生态经济区位Ecological agriculture 生态农业Ecological agriculture model pattern 生态农业模式Ecological density 生态密度Ecological effect 生态效益Ecological efficiency 生态效率Ecological factor 生态因子Ecological engineering 生态工程Ecological pyramid 生态金字塔生态锥体Ecological succession 演替Ecological sustainability 生态持续性Ecology 生态学Economic effect 经济效益Economic externality 经济外部性Ecosystem 生态系统Ecotone 群落交错区生态交错区Ecotope 景观元素生态点Ecotype 生态型Edge effect 边缘效应Embodied energy 内含能Emergent property of system 系统的整合特性Energy analysis 能流分析Energy flow chart 能流图Energy flow path 能流路径Energy flow structure 能流结构Energy flowing 能量流Entropy 熵Eutrophication 富营养化Exponential growth form 种群指数增长模式External benefit 收益外泄External cost 成本外摊Feed back 反馈作用First law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律Fish pond-dike system 基塘系统Flow 流Food chain 食物链Food chain structure 食物链结构Food web 食物网Free energy 自由能First law of resources economic 资源经济学第一定律Functional component adundence 功能组分冗余facultative parthenogenesis 孤雌生殖facultative parthenogenesis 兼性孤雌生殖facultative 兼性因素family selection 家庭选择farmland ecosystem 农田生态系统fecundity schedule 生育力表fecundity 生育力feedback 反馈feeding niches 取食生态位filter food 滤食性生物fine grained 细粒性分布finite rate of increase 周限增长率fitness 合适度floristic-structural classification 植物区系—结构分类系统fluctuation 波动food chain 食物链formation group 群系组formation 群系formation 植物群系foundational niche 基础生态龛freshwater ecology 淡水生态学freshwater ecosystem 淡水生态系统function response 功能反应gamete selection 配子选择gaps 缺口gaseous cycle 气体循环geng pool 基因库geographic variation 地理变异geographical theory of speciation 物种形成geometric growth 几何级数增长geophytesG 地下芽植物global ecology 全球生态gradient hypothesis 梯度假说grain 粒性grazer 牧食生物grazing food chain 捕食食物链greenhouse effect 温室效应gregarization pheromone 聚集信息素gross primary production 总初级生产力group selection 群体选择growth form 生长型guild 同资源团habal zone 深渊带habitat 生境heath 石楠群丛height 高度hemicryptophytesHe 地面芽植物herbivore 植食herbivores 植食动物heterotrophic succession 异养演替heterotrophs 异养生物hibernation 冬眠homeostasis 内稳态homeostasis 自调节稳态homeostatic organism 内稳态生物homeostatic process 内稳定过程human demography 人口统计学Human ecology 人类生态学humus 腐殖质hydrarch succession 水生演替hydrosere 水生演替系列immigration 迁入importance value 重要值individual converse rate 个体转化率industrial melanism 工业黑化现象inner capacity increase 内禀增长力inner-environment 内环境instantaneous rate of increase 瞬间增长率intensity 强度interference competition 干扰竞争interference competition 干扰竞争intermediate disturbance hypothesis 中度干扰假说internal distribution pattern 内分布型interspecfic relationship 种间关系intertidal zone 潮间带intraspecific relationship 种内关系inversely density dependent 反密度制约Island ecology 岛屿生态学iteroparity 多次繁殖生物iteroparous 多次生殖Jordan’s rule 约丹定律keystone species 关键种kin selection 亲属选择kin selection 亲属选择k-strategists k-策略者land cover 土地覆盖land use 土地利用Landscape ecology 景观生态学law of constant final yield 最后产量衡值法则law of the minimum 最小因子法则law of tolerance 耐受性法则layer 层leached layer 淋溶层leaf area index 叶面积指数leaf area indexLAS 叶面积指数lentic ecosystem 静水生态系统life cycle 生活周期life expectancy 生命期望life form spectrum 生活型谱life form 生活型life history strategy 生活史对策life history 生活史lifespan 生活年限lifetime 寿命limit of tolerance 忍受性限度littoral zone 沿岸带lotic ecosystem 流水生态系统macroclimate 大气候macrofauna 大型生物Marine ecology 海洋生态学marine ecosystem 海洋生态系统maximum natality 最大出生率maximum sustained yield 最大持续生产量megafauna 巨型生物mexofauna 中型生物microclimate 小气候microcolony 微菌落microcommunities 小群落micro-ecosystem 微生态系统micro-environment 微环境microfauna 小型生物microplankton 小型浮游生物migration 迁徙modular organism 构件生物modules 构件Molecular ecology 分子生态学monoclimax theory 单元演替顶级monocultute 单种养殖monogamy 单配偶制monpohagous 单食性monsoon forest 季风林mortality curve 死亡曲线mortality 死亡率mosaic 镶嵌性natality 出生率n-dimensional niche n 维生态龛negative feedback 负反馈net primary productionGP 净初级生产力neutrality controversy 中性说论战niche compression 生态位压缩niche separation 生态位分离niche shift 生态位分离niche 生态位non-equilibrium theory 非平衡理论non-homeostatic organism 非内稳态生物obiotic component 非生物成分ocean-current 洋流ohort life table 同群生命表omnivores 杂食动物open community 开放群落open shrublands 稀疏灌丛opportunist 机会主义者ordination 排序ornamentation 修饰panclimax 泛顶级pantropical 泛热带区parabiosphere 副生物圈parasites 寄生生物parasitoidism 拟寄生parent material 母质层parental care 亲代关怀parental investment 亲本投资patchiness 斑块性per capita growth rate 每员增长率perclimax 前顶级peritrophic mycorrhizae 周边营养性菌根phanerophytesPh 厄尔尼诺El Nino photoperiodism 光周期现象phyplankton 浮游植物physiognomy 外貌Physiological ecology 生理生态学physiological natality 生理出生率phytochrom 色素pioneer community 先锋群落pjarapatric speciation 邻域性物种plankon 浮游生物Poission distribution 泊松分布polyandry 一雌多雄制polyclimax theory 多元顶级理论polygamy 多配偶制polygyny 一雄多雌制polymorphism 多型现象polyphagous 多食性的Population ecology 种群生态学population 种群porosity 粒间空隙positive feedback 正反馈postclimax 超顶级predation 捕食者predator 捕食者present reproductive value 当年繁殖价值prevail climax 优势顶级prey 猎物prezygotic mechanism 合子前隔离primary production 初级生产primary succession 初级演替primary succession 原生演替principle of allocation 分配原理principle of competitive exclusion 竞争互斥原理production rate 生产率production 生产量productivity 生产力progressive succession 进展演替protogynous hermaphriodism 雌雄同体pyramid of energy 能量金字塔radiation adaptation 趋异适应random 随机分布rare species 偶见种reaction time lag 反应滞时reactive species 反映性物种realized natality 实际出生率realized nick 实际生态龛regressive succession 逆行演替relative frequency 相对频度relative reproductive value 相对生殖值reproduction effect 生殖成效reproductive cost 繁殖成本reproductive pattern 生殖格局reproductive time lag 生殖滞时reproductive value 生殖值residual reproductive value 剩余繁殖价值resilient stability 恢复稳定性resistant stability 抵抗稳定性Restoration ecology 恢复生态学richness 丰度r-k continuum of strategies r-k略连续系统r-strategists r-策略者saprovores 食腐者savanna woodland 热带稀树草原林地scavenger 食腐者sciophytes 阳性植物scramble competition 利用竞争scramble type of competition 分摊型竞争secondary metabolites 次生代谢物质secondary production 次级生产力secondary succession 次生演替secondary 次级演替sedimentary cycle 沉积循环selective fertilization 选择受精self-destructive 自我破坏semelparity 一次繁殖生物semelparous 一次生殖sex ratio 性比sexual dimorphism 雌雄二形现象sexual reproduction 有性生殖sexual selection 性选择shade plants 耐阴性植物Shannon-Weiner index 香农—威纳指数sieve selection hypothesis 筛选说similarity 相似度Simpson’s diversity index 辛普森多样性指数social group 社群social hierarchy 社会等级social-economic-natural complex ecosystem 社会--经济--自然复合系统solar emergy 太阳能值solar emjoules 太阳能焦耳solar transformity 太阳能值转换率spatial pattern 空间格局special heterogeneity 空间异质性speciation 物种形成species area curve 物种面积曲线species diversity 物种多样性species evenness or equitability 种的均匀度species heterogeneity 种的不齐性species turnover rate 种的周转率spore reproduction 孢子生殖stability-resilience 稳定恢复力stabilizing selection 稳定选择standing crop 现存量static life table 静态生命表stenoecious 窄栖性的stenohaline 窄盐性的stenohydric 窄水性的stenophagic 窄食性的stenothermal 窄温性的steppe and semideserty 干草原和半荒漠stochastic model 随机模型stratification 成层现象subassociation 亚群丛组subdominant 亚优势种subformation 亚群系succession 演替succulent 肉质植物succulent 肉质植物summed dominance ratio SDR综合优势比summer-green deciduous forest 夏绿落叶林survivorship curve 存活曲线sympatric speciation 同域性物种Synecology 群落生态学synusia 层片Terrestrial ecology 陆地生态学territorial behavior 领域行为territoriality 领域性the –2/3 thinning law –2/3自疏法则the effect of neighbours 邻接效应therophytes Th 一年生植物thertnoperiodism 温周期现象thorn forest and scrub 多刺森林和密灌丛time-specific life table 特定时间生命表torpor 蛰伏total neutrality hypothesis 中性说trophic level 营养级trophic relationship 营养的联系trophic relationship 营养联系tundra and cold forest 苔原和冷森林uniform 均匀分布unitary organism 单体生物univoltine insects 一化性的昆虫upper horizon 覆盖层Urban ecology 城市生态学vegetation subtype 植被亚型vegetation type group 植被型组vegetation type 植被型vegetative propagation 营养生殖volume 体积water cycle 水循环weight 重量xerarch succession 旱生演替xerophytes 旱生植物zero net growth isoline ZNGI零增长线zone of emergent vegetation 挺水植物带zooplankton 浮游动物El Nino 厄尔尼诺feedback 反馈reflex 反射generalist 泛化种defennce behavior 防卫行为flower visitor 访花昆虫non-hierarchical 非等级的non-spatial model 非空间模型non-homeostatic organism 非内稳态生物nonequilibrium metapopulation 非平衡态复合种群nonequilibrium habitat-tracking metapopulation 非平衡态跟踪生境复合种群nonequilibrium declining metapopulation 非平衡态下降复合种群non—niche 非生态位physical environment 非生物环境nonlinear 非线性关系dispersion 分布decomposer 分解者branching process 分支过程molecular taxonomy 分子分类学the neutral theory of molecular evolution 分子进化的中性理论molecular ecology 分子生态学molecular systematics 分子系统学plankton 浮游动物negative feedback 负反馈carrying capacity 负荷量negative interaction 负相互作用negative selection 负选择epifauna 附底动物metapopulation 复合种群eutrohication 富营养化现象relamation 改良coverage 盖度cover ratio 盖度比disturbance 干扰disturbance patch 干扰斑块disturbance corridor 干扰廊道interference 干扰作用height 高度Coarse's hypothesis 高斯假说Coarse's theory 高斯理论phanerophytes 高位芽植物Grenville Orogenesis 格林威尔造山运动individual 个体individualistic concept 个体论概念renewal 更新functional niche 功能生态位aggressive behavior 攻击行为modules 构件modular organism 构件生物keystone species 关键种association coefficients 关联系数light saturation point 光饱和点light compensation point 光补偿点photoperiod 光周期filter 过滤器Hardy-Weinberg principle 哈德-温伯格原理Ocean ecosytem 海洋生态系统Cambrian period 寒武纪siccocolous 旱生植物river corridor 河流廊道contancy 恒有度mangrove 红树林respiration 呼吸量mutualism 互利synomone 互利素synomonal 互利作用allelopathy 化感作用chemical defence 化学防御chemical ecology 化学生态学allelochemicals 化学物质chemocryptic 化学隐藏divisive 划分的environment 环境environmental ethics 环境伦理学environmental carryin capacity 环境容纳量environmental resource patch 环境资源斑块environmental resource corridor 环境资源廊道desert 荒漠desertification 荒漠化desert ecosystem 荒漠生态系统eitiolation phenomenon 黄化现象restoration ecology 恢复生态学chaos 混沌学mixed type 混合型exchange pool 活动库acquired behavior 获得性行为organismic school 机体论学派Fundamental niche 基础生态位Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other and with their abiotic environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include thediversity, distribution, amount biomass, number population of organisms, as well as competition between them within and amongecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is calledbiodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species,genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.生态是生物和环境之间的相互作用,如生物相互之间以及与他们的非生物环境的相互作用的科学的研究;生态学家感兴趣的话题包括的thediversity,分布量生物量,数量人口的生物,以及他们之间的竞争和amongecosystems内;包括生物体的动态相互作用的部分组成的生态系统,他们的社区做起来,他们的环境和非生物成分;生态过程,如初级生产,成土作用,养分循环,各种小生建设活动的环境,通过调节能量和物质通量;这些过程持续生物体特定的生活史,各种生物calledbiodiversity;生物多样性是指物种,基因和生态系统的品种,提高一定的生态系统服务;Ecology is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. The word "ecology" "Ökologie" was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel 1834–1919. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology transformed into a more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts on adaptation and natural selection became cornerstones of modernecological theory. Ecology is not synonymous with environment,environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function is an important focus area in ecological studies. Ecologists seek to explain:生态学是一个跨学科领域,包括生物学和地球科学; “生态学”的“Ökologie”,是由德国科学家恩斯特·海克尔1834-1919于1866年创造的;如古希腊哲学家希波克拉底和亚里士多德在他们的研究奠定了基础,生态,自然历史;现代生态转化为更严格的科学在19世纪后期;适应和自然选择的进化概念成为了基石modernecological理论;生态环境,环保,自然历史,或环境科学的代名词;它是密切相关,进化生物学,遗传学和行为学;理解生物多样性如何影响生态功能是生态研究的一个重点领域;生态学家寻求解释：Life processes, interactions and adaptationsThe movement of materials and energy through living communitiesThe successional development of ecosystems, andThe abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.生命过程,相互作用和适应通过物质和能量的运动生活社区生态系统的演替发展,上下文环境中的生物和生物多样性的丰度和分布;Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management,natural resource management agroecology, agriculture, forestry,agroforestry, fisheries, city planning urban ecology, community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction human ecology. Organisms and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living biotic and nonliving abiotic components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production food, fuel, fiber and medicine, the regulationof climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.生态是人类科学;有很多实际应用中的生态保护生物学,湿地管理,自然资源管理农业生态学,农业,林业,农林业,渔业,城市规划城市生态,社区卫生,经济,基础科学和应用科学,人类社会的互动人类生态学;生物和资源组成的生态系统,反过来,保持生物物理反馈机制,适度的过程,作用于生活生物和无生命的星球生物的组件;生态系统维持生命支持功能和生产生物质生产食品,燃料,纤维和医药,调节气候等自然资本,全球生物地球化学循环,过滤水,土壤的形成,控制水土流失,防洪和许多其他科学的自然特征,历史,经济,或内在价值;Hierarchical ecologyThe scale of ecological dynamics can operate like a closed system, such as aphids migrating on a single tree, while at the same time remain open with regard to broader scale influences, such as atmosphere or climate. Hence, ecologists classify ecosystems hierarchically by analyzing data collected from finer scale units, such as vegetation associations, climate, and soil types, and integrate this information to identify emergent patterns of uniform organization and processes that operate on local to regional, landscape, and chronological scales.生态动力学的规模可以象一个封闭的系统,如在一个单一的树进行迁移的蚜虫操作,而在同一时间保持打开状态,关于更广泛的范围的影响,如大气或气候;因此,生态学家生态系统分类较细规模的单位,如植被协会,气候和土壤类型,通过分析收集的数据分层,整合此信息来确定突发模式统一组织和流程上操作的地方到区域,景观,实足鳞片;To structure the study of ecology into a conceptually manageable framework, the biological world is organized into a nested hierarchy, ranging in scale from genes, to cells, to tissues, to organs, to organisms, to species, topopulations, to communities, to ecosystems, to biomes, and up to the level of the biosphere.6 This framework forms a panarchy7 and exhibits non-linearbehaviors; this means that "effect and cause are disproportionate, so that small changes to critical variables, such as the number of nitrogen fixers, can lead to disproportionate, perhaps irreversible, changes in the system properties.组织生态学研究的一个概念管理的框架,组织成一个嵌套层次的生物世界,规模不等,从基因,细胞,组织,器官,生物体,以品种,群体,社区,生态系统,生物群落,最多对生物圈的水平;6该框架形成一panarchy7和展品的非线性行为,这意味着“效应而引起不成比例,从而使小的变化的关键变量,如固氮细菌的数量,可导致不相称的,或许是不可逆转的,在系统属性的变化;BiodiversityBiodiversity an abbreviation of "biological diversity" describes the diversity of life from genes to ecosystems and spans every level of biological organization. The term has several interpretations, and there are many ways to index, measure, characterize, and represent its complex organization.101112 Biodiversity includes species diversity, ecosystem diversity, and genetic diversity and scientists are interested in the way that this diversity affects the complex ecological processes operating at and among these respective levels.111314 Biodiversity plays an important role inecosystem services which by definition maintain and improve human quality of life.151612 Preventing species extinctions is one way to preserve biodiversity and that goal rests on techniques that preserve genetic diversity, habitat and the ability for species to migrate.citation needed Conservation priorities and management techniques require different approaches and considerations to address the full ecological scope of biodiversity.Natural capital that supports populations is critical for maintaining ecosystem services1718 and speciesmigration e.g., riverine fish runs and avian insect control has been implicated as one mechanism by which those service losses are experienced.19 An understanding of biodiversity has practical applications for species and ecosystem-level conservation planners as they make management recommendations to consulting firms, governments, and industry从基因到生态系统的生物多样性“生物多样性”的缩写描述生命的多样性,跨越各个层次的生物组织;这个词有几种解释,指数,衡量的方法有很多,检定和代表其复杂的组织;10 1112生物多样性包括物种多样性,生态系统多样性,遗传多样性和科学家感兴趣的是这种多样性影响的复杂的生态过程,在各自水平和经营方式;111314生物多样性生态系统服务的定义保持和提高人类的生活质量起着重要的作用;1516 12防止物种灭绝,是保护生物多样性的方式之一,目标在于技术,保持遗传多样性,栖息地和物种迁移的能力;引证需要优先保护和管理技术需要不同的方法和注意事项,以解决全生态生物多样性的范围;支持人口的自然资本是至关重要的维持生态系统服务17 18和物种迁移例如,运行河流鱼类和昆虫控制禽流感已牵连作为一个机制,这些服务亏损经历;19理解生物多样性,物种和生态系统一级保护规划具有实际应用,因为他们提出管理建议,咨询公司,政府和行业•。
环境英文对照
大气组成Atmosphericcomposition空气质量Airquality大气化学Atmosphericchemistry大气成分Atmosphericcomponents大气颗粒物Atmosphericparticulates二氧化碳Carbondioxide温室气体Greenhousegases氧气Oxygen臭氧层Ozonelayer大气过程Atmosphericprocesses空气－水相互作用Air-waterinteraction 大气环流Atmosphericcirculation大气降水Atmosphericprecipitation碳循环Carboncycle蒸发作用Evaporation降水增加Precipitationenhancement降雨Rainfall太阳辐射Solarradiation蒸腾作用Transpiration风Winds空气污染Airpollution酸雨Acidrain空气污染物Airpollutants氯氟碳Chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物Depositedparticulatematter 飞灰Flyash雾Fog薄烟Haze空内空气污染Indoorairpollution烟雾Smog气候问题Climaticissues农业气象学Agrometeorology气候Climate气候变化Climaticchange气候带Climaticzones干旱Drought全球变暖Globalwarming温室效应Greenhouseeffect湿度Humidity微气候影响Microclimateeffects 海平面上升Sealevelrise人工影响天气Weathermodification 岩石圈LITHOSPHERE固态地球SolidEarth洞穴Caves地震活动Seismicactivity地震监测Seismicmonitoring火山Volcanoes风蚀Winderosion陆地生态系统TERRESTRIALECOSYSTEMS 土壤Soils农用土地Agriculturalland碱地Alkalilands污染的土地Contaminatedland污染的土壤Contaminatedsoil沙坑Gravelpits荒地Heathlands土地承载能力Landcarryingcapacity 土地污染Landpollution土地开垦Landreclamation土地恢复Landrestoration土地使用分类Landuseclassification 边缘土地Marginallands沙石开采Sandextraction沉积Sedimentation土壤潜力Soilcapabilities土壤保持Soilconservation土壤污染Soilcontamination土壤退化Soildegradation土壤侵蚀Soilerosion土壤改良Soilimprovement土壤盐碱化Soilsalination水蚀Watererosion干旱地区生态系统Aridlandecosystems 干旱土地Aridlands沙漠化Desertification抗旱Droughtcontrol旱作Dryfarming沙丘固定Sanddunefixation沙丘Sanddunes半干旱地区生态系统Semi-aridlandecosystems 森林生态系统Forestecosystems植树造林Afforestation针叶林Coniferousforests森林砍伐Deforestation森林保护Forestconservation森林火灾Forestfires草地火灾Grassfires绿化带Greenbelts本地森林Indigenousforests再造林Reafforestation植被恢复Revegetation亚热带生态系统Sub-tropicalecosystems温带森林Temperateforests温带林地Temperatewoodlands热带生态系统Tropicalecosystems热带森林Tropicalforests热带森林生态系统Tropicalforestecosystems 林地生态系统Woodlandecosystems温带生态系统和寒带生态系统Temperateecosystemsandcoldzoneecosystems 南极生态系统Antarcticecosystems南极地区Antarcticregion北极生态系统Arcticecosystems北极地区Arcticregion寒带生态系统Coldzoneecosystems草地生态系统Grasslandecosystems永久冻土生态系统Permafrostecosystems极地生态系统Polarecosystems温带生态系统Temperateecosystems山地生态系统Mountainecosystems高原生态系统Highlandecosystems登山运动Mountaineering湿地生态系统Wetlandsecosystems红树沼泽Mangroveswamps水禽Waterfowl水涝地Waterloggedlands流域管理Watershedmanagement水边开发Watersidedevelopment生物多样性和保护区Biologicaldiversityandprotectedareas 适应性强的物种Adaptablespecies藻类Algae两栖动物Amphibians动物习性Animalbehaviour动物资源Animalresources节肢动物Arthropods生物多样性Biologicaldiversity生物资源Biologicalresources生物圈保护区Biospherereserves群落生境Biotopes鸟类Birds植物园Botanicalgardens基因资源保护Conservationofgeneticresources 生态平衡Ecologicalbalance濒危动物物种Endangeredanimalspecies濒危植物物种Endangeredplantspecies河口保护区Estuarineconservationareas动物区系Fauna植物区系Flora食物链Foodchain捕猎Hunting无脊椎动物Invertebrates陆地哺乳动物Landmammals哺乳动物Mammals海洋保护区Marineconservationareas微生物Microorganisms移栖种Migratoryspecies国家公园Nationalparks国家保护区Nationalreserves寄生生物Parasites愉猎Poaching灵长目Primates保护区Protectedareas受保护的物种Protectedspecies爬行动物Reptiles陆地生物资源Terrestrialbiologicalresources 植被Vegetation杂草Weeds野生生物Wildlife野生生物保护Wildlifeconservation野生生物生境Wildlifehabitats动物园Zoologicalgardens细菌Bacteria酶Enzymes真菌Fungi基因库Genebanks种质Germplasm微生物资源Microbialresources原生生物Protozoa病毒Viruses酵母Yeasts生物技术问题Biotechnologicalissues农业生物技术Agriculturalbiotechnologies生物伦理学Bioethics生物安全Biosafety生物技术Biotechnologies无性繁殖Cloning与健康有关的生物技术Health-relatedbiotechnologies诱变剂Mutagens突变微生物释放Mutatedmicroorganismsrelease突变体Mutants繁殖控制ReproductivemanipulationDNA重组技术RecombinantDNAtechnology动物的选择性繁殖Selectivebreedingofanimals植物的选择性繁殖Selectivebreedingofplants生物技术的社会－经济影响Socio-economicimpactofbiotechnologies 致畸剂Teratogens淡水FRESHWATER淡水资源Freshwaterresources谈水保护Conservationoffreshwater水坝Dams自然排水系统Naturaldrainagesystems河流流域开发Riverbasindevelopment地下水Subterraneanwater地表水Surfacewaters水资源保护Waterresourcesconservation 水资源开发Waterresourcesdevelopment 淡水生态系统Freshwaterecosystems集水区Catchmentareas国际河流流域Internationalriverbasins 湖泊流域Lakebasins池塘尾渣Pondstailings河流流域Riverbasins淡水恶化Freshwaterdegradation河流污染Riverpollution径流Run-off沉积物移动Sedimentmobilization沉积物运移Sedimenttransport沉积盆地Sedimentarybasins渗漏Seepage凤眼蓝Waterhyacinth水污染Waterpollution水的盐化Watersalination饮用水供应Drinkingwatersupply脱盐Desalination饮用水Drinkingwater饮用水处理Drinkingwatertreatment城市配水系统Municipalwaterdistributionsystems 农村供水Ruralwatersupply污水处理厂Sewagetreatmentplants水泵Waterpumps水处理Watertreatment水井Waterwells海洋环境MARINEENVIRONMENTS海洋生态系统Marineecosystems藻花Algalbloom海底生态系统Benthicecosystems 海洋污染Marinepollution污染沉积物Marinesediments海洋环境Oceancirculation洋流Oceancurrents海洋Oceans海洋温度Oceantemperature赤潮Redtide海平面Sealevel潮,潮汐Tides沿海生态系统Coastalecosystems 群岛Archipelagoes沿海地区Coastalareas沿海开发Coastaldevelopment沿海环境Coastalenvironments 海岸侵蚀Coastalerosion疏浚Dredging河口生态系统Estuarineecosystems岛屿生态系统Islandecosystems小岛屿Smallislands海洋生物资源Livingmarineresources水生哺乳动物Aquaticmammals水生微生物Aquaticmicroorganisms水生植物Aquaticplants珊瑚礁Coralreefs甲壳纲动物Crustaceans海洋资源保护Marineresourcesconservation 软体动物Molluscs水生贝壳类动物Shellfish环境管理ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT资源管理Resourcesmanagement深海矿藏Deepseadeposits森林管理Forestmanagement森林政府Forestpolicy资源的地埋分布Geographicdistributionofresources 土地价值Landvalues矿产资源Mineralresources国家保护计划Nationalconservationprogrammes自然资源Naturalresources自然保护Natureconservation不可再生资源Non-renewableresources资源净损耗Netresourcedepletion矿床Oredeposits石油资源保护Petroleumresourcesconservation可再生资源Renewableresources资源估价Resourceappraisal资源保护Resourceconservation海底开发Seabedexploitation海底采矿Seabedmining本地资源的利用Utilizationoflocalresources环境规划Environmentalplanning发展合作Developmentcooperation发展计划Developmentplanning生态发展Ecodevelopment经济发展Economicdevelopment经济计划Economicplanning环境核算Environmentalaccounting环境审计Environmentalauditing环境健康影响评价Environmentalhealthimpactassessment 环境影响Environmentalimpact环境影响评价Environmentalimpactassessment环境影响状报告书Environmentalimpactstatement环境指标Environmentalindicators环境政策Environmentalpolicy环境风险评估Environmentalriskassessment财政资助Financialassistance土地利用规划Landuseplanning环境管理指标Environmentalmanagementindicators 环境质量指标Environmentalqualityindicators试验项目Pilotprojects政策规划Policyplanning施压集团Pressuregroups区域规划Regionalplanning自助计划Self-helpprogrammes工农业选址Sitingofindustry社会调查Socialsurveys发展状况Statusofdevelopment可持续发展Sustainabledevelopment可持续发展指标Sustainabledevelopmentindicators 技术评价Technologyassessment运输计划Transportplanning环境经济问题Environmentaleconomicissues环境定价Environmentalvaluation环境成本Environmentalcosts外部Externalities重置成本Replacementcosts贸易对环境的影响Tradeimpactonenvironment已定价值的生态系统组成部分Valuedecosystemcomponents 经济管理手段Economicmanagementinstruments成本-效益分析Cost-benefitanalysis发展中国家债务Developingcountriesdebt环境股票交易Environmentalstockexchange政府环境开支Governmentenvironmentalexpenditures绿色财政手段Greenfiscalinstruments环境成本内在化Internalisationofenvironmentalcosts 以绿色标志促销Marketingwithgreenlabeling资源的定价政策Pricingpoliciesofresources 结构调整计划Structuraladjustmentprograms 税收差别Taxdifferentiation可交易的许可证Tradeablepermits人类住区HUMANSETTLEMENTS人类住区管理Humansettlementsmanagement 建成区Built-upareas经济规划Economiczoning用火安全要求Firesafetyrequirements历史遗址Historicalsites住房改善Housingimprovements住房需求Housingneeds住房规划Housingprogrammes住房质量标准Housingqualitystandards工业区Industrialareas非高峰时间工作Off-peakworking办公室Offices城区发展模式Patternsofurbangrowth规划的城区发展Plannedurbandevelopment 再建房屋Rehousing租赁房屋Rentalhousing居民区Residentialareas建筑安全标准Safetystandardsforbuildings 商店Shops建筑业标准Standardsforbuildingindustry 城区设计Urbandesign建成结构Builtstructures桥梁Bridges建筑材料Buildingmaterials建筑物Buildings建筑技术Buildingtechnology施工技术Constructiontechnology建筑工程Constructionworks农业建筑Farmbuildings政府建筑Governmentbuildings高层建筑High-risebuildings工业建筑Industrialbuildings本地建筑材料Localmaterialsforbuilding拖车住房Mobilehomes核研究中心Nuclearresearchcentres装配式房屋Prefabricatedbuildings结构Structures隔热Thermalinsulation基础设施Infrastructure通道Accessroads水上娱乐活动Aquaticrecreationalamenities 汽车停放Automobileparking建成的排水系统Builtdrainagesystems电力分配Electricpowerdistribution 公共花园Publicgardens公路Highways空地Openspaces管道Pipelines运动场Playgrounds公园Publicparks公用事业Publicutilities道路建设Roadconstruction道路养护Roadmaintenance体育设施Sportsfacilities电信Telecommunications运输系统Transportsystems隧道Tunnels城市供水Urbanwatersupply公共服务Publicservices人类住区的社会－经济方面Socio-economicaspectsofhumansettlements 生育控制Birthcontrol社区服务Communityservices社区参与Communityparticipation通勤Commuting消费方式Consumptionpatterns文化指标Culturalindicators发展模式Developmentpatterns残疾人Disabledpersons毒品滥用Drugabuse生态旅游Ecotourism计划生育Familyplanning性别问题Genderissues无家可归Homelessness住房集资Housingfinance人类迁居Humanmigration人口Humanpopulation人权Humanrights土地分配Landallotment生活方式Lifestyles低价住房Low-costhousing流动工人Migrantworkers少数民族Minorities社区改善计划Neighbourhoodimprovementschemes 新社区Newcommunities流浪者Nomads非高峰时间通勤Off-peakcommuting公共卫生Publichealth种族关系Racerelations娱乐Recreation农村地区Ruralareas环境卫生Sanitation社会指数Socialindicators 社会-经济因素Socio-economicfactors旅游Tourism旅行Travel贫困阶层Under-privilegedpeople城市地区Urbanareas城区改造Urbanrenewal城区压力Urbanstress妇女地位Womenstatus人类住区的环境方面Environmentalaspectsofhumansettlements 空调Airconditioning尸体处置Disposalofthedead区城供热Districtheating住房密度Housingdensity过度拥挤Overcrowding难民Refugees旅游设施Touristfacilities城市衰败Urbandecay农业AGRICULTURE农业方式Agriculturalpractices农业设备Agriculturalequipment农业管理Agriculturalmanagement农业方法Agriculturalmethods农业害虫Agriculturalpests农业生产Agriculturalproduction农业储藏Agriculturalstorage动物疾病Animaldiseases动物营养Animalnutrition养蜂业Apiculture水产养殖Aquaculture害虫的生物控制Biologicalcontrolofpests 生物固氮Biologicalnitrogenfixation堆肥Composts等高耕作Contourfarming受控燃烧Controlledburning作物保护Cropprotection挽畜Draughtanimals鱼类养殖Fishculture渔业管理Fisheriesmanagement谷物Grains作物虫害传染Infestationofcrops粮食虫害传染Infestationoffood灌溉Irrigation灌溉渠Irrigationcanals灌溉农业Irrigationfarming天然肥料Naturalfertilizers有机农业Organicfarming病虫害控制Pestmanagement杀虫剂标准控制Pesticidecontrolstandards 植物病害Plantdiseases家禽饲养Poultryfarming林农轮作Shiftingcultivation 树木苗圃Treenurseries滴灌Trickleirrigation农工业Agro-industry畜产品Animalproducts饮料工业Beverageindustry酿造业Brewingindustry蒸馏业Distillingindustry食品辐照Foodirradiation食品保存Foodpreservation食品贮藏Foodstorage食品运输Foodtransport林产品Forestproducts烟草Tobacco农用化学品Agrochemicals化学肥料Chemicalfertilizers杀真菌剂Fungicides除草剂Herbicides杀虫剂的代谢Metabolismofpesticides硝酸盐Nitrates亚硝酸盐Nitrites亚硝胺Nitrosamines营养物Nutrients有机磷化物Organophosphorouscompounds 杀虫剂的持久性Persistenceofpesticides 杀虫剂路径Pesticidepathways杀虫剂Pesticides磷酸盐Phosphates杀虫剂的毒性Toxicityofpesticides杀虫剂的使用Utilizationofpesticides工业INDUSTRY工业生产过程Industrialprocesses 制铝工业Aluminiumindustry适用技术Appropriatetechnology 高炉Blastfurnaces纤维素Cellulose化学工业Chemicalindustry清洁技术Cleantechnologies服装工业Clothingindustry乳品业Dairyindustry脱盐工厂Desalinationplants干洗Drycleaning炼铁工业Ironindustry洗烫衣服Laundering皮革工业Leatherindustry金属加工Metalfinishing金属电镀Metalplating金属冶炼Metalsmelting矿产业Mineralindustry采矿Mining天然气开采Naturalgasextraction 原油开采Oilextraction石油提炼Petroleumrefining印刷工业Printingindustry纸浆工业Pulpindustry?采石Quarrying橡胶加工Rubberprocessing炼钢工业Steelindustry露天剥采Stripmining焦油生产Tarproduction焦油使用Taruse木材保存Woodpreservation工业产品Industrialproducts消费品Consumergoods危险品Dangerousgoods工业材料Industrialmaterials天然纤维Naturalfibres包装Packaging涂料Paints产品标签Productlabeling 可再用容器Reusablecontainers合成洗涤剂Syntheticdetergents合成纺织纤维Synthetictextilefibres 漆Varnishes木产品Woodproducts运输TRANSPORTATION空运Airtransportation空中交通规则Airtrafficregulations飞机Aircraft飞机发动机排放物Aircraftengineemissions 飞机噪音Aircraftnoise机场Airports航天运输Spacetransportation陆上运输Landtransportation自行车Bicycles内燃机Combustionengines 铁路运输Railwaytransport道路安全Roadsafety道路交通工程Roadtrafficengineering道路运输Roadtransport道路Roads城市交通Urbantraffic车辆检验Vehicleinspection水上运输Watertransportation渔轮Fishingvessels内河运输Inlandwatertransport内陆水道Inlandwaterways国际水道Internationalwatercourses 海运Maritimetransport航运的危害Navigationalhazards油轮Oiltankers港口Ports潜水艇Submarines能ENERGY能源Energysources动物粪便作燃料Animaldungasfuel沼气Biogas生物量Biomass生物质能Biomassenergy木炭Charcoal原油Crudeoil能源资源Energyresources浓缩铀Enricheduranium矿物燃料Fossilfuels燃料酒精Fuelalcohol薪柴Fuelwood地热能Geothermalenergy碳氢化合物Hydrocarboncompounds烃Hydrocarbons水电Hydroelectricpower液化气Liquefiedgas甲烷Methane天然气Naturalgas可再生能源Renewableenergysources不可再生能源Non-renewableenergyresources 无污染能源Non-pollutingenergysources核能Nuclearenergy核燃料Nuclearfuels油类Oils油页岩Oilshales泥炭、泥煤Peat汽油Petrols从废料中提取的燃料Refusederivedfuels 太阳能Solarenergy焦油砂Tarsands海洋热能Thermalseapower潮汐能Tidalenergy铀Uranium波浪能Waveenergy风能Windenergy能源过程Energyprocesses煤气化Coalgasification煤液化Coalliquefaction电力Electricpower发电厂Electricpowerplants蓄电装置Electricalstoragedevices能源保护Energyconservation能源转换Energyconversion能源效率Energyefficiency能源政策Energypolicy能源生产Energyproduction能源利用Energyuse能源利用方式Energyutilizationpatterns 气体液化Gasliquefaction照明Lighting天然气勘探Naturalgasexploration核能利用Nuclearenergyuses核电站Nuclearpowerplants近海石油钻探Offshoreoildrilling石油勘探Oilexploration日照加热Solarheating环境化学ENVIRONMENTALCHEMISTRY无机物质Inorganicsubstances酸Acids氧化铝Alumina氯Chlorine盐酸Hydrochloricacid硫化氢Hydrogensulphide硫酸盐Sulphates硫酸Sulphuricacid光化学试剂Photochemicalagents光化学效应Photochemicaleffects有机物质Organicsubstances有机硅化合物Organosiliconcompounds 酚Phenols外激素，信息素Pheromones植物油Vegetableoils生物化学过程Biochemicalprocesses酸化Acidification需氧过程Aerobicprocesses厌氧过程Anaerobicprocesses生物降解Biodegradation脱氮作用Denitrification富营氧化Eutrophication杀虫剂的相互作用Interactionofpesticides 电离辐射Ionizingradiation代谢（作用），新陈代谢（作用）Metabolism 固氮Nitrogenfixation非电离辐射Non-ionizingradiation光合作用Photosynthesis物理－化学过程Physico-chemicalprocesses放射性Radioactivity毒性Toxicity污染POLLUTION污染物Pollutants气溶胶，气雾剂??Aerosols农业废物Agriculturalwastes石棉Asbestos商业噪音Commercialnoise混合污染Compositepollution作物废物Cropwaste二恶英??Dioxins 农家场院废物Farmyardwaste火、火灾Fire危险物质Hazardoussubstances危险废物Hazardouswastes重金属Heavymetals医院废物Hospitalwastes工业废水Industrialeffluents工业排放物Industrialemissions工业烟尘Industrialfumes工业噪声Industrialnoise无机污染物Inorganicpollutants铅污染Leadcontamination液体废物Liquidwastes丢弃物，废气物Litter汞污染Mercurycontamination微污染物Micropollutants采矿废物Miningwastes机动车辆排放物Motorvehicleemissions 城市废物Municipalwaste氮氧化物Nitrogenoxides噪声污染Noisepollution恶臭公害Odournuisance有机物污染Organicpollutants难降解有机污染物Persistentorganicpollutants 有机溶剂Organicsolvents有机卤化物Organohalogencompounds医药废物Pharmaceuticalwastes塑料废物Plasticwastes多氯联苯Polychlorinatedbiphenyls聚合物废物Polymerwastes放射性物质Radioactivesubstances氡Radon橡胶废物Rubberwaste锯屑Sawdust污水Sewage屠宰场废物Slaughterhousewaste固体废物Solidwastes热污染Thermalpollution有毒物质Toxicsubstances有毒废物Toxicwaste毒素Toxins痕量元素Traceelements痕量物质Tracematerials交通噪音Trafficnoise废物，垃圾Trash废热Wasteheat木材废料Woodwaste对流层臭氧Troposphericozone 污染源Pollutionsources生物武器Biologicalweapons 水泥工业Cementindustry化学武器Chemicalweapons烟囱Chimneys冷却水Coolingwaters机动车辆Motorvehicles摩托车Motorcycles核武器Nuclearweapons海洋倾倒Oceandumping石油泄漏Oilspills废金属Scrapmetals挖掘堆积Excavationheaps污染治理Pollutionabatement隔音Acousticinsulation化学污染清除Chemicaldecontamination燃料脱硫Desulphurizationoffuels过滤器Filters噪音治理Noiseabatement污染治理设备Pollutionabatementequipment 污染控制技术Pollutioncontroltechnology 辐射防护Radiationprotection洗涤器Scrubbers分离器Separators防烟Smokeprevention废物最少化Wasteminimization废物Wastes电池处理Batterydisposal废物的化学处理Chemicaltreatmentofwaste 处置场所Disposalsites废物焚烧Incinerationofwaste矿山回填Minefilling残油回收Oilresiduerecuperation放射性废物管理Radioactivewastemanagement 回收的材料Recycledmaterials回收Recycling材料再利用Reuseofmaterials卫生填埋Sanitarylandfills海洋排泄口Seaoutfall化粪池Septictanks污水处置Sewagedisposal污水处理系统Sewagetreatmentsystems固体废物处置Solidwastedisposal废物同化处置Wasteassimilationcapacities废物转化技术Wasteconversiontechniques废物处置Wastedisposal废物土地处置Wastedisposalintheground废物处置税Wastedisposaltaxes废物回收Wasterecovery废物利用Wasteuse水的再利用Waterreuse人体健康HUMANHEALTH污染物的危害Hazardsofpollutants在人体组织中的积累Accumulationinbodytissues镉污染Cadmiumcontamination环境健康危害Environmentalhealthhazards人体接触污染物Humanexposuretopollutants污染物的长期效应Long-termeffectsofpollutants核安全Nuclearsafety污染物的影响Pollutanteffects污染风险Pollutionrisk辐射效应Radiationeffects药物的副作用Sideeffectsofpharmaceuticaldrugs毒物质的协同效应Synergisticeffectsoftoxicsubstances与环境有关的疾病Environmentallyrelateddiseases致癌物Carcinogens南美锥虫病Chagas''disease人类的疾病Humandiseases免疫疾病Immunologicaldiseases婴儿死亡率Infantmortality疟疾Malaria盘尾丝虫病Onchocerciasis病原生物体Pathogenicorganisms辐射病Radiationsickness血吸虫病Schistosomiasis人类疾病传染媒介Vectorsofhumandiseases 工作环境Workingenvironment人机工程学Ergonomics职业健康Occupationalhealth职业安全Occupationalsafety振动Vibration营养与保健Nutritionandhealthcare过敏素Allergens基本食物要求Basicfoodrequirements食品Food食品添加剂Foodadditives食用色素Foodcolourants。
环境专业英语
大气ATMOSPHERE大气组成Atmospheric composition空气质量Air quality大气化学Atmospheric chemistry大气成分Atmospheric components大气颗粒物Atmospheric particulates二氧化碳Carbon dioxide温室气体Greenhouse gases氧气Oxygen臭氧层Ozone layer大气过程Atmospheric processes空气－水相互作用Air-water interaction大气环流Atmospheric circulation大气降水Atmospheric precipitation碳循环Carbon cycle蒸发作用Evaporation降水增加Precipitation enhancement降雨Rainfall太阳辐射Solar radiation蒸腾作用Transpiration风Winds空气污染Air pollution酸雨Acid rain空气污染物Air pollutants氯氟碳Chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物Deposited particulate matter 飞灰Fly ash雾Fog薄烟Haze空内空气污染Indoor air pollution烟雾Smog气候问题Climatic issues农业气象学Agrometeorology气候Climate气候变化Climatic change气候带Climatic zones干旱Drought全球变暖Global warming温室效应Greenhouse effect湿度Humidity微气候影响Microclimate effects海平面上升Sea level rise人工影响天气Weather modification岩石圈LITHOSPHERE固态地球Solid Earth 洞穴Caves地震活动Seismic activity地震监测Seismic monitoring火山Volcanoes风蚀Wind erosion陆地生态系统TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 土壤Soils农用土地Agricultural land碱地Alkali lands污染的土地Contaminated land污染的土壤Contaminated soil沙坑Gravel pits荒地Heath lands土地承载能力Land carrying capacity土地污染Land pollution土地开垦Land reclamation土地恢复Land restoration土地使用分类Land use classification边缘土地Marginal lands沙石开采Sand extraction沉积Sedimentation土壤潜力Soil capabilities土壤保持Soil conservation土壤污染Soil contamination土壤退化Soil degradation土壤侵蚀Soil erosion土壤改良Soil improvement土壤盐碱化Soil salination水蚀Water erosion干旱地区生态系统Arid land ecosystems干旱土地Arid lands沙漠化Desertification抗旱Drought control旱作Dry farming沙丘固定Sand dune fixation沙丘Sand dunes半干旱地区生态系统Semi-arid land ecosystems森林生态系统Forest ecosystems植树造林Afforestation针叶林Coniferous forests森林砍伐Deforestation森林保护Forest conservation森林火灾Forest fires草地火灾Grass fires绿化带Greenbelts本地森林Indigenous forests再造林Reafforestation植被恢复Revegetation亚热带生态系统Sub-tropical ecosystems温带森林Temperate forests温带林地Temperate woodlands热带生态系统Tropical ecosystems热带森林Tropical forests热带森林生态系统Tropical forest ecosystems林地生态系统Woodland ecosystems温带生态系统和寒带生态系统Temperate ecosystems and cold zone ecosystems南极生态系统Antarctic ecosystems南极地区Antarctic region北极生态系统Arctic ecosystems北极地区Arctic region寒带生态系统Cold zone ecosystems草地生态系统Grassland ecosystems永久冻土生态系统Permafrost ecosystems 极地生态系统Polar ecosystems温带生态系统Temperate ecosystems山地生态系统Mountain ecosystems高原生态系统Highland ecosystems登山运动Mountaineering湿地生态系统Wetlands ecosystems红树沼泽Mangrove swamps水禽Waterfowl水涝地Waterlogged lands流域管理Watershed management水边开发Waterside development生物多样性和保护区Biological diversity and protected areas适应性强的物种Adaptable species藻类Algae两栖动物Amphibians动物习性Animal behaviour动物资源Animal resources节肢动物Arthropods生物多样性Biological diversity生物资源Biological resources生物圈保护区Biosphere reserves 群落生境Biotopes鸟类Birds植物园Botanical gardens基因资源保护Conservation of genetic resources生态平衡Ecological balance濒危动物物种Endangered animal species濒危植物物种Endangered plant species河口保护区Estuarine conservation areas动物区系Fauna植物区系Flora食物链Food chain捕猎Hunting无脊椎动物Invertebrates陆地哺乳动物Land mammals哺乳动物Mammals海洋保护区Marine conservation areas微生物Microorganisms移栖种Migratory species国家公园National parks国家保护区National reserves寄生生物Parasites愉猎Poaching灵长目Primates保护区Protected areas受保护的物种Protected species爬行动物Reptiles陆地生物资源Terrestrial biological resources 植被Vegetation杂草Weeds野生生物Wildlife野生生物保护Wildlife conservation野生生物生境Wildlife habitats动物园Zoological gardens细菌Bacteria酶Enzymes真菌Fungi基因库Gene banks种质Germ plasm微生物资源Microbial resources原生生物Protozoa病毒Viruses酵母Yeasts生物技术问题Biotechnological issues农业生物技术Agricultural biotechnologies生物伦理学Bioethics生物安全Biosafety生物技术Biotechnologies无性繁殖Cloning与健康有关的生物技术Health-related biotechnologies诱变剂Mutagens突变微生物释放Mutated microorganisms release突变体Mutants繁殖控制Reproductive manipulationDNA重组技术Recombinant DNA technology动物的选择性繁殖Selective breeding of animals植物的选择性繁殖Selective breeding of plants生物技术的社会－经济影响Socio-economic impact of biotechnologies致畸剂Teratogens淡水FRESHWATER淡水资源Freshwater resources谈水保护Conservation of freshwater水坝Dams自然排水系统Natural drainage systems河流流域开发River basin development地下水Subterranean water地表水Surface waters水资源保护Water resources conservation水资源开发Water resources development 淡水生态系统Freshwater ecosystems集水区Catchment areas国际河流流域International river basins湖泊流域Lake basins池塘尾渣Ponds tailings河流流域River basins淡水恶化Freshwater degradation河流污染River pollution径流Run-off沉积物移动Sediment mobilization沉积物运移Sediment transport沉积盆地Sedimentary basins渗漏Seepage凤眼蓝Water hyacinth水污染Water pollution 水的盐化Water salination饮用水供应Drinking water supply脱盐Desalination饮用水Drinking water饮用水处理Drinking water treatment城市配水系统Municipal water distribution systems农村供水Rural water supply污水处理厂Sewage treatment plants水泵Water pumps水处理Water treatment水井Water wells海洋环境MARINE ENVIRONMENTS海洋生态系统Marine ecosystems藻花Algal bloom海底生态系统Benthic ecosystems海洋污染Marine pollution污染沉积物Marine sediments海洋环境Ocean circulation洋流Ocean currents海洋Oceans海洋温度Ocean temperature赤潮Red tide海平面Sea level潮,潮汐Tides沿海生态系统Coastal ecosystems群岛Archipelagoes沿海地区Coastal areas沿海开发Coastal development沿海环境Coastal environments海岸侵蚀Coastal erosion疏浚Dredging河口生态系统Estuarine ecosystems岛屿生态系统Island ecosystems小岛屿Small islands海洋生物资源Living marine resources水生哺乳动物Aquatic mammals水生微生物Aquatic microorganisms水生植物Aquatic plants珊瑚礁Coral reefs甲壳纲动物Crustaceans海洋资源保护Marine resources conservation软体动物Molluscs水生贝壳类动物Shellfish环境管理ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 资源管理Resources management深海矿藏Deep sea deposits森林管理Forest management森林政府Forest policy资源的地埋分布Geographic distribution of resources土地价值Land values矿产资源Mineral resources国家保护计划National conservation programmes自然资源Natural resources自然保护Nature conservation不可再生资源Non-renewable resources资源净损耗Net resource depletion矿床Ore deposits石油资源保护Petroleum resources conservation可再生资源Renewable resources资源估价Resource appraisal资源保护Resource conservation海底开发Sea bed exploitation海底采矿Sea bed mining本地资源的利用Utilization of local resources 环境规划Environmental planning发展合作Development cooperation发展计划Development planning生态发展Ecodevelopment经济发展Economic development经济计划Economic planning环境核算Environmental accounting环境审计Environmental auditing环境健康影响评价Environmental health impact assessment环境影响Environmental impact环境影响评价Environmental impact assessment环境影响状报告书Environmental impact statement环境指标Environmental indicators环境政策Environmental policy环境风险评估Environmental risk assessment 财政资助Financial assistance土地利用规划Land use planning环境管理指标Environmental management indicators环境质量指标Environmental quality indicators试验项目Pilot projects政策规划Policy planning施压集团Pressure groups区域规划Regional planning自助计划Self-help programmes工农业选址Siting of industry社会调查Social surveys发展状况Status of development可持续发展Sustainable development可持续发展指标Sustainable development indicators技术评价Technology assessment运输计划Transport planning环境经济问题Environmental economic issues环境定价Environmental valuation环境成本Environmental costs外部Externalities重置成本Replacement costs贸易对环境的影响Trade impact on environment已定价值的生态系统组成部分Valued ecosystem components经济管理手段Economic management instruments成本-效益分析Cost-benefit analysis发展中国家债务Developing countries debt 环境股票交易Environmental stock exchange政府环境开支Government environmental expenditures绿色财政手段Green fiscal instruments环境成本内在化Internalisation of environmental costs以绿色标志促销Marketing with green labeling资源的定价政策Pricing policies of resources 结构调整计划Structural adjustmentprograms税收差别Tax differentiation可交易的许可证Tradeable permits人类住区HUMAN SETTLEMENTS人类住区管理Human settlements management建成区Built-up areas经济规划Economic zoning用火安全要求Fire safety requirements历史遗址Historical sites住房改善Housing improvements住房需求Housing needs住房规划Housing programmes住房质量标准Housing quality standards工业区Industrial areas非高峰时间工作Off-peak working办公室Offices城区发展模式Patterns of urban growth规划的城区发展Planned urban development再建房屋Rehousing租赁房屋Rental housing居民区Residential areas建筑安全标准Safety standards for buildings 商店Shops建筑业标准Standards for building industry 城区设计Urban design建成结构Built structures桥梁Bridges建筑材料Building materials建筑物Buildings建筑技术Building technology施工技术Construction technology建筑工程Construction works农业建筑Farm buildings政府建筑Government buildings高层建筑High-rise buildings工业建筑Industrial buildings本地建筑材料Local materials for building拖车住房Mobile homes核研究中心Nuclear research centres装配式房屋Prefabricated buildings结构Structures隔热Thermal insulation 基础设施Infrastructure通道Access roads水上娱乐活动Aquatic recreational amenities 汽车停放Automobile parking建成的排水系统Built drainage systems电力分配Electric power distribution公共花园Public gardens公路Highways空地Open spaces管道Pipelines运动场Playgrounds公园Public parks公用事业Public utilities道路建设Road construction道路养护Road maintenance体育设施Sports facilities电信Telecommunications运输系统Transport systems隧道Tunnels城市供水Urban water supply公共服务Public services人类住区的社会－经济方面Socio-economic aspects of human settlements生育控制Birth control社区服务Community services社区参与Community participation通勤Commuting消费方式Consumption patterns文化指标Cultural indicators发展模式Development patterns残疾人Disabled persons毒品滥用Drug abuse生态旅游Ecotourism计划生育Family planning性别问题Gender issues无家可归Homelessness住房集资Housing finance人类迁居Human migration人口Human population人权Human rights土地分配Land allotment生活方式Lifestyles低价住房Low-cost housing流动工人Migrant workers少数民族Minorities社区改善计划Neighbourhood improvement schemes新社区New communities流浪者Nomads非高峰时间通勤Off-peak commuting公共卫生Public health种族关系Race relations娱乐Recreation农村地区Rural areas环境卫生Sanitation社会指数Social indicators社会-经济因素Socio-economic factors旅游Tourism旅行Travel贫困阶层Under-privileged people城市地区Urban areas城区改造Urban renewal城区压力Urban stress妇女地位Women status人类住区的环境方面Environmental aspects of human settlements空调Air conditioning尸体处置Disposal of the dead区城供热District heating住房密度Housing density过度拥挤Overcrowding难民Refugees旅游设施Tourist facilities城市衰败Urban decay农业AGRICULTURE农业方式Agricultural practices农业设备Agricultural equipment农业管理Agricultural management农业方法Agricultural methods农业害虫Agricultural pests农业生产Agricultural production农业储藏Agricultural storage动物疾病Animal diseases动物营养Animal nutrition养蜂业Apiculture水产养殖Aquaculture害虫的生物控制Biological control of pests 生物固氮Biological nitrogen fixation堆肥Composts 等高耕作Contour farming受控燃烧Controlled burning作物保护Crop protection挽畜Draught animals鱼类养殖Fish culture渔业管理Fisheries management谷物Grains作物虫害传染Infestation of crops粮食虫害传染Infestation of food灌溉Irrigation灌溉渠Irrigation canals灌溉农业Irrigation farming天然肥料Natural fertilizers有机农业Organic farming病虫害控制Pest management杀虫剂标准控制Pesticide control standards 植物病害Plant diseases家禽饲养Poultry farming林农轮作Shifting cultivation树木苗圃Tree nurseries滴灌Trickle irrigation农工业Agro-industry畜产品Animal products饮料工业Beverage industry酿造业Brewing industry蒸馏业Distilling industry食品辐照Food irradiation食品保存Food preservation食品贮藏Food storage食品运输Food transport林产品Forest products烟草Tobacco农用化学品Agrochemicals化学肥料Chemical fertilizers杀真菌剂Fungicides除草剂Herbicides杀虫剂的代谢Metabolism of pesticides硝酸盐Nitrates亚硝酸盐Nitrites亚硝胺Nitrosamines营养物Nutrients有机磷化物Organophosphorous compounds杀虫剂的持久性Persistence of pesticides杀虫剂路径Pesticide pathways杀虫剂Pesticides磷酸盐Phosphates杀虫剂的毒性Toxicity of pesticides 杀虫剂的使用Utilization of pesticides工业INDUSTRY工业生产过程Industrial processes制铝工业Aluminium industry适用技术Appropriate technology高炉Blast furnaces纤维素Cellulose化学工业Chemical industry清洁技术Clean technologies服装工业Clothing industry乳品业Dairy industry脱盐工厂Desalination plants干洗Dry cleaning炼铁工业Iron industry洗烫衣服Laundering皮革工业Leather industry金属加工Metal finishing金属电镀Metal plating金属冶炼Metal smelting矿产业Mineral industry采矿Mining天然气开采Natural gas extraction原油开采Oil extraction石油提炼Petroleum refining印刷工业Printing industry纸浆工业Pulp industry采石Quarrying橡胶加工Rubber processing炼钢工业Steel industry露天剥采Strip mining焦油生产Tar production焦油使用Tar use木材保存Wood preservation工业产品Industrial products消费品Consumer goods危险品Dangerous goods工业材料Industrial materials天然纤维Natural fibres包装Packaging 涂料Paints产品标签Product labeling可再用容器Reusable containers合成洗涤剂Synthetic detergents合成纺织纤维Synthetic textile fibres漆Varnishes木产品Wood products运输TRANSPORTATION空运Air transportation空中交通规则Air traffic regulations飞机Aircraft飞机发动机排放物Aircraft engine emissions 飞机噪音Aircraft noise机场Airports航天运输Space transportation陆上运输Land transportation自行车Bicycles内燃机Combustion engines 铁路运输Railway transport道路安全Road safety道路交通工程Road traffic engineering道路运输Road transport道路Roads城市交通Urban traffic车辆检验Vehicle inspection水上运输Water transportation渔轮Fishing vessels内河运输Inland water transport内陆水道Inland waterways国际水道International watercourses海运Maritime transport航运的危害Navigational hazards油轮Oil tankers港口Ports潜水艇Submarines能ENERGY能源Energy sources动物粪便作燃料Animal dung as fuel沼气Biogas生物量Biomass生物质能Biomass energy木炭Charcoal原油Crude oil能源资源Energy resources浓缩铀Enriched uranium矿物燃料Fossil fuels燃料酒精Fuel alcohol薪柴Fuel wood地热能Geothermal energy碳氢化合物Hydrocarbon compounds烃Hydrocarbons水电Hydroelectric power液化气Liquefied gas甲烷Methane天然气Natural gas可再生能源Renewable energy sources不可再生能源Non-renewable energy resources无污染能源Non-polluting energy sources核能Nuclear energy核燃料Nuclear fuels油类Oils油页岩Oil shales泥炭、泥煤Peat汽油Petrols从废料中提取的燃料Refuse derived fuels太阳能Solar energy焦油砂Tar sands海洋热能Thermal sea power潮汐能Tidal energy铀Uranium波浪能Wave energy风能Wind energy能源过程Energy processes煤气化Coal gasification煤液化Coal liquefaction电力Electric power发电厂Electric power plants蓄电装置Electrical storage devices能源保护Energy conservation能源转换Energy conversion能源效率Energy efficiency能源政策Energy policy能源生产Energy production能源利用Energy use能源利用方式Energy utilization patterns气体液化Gas liquefaction照明Lighting天然气勘探Natural gas exploration 核能利用Nuclear energy uses核电站Nuclear power plants近海石油钻探Offshore oil drilling石油勘探Oil exploration日照加热Solar heating环境化学ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY无机物质Inorganic substances酸Acids氧化铝Alumina氯Chlorine盐酸Hydrochloric acid硫化氢Hydrogen sulphide硫酸盐Sulphates硫酸Sulphuric acid光化学试剂Photochemical agents光化学效应Photochemical effects有机物质Organic substances有机硅化合物Organosilicon compounds酚Phenols外激素，信息素Pheromones植物油Vegetable oils生物化学过程Biochemical processes酸化Acidification需氧过程Aerobic processes厌氧过程Anaerobic processes生物降解Biodegradation脱氮作用Denitrification富营氧化Eutrophication杀虫剂的相互作用Interaction of pesticides 电离辐射Ionizing radiation代谢（作用），新陈代谢（作用）Metabolism 固氮Nitrogen fixation非电离辐射Non-ionizing radiation光合作用Photosynthesis物理－化学过程Physico-chemical processes 放射性Radioactivity毒性Toxicity污染POLLUTION污染物Pollutants气溶胶，气雾剂 Aerosols农业废物Agricultural wastes石棉Asbestos商业噪音Commercial noise混合污染Composite pollution作物废物Crop waste二恶英 Dioxins农家场院废物Farmyard waste火、火灾Fire危险物质Hazardous substances危险废物Hazardous wastes重金属Heavy metals医院废物Hospital wastes工业废水Industrial effluents工业排放物Industrial emissions工业烟尘Industrial fumes工业噪声Industrial noise无机污染物Inorganic pollutants铅污染Lead contamination液体废物Liquid wastes丢弃物，废气物Litter汞污染Mercury contamination微污染物Micropollutants采矿废物Mining wastes机动车辆排放物Motor vehicle emissions城市废物Municipal waste氮氧化物Nitrogen oxides噪声污染Noise pollution恶臭公害Odour nuisance有机物污染Organic pollutants难降解有机污染物Persistent organic pollutants有机溶剂Organic solvents有机卤化物Organohalogen compounds医药废物Pharmaceutical wastes塑料废物Plastic wastes多氯联苯Polychlorinated biphenyls聚合物废物Polymer wastes放射性物质Radioactive substances氡Radon橡胶废物Rubber waste锯屑Sawdust污水Sewage屠宰场废物Slaughterhouse waste固体废物Solid wastes热污染Thermal pollution有毒物质Toxic substances有毒废物Toxic waste毒素Toxins痕量元素Trace elements痕量物质Trace materials 交通噪音Traffic noise废物，垃圾Trash废热Waste heat木材废料Wood waste对流层臭氧Tropospheric ozone污染源Pollution sources生物武器Biological weapons水泥工业Cement industry化学武器Chemical weapons烟囱Chimneys冷却水Cooling waters机动车辆Motor vehicles摩托车Motorcycles核武器Nuclear weapons海洋倾倒Ocean dumping石油泄漏Oil spills废金属Scrap metals挖掘堆积Excavation heaps污染治理Pollution abatement隔音Acoustic insulation化学污染清除Chemical decontamination燃料脱硫Desulphurization of fuels过滤器Filters噪音治理Noise abatement污染治理设备Pollution abatement equipment污染控制技术Pollution control technology 辐射防护Radiation protection洗涤器Scrubbers分离器Separators防烟Smoke prevention废物最少化Waste minimization废物Wastes电池处理Battery disposal废物的化学处理Chemical treatment of waste处置场所Disposal sites废物焚烧Incineration of waste矿山回填Mine filling残油回收Oil residue recuperation放射性废物管理Radioactive waste management回收的材料Recycled materials回收Recycling材料再利用Reuse of materials卫生填埋Sanitary landfills海洋排泄口Sea outfall化粪池Septic tanks污水处置Sewage disposal污水处理系统Sewage treatment systems固体废物处置Solid waste disposal废物同化处置Waste assimilation capacities 废物转化技术Waste conversion techniques 废物处置Waste disposal废物土地处置Waste disposal in the ground 废物处置税Waste disposal taxes废物回收Waste recovery废物利用Waste use水的再利用Water reuse人体健康HUMAN HEALTH污染物的危害Hazards of pollutants在人体组织中的积累Accumulation in body tissues镉污染Cadmium contamination环境健康危害Environmental health hazards 人体接触污染物Human exposure to pollutants污染物的长期效应Long-term effects of pollutants核安全Nuclear safety污染物的影响Pollutant effects污染风险Pollution risk辐射效应Radiation effects药物的副作用Side effects of pharmaceutical drugs毒物质的协同效应Synergistic effects of toxic substances与环境有关的疾病Environmentally related diseases致癌物Carcinogens南美锥虫病Chagas'' disease人类的疾病Human diseases免疫疾病Immunological diseases婴儿死亡率Infant mortality疟疾Malaria盘尾丝虫病Onchocerciasis 病原生物体Pathogenic organisms辐射病Radiation sickness血吸虫病Schistosomiasis人类疾病传染媒介Vectors of human diseases工作环境Working environment人机工程学Ergonomics职业健康Occupational health职业安全Occupational safety振动Vibration营养与保健Nutrition and health care过敏素Allergens基本食物要求Basic food requirements食品Food食品添加剂Food additives食用色素Food colourants食品污染Food contamination保健Health care卫生设施Health facilities高蛋白食品High protein foods医院Hospitals营养不良Malnutrition医疗Medical treatment药用植物Medicinal plants营养Nutrition食品的营养价值Nutritive value of food毒物Poisons吸烟Smoking主食Staple foods传统保健Traditional health care灾难DISASTERS灾难现象Catastrophic phenomena生物体的意外释放Accidental release of organisms雪崩Avalanches旋风Cyclones沙漠蝗虫Desert locusts地震Earthquakes环境事故Environmental accidents流行病Epidemics洪水Floods飓风Hurricanes山崩Landslides人为灾难Human-made disasters核事故Nuclear accidents放射性污染Radioactive contamination释放Release地震海浪Seismic sea waves泄漏Spillage暴风雨Storms台风Typhoons应急减灾措施Emergency relief measures灾难清理作业Disaster clean-up operations 防灾准备Disaster preparedness防灾Disaster prevention灾难救援Disaster relief流离失所人员Displaced persons紧急救援Emergency relief应急避难所Emergency shelter环境应急计划Environmental contingency planning防洪Flood control放射性污染清除Radioactive decontamination临时住房Temporary housing临时避难所Temporary shelter生境破坏Habitat destruction陆地活动Land-based activities自然改变Physical alterations监测MONITORING环境监测Environmental monitoring生物指标Biological indicators生态标志Ecolabelling污染物鉴别Identification of pollutants噪声监制Noise monitoring污染物分析Pollutant analysis污染物分布Pollutant distribution污染物浓度Pollutant levels污染物监测Pollutant monitoring污染物路径Pollutant pathways污染物来源鉴别Pollutant source identification污染监测Pollution monitoring辐射监测Radiation monitoring交通监测Traffic monitoring监测数据Monitoring data空气质量管理Air quality management 大气监测Atmospheric monitoring本底监测Baseline monitoring环境标准Environmental criteria环境评价Environmental assessment部门评价Sectoral assessment环境统计Environmental statistics森林资源评估Forest resource assessment 洪水监测Freshwater monitoring工业生产统计Industrial production statistics 长期预报Long-term forecasting长期趋势Long-term trends海洋监测Marine monitoring监测基准Monitoring criteria污染基准Pollution criteria污染标准Pollution norms质量控制Quality control水盾Water quality天气监测Weather monitoring天气预报Weather prediction野生生物种群统计Wildlife population statistics监测技术Monitoring techniques分析设备Analytical equipment大气模型Atmospheric models自动检测Automatic detection测量仪器的标定Calibration of measuring equipment色谱分析Chromatographic analysis气象色谱法Gas chromatography模型制作，模型设计Modelling监测仪器Monitoring equipment放射性示踪技术Radioactive tracer techniques采样技术Sampling techniques模拟Simulation河道观测Stream measurement毒理测定Toxicological testing报警系统Warning systems监测系统Monitoring systems环境法ENVIRONMENTAL LAW国内立法National legislation农业立法Agricultural legislation污染防治激励措施Antipollution incentives 环境犯罪Environmental crimes环境激励措施Environmental incentives环境责任Environmental liability环境过失Environmental misconduct环境质量标准Environmental quality standards环境补贴Environmental subsidies林业立法Forestry legislation健康立法Health legislation住房立法Housing legislation工业立法Industrial legislation对破坏环境的惩罚Penalties for environmental damage污染者付费原则Polluter-pays principle污染控制法规Pollution control regulations 污染责任Pollution liabilities公众对土地的获取Public access to land法规控制Regulatory control国际环境关系International environmental relations入海通道Access to the sea双边协定Bilateral conventions环境安全Environmental security环境破坏行为Environmental vandalism环境冲突Environmental warfare危险废物的出口Export of hazardous wastes 全球性公约Global conventions国际标准化International standardization国际贸易International trade国际性重要的失态系统Internationally important ecosystems海洋事故的责任Liability for marine accidents核破坏的责任Liability for nuclear damages 军事活动Military activity事先知情同意Prior informed consent危险废物运输的事先通告Prior notification for hazardous waste transport区域性公约Regional conventions技术转让Technology transfer贸易避垒Trade barriers环境信息ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION 信息基础设施Information infrastructure图书馆Library信息中心Information centre 数据中心Data centre培训中心Training centre因特网服务提供商Internet service provider 信息网络Information networks环境术语Environmental terminology电子信息网络Electronic information network广域网Wide area network因特网Internet万维网World Wide Web主页Homepage超文本Hypertext公告牌系统Bulletin board system新闻组Newsgroup邮寄清单Mailing list电子函件Electronic mail信息技术Information technology多媒体技术Multimedia technology遥感中心Remote sensing centre地理信息系统实验室GIS laboratory环境意识Environmental awareness公共信息Public information新闻发布Press release视听演示Audio-visual presentation信息工具包Information kit录象Video展示Exhibit照片Photograph新闻通讯Newsletter广播节目Radio programme电视节目Television programme环境教育Environmental education环境培训Environmental training公共关系Public relations联络渠道Communication channels信息系统Information systems文献目录信息系统Bibliographic information system文献目录信息Bibliographic information技术信息Technical information本地知识Indigenous knowledge信息查询系统Referral information system供查询的信息Referral information统计信息系统Statistical information system 统计信息Statistical information术语Terminology同义词Thesaurus分类Classification图书馆服务Library services查阅服务Reference service文件编索引Indexing of documentation文件出错Document lending图书馆之间的借贷Inter-library loan信息的选择性传播Selective dissemination of information光盘只读存储查询服务CD-ROM search service因特网查询服务Internet search service信息服务Information services在线服务On-line services信息交流中心Information clearing-house数据处理Data processing数据收集Data collection数据记录技术Data recording techniques信息处理Information processing专家系统Expert system决策支持系统Decision-support system软件开发Software development数据库Database相关数据库Relational database信息交换Information exchange与地学有关的信息Geo-referenced information遥感Remote sensing多谱线扫描器Multispectral scanner分辨率Resolution像素Pixel谱带Spectral bands红外线Infrared紫外线Ultraviolet雷达Radar轨迹Path景物确认Scene identification图象处理数字系统Image processing digital systems 数字图象处理技术Digital image processing techniques图象识别Pattern recognition镶嵌图案Mosaics图象滤光Image filtering图象增强Image enhancement几何修正Geometric corrections影像配准Image registration图象分类Image classification受监视的图象分类Supervised image classification未被监视的图象分类Unsupervised image classification彩色组成Colour composition大气修正Atmospheric corrections地理信息系统Geographic information systems地理信息系统的数字系统GIS digital systems地理信息系统的数字格式GIS digital formats 矢量Vector点Point线Lines多边形Polygons光栅Raster属性Attributes地理信息系统的数字技术GIS digital techniques内插Interpolation布网格Gridding光栅到矢量Raster to vector矢量到光栅Vector to raster边界Boundaries国家边界National boundaries次国家边界Sub-national boundaries行政边界Administrative boundaries与地理相关的数据Geo-referenced data地理投影Geographical projections坐标系统Coordinate system纬度Latitude经度Longitude学科SUBJECT DISCIPLINES科目Subjects声学Acoustics农业生态学Agricultural ecology农业经济学Agricultural economics农业工程Agricultural engineering农业林学Agroforestry分析化学Analytical chemistry动物生态学Animal ecology动物遗传学Animal genetics畜牧学Animal husbandry动物生理学Animal physiology建筑学Architecture大气物理学Atmospheric physics细菌学Bacteriology生物化学Biochemistry生物气候学Bioclimatology生物地球化学Biogeochemistry生物学Biology植物学Botany心脏病学Cardiology制图学Cartography化学工程Chemical engineering化学海洋学Chemical oceanography 土木工程Civil engineering气候学Climatology细胞学Cytology电气工程Electrical engineering内分泌学Endocrinology流行病学Epidemiology河口生物学Estuarine biology河口海洋学Estuarine oceanography 食品科学Food science林学Forestry淡水生物学Freshwater biology遗传工程学Genetic engineering遗传学Genetics地质学Geology地貌学Geomorphology28139地球物理学Geophysics28140工艺地质学Geotechnology冰川学Glaciology血液学Haematology园艺学Horticulture人体生物学Human biology人体生理学Human physiology水文地理学Hydrography水文学Hydrology溶液培养学Hydroponics免疫学Immunology 无机化学Inorganic chemistry湖沼学，淡水生物学Limnology海洋生物学Marine biology船舶工程Marine engineering海洋地质学Marine geology材料科学Materials science机械工程学Mechanical engineering气象学Meteorology微生物学Microbiology微气候学Microclimatology采矿工程Mining engineering采矿地质学Mining geology分子生物学Molecular biology海洋学Oceanography有机化学Organic chemistry石油地质学Petroleum geology药理学，药物学Pharmacology摄影测绘学Photogrammetry物理海洋学Physical oceanography植物遗传学Plant genetics植物生理学Plant physiology土壤学Soil sciences谱学Spectroscopy分类学Taxonomy毒理学Toxicology兽医学Veterinary medicine病毒学Virology动物学Zoology环境经济学Environmental economics食品工艺学Food technology人体病理学Human pathology采矿地质学ORGANISATIONAL ATTRIBUTES。
农业英语练习参考答案
Unit1 Text AText-related exercisesI.1. Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, and reclamation2. They are involved with any issues including producing food, creating healthier food, managing environmentalimpact of agriculture, and creating energy from plants.3. To produce the best crops under various conditions.4. By change the genetics of the plants.5. In labs6. Compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.7. Contour plowing.8. Sustainable agriculture, organic farming, alternative food systems and the development of alternative croppingsystems.9. Quantitively.10. Four to twelve years.II.1. 作物育种2. 轮作，轮种3. 植物生理学4. 有机耕作5. 杂草控制，除草6. plant genetics7. selective breeding8. contour plowing9. soil fertility 10. （insect and）pest control III.1. plants2. combines3. healthier4. agriculture5. genetics6. yields7. nutritional8. civilization9. security 10. resistantIV.1. Agronomic/Agricultural biotechnology is increasingly being used applied for novel/new uses other than food.2. Agronomy involves with biology, ecology, chemistry and other sciences.3. Selective breeding of plants is to produce/develop/breed the best crops adapted to different environments andgrowing conditions.4. Agronomists often specialize in areas such as crop rotation, soil classification, weed control and insect andpest control.5. Agroecology studies the management of agricultural system on ecological and environmental perspetives. Theme-related ExercisesI.1-6 F T F T F FII.1. M potential2. K adoption3. I acute4. H combine5. F work6. G actively7. D optimally8. C initiative9. N available 10. A promoteText BText-related exercisesI.1. Ki ll pests’ natural enemies and their overuse can harm farmers, consumers and the environment.2. When the natural processes of pest regulation break down.3. Ecosystem approach4. To manage insect pest populations to the point where natural predation operates in a balanced way and croplosses to pests are kept to an acceptable minimum5. More than/exceed US $40 billion6. Almost the same/ little change. 30-40 percent.7. Less than 1%. The rest contaminates/pollutes the air, soil and water.8. Urban and peri-urban horticulture9. Because the pesticides are aggressively marketed.10. In 1960s. IPM has been based on ecology, the concept of ecosystems and the goal of sustaining ecosystemfunctions.II.a -- 3,b -- 6,c -- 1,d -- 2,e -- 7,f -- 4,g -- 5III.1. option2. contaminates3. negative4. vicious cycle5. Pesticide6. excessive7. Health8. Occupational9. pesticide residues 10. ecosystemsIV.1.The risks posed by pesticides to health and the environment have aroused public concernsworldwide/globally.2. Before the Industrial Revolution farming was a labor-intensive industry, and the vast majority of the humanpopulation labored in agriculture3. Usually proper use of pesticides can, to some extent, keep pests in check.4. Over-reliance on pesticides contributes to a vicious cycle of resistance in pests.5. Excessive use of pesticide exposes farmers to serious health risks and has negative consequencesfor/effects/influences on/ the environment.Theme-related ExercisesI.1-5 A C D B CII.作为基于生态系统的战略，病虫害综合治理在世界农业发展中已取得了一些显著的成绩。
USD Apain Levels美国农业部实验动物疼痛分级
USDA Pain Levels:USDA Category B USDA Category C USDA Category D USDA Category EBreeding or Holding Colony Protocols No more than momentary orslight pain or distress and nouse of pain-relieving drugs, orno pain or distress. Forexample: euthanatized fortissues; just observed undernormal conditions; positivereward projects; routineprocedures; injections; andblood sampling.Pain or distress appropriatelyrelieved with anesthetics,analgesics and/or tranquilizerdrugs or other methods forrelieving pain or distress.Pain or distress or potentialpain or distress that is notrelieved with anesthetics,analgesics and/or tranquilizerdrugs or other methods forrelieving pain or distress.Examples Examples Examples1.Holding or weighinganimals in teachingor researchactivities.2.Injections, bloodcollection orcatheterimplantation viasuperficial vessels.3.Tattooing animals.4.Ear punching ofrodents.5.Routine physicalexaminations.6.Observation ofanimal behavior.7.Feeding studies,which do not resultin clinical healthproblems.8.AVMA approvedhumane euthanasiaprocedures.9.Routine agriculturalhusbandryprocedures.10.Live trapping.11.Positive rewardprojects.1.Diagnosticprocedures such aslaparoscopy orneedle biopsies.2.Non-survivalsurgical procedures.3.Survival surgicalprocedures.4.Post operative painor distress.5.Ocular bloodcollection in mice.6.Terminal cardiacblood collection.7.Any post proceduraloutcome resulting inevident pain,discomfort ordistress such as thatassociated withdecreased appetite/activity level,adverse reactions,to touch, open skinlesions, abscesses,lameness,conjunctivitis,corneal edema andphotophobia.8.Exposure of bloodvessels for catheterimplantation.9.Exsanguinationunder anesthesia.10.Induced infectionsor antibodyproduction withappropriateanesthesia andpost-op/post-procedure analgesiawhen necessary.1.Toxicological ormicrobiologicaltesting, cancerresearch orinfectious diseaseresearch thatrequirescontinuation untilclinical symptomsare evident or deathoccurs.2.Ocular or skinirritancy testing.3.Food or waterdeprivation beyondthat necessary forordinary pre-surgicalpreparation.4.Application ofnoxious stimuli suchas electrical shock ifthe animal cannotavoid/escape thestimuli and/or it issevere enough tocause injury or morethan momentarypain or distress.5.Infliction of burns ortrauma.6.Prolonged restraint.7.Any procedures forwhich neededanalgesics,tranquilizers,sedatives, oranesthetics must bewithheld forjustifiable studypurposes.e of paralyzing orimmobilizing drugsfor restraint.9.Exposure toabnormal orextremeenvironmentalconditions.10.Psychotic-likebehavior suggestinga painful ordistressful status.11.Euthanasia byprocedures notapproved by theAVMA.Guidelines for determining USDA classification in protocols involving tissue collection before/after euthanasia and/or animal perfusion:If an animal will be euthanatized by an approved physical or chemical method of euthanasia solely for the collection of tissues (after the animal's death), the procedure should be classified as USDA C.If an animal will be anesthetized so that non-vital tissues can be collected (liver or skin biopsy), and the animal will then be allowed to recover, the procedure should be classified as USDA D (survival surgery).If an animal will be anesthetized so that non-vital tissues can be collected (liver or skin biopsy, etc.);and the animal will then be euthanatized, the procedure should be classified as USDA D (non-survival surgery). In this scenario, it is necessary to justify why the animal couldn't be euthanatized (USDA category C) rather than anesthetized.If an animal will be anesthetized so that vital tissues can be collected (heart, both kidneys or lungs, whole liver, etc.), the animal will obviously succumb to the procedure. To determine whether this will be euthanasia or non-survival surgery, we must consider the definition of euthanasia. A criticalcomponent of this definition is "rapid unconsciousness followed by loss of cardiac, respiratory and brain function". Based on this definition, procedures which require tissue manipulation or otherprolonged techniques prior to the animals death (more than a few minutes) should be classified as non-survival surgery (USDA D). Similarly, if an animal will be anesthetized so that the tissue can be collected in the "freshest" possible state (i.e. heart) and the tissues will be rapidly excised, theprocedure should be classified as euthanasia (USDA C). (Note: In this scenario, it is difficult to justify why the animal couldn't be euthanatized rather than anesthetized.)If an animal will be anesthetized so that it can be chemically perfused, the same "test of time"applies (i.e.: long, technical manipulations should be classified as USDA D; while rapid intravascular injection of the perfusate without other manipulations should be classified as USDA C).NOTE: Because the USDA classification system is based on the "potential for pain, distress ordiscomfort," the anesthetic/euthanasia drug dose becomes a critical concern. For example, if a known "euthanasia dose" of pentobarbital will be administered, drug irreversibility is assumed. Thus, once the animal is confirmed to be in an anesthetic plane (toe pinch response, etc.), tissues can becollected/ procedures can be performed without the concern about what the animal will beperceiving. This procedure would then be classified as USDA C. The Committee recommends using a euthanizing dose whenever possible. Other methods may be appropriate with proper scientificjustification.。
环境专业英语.doc
大气ATMOSPHERE大气组成Atmospheric composition空气质量Air quality大气化学Atmospheric chemistry大气成分Atmospheric components大气颗粒物Atmospheric particulates二氧化碳Carbon dioxide温室气体Greenhouse gases氧气Oxygen臭氧层Ozone layer大气过程Atmospheric processes空气－水相互作用Air-water interaction 大气环流Atmospheric circulation大气降水Atmospheric precipitation碳循环Carbon cycle蒸发作用Evaporation降水增加Precipitation enhancement降雨Rainfall太阳辐射Solar radiation蒸腾作用Transpiration风Winds空气污染Air pollution酸雨Acid rain空气污染物Air pollutants氯氟碳Chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物Deposited particulate matter 飞灰Fly ash雾Fog薄烟Haze空内空气污染Indoor air pollution烟雾Smog气候问题Climatic issues农业气象学Agrometeorology气候Climate气候变化Climatic change气候带Climatic zones干旱Drought全球变暖Global warming温室效应Greenhouse effect湿度Humidity微气候影响Microclimate effects海平面上升Sea level rise人工影响天气Weather modification岩石圈LITHOSPHERE固态地球Solid Earth洞穴Caves地震活动Seismic activity地震监测Seismic monitoring火山V olcanoes风蚀Wind erosion 陆地生态系统TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 土壤Soils农用土地Agricultural land碱地Alkali lands污染的土地Contaminated land污染的土壤Contaminated soil沙坑Gravel pits荒地Heath lands土地承载能力Land carrying capacity土地污染Land pollution土地开垦Land reclamation土地恢复Land restoration土地使用分类Land use classification边缘土地Marginal lands沙石开采Sand extraction沉积Sedimentation土壤潜力Soil capabilities土壤保持Soil conservation土壤污染Soil contamination土壤退化Soil degradation土壤侵蚀Soil erosion土壤改良Soil improvement土壤盐碱化Soil salination水蚀Water erosion干旱地区生态系统Arid land ecosystems干旱土地Arid lands沙漠化Desertification抗旱Drought control旱作Dry farming沙丘固定Sand dune fixation沙丘Sand dunes半干旱地区生态系统Semi-arid land ecosystems 森林生态系统Forest ecosystems植树造林Afforestation针叶林Coniferous forests森林砍伐Deforestation森林保护Forest conservation森林火灾Forest fires草地火灾Grass fires绿化带Greenbelts本地森林Indigenous forests再造林Reafforestation植被恢复Revegetation亚热带生态系统Sub-tropical ecosystems温带森林Temperate forests温带林地Temperate woodlands热带生态系统Tropical ecosystems热带森林Tropical forests热带森林生态系统Tropical forest ecosystems林地生态系统Woodland ecosystems温带生态系统和寒带生态系统Temperate ecosystems and cold zone ecosystems南极生态系统Antarctic ecosystems南极地区Antarctic region北极生态系统Arctic ecosystems北极地区Arctic region寒带生态系统Cold zone ecosystems草地生态系统Grassland ecosystems永久冻土生态系统Permafrost ecosystems极地生态系统Polar ecosystems温带生态系统Temperate ecosystems山地生态系统Mountain ecosystems高原生态系统Highland ecosystems登山运动Mountaineering湿地生态系统Wetlands ecosystems红树沼泽Mangrove swamps水禽Waterfowl水涝地Waterlogged lands流域管理Watershed management水边开发Waterside development生物多样性和保护区Biological diversity and protected areas适应性强的物种Adaptable species藻类Algae两栖动物Amphibians动物习性Animal behaviour动物资源Animal resources节肢动物Arthropods生物多样性Biological diversity生物资源Biological resources生物圈保护区Biosphere reserves群落生境Biotopes鸟类Birds植物园Botanical gardens基因资源保护Conservation of genetic resources生态平衡Ecological balance濒危动物物种Endangered animal species濒危植物物种Endangered plant species河口保护区Estuarine conservation areas动物区系Fauna植物区系Flora食物链Food chain捕猎Hunting无脊椎动物Invertebrates陆地哺乳动物Land mammals哺乳动物Mammals海洋保护区Marine conservation areas微生物Microorganisms移栖种Migratory species 国家公园National parks国家保护区National reserves寄生生物Parasites愉猎Poaching灵长目Primates保护区Protected areas受保护的物种Protected species爬行动物Reptiles陆地生物资源Terrestrial biological resources植被Vegetation杂草Weeds野生生物Wildlife野生生物保护Wildlife conservation野生生物生境Wildlife habitats动物园Zoological gardens细菌Bacteria酶Enzymes真菌Fungi基因库Gene banks种质Germ plasm微生物资源Microbial resources原生生物Protozoa病毒Viruses酵母Yeasts生物技术问题Biotechnological issues农业生物技术Agricultural biotechnologies生物伦理学Bioethics生物安全Biosafety生物技术Biotechnologies无性繁殖Cloning与健康有关的生物技术Health-related biotechnologies 诱变剂Mutagens突变微生物释放Mutated microorganisms release突变体Mutants繁殖控制Reproductive manipulationDNA重组技术Recombinant DNA technology动物的选择性繁殖Selective breeding of animals植物的选择性繁殖Selective breeding of plants生物技术的社会－经济影响Socio-economic impact of biotechnologies致畸剂Teratogens淡水FRESHWATER淡水资源Freshwater resources谈水保护Conservation of freshwater水坝Dams自然排水系统Natural drainage systems河流流域开发River basin development地下水Subterranean water地表水Surface waters水资源保护Water resources conservation水资源开发Water resources development淡水生态系统Freshwater ecosystems集水区Catchment areas国际河流流域International river basins湖泊流域Lake basins池塘尾渣Ponds tailings河流流域River basins淡水恶化Freshwater degradation河流污染River pollution径流Run-off沉积物移动Sediment mobilization沉积物运移Sediment transport沉积盆地Sedimentary basins渗漏Seepage凤眼蓝Water hyacinth水污染Water pollution水的盐化Water salination饮用水供应Drinking water supply脱盐Desalination饮用水Drinking water饮用水处理Drinking water treatment城市配水系统Municipal water distribution systems 农村供水Rural water supply污水处理厂Sewage treatment plants水泵Water pumps水处理Water treatment水井Water wells海洋环境MARINE ENVIRONMENTS海洋生态系统Marine ecosystems藻花Algal bloom海底生态系统Benthic ecosystems海洋污染Marine pollution污染沉积物Marine sediments海洋环境Ocean circulation洋流Ocean currents海洋Oceans海洋温度Ocean temperature赤潮Red tide海平面Sea level潮,潮汐Tides沿海生态系统Coastal ecosystems群岛Archipelagoes沿海地区Coastal areas沿海开发Coastal development沿海环境Coastal environments海岸侵蚀Coastal erosion疏浚Dredging河口生态系统Estuarine ecosystems 岛屿生态系统Island ecosystems小岛屿Small islands海洋生物资源Living marine resources水生哺乳动物Aquatic mammals水生微生物Aquatic microorganisms水生植物Aquatic plants珊瑚礁Coral reefs甲壳纲动物Crustaceans海洋资源保护Marine resources conservation软体动物Molluscs水生贝壳类动物Shellfish环境管理ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT资源管理Resources management深海矿藏Deep sea deposits森林管理Forest management森林政府Forest policy资源的地埋分布Geographic distribution of resources土地价值Land values矿产资源Mineral resources国家保护计划National conservation programmes自然资源Natural resources自然保护Nature conservation不可再生资源Non-renewable resources资源净损耗Net resource depletion矿床Ore deposits石油资源保护Petroleum resources conservation可再生资源Renewable resources资源估价Resource appraisal资源保护Resource conservation海底开发Sea bed exploitation海底采矿Sea bed mining本地资源的利用Utilization of local resources环境规划Environmental planning发展合作Development cooperation发展计划Development planning生态发展Ecodevelopment经济发展Economic development经济计划Economic planning环境核算Environmental accounting环境审计Environmental auditing环境健康影响评价Environmental health impact assessment环境影响Environmental impact环境影响评价Environmental impact assessment环境影响状报告书Environmental impact statement环境指标Environmental indicators环境政策Environmental policy环境风险评估Environmental risk assessment财政资助Financial assistance土地利用规划Land use planning环境管理指标Environmental management indicators环境质量指标Environmental quality indicators试验项目Pilot projects政策规划Policy planning施压集团Pressure groups区域规划Regional planning自助计划Self-help programmes工农业选址Siting of industry社会调查Social surveys发展状况Status of development可持续发展Sustainable development可持续发展指标Sustainable development indicators技术评价Technology assessment运输计划Transport planning环境经济问题Environmental economic issues环境定价Environmental valuation环境成本Environmental costs外部Externalities重置成本Replacement costs贸易对环境的影响Trade impact on environment已定价值的生态系统组成部分Valued ecosystem components经济管理手段Economic management instruments成本-效益分析Cost-benefit analysis发展中国家债务Developing countries debt环境股票交易Environmental stock exchange政府环境开支Government environmental expenditures 绿色财政手段Green fiscal instruments环境成本内在化Internalisation of environmental costs以绿色标志促销Marketing with green labeling资源的定价政策Pricing policies of resources结构调整计划Structural adjustment programs税收差别Tax differentiation可交易的许可证Tradeable permits人类住区HUMAN SETTLEMENTS人类住区管理Human settlements management建成区Built-up areas经济规划Economic zoning用火安全要求Fire safety requirements历史遗址Historical sites住房改善Housing improvements住房需求Housing needs住房规划Housing programmes住房质量标准Housing quality standards工业区Industrial areas非高峰时间工作Off-peak working办公室Offices城区发展模式Patterns of urban growth 规划的城区发展Planned urban development再建房屋Rehousing租赁房屋Rental housing居民区Residential areas建筑安全标准Safety standards for buildings商店Shops建筑业标准Standards for building industry城区设计Urban design建成结构Built structures桥梁Bridges建筑材料Building materials建筑物Buildings建筑技术Building technology施工技术Construction technology建筑工程Construction works农业建筑Farm buildings政府建筑Government buildings高层建筑High-rise buildings工业建筑Industrial buildings本地建筑材料Local materials for building拖车住房Mobile homes核研究中心Nuclear research centres装配式房屋Prefabricated buildings结构Structures隔热Thermal insulation基础设施Infrastructure通道Access roads水上娱乐活动Aquatic recreational amenities汽车停放Automobile parking建成的排水系统Built drainage systems电力分配Electric power distribution公共花园Public gardens公路Highways空地Open spaces管道Pipelines运动场Playgrounds公园Public parks公用事业Public utilities道路建设Road construction道路养护Road maintenance体育设施Sports facilities电信Telecommunications运输系统Transport systems隧道Tunnels城市供水Urban water supply公共服务Public services人类住区的社会－经济方面Socio-economic aspects of human settlements生育控制Birth control社区服务Community services社区参与Community participation通勤Commuting消费方式Consumption patterns文化指标Cultural indicators发展模式Development patterns残疾人Disabled persons毒品滥用Drug abuse生态旅游Ecotourism计划生育Family planning性别问题Gender issues无家可归Homelessness住房集资Housing finance人类迁居Human migration人口Human population人权Human rights土地分配Land allotment生活方式Lifestyles低价住房Low-cost housing流动工人Migrant workers少数民族Minorities社区改善计划Neighbourhood improvement schemes新社区New communities流浪者Nomads非高峰时间通勤Off-peak commuting公共卫生Public health种族关系Race relations娱乐Recreation农村地区Rural areas环境卫生Sanitation社会指数Social indicators社会-经济因素Socio-economic factors旅游Tourism旅行Travel贫困阶层Under-privileged people城市地区Urban areas城区改造Urban renewal城区压力Urban stress妇女地位Women status人类住区的环境方面Environmental aspects of human settlements空调Air conditioning尸体处置Disposal of the dead区城供热District heating住房密度Housing density过度拥挤Overcrowding难民Refugees旅游设施Tourist facilities城市衰败Urban decay农业AGRICULTURE农业方式Agricultural practices 农业设备Agricultural equipment农业管理Agricultural management农业方法Agricultural methods农业害虫Agricultural pests农业生产Agricultural production农业储藏Agricultural storage动物疾病Animal diseases动物营养Animal nutrition养蜂业Apiculture水产养殖Aquaculture害虫的生物控制Biological control of pests 生物固氮Biological nitrogen fixation堆肥Composts等高耕作Contour farming受控燃烧Controlled burning作物保护Crop protection挽畜Draught animals鱼类养殖Fish culture渔业管理Fisheries management谷物Grains作物虫害传染Infestation of crops粮食虫害传染Infestation of food灌溉Irrigation灌溉渠Irrigation canals灌溉农业Irrigation farming天然肥料Natural fertilizers有机农业Organic farming病虫害控制Pest management杀虫剂标准控制Pesticide control standards 植物病害Plant diseases家禽饲养Poultry farming林农轮作Shifting cultivation树木苗圃Tree nurseries滴灌Trickle irrigation农工业Agro-industry畜产品Animal products饮料工业Beverage industry酿造业Brewing industry蒸馏业Distilling industry食品辐照Food irradiation食品保存Food preservation食品贮藏Food storage食品运输Food transport林产品Forest products烟草Tobacco农用化学品Agrochemicals化学肥料Chemical fertilizers杀真菌剂Fungicides除草剂Herbicides杀虫剂的代谢Metabolism of pesticides硝酸盐Nitrates亚硝酸盐Nitrites亚硝胺Nitrosamines营养物Nutrients有机磷化物Organophosphorous compounds 杀虫剂的持久性Persistence of pesticides杀虫剂路径Pesticide pathways杀虫剂Pesticides磷酸盐Phosphates杀虫剂的毒性Toxicity of pesticides杀虫剂的使用Utilization of pesticides工业INDUSTRY工业生产过程Industrial processes制铝工业Aluminium industry适用技术Appropriate technology高炉Blast furnaces纤维素Cellulose化学工业Chemical industry清洁技术Clean technologies服装工业Clothing industry乳品业Dairy industry脱盐工厂Desalination plants干洗Dry cleaning炼铁工业Iron industry洗烫衣服Laundering皮革工业Leather industry金属加工Metal finishing金属电镀Metal plating金属冶炼Metal smelting矿产业Mineral industry采矿Mining天然气开采Natural gas extraction原油开采Oil extraction石油提炼Petroleum refining印刷工业Printing industry纸浆工业Pulp industry采石Quarrying橡胶加工Rubber processing炼钢工业Steel industry露天剥采Strip mining焦油生产Tar production焦油使用Tar use木材保存Wood preservation工业产品Industrial products消费品Consumer goods危险品Dangerous goods工业材料Industrial materials 天然纤维Natural fibres包装Packaging涂料Paints产品标签Product labeling可再用容器Reusable containers合成洗涤剂Synthetic detergents合成纺织纤维Synthetic textile fibres漆Varnishes木产品Wood products运输TRANSPORTA TION空运Air transportation空中交通规则Air traffic regulations飞机Aircraft飞机发动机排放物Aircraft engine emissions 飞机噪音Aircraft noise机场Airports航天运输Space transportation陆上运输Land transportation自行车Bicycles内燃机Combustion engines 铁路运输Railway transport道路安全Road safety道路交通工程Road traffic engineering道路运输Road transport道路Roads城市交通Urban traffic车辆检验Vehicle inspection水上运输Water transportation渔轮Fishing vessels内河运输Inland water transport内陆水道Inland waterways国际水道International watercourses海运Maritime transport航运的危害Navigational hazards油轮Oil tankers港口Ports潜水艇Submarines能ENERGY能源Energy sources动物粪便作燃料Animal dung as fuel沼气Biogas生物量Biomass生物质能Biomass energy木炭Charcoal原油Crude oil能源资源Energy resources浓缩铀Enriched uranium矿物燃料Fossil fuels燃料酒精Fuel alcohol薪柴Fuel wood地热能Geothermal energy碳氢化合物Hydrocarbon compounds烃Hydrocarbons水电Hydroelectric power液化气Liquefied gas甲烷Methane天然气Natural gas可再生能源Renewable energy sources不可再生能源Non-renewable energy resources 无污染能源Non-polluting energy sources核能Nuclear energy核燃料Nuclear fuels油类Oils油页岩Oil shales泥炭、泥煤Peat汽油Petrols从废料中提取的燃料Refuse derived fuels太阳能Solar energy焦油砂Tar sands海洋热能Thermal sea power潮汐能Tidal energy铀Uranium波浪能Wave energy风能Wind energy能源过程Energy processes煤气化Coal gasification煤液化Coal liquefaction电力Electric power发电厂Electric power plants蓄电装置Electrical storage devices能源保护Energy conservation能源转换Energy conversion能源效率Energy efficiency能源政策Energy policy能源生产Energy production能源利用Energy use能源利用方式Energy utilization patterns气体液化Gas liquefaction照明Lighting天然气勘探Natural gas exploration核能利用Nuclear energy uses核电站Nuclear power plants近海石油钻探Offshore oil drilling石油勘探Oil exploration日照加热Solar heating环境化学ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 无机物质Inorganic substances酸Acids氧化铝Alumina 氯Chlorine盐酸Hydrochloric acid硫化氢Hydrogen sulphide硫酸盐Sulphates硫酸Sulphuric acid光化学试剂Photochemical agents光化学效应Photochemical effects有机物质Organic substances有机硅化合物Organosilicon compounds酚Phenols外激素，信息素Pheromones植物油Vegetable oils生物化学过程Biochemical processes酸化Acidification需氧过程Aerobic processes厌氧过程Anaerobic processes生物降解Biodegradation脱氮作用Denitrification富营氧化Eutrophication杀虫剂的相互作用Interaction of pesticides电离辐射Ionizing radiation代谢（作用），新陈代谢（作用）Metabolism 固氮Nitrogen fixation非电离辐射Non-ionizing radiation光合作用Photosynthesis物理－化学过程Physico-chemical processes 放射性Radioactivity毒性Toxicity污染POLLUTION污染物Pollutants气溶胶，气雾剂 Aerosols农业废物Agricultural wastes石棉Asbestos商业噪音Commercial noise混合污染Composite pollution作物废物Crop waste二恶英 Dioxins农家场院废物Farmyard waste火、火灾Fire危险物质Hazardous substances危险废物Hazardous wastes重金属Heavy metals医院废物Hospital wastes工业废水Industrial effluents工业排放物Industrial emissions工业烟尘Industrial fumes工业噪声Industrial noise无机污染物Inorganic pollutants铅污染Lead contamination液体废物Liquid wastes丢弃物，废气物Litter汞污染Mercury contamination微污染物Micropollutants采矿废物Mining wastes机动车辆排放物Motor vehicle emissions城市废物Municipal waste氮氧化物Nitrogen oxides噪声污染Noise pollution恶臭公害Odour nuisance有机物污染Organic pollutants难降解有机污染物Persistent organic pollutants 有机溶剂Organic solvents有机卤化物Organohalogen compounds医药废物Pharmaceutical wastes塑料废物Plastic wastes多氯联苯Polychlorinated biphenyls聚合物废物Polymer wastes放射性物质Radioactive substances氡Radon橡胶废物Rubber waste锯屑Sawdust污水Sewage屠宰场废物Slaughterhouse waste固体废物Solid wastes热污染Thermal pollution有毒物质Toxic substances有毒废物Toxic waste毒素Toxins痕量元素Trace elements痕量物质Trace materials交通噪音Traffic noise废物，垃圾Trash废热Waste heat木材废料Wood waste对流层臭氧Tropospheric ozone污染源Pollution sources生物武器Biological weapons水泥工业Cement industry化学武器Chemical weapons烟囱Chimneys冷却水Cooling waters机动车辆Motor vehicles摩托车Motorcycles核武器Nuclear weapons海洋倾倒Ocean dumping石油泄漏Oil spills废金属Scrap metals挖掘堆积Excavation heaps污染治理Pollution abatement隔音Acoustic insulation 化学污染清除Chemical decontamination燃料脱硫Desulphurization of fuels过滤器Filters噪音治理Noise abatement污染治理设备Pollution abatement equipment污染控制技术Pollution control technology辐射防护Radiation protection洗涤器Scrubbers分离器Separators防烟Smoke prevention废物最少化Waste minimization废物Wastes电池处理Battery disposal废物的化学处理Chemical treatment of waste处置场所Disposal sites废物焚烧Incineration of waste矿山回填Mine filling残油回收Oil residue recuperation放射性废物管理Radioactive waste management回收的材料Recycled materials回收Recycling材料再利用Reuse of materials卫生填埋Sanitary landfills海洋排泄口Sea outfall化粪池Septic tanks污水处置Sewage disposal污水处理系统Sewage treatment systems固体废物处置Solid waste disposal废物同化处置Waste assimilation capacities废物转化技术Waste conversion techniques废物处置Waste disposal废物土地处置Waste disposal in the ground废物处置税Waste disposal taxes废物回收Waste recovery废物利用Waste use水的再利用Water reuse人体健康HUMAN HEALTH污染物的危害Hazards of pollutants在人体组织中的积累Accumulation in body tissues镉污染Cadmium contamination环境健康危害Environmental health hazards人体接触污染物Human exposure to pollutants污染物的长期效应Long-term effects of pollutants核安全Nuclear safety污染物的影响Pollutant effects污染风险Pollution risk辐射效应Radiation effects药物的副作用Side effects of pharmaceutical drugs毒物质的协同效应Synergistic effects of toxic substances与环境有关的疾病Environmentally related diseases 致癌物Carcinogens南美锥虫病Chagas'' disease人类的疾病Human diseases免疫疾病Immunological diseases婴儿死亡率Infant mortality疟疾Malaria盘尾丝虫病Onchocerciasis病原生物体Pathogenic organisms辐射病Radiation sickness血吸虫病Schistosomiasis人类疾病传染媒介Vectors of human diseases工作环境Working environment人机工程学Ergonomics职业健康Occupational health职业安全Occupational safety振动Vibration营养与保健Nutrition and health care过敏素Allergens基本食物要求Basic food requirements食品Food食品添加剂Food additives食用色素Food colourants食品污染Food contamination保健Health care卫生设施Health facilities高蛋白食品High protein foods医院Hospitals营养不良Malnutrition医疗Medical treatment药用植物Medicinal plants营养Nutrition食品的营养价值Nutritive value of food毒物Poisons吸烟Smoking主食Staple foods传统保健Traditional health care灾难DISASTERS灾难现象Catastrophic phenomena生物体的意外释放Accidental release of organisms 雪崩Avalanches旋风Cyclones沙漠蝗虫Desert locusts地震Earthquakes环境事故Environmental accidents流行病Epidemics洪水Floods飓风Hurricanes 山崩Landslides人为灾难Human-made disasters核事故Nuclear accidents放射性污染Radioactive contamination释放Release地震海浪Seismic sea waves泄漏Spillage暴风雨Storms台风Typhoons应急减灾措施Emergency relief measures灾难清理作业Disaster clean-up operations防灾准备Disaster preparedness防灾Disaster prevention灾难救援Disaster relief流离失所人员Displaced persons紧急救援Emergency relief应急避难所Emergency shelter环境应急计划Environmental contingency planning 防洪Flood control放射性污染清除Radioactive decontamination临时住房Temporary housing临时避难所Temporary shelter生境破坏Habitat destruction陆地活动Land-based activities自然改变Physical alterations监测MONITORING环境监测Environmental monitoring生物指标Biological indicators生态标志Ecolabelling污染物鉴别Identification of pollutants噪声监制Noise monitoring污染物分析Pollutant analysis污染物分布Pollutant distribution污染物浓度Pollutant levels污染物监测Pollutant monitoring污染物路径Pollutant pathways污染物来源鉴别Pollutant source identification污染监测Pollution monitoring辐射监测Radiation monitoring交通监测Traffic monitoring监测数据Monitoring data空气质量管理Air quality management大气监测Atmospheric monitoring本底监测Baseline monitoring环境标准Environmental criteria环境评价Environmental assessment部门评价Sectoral assessment环境统计Environmental statistics森林资源评估Forest resource assessment洪水监测Freshwater monitoring工业生产统计Industrial production statistics长期预报Long-term forecasting长期趋势Long-term trends海洋监测Marine monitoring监测基准Monitoring criteria污染基准Pollution criteria污染标准Pollution norms质量控制Quality control水盾Water quality天气监测Weather monitoring天气预报Weather prediction野生生物种群统计Wildlife population statistics监测技术Monitoring techniques分析设备Analytical equipment大气模型Atmospheric models自动检测Automatic detection测量仪器的标定Calibration of measuring equipment 色谱分析Chromatographic analysis气象色谱法Gas chromatography模型制作，模型设计Modelling监测仪器Monitoring equipment放射性示踪技术Radioactive tracer techniques采样技术Sampling techniques模拟Simulation河道观测Stream measurement毒理测定Toxicological testing报警系统Warning systems监测系统Monitoring systems环境法ENVIRONMENTAL LAW国内立法National legislation农业立法Agricultural legislation污染防治激励措施Antipollution incentives环境犯罪Environmental crimes环境激励措施Environmental incentives环境责任Environmental liability环境过失Environmental misconduct环境质量标准Environmental quality standards环境补贴Environmental subsidies林业立法Forestry legislation健康立法Health legislation住房立法Housing legislation工业立法Industrial legislation对破坏环境的惩罚Penalties for environmental damage 污染者付费原则Polluter-pays principle污染控制法规Pollution control regulations 污染责任Pollution liabilities公众对土地的获取Public access to land法规控制Regulatory control国际环境关系International environmental relations入海通道Access to the sea双边协定Bilateral conventions环境安全Environmental security环境破坏行为Environmental vandalism环境冲突Environmental warfare危险废物的出口Export of hazardous wastes全球性公约Global conventions国际标准化International standardization国际贸易International trade国际性重要的失态系统Internationally important ecosystems海洋事故的责任Liability for marine accidents核破坏的责任Liability for nuclear damages军事活动Military activity事先知情同意Prior informed consent危险废物运输的事先通告Prior notification for hazardous waste transport区域性公约Regional conventions技术转让Technology transfer贸易避垒Trade barriers环境信息ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMA TION信息基础设施Information infrastructure图书馆Library信息中心Information centre数据中心Data centre培训中心Training centre因特网服务提供商Internet service provider信息网络Information networks环境术语Environmental terminology电子信息网络Electronic information network广域网Wide area network因特网Internet万维网World Wide Web主页Homepage超文本Hypertext公告牌系统Bulletin board system新闻组Newsgroup邮寄清单Mailing list电子函件Electronic mail信息技术Information technology多媒体技术Multimedia technology遥感中心Remote sensing centre地理信息系统实验室GIS laboratory环境意识Environmental awareness公共信息Public information新闻发布Press release视听演示Audio-visual presentation信息工具包Information kit录象Video展示Exhibit照片Photograph新闻通讯Newsletter广播节目Radio programme电视节目Television programme环境教育Environmental education环境培训Environmental training公共关系Public relations联络渠道Communication channels信息系统Information systems文献目录信息系统Bibliographic information system文献目录信息Bibliographic information技术信息Technical information本地知识Indigenous knowledge信息查询系统Referral information system供查询的信息Referral information统计信息系统Statistical information system统计信息Statistical information术语Terminology同义词Thesaurus分类Classification图书馆服务Library services查阅服务Reference service文件编索引Indexing of documentation文件出错Document lending图书馆之间的借贷Inter-library loan信息的选择性传播Selective dissemination of information光盘只读存储查询服务CD-ROM search service因特网查询服务Internet search service信息服务Information services在线服务On-line services信息交流中心Information clearing-house数据处理Data processing数据收集Data collection数据记录技术Data recording techniques信息处理Information processing专家系统Expert system决策支持系统Decision-support system软件开发Software development数据库Database相关数据库Relational database信息交换Information exchange与地学有关的信息Geo-referenced information遥感Remote sensing多谱线扫描器Multispectral scanner 分辨率Resolution像素Pixel谱带Spectral bands红外线Infrared紫外线Ultraviolet雷达Radar轨迹Path景物确认Scene identification图象处理数字系统Image processing digital systems数字图象处理技术Digital image processing techniques 图象识别Pattern recognition镶嵌图案Mosaics图象滤光Image filtering图象增强Image enhancement几何修正Geometric corrections影像配准Image registration图象分类Image classification受监视的图象分类Supervised image classification未被监视的图象分类Unsupervised image classification 彩色组成Colour composition大气修正Atmospheric corrections地理信息系统Geographic information systems地理信息系统的数字系统GIS digital systems地理信息系统的数字格式GIS digital formats矢量Vector点Point线Lines多边形Polygons光栅Raster属性Attributes地理信息系统的数字技术GIS digital techniques内插Interpolation布网格Gridding光栅到矢量Raster to vector矢量到光栅Vector to raster边界Boundaries国家边界National boundaries次国家边界Sub-national boundaries行政边界Administrative boundaries与地理相关的数据Geo-referenced data地理投影Geographical projections坐标系统Coordinate system纬度Latitude经度Longitude学科SUBJECT DISCIPLINES科目Subjects声学Acoustics农业生态学Agricultural ecology农业经济学Agricultural economics农业工程Agricultural engineering农业林学Agroforestry分析化学Analytical chemistry动物生态学Animal ecology动物遗传学Animal genetics畜牧学Animal husbandry动物生理学Animal physiology建筑学Architecture大气物理学Atmospheric physics细菌学Bacteriology生物化学Biochemistry生物气候学Bioclimatology生物地球化学Biogeochemistry生物学Biology植物学Botany心脏病学Cardiology制图学Cartography化学工程Chemical engineering化学海洋学Chemical oceanography 土木工程Civil engineering气候学Climatology细胞学Cytology电气工程Electrical engineering内分泌学Endocrinology流行病学Epidemiology河口生物学Estuarine biology河口海洋学Estuarine oceanography 食品科学Food science林学Forestry淡水生物学Freshwater biology遗传工程学Genetic engineering遗传学Genetics地质学Geology地貌学Geomorphology28139地球物理学Geophysics28140工艺地质学Geotechnology冰川学Glaciology血液学Haematology园艺学Horticulture人体生物学Human biology人体生理学Human physiology水文地理学Hydrography水文学Hydrology溶液培养学Hydroponics免疫学Immunology无机化学Inorganic chemistry湖沼学，淡水生物学Limnology海洋生物学Marine biology船舶工程Marine engineering海洋地质学Marine geology材料科学Materials science机械工程学Mechanical engineering 气象学Meteorology微生物学Microbiology微气候学Microclimatology采矿工程Mining engineering采矿地质学Mining geology分子生物学Molecular biology海洋学Oceanography有机化学Organic chemistry石油地质学Petroleum geology药理学，药物学Pharmacology摄影测绘学Photogrammetry物理海洋学Physical oceanography植物遗传学Plant genetics植物生理学Plant physiology土壤学Soil sciences谱学Spectroscopy分类学Taxonomy毒理学Toxicology兽医学Veterinary medicine病毒学Virology动物学Zoology环境经济学Environmental economics食品工艺学Food technology人体病理学Human pathology采矿地质学ORGANISATIONAL ATTRIBUTES放松心灵1.做一朵向日葵，面朝太阳，心纳阳光。
土壤动物划分大中小区系的标准
土壤动物划分大中小区系的标准Soil animals can be classified into large, medium, and small groupings based on several criteria. The size of the animal, its role in the ecosystem, and its impact on soil quality are all factors that can be considered when determining its classification.土壤动物可以根据几个标准划分为大、中、小三类。
动物的大小、在生态系统中的作用以及对土壤质量的影响等因素都可以被考虑在确定其分类时。
Large soil animals, such as earthworms and certain types of beetles, play a crucial role in the breakdown of organic matter and the aeration of soil. These animals are typically over 5 cm in length and are able to move significant amounts of soil as they tunnel through it. Their impact on soil structure and nutrient cycling makes them an important part of the soil ecosystem.大型土壤动物，如蚯蚓和某些类型的甲虫，在有机物质的分解和土壤通气过程中扮演着至关重要的角色。
这些动物通常超过5厘米的长度，并且在它们穿隧时可以移动大量的土壤。
它们对土壤结构和营养循环的影响使其成为土壤生态系统中的重要组成部分。
关于环境英语词汇
关于环境的英语词汇干旱 Drought全球变暖 Global warming温室效应 Greenhouse effect湿度 Humidity微气候影响 Microclimate effects海平面上升 Sea level rise人工影响天气 Weather modification岩石圈 LITHOSPHERE固态地球 Solid Earth洞穴 Caves地震活动 Seismic activity土壤 Soils农用土地 Agricultural land碱地 Alkali lands污染的土地 Contaminated land污染的土壤 Contaminated soil沙坑 Gravel pits荒地 Heath lands土地承载能力 Land carrying capacity土地污染 Land pollution土地开垦 Land reclamation土地恢复 Land restoration土地使用分类 Land use classification边缘土地 Marginal lands沙石开采 Sand extraction沉积 Sedimentation土壤潜力 Soil capabilities土壤保持 Soil conservation土壤污染 Soil contamination土壤退化 Soil degradation地震监测 Seismic monitoring火山 Volcanoes风蚀 Wind erosion陆地生态系统TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS大气 ATMOSPHERE大气组成 Atmospheric composition 空气质量 Air quality大气化学 Atmospheric chemistry大气成分 Atmospheric components大气颗粒物 Atmospheric particulates二氧化碳 Carbon dioxide温室气体 Greenhouse gasesadverse weather condition 恶劣的天气状况desertification 沙漠化sandstorm 沙尘暴air quality rating 空气质量评级visibility 能见度sand and dust weather 沙尘天气cold snap 寒潮stormy wind 暴风blizzard 大风雪snowstorm 暴风雪ice rain 冻雨thunderstorm 雷暴hail/hailstone 冰雹frosty 霜冻cold spell 春寒期dry spell 干旱期drought-relief efforts 抗旱drinking water shortage 饮用水缺乏drought region 干旱地区rain spell 雨季precipitation 降雨或降雪量fog 浓雾sleet 雨夹雪；雹；冻雨hurricane 飓风cyclone 旋风typhoon 台风whirlwind 龙卷风waterspout 海上龙卷风Indian summer 秋老虎weather modification 人工影响天气artificial precipitation/rainfallenhancement 人工增雨artificial rainfall infiltration 人工降雨El Nino phenomenon 厄尔尼诺现象La Nina phenomenon 拉尼娜现象forestation 植树造林arid and semi-arid areas 干旱和半干旱地区topsoil 表土层high temperature 高温less rainfall 少雨氧气 Oxygen臭氧层 Ozone layer大气过程 Atmospheric processes空气－水相互作用 Air-water interaction大气环流 Atmospheric circulation大气降水 Atmospheric precipitation碳循环 Carbon cycle蒸发作用 Evaporation降水增加 Precipitation enhancement降雨 Rainfall太阳辐射 Solar radiation蒸腾作用 Transpiration风 Winds空气污染 Air pollution酸雨 Acid rain空气污染物 Air pollutants氯氟碳 Chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物Deposited particulatematter飞灰 Fly ash雾 Fog薄烟 Haze空内空气污染 Indoor air pollution烟雾 Smog气候问题 Climatic issues农业气象学 Agrometeorology气候 Climate气候变化 Climatic change气候带 Climatic zones土壤侵蚀 Soil erosion土壤改良 Soil improvement土壤盐碱化 Soil salination水蚀 Water erosion干旱地区生态系统Arid land ecosystems干旱土地 Arid lands沙漠化 Desertification抗旱 Drought control旱作 Dry farming沙丘固定 Sand dune fixation沙丘 Sand dunes半干旱地区生态系统Semi-arid land ecosystems森林生态系统 Forest ecosystems植树造林 Afforestation针叶林 Coniferous forests森林砍伐 Deforestation森林保护 Forest conservation森林火灾 Forest fires草地火灾 Grass fires绿化带 Greenbelts本地森林 Indigenous forests再造林 Reafforestation植被恢复 Revegetation亚热带生态系统Sub-tropical ecosystems温带森林 Temperate forests温带林地 Temperate woodlands树木 Trees热带生态系统 Tropical ecosystems热带森林 Tropical forests热带森林生态系统Tropical forest ecosystems林地生态系统 Woodland ecosystems 温带生态系统和寒带生态系统Temperate ecosystems and cold zoneecosystems南极生态系统 Antarctic ecosystems南极地区 Antarctic region北极生态系统 Arctic ecosystems北极地区 Arctic region寒带生态系统 Cold zone ecosystems草地生态系统 Grassland ecosystems永久冻土生态系统Permafrostecosystems极地生态系统 Polar ecosystems温带生态系统 Temperate ecosystems山地生态系统 Mountain ecosystems高原生态系统 Highland ecosystems登山运动 Mountaineering湿地生态系统 Wetlands ecosystems红树沼泽 Mangrove swamps水禽 Waterfowl水涝地 Waterlogged lands流域管理 Watershed management水边开发 Waterside development生物多样性和保护区 Biological diversityand protected areas适应性强的物种 Adaptable species藻类 Algae两栖动物 Amphibians动物习性 Animal behaviour动物资源 Animal resources节肢动物 Arthropods生物多样性 Biological diversity生物资源 Biological resources生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserves群落生境 Biotopes鸟类 Birds植物园 Botanical gardens基因资源保护Conservation of geneticresources生态平衡 Ecological balance濒危动物物种Endangered animalspecies濒危植物物种Endangered plantspecies河口保护区Estuarine conservationareas动物区系 Fauna植物区系 Flora食物链 Food chain捕猎 Hunting无脊椎动物 Invertebrates陆地哺乳动物 Land mammals哺乳动物 Mammals海洋保护区 Marine conservation areas微生物 Microorganisms移栖种 Migratory species国家公园 National parks国家保护区 National reserves寄生生物 Parasites愉猎 Poaching灵长目 Primates保护区 Protected areas受保护的物种 Protected species爬行动物 Reptiles陆地生物资源Terrestrial biologicalresources植被 Vegetation杂草 Weeds野生生物 Wildlife野生生物保护 Wildlife conservation野生生物生境 Wildlife habitats动物园 Zoological gardens细菌 Bacteria酶 Enzymes真菌 Fungi基因库 Gene banks种质 Germ plasm微生物资源 Microbial resources原生生物 Protozoa病毒 Viruses酵母 Yeasts生物技术问题 Biotechnological issues 农业生物技术Agricultural biotechnologies生物伦理学 Bioethics生物安全 Biosafety生物技术 Biotechnologies无性繁殖 Cloning与健康有关的生物技术Health-related biotechnologies诱变剂 Mutagens突变微生物释放Mutated microorganisms release突变体 Mutants繁殖控制 Reproductive manipulation DNA重组技术Recombinant DNA technology动物的选择性繁殖 Selective breeding of animals植物的选择性繁殖 Selective breeding of plants生物技术的社会－经济影响Socio-economic impact of biotechnologies致畸剂 Teratogens淡水 FRESHWATER淡水资源 Freshwater resources谈水保护 Conservation of freshwater水坝 Dams冰 Ice湖泊 Lakes自然排水系统 Natural drainage systems 河流流域开发 River basin development 河流 Rivers雪 Snow地下水 Subterranean water 地表水 Surface waters水资源保护Water resourcesconservation水资源开发Water resourcesdevelopment淡水生态系统 Freshwater ecosystems集水区 Catchment areas国际河流流域 International river basins湖泊流域 Lake basins池塘尾渣 Ponds tailings河流流域 River basins淡水恶化 Freshwater degradation河流污染 River pollution径流 Run-off沉积物移动 Sediment mobilization沉积物运移 Sediment transport沉积盆地 Sedimentary basins渗漏 Seepage凤眼蓝 Water hyacinth水污染 Water pollution水的盐化 Water salination饮用水供应 Drinking water supply脱盐 Desalination饮用水 Drinking water饮用水处理 Drinking water treatment城市配水系统Municipal waterdistribution systems农村供水 Rural water supply污水处理厂 Sewage treatment plants水泵 Water pumps水处理 Water treatment水井 Water wells海洋环境 MARINE ENVIRONMENTS海洋生态系统 Marine ecosystems藻花 Algal bloom海底生态系统 Benthic ecosystems海洋污染 Marine pollution污染沉积物 Marine sediments海洋环境 Ocean circulation洋流 Ocean currents海洋 Oceans海洋温度 Ocean temperature赤潮 Red tide海平面 Sea level潮,潮汐 Tides沿海生态系统 Coastal ecosystems群岛 Archipelagoes沿海地区 Coastal areas沿海开发 Coastal development沿海环境 Coastal environments海岸侵蚀 Coastal erosion疏浚 Dredging河口生态系统 Estuarine ecosystems岛屿生态系统 Island ecosystems小岛屿 Small islands海洋生物资源 Living marine resources水生哺乳动物 Aquatic mammals水生微生物 Aquatic microorganisms水生植物 Aquatic plants珊瑚礁 Coral reefs甲壳纲动物 Crustaceans鱼类 Fish海洋资源保护Marine resourcesconservation软体动物 Molluscs水生贝壳类动物 Shellfish环境管理ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT资源管理 Resources management深海矿藏 Deep sea deposits森林管理 Forest management森林政府 Forest policy资源的地埋分布 Geographic distributionof resources土地价值 Land values矿产资源 Mineral resources国家保护计划National conservation programmes自然资源 Natural resources自然保护 Nature conservation不可再生资源 Non-renewable resources 资源净损耗 Net resource depletion矿床 Ore deposits石油资源保护Petroleum resources conservation可再生资源 Renewable resources资源估价 Resource appraisal资源保护 Resource conservation海底开发 Sea bed exploitation海底采矿 Sea bed mining本地资源的利用Utilization of local resources环境规划 Environmental planning发展合作 Development cooperation发展计划 Development planning生态发展 Ecodevelopment经济发展 Economic development经济计划 Economic planning环境核算 Environmental accounting环境审计 Environmental auditing环境健康影响评价 Environmental health impact assessment环境影响 Environmental impact环境影响评价Environmental impact assessment环境影响状报告书Environmental impact statement环境指标 Environmental indicators环境政策 Environmental policy环境风险评估Environmental risk assessment财政资助 Financial assistance土地利用规划 Land use planning 环境管理指标Environmentalmanagement indicators环境质量指标Environmental qualityindicators实验工程 Pilot projects政策规划 Policy planning施压集团 Pressure groups区域规划 Regional planning自助计划 Self-help programmes工农业选址 Siting of industry社会调查 Social surveys发展状况 Status of development可持续发展 Sustainable development可持续发展指标Sustainabledevelopment indicators技术评价 Technology assessment运输计划 Transport planning环境经济问题Environmental economicissues环境定价 Environmental valuation环境成本 Environmental costs外部 Externalities重置成本 Replacement costs贸易对环境的影响Trade impact onenvironment已定价值的生态系统组成部分Valuedecosystem components经济管理手段Economic managementinstruments成本-效益分析 Cost-benefit analysis发展中国家债务Developing countriesdebt环境股票交易Environmental stockexchange政府环境开支Governmentenvironmental expenditures绿色财政手段 Green fiscal instruments环境成本内在化Internalisation ofenvironmental costs以绿色标志促销Marketing with greenlabelling资源的定价政策Pricing policies ofresources结构调整计划Structural adjustmentprograms税收差别 Tax differentiation可交易的许可证 Tradeable permits人类住区 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS人类住区管理Human settlementsmanagement建成区 Built-up areas经济规划 Economic zoning用火安全要求 Fire safety requirements历史遗址 Historical sites住房改善 Housing improvements住房需求 Housing needs住房规划 Housing programmes住房质量标准Housing qualitystandards工业区 Industrial areas非高峰时间工作 Off-peak working办公室 Offices城区发展模式 Patterns of urban growth规划的城区发展Planned urbandevelopment再建房屋 Rehousing租赁房屋 Rental housing居民区 Residential areas建筑安全标准Safety standards forbuildings商店 Shops建筑业标准Standards for buildingindustry城区设计 Urban design建成结构 Built structures桥梁 Bridges建筑材料 Building materials建筑物 Buildings建筑技术 Building technology施工技术 Construction technology建筑工程 Construction works农业建筑 Farm buildings政府建筑 Government buildings高层建筑 High-rise buildings工业建筑 Industrial buildings本地建筑材料Local materials for building拖车住房 Mobile homes核研究中心 Nuclear research centres装配式房屋 Prefabricated buildings结构 Structures隔热 Thermal insulation基础设施 Infrastructure通道 Access roads水上娱乐活动Aquatic recreational amenities汽车停放 Automobile parking建成的排水系统 Built drainage systems 电力分配 Electric power distribution公共花园 Public gardens公路 Highways空地 Open spaces管道 Pipelines运动场 Playgrounds公园 Public parks公用事业 Public utilities道路建设 Road construction道路养护 Road maintenance体育设施 Sports facilities电信 Telecommunications运输系统 Transport systems隧道 Tunnels城市供水 Urban water supply 公共服务 Public services人类住区的社会－经济方面Socio-economic aspects of humansettlements生育控制 Birth control社区服务 Community services社区参与 Community participation通勤 Commuting消费方式 Consumption patterns文化指标 Cultural indicators发展模式 Development patterns残疾人 Disabled persons毒品滥用 Drug abuse生态旅游 Ecotourism计划生育 Family planning性别问题 Gender issues无家可归 Homelessness住房集资 Housing finance人类迁居 Human migration人口 Human population人权 Human rights土地分配 Land allotment生活方式 Lifestyles低价住房 Low-cost housing流动工人 Migrant workers少数民族 Minorities社区改善计划Neighbourhoodimprovement schemes新社区 New communities流浪者 Nomads非高峰时间通勤 Off-peak commuting公共卫生 Public health种族关系 Race relations娱乐 Recreation农村地区 Rural areas环境卫生 Sanitation社会指数 Social indicators社会-经济因素 Socio-economic factors旅游 Tourism旅行 Travel贫困阶层 Under-privileged people城市地区 Urban areas城区改造 Urban renewal城区压力 Urban stress妇女地位 Women status人类住区的环境方面Environmentalaspects of human settlements空调 Air conditioning尸体处置 Disposal of the dead区城供热 District heating住房密度 Housing density过度拥挤 Overcrowding难民 Refugees旅游设施 Tourist facilities城市衰败 Urban decay农业 AGRICULTURE农业方式 Agricultural practices农业设备 Agricultural equipment农业管理 Agricultural management农业方法 Agricultural methods农业害虫 Agricultural pests农业生产 Agricultural production农业储藏 Agricultural storage动物疾病 Animal diseases动物营养 Animal nutrition养蜂业 Apiculture水产养殖 Aquaculture害虫的生物控制Biological control ofpests生物固氮 Biological nitrogen fixation堆肥 Composts等高耕作 Contour farming受控燃烧 Controlled burning作物保护 Crop protection挽畜 Draught animals鱼类养殖 Fish culture渔业管理 Fisheries management谷物 Grains作物虫害传染 Infestation of crops粮食虫害传染 Infestation of food灌溉 Irrigation灌溉渠 Irrigation canals灌溉农业 Irrigation farming天然肥料 Natural fertilizers有机农业 Organic farming病虫害控制 Pest management杀虫剂标准控制Pesticide control standards植物病害 Plant diseases家禽饲养 Poultry farming林农轮作 Shifting cultivation树木苗圃 Tree nurseries滴灌 Trickle irrigation农工业 Agro-industry畜产品 Animal products饮料工业 Beverage industry酿造业 Brewing industry蒸馏业 Distilling industry食品辐照 Food irradiation食品保存 Food preservation食品贮藏 Food storage食品运输 Food transport林产品 Forest products烟草 Tobacco农用化学品 Agrochemicals化学肥料 Chemical fertilizers杀真菌剂 Fungicides除草剂 Herbicides杀虫剂的代谢 Metabolism of pesticides 硝酸盐 Nitrates亚硝酸盐 Nitrites亚硝胺 Nitrosamines营养物 Nutrients 有机磷化物Organophosphorous compounds杀虫剂的持久性Persistence of pesticides杀虫剂路径 Pesticide pathways杀虫剂 Pesticides磷酸盐 Phosphates杀虫剂的毒性 Toxicity of pesticides杀虫剂的使用 Utilization of pesticides工业 INDUSTRY工业生产过程 Industrial processes制铝工业 Aluminium industry适用技术 Appropriate technology高炉 Blast furnaces纤维素 Cellulose化学工业 Chemical industry清洁技术 Clean technologies服装工业 Clothing industry乳品业 Dairy industry脱盐工厂 Desalination plants干洗 Dry cleaning炼铁工业 Iron industry洗烫衣服 Laundering皮革工业 Leather industry金属加工Metal finishing。
毒理学缩写词
Toxicological AbbreviationsMay 1998AA activation analysis; atomic absorptionAAF acetylaminofluoreneAAPCC American Association of Poison Control CentersAAS atomic absorption spectrophotometryABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneACE angiotensin-converting enzymeACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACh acetylcholineAChE acetylcholinesteraseAcP acid phosphataseACTH adrenocorticotropic hormoneAD Alzheimer's diseaseADH alcohol dehydrogenase; anti-diuretic hormoneADI acceptable daily intakeADP adenosine diphosphateAEP auditory evoked potentialAES atomic emission spectroscopyAFID alkali flame ionization detectionAh aromatic hydrocarbonAHH aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylaseai active ingredientAIDS acquired immune deficiency syndromeAIN acute interstitial nephritisALA aminolevulinic acidALAD ²-aminolaevulinic acid dehydrataseALAS o-aminolevulinic acid synthetaseALAT alanine aminotransferaseALC approximate lethal concentrationALD approximate lethal doseALMS atomic line molecular spectrometryALT alanine aminotransferaseAM alveolar macrophagesAMP amperometric titrationAMPA aminomethylphosphonic acidANTU alpha-naphthylthioureaAP alkaline phosphataseAPDM aminopyrine-N-demethylaseAPP ammonium polyphosphateAQG Air Quality GuidelinesARF acute renal failureARL acceptable or tolerable residue limitART alternate reproductive testASAT aspartate aminotransferaseASV anodic stripping voltametryATA alimentary toxic aleukiaATH alumina trihydrateATPase adenosine triphosphataseAUC area under the curveAWI acceptable or tolerable weekly intakeB bursa-dependentBA 2-bromoacroleinBAER brainstem auditory-evoked responseBAF bioaccumulation factorBAL bronchoalveolar lavageBBB blood-brain barrierBBPP bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphateBCF bioconcentration factorBEA 2-bromoethylamineBEI biological exposure indexBEN Balkan endemic nephropathyBGG bovine gammaglobulinBHA butylated hydroxyanisoleBHK baby hamster kidneyBIC butyl isocyanateBMAA beta-N-methylamino-L-alanineBMD benchmark dose (US EPA)BMF biomagnification factorBOAA beta-N-oxalylamino-L-alanineBOD biochemical oxygen demandBP benzo[a]pyreneBSA bovine serum albuminBSP bromosulfophthaleinBUB 2-(3-butylureido)benzimidazoleBUN blood urea nitrogenbw body weightCA chrysanthemic acidCALLA common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigencAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphateCAS Chemical Abstracts ServiceCBF cerebral blood flowCC critical concentrationCCFA Codex Committee on Food Additives (see definition of Codex AlimentariousCommission)CCPR Codex Committee on Pesticide ResiduesCCTTE Computerized Listing of Chemicals Being Tested for Their Toxicological Effects(IPCS/IRPTC)CD cluster of differentiation; coulometric detectioncDNA complementary DNACE capillary electrophoresisCEC Commission of the European CommunitiesCEFIC European Council of Chemical Industry FederationsCFC chlorofluorocarboncGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphateChE cholinesteraseCHO Chinese hamster ovaryCi curie(s)CI confidence intervalCIN chronic interstitial nephritisCKSCC cystic keratinizing squamous cell carcinomaClCA 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic 2acidCLD chemiluminescence nitrogen detectorCLM chemiluminescence methodCLV ceiling valueCl-Vacid(= CPIA) 2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovaleric acidCMI cell-mediated immunityCML cell-mediated lympholysisCNS central nervous systemCOD chemical oxygen demandCO-Hb carboxyhaemoglobinCOPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCOT Committee on Toxicity (United Kingdom)cP centipoise(s)CP coproporphyrinsCPA cyclopropane carboxylic acidCPK creatine phosphokinaseCRMs certified reference materialsCSF cerebrospinal fluidCSM Committee on Safety of Medicines (United Kingdom)CT computerized tomographycv coefficient of variation2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acidDAB 4-dimethylaminobenzeneDABA L-2,4-diaminobutyric acidDBCP 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropaneDBP di-n-butyl phthalate; 2,3-dibromopropanolDBT dibutyltinDCB dichlorobenzeneDCVC S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteineDDC diethyldithiocarbamateDDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethaneDEHP diethylhexyl phthalateDEN diethylnitrosamineDES diethylstilbestrolDFB diflubenzuronDFP diisopropylfluorophosphate (a delayed neurotoxic)DHPN N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl) nitrosamineDiBP di-iso-butyl phthalateDIDT 5,6-dihydro-3H-imidazo (2,1-C)-1,2,4-dithiazole-3-thione DIT diiodotyrosineDL detection limitDMA dimethylamineDMBA dimethylbenzathralineDMF dimethylformamideDMP dimethylphenolDMSO dimethyl sulfoxideDNA deoxyribonucleic acidDNCB dinitrochlorobenzeneDNPH 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazineDOC dissolved organic carbonDPASV differential pulse anodic stripping voltametryDPTA diaminopropanoltetraacetic aciddegradation time for 50% of a compoundDT50DTPA diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acidEBDC ethylene bisdithiocarbamateEBK ethyl n-butyl ketoneEC effective concentration; electron capture; emulsifiable concentratemedian effective concentrationEC50ECD electron capture detectionECETOC European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre ECG electrocardiogramECMO extracorporeal membrane oxidationECOD 7-ethoxycoumarin-o-deethylaseEDA ethylenediamine; exploratory data analysisEDB 1,2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide)EDCF endothelial-derived contracting factorEDI ethylene diisothiocyanateEDL electrode discharge lampEDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid2-EE 2-ethoxyethanol2-EEA 2-ethoxyethyl acetateEEC European Economic Community; electroencephalographEEG electroencephalogramEGF epidermal growth factorEH epoxide hydrataseEHC Environmental Health CriteriaEI electron impactEIFAC European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission of FAO ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayEMDI estimated maximum daily intakeEMG electromyographyEMTD estimated maximum tolerated doseENG electroneurographyENL erythema nodosum leprosumENU ethylnitrosoureaEP electrophoresisEPA Environmental Protection Agency (USA)EPDM ethylene propylene rubberEPI exposure/potency indexEPS expandable polystyreneEQC external quality controlEQT environmental quality targetERL extraneous residue limitEROD 7-ethoxyresurofin-o-deethylaseESCA electron spectroscopy for chemical analysisESR erythrocyte sedimentation rateESRD end-stage renal diseaseETA electrothermal atomizationETD ethylene bisthiuram disulfideETG epidermal transglutaminaseETU ethylenethioureaETV electrothermal vaporizationEU ethyleneureaparental generationFFfilial generation, first1filial generation, secondF2FAA flameless atomic absorptionFACS fluorescence activated cell sorterFAD flavin adenine dinucleotideFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFCAT Freund's complete adjuvant testf.c. Field capacityFD fluorescence detectionFDA Food and Drug Administration (USA)FEF forced expiratory flowFEP free erythrocyte porphyrinFEV forced expiratory volumefg femtogram (10-15g)FI flame ionizationFID flame ionization detectorFMLP formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanineFMN flavin mononucleotideFOB functional observational batteryFPD flame photometric detectorFR flame retardantFS fluorescence spectrophotometryFSC Food Safety Council (USA)FSD flame photometric detector selective for sulfur FSH follicle-stimulating hormoneFTIR Fourier transform infraredFVC forced vital capacityGA gibberillic acidGABA gamma-aminobutyric acidGAG glycosaminoglycanGALT gut-associated lymphoid tissueGAP good agricultural practiceGBM glomerular basement membraneGC gas chromatographyGC-ECD gas chromatography with electron capture detectorGC-SIM gas chromatography with selected ion monitoringGDH glutamate dehydrogenaseGDMS glow discharge mass spectrometryGEMS Global Environmental Monitoring SystemGESAMP Group of Experts for the Scientific Aspects of Marine PollutionGFAAS graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometryGFR glomerular filtration rateGGT gamma-glutamyltranspeptidaseGH growth hormoneGI gastrointestinalGIFAP International Group of National Association of Manufacturers of Agrochemical Products(French Acronym for: Groupement International des Associations Nationales deFabricants de Produits Agrochimiques)GLC gas-liquid chromatographyGLDH glutamate dehydrogenaseGLP good laboratory practicecGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphateGOT glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminaseGPC gel permeation chromatographyGPMT guinea-pig maximization testGPT glutamic-pyruvic transaminaseGS glutamine synthetaseGSH glutathione-SHGST glutathione-S-transferaseGTB glomerular tubular balanceGV guidance valueGWP global-warming potentialh hour(s)ha hectareHb haemoglobinHBCD hexabromocyclododecaneHBDH hydroxybutyric dehydrogenaseH & E haematoxolin and eosinHCB hexachlorobenzeneHCBD hexachloro-1,3-butadieneHCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbonHCFH-22 chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF)2HCG human chorionic gonadotropinHCH hexachlorocyclohexaneHDL high density lipoproteinHDPE high density polyethyleneHEAL Human Exposure Assessment LocationHECD Hall electron capture detectorHEV high endothelial venuleHEX hexachlorocyclopentadieneHGPRT hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase HIPS high impact polystyreneHIV human immunodeficiency virusHLB hydrophilic-lipophilic balanceHLV hygienic limit valuehnRNA heterogeneous nuclear RNAHPCA human progenitor cell antigenHPI cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximideHPLC high-performance liquid chromatographyHPTLC high-performance thin-layer chromatographyHQ hydroquinoneHS headspaceHSA heat-stable antigen; human serum albumin HSG Health and Safety GuideIARC International Agency for Research on CancerIC ion chromatographyICAM intercellular adhesion moleculemedian inhibitory concentrationIC50ICD International Classification of DiseasesICG indocyanine greenICP inductively coupled plasmaICST isolated cold stress testingi.d. internal diameterIDMS isotope dilution mass spectrometryIFN interferonIg immunoglobulinIL interleukinILO International Labour OrganisationILSI International Life Science Instituteim intramuscularip intraperitonealIPA isopropylamineIPCS International Programme on Chemical SafetyIQ intelligence quotientIQC internal quality controlIR infraredIRPTC International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals ISO International Organization for StandardizationIT isomeric transitionIU international unitIUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistryiv intravenousJECFA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food AdditivesJMPR Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residueskcal kilocalorie(s)keV kiloelectronvolt(s)Koctanol/water partition coefficientowLAP leucine aminopeptidaseLAQL lowest analytically quantifiable levelLC liquid chromatographyLCmedian lethal concentration50lethal dose for 1%LD01median lethal doseLD50LDH lactate dehydrogenaseLDL low density lipoproteinLDPE low density polyethyleneLDQ lowest detectable quantityLEI lifetime exposure intensityLEV local exhaust ventilationLf limit flocculationLFA lymphocyte function-related antigenLFP lavage fluid proteinLH luteinizing hormoneLI labelling indexLIF laser-induced fluorescence; leukaemia inhibitory factor LLD lowest lethal doseLMS linear multistage modelLMW low molecular weightLOAEL lowest-observed-adverse-effect levelLOD limit of determinationLOEL lowest-observed-effect levelLRNI lower reference nutrient intake (UK)LSC liquid scintillation countermedian lethal timeLT50LTP long-term potentiationMAA methoxyacetic acidMAC maximum allowable concentrationMAD maximum allowable deviationMAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan) MAK maximum workplace concentration (Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentration)MALT mucosa-associated lymphoid tissueMAM methylazoxymethanolMAP mutagenic activity profileMAOI monoamine oxidase inhibitorMARC Monitoring and Assessment Research Centre (UK)MARE monoclonal anti-rat immunoglobulin EMAS molecular absorption spectrometryMAT mean absorption timeMATC maximum acceptable toxicant concentrationMBC minimum bactericidal concentrationMBDE mass balance differential equationMBK methyl n-butyl ketoneMBP monobutyl phthalateMBT monobutyltinMC methyl chloroform3-MC 3-methylcholanthreneMCD microcoulometric detectionMCH mean cell haemoglobinMCHC mean cell haemoglobin concentrationmCi millicurieMCL melanotic cell linesMCPA 4-chloro-o-tolyoxyacetic acidMCV mean cell volumeMDA malondialdehydeMDI methylene-diphenyl diisocyanateMDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine2-ME 2-methoxyethanol2-MEA 2-methoxyethyl acetateMeBmethylcobalamin12MED minimum effective dose; minimal erythemal doseMEHP monoethylhexyl phthalateMEK methyl ethyl ketonemEq milliequivalentMeV megaelectronvolt(s)MFO mixed-function oxidaseMHC major histocompatibility complexMHW Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan)MIBK methyl isobutyl ketoneMIC minimal inhibitory concentrationMIT methylisothiocyanate; monoiodotyrosineMLD minimum lethal doseMLR mixed lymphocyte response assayMLSS mixed liquor suspended solidsMMA methoxyacetic acidMMAD mass median aerodynamic diameterMMH monomethylhydrazinemmHg millimetre(s) of mercuryMMMF man-made mineral fibreMNNG N-methyl-N -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidineMNU N-methyl-N-nitrosureamPa millipascal (7.5 x 10-6 mmHg)MPC maximum permissible limitMQL minimum quantifiable limitMRBIS mean running bias index scoreMRL maximum residue limitmRNA messenger RNAMRVIS Mean Running Variance Index ScoreMS mass spectrometryMSD mass selective detectionMSW municipal solid wasteMTBE methyl tertiary butyl etherMTC maximum tolerable or acceptable concentrationMTD maximum tolerated doseMTE mild toxic encephalopathyMTI N-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalamideNAA neutron activation analysisNAC N-acetyl cysteineNAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideNADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateNADPH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NBU N-nitrosobutylureaNCAM neural cell adhesion moleculeNCI National Cancer Institute (USA); negative ion chemical ionizationNCV nerve conduction velocityND not detectableNDDC sodium diethyldithiocarbamateNDMA nitrosodimethylamineNDMC sodium dimethyldithiocarbamateNEQUAS National External Quality Assessment Scheme (UK)NFT neurofibrillary tangleng nanogram (10-9g)NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (USA) NK natural killernm nanometerNMCL nonmelanolic cell linesNMN N-methylnicotinamideNMOR N-nitrosomorpholineNMR nuclear magnetic resonanceNNM N-nitrosomorpholineNO nitrogen oxideNOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect levelNOEC no-observed-effect concentrationNOEL no-observed-effect levelNOLC no-observed lethal concentrationNPD nitrogen-phosphorus sensitive detectorNPSH non-protein sulfhydrylNSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugsNSD nitrogen selective detectorNTA nitrilotriacetic acidNTE neuropathy target esteraseNTEL no-toxic-effect levelNTP National Toxicology Program (USA)OCT ornithine carbamoyltransferaseODC ornithine decarboxylaseODP ozone-depletion potentialOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OEL occupational exposure limitOER oxygen enhancement ratioOES occupational exposure standard; optical emission spectrometryOET open epicutaneous testOP organophosphateOPIDN organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathyOR odds ratioOSC oil-enhanced suspension concentrateOSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA)OVA ovalbuminOZT oxazolidinethionePA polyamidesPAA photon activation analysis2-PAMchloride pralidoxine (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl) chloridePAH p-aminohippurate; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonPALS periarteriolar lymphocyte sheathPAN peroxyacetyl nitrate; polyacrylonitrilePAS periodic acid Schiff stainPB phenobarbitalPBA phenoxybenzoic acidPBalc 3-phenoxybenzyl alcoholPBald 3-phenoxybenzaldehydePBB polybrominated biphenylPBDD polybrominated dibenzodioxinPBDE polybrominated diphenyl etherPBDF polybrominated dibenzofuranPBI protein-bound iodinePBPK physiologically based pharmacokineticsPBT polybutylene terephthalatePCBD S-(1,2,3,4,4-pentachloro-1,3-butadienyl)PCDD polychlorinated dibenzodioxinPCDF polychlorinated dibenzofuranPCA para-chloroaniline (4-chloroaniline); passive cutaneous anaphylaxisPCB polychlorinated biphenylPCBD S-(1,2,3,4,4-pentachloro-1,3-butadienyl)PCDD polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxinPCDF polychlorinated dibenzofuranPCDPE polychlorinated diphenyletherPCE polychromatic erythrocytesPCOM phase contrast optical microscopyPCPY polychlorinated pyrenePCQ polychlorinated quaterphenylPCT porphyria cutanea tardaPCV packed-cell volumePD plasma desorptionPDG phosphate-dependent glutaminasePE polyethylenePEF peak expiratory flowPEG pneumoencephalographyPEL permissible exposure limitPET polyethylene terephthalatePFC plaque-forming cellpg picogram (10-12g)PG prostaglandinpH the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration PHF paired helical filamentsPHS prostaglandin-H-synthetasePIB piperonyl butoxidePIC picrotoxinPID photo-ionization detectionPIXE proton-induced X-ray emissionpKa the negative logarithm of the dissociation constant PMBA p-methylbenzyl alcoholPMN polymorphonuclear leukocytePMTDI provisional maximum tolerable daily intakePMR proportional mortality ratePMSG pregnant mare serum gonadotrophinPNS peripheral nervous systempO2 plasma partial pressure (concentration) of oxygenPOCP photochemical ozone-creation potentialPoG proteoglycanPOS psycho-organic syndromePP polypropyleneppb parts per billionppm parts per millionppt parts per trillionPSD passive sampling devicePSPS Pesticides Safety Precautions Scheme (United Kingdom) PT prothrombin timePTH parathyroid hormonePTT partial thromboplastin timePTU propylenethioureaPTWI provisional tolerable weekly intakePTZ pentylenetetrazolePVC polyvinyl chloridePYR pyreneQA quality assuranceQAP quality assurance programmeQC quality controlQSAR quantitative structure-activity relationshipRACB reproductive assessment by continuous breedingRAST radioallergosorbent testRBC red blood cellRBP retinal binding proteinRDA recommended dietary allowance (USA)REL recommended exposure limitRER rough endoplasmic reticulumRIA radio-immuno assayRIPT repeat insult patch testRMA reflex modification audiometryRNA ribonucleic acidRNI reference nutrient intake (UK)ROC reactive organic carbonRPN renal papillary necrosisRR relative riskRTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances RUBISCO ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylaseS9 9000 x g supernatantSAM S-adenosylmethionineSAP serum alkaline phosphataseSAR structure-activity relationshipsc subcutaneousSC suspension concentrateSCE sister chromatid exchangeSCF stem-cell factorSCID severe combined immunodeficiencySCOPE Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment of the International Council ofScientific UnionsSD standard deviationSDAT senile dementia of Alzheimer typeSE standard errorSEM standard error of the mean; scanning electron microscopy SER smooth endoplasmic reticulumSFC supercritical fluid chromatographySFS subjective facial sensationSGOMSEC Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of ChemicalsSGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminaseSGPT serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminaseSHE Syrian Hamster embryoSIM selected ion monitoringSIMS secondary ion mass spectrometrySLE systemic lupus erythematosusSMA sequential multiple analyserSMR standardized mortality ratioSOP standard operating procedureSPF specific pathogen freeSPM suspended particulate matterS-PMA S-phenyl-mercapturic acidSRT simple reaction timeSSB single strand breaksSTEL short-term exposure limitttriiodothyronine3thyroxinet42,4,5-T 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acidTADI temporary acceptable daily intakeTAN tropical ataxic neuropathyTAP trialkyl/aryl phosphateTBBPA tetrabromobisphenol ATBG thyroxine-binding globulinTBP tributyl phosphateTBPP tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphateTBT tributyltinTBTO tributyltin oxideTCA tricarboxylic acid cycleTCD thermal conductivity detectionTCDD 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxinTCDF 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzofuranTCE 1,1,1-trichloroethyleneTCP trichlorophenol; tricresyl phosphateTCPP tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphateTCR T-cell receptorTDC thermal conductivity detectionTDI tolerable daily intake; toluene diisocyanateTDLAS tuneable diode laser absorption spectrometryTEA tetraethyl ammonium; thermal energy analyser TEAC tetraethylammonium chlorideTEAM total exposure assessment methodologyTEF toxicity equivalency factorTEPP tetraethyl-pyrophosphateTGA thermogravimetric analysisTH thyroid hormoneTHF tetrahydrofolateTI tolerable intakeTLC thin-layer chromatographyTLV threshold limit valueTMCP tri-meta-cresyl phosphateTMDI theoretical maximum daily intakeTML tetramethylleadTMRL temporary maximum residue limitTMT trimethyltinTNF tumour necrosis factorTOCP tri-ortho-cresyl phosphateTOD total oxygen demandTPA 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetateTPCP tri-para-cresyl phosphateTPI 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimideTPIA 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic acidTPN total parenteral nutritionTPO thyroid peroxidaseTPP triphenyl phosphateTPTA triphenyltin acetateTPTH triphenyltin hydroxidetRNA transfer ribonucleic acidTRP tubular reabsorption of phosphateTSH thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) TSP total suspended particulateTST temperature sensitivityTT toxicity thresholdTWA time-weighted averageUCM urographic contrast mediumUCL upper confidence limitUDP uridine diphosphateUDPGA UDP-glucuronic acidUDPGT UDP-glucuronosyltransferaseUDS unscheduled DNA synthesisUF uncertainty factorULV ultra-low volumeUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNICEF United Nations Children's FundUS ATSDR US Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry UV ultravioletUVB ultraviolet BVC vinyl chlorideVCAM vascular cell adhesion moleculeVER visual evoked responseVHH volatile halogenated hydrocarbonVLA very late antigenVLDL very low-density lipoproteinsVOC volatile organic carbon compoundVSD virtually safe doseVTR vibration thresholdv/v volume per volumeWAIS Weschler Adult Intelligence ScaleWBC white blood cellWG water-dispersible granuleWHO World Health OrganizationWISN warfarin-induced skin necrosisWP wettable powderw/v weight per volumeXRF X-ray-generated atomic fluorescenceXRFS X-ray fluorescence spectroscopyZPP zinc protoporphyrin。
地理专业名词中英文对照
气候 Climate
气候变化 Climatic change
气候带 Climatic zones
干旱 Drought
全球变暖 Global warming
温室效应 Greenhouse effect
湿度 Humidity
微气候影响 Microclimate effects
生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserves
群落生境 Biotopes
鸟类 Birds
植物园 Botanical gardens
基因资源保护 Conservation of genetic resources
生态平衡 Ecological balance
濒危动物物种 Endangered animal species
沙石开采 Sand extraction
沉积 Sedimentation
土壤潜力 Soil capabilities
土壤保持 Soil conservation
土壤污染 Soil contamination
土壤退化 Soil degradation
土壤侵蚀 Soil erosion
土壤改良 Soil improvement
荒地 Heath lands
土地承载能力 Land carrying capacity
土地污染 Land pollution
土地开垦 Land reclamation
土地恢复 Land restoration
土地使用分类 Land use classification
边缘土地 Marginal lands
国际标准产业分类法
国际标准产业分类法国际标准产业分类法（International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities，ISIC）是国际贸易中使用的一种世界范围内的统一分类系统，它将世界上所有的经济活动分为六大组：A~F，每个组又包括几个小组（divisions）。
这种分类可以使每个国家，在统计不同行业和企业的经济活动时，更好地对其进行类别和统计分析，以便在进行经济研究时使用。
A）农业：指从事农业生产活动（Agricultural Production）、森林业（Forestry）和渔业（Fishery）的人员以及基于农业机械、农产品的制造业（）的经营活动。
B）工业：指从事冶炼业（Smelting）、制造业（Manufacturing）、生产工业（Production Industry）、工程业（Engineering）等经营活动的人员及企业。
C）电力，燃气及水的生产和供应：指从事电力、燃气及水的生产和供应经营活动，包括熔铸业、木材加工业、水泥生产业、橡胶制品制造业等。
D）建筑：指从事建筑、装饰及装修等经营活动的人员及企业。
E）批发和零售贸易：指向消费者出售商品、服务的活动（Wholesale and Retail Trade）、餐饮业（Catering）、住宿业（Accommodation）等经营活动。
F）金融贸易：指货币、股票、黄金等金融工具的买卖活动（Financial Intermediation）、财产保险（Insurance）、技术服务（Technical Services）等。
国际标准产业分类法为世界范围内各国家统计分析经济活动提供了一套综合的统一分类体系，可以更好地获取国际经济现状及国家各经济行业发展情况。
同时，ISIC也是实施经济政策时重要参照物，帮助政府有效地构建有利的经济政策。
关于濒危动物白鳍豚的英语作文
关于濒危动物白鳍豚的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Plight of the Pink DolphinsAs a student deeply concerned about environmental issues, one species that has captured my attention is the Chinese white dolphin, also known as the pink dolphin. These unique marine mammals, found in the waters near Hong Kong and parts of the Pearl River Delta, are facing an alarming decline in population due to human activities. If we don't take urgent action, we risk losing these remarkable creatures forever.The Chinese white dolphin is a subspecies of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, distinguished by its pinkish hue. This coloration comes from the rich supply of capillaries near their skin's surface, which allows their blood to show through. These dolphins are truly a marvel of nature, with their striking appearance and fascinating behaviors.One of the most intriguing aspects of the Chinese white dolphin is its remarkably sociable nature. They are known to form close-knit social groups and engage in complexcommunication through a wide range of vocalizations and body language. Researchers have observed them engaging in cooperative hunting, playing, and even forming alliances with other dolphin groups.Unfortunately, these intelligent and charismatic creatures are facing a grave threat to their survival. Their population has plummeted from an estimated 1,000 individuals in the 1960s to fewer than 200 today, according to recent surveys. The primary culprits behind this alarming decline are human activities, including coastal development, overfishing, pollution, and heavy marine traffic.The rapid urbanization and industrialization of the Pearl River Delta region have led to extensive coastal construction projects, destroying and fragmenting the dolphins' natural habitats. The dredging and reclamation of land for these projects have not only reduced the available living space for the dolphins but also disrupted their intricate social structures and feeding grounds.Overfishing has also played a significant role in the depletion of the dolphins' food sources. The indiscriminate use of destructive fishing practices, such as trawling and the use of gillnets, has severely impacted the populations of the small fish and crustaceans that these dolphins rely on for sustenance.Pollution, particularly from industrial and agricultural runoff, has further exacerbated the challenges faced by the Chinese white dolphins. The accumulation of toxic chemicals, plastics, and other pollutants in their environment can have devastating effects on their health, reproductive success, and overallwell-being.Moreover, the intense marine traffic in the region poses a direct threat to the dolphins' safety. The noise and disturbance from vessels can disrupt their communication and navigation abilities, while collisions with ships can result in injuries or even death.The plight of the Chinese white dolphin serves as a sobering reminder of the profound impact human activities can have on the natural world. As students and future stewards of our planet, we must take action to protect and preserve these incredible creatures before it's too late.One of the most effective ways to address this issue is through increased public awareness and education. By raising awareness about the dire situation of the Chinese white dolphins,we can inspire individuals, communities, and governments to take proactive measures to safeguard their future.Conservation efforts should focus on protecting and restoring the dolphins' natural habitats. This can involve implementing stricter regulations on coastal development, establishing marine protected areas, and promoting sustainable fishing practices that minimize bycatch and habitat destruction.Additionally, we must address the issue of pollution by advocating for stronger environmental regulations and promoting the adoption of greener technologies and practices across various industries.Research and monitoring programs are also crucial for understanding the specific challenges faced by the Chinese white dolphins and developing effective conservation strategies. By studying their behavior, population dynamics, and habitat requirements, scientists can provide valuable insights that inform policymaking and conservation efforts.As students, we can play an active role in supporting these initiatives through volunteering, fundraising, and raising awareness within our communities. We can participate in beach cleanups, organize educational campaigns, and engage in citizenscience projects that contribute to the conservation of these remarkable creatures.Furthermore, we must advocate for stronger policies and legislation that prioritize the protection of endangered species and their habitats. By engaging with local authorities, policymakers, and international organizations, we can push for the implementation of effective conservation measures and hold those responsible for environmental degradation accountable.The Chinese篇2The Tragedy of the Baiji: A Species Lost to Human NegligenceWhen my biology teacher assigned our class the topic of endangered species to research, I immediately knew which animal I wanted to focus on - the Baiji dolphin. This unusual freshwater dolphin, nicknamed the "Goddess of the Yangtze," has an unfortunately tragic story that perfectly encapsulates the danger human activity can pose to vulnerable wildlife populations.The Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) was a marine mammal that was endemic to the Yangtze River in China. It was one of the world'soldest species dating back over 20 million years, essentially living fossils just like their cousins the Ganges river dolphin. Their sleek blue-gray bodies and long slender beaks made them easily distinguishable from other dolphin species. Despite their friendly appearance, the Baijis were incredibly shy creatures that largely avoided human contact.For countless generations, these "Goddesses" swam peacefully through the murky Yangtze waters, riding the river's strong currents in search of their prey of fish and shrimp. With their natural sonar abilities and keen eyesight, they were masterful hunters able to thrive in the cloudy river conditions. They each had their own unique whistles and calls to communicate and identify themselves within their pods.All of that changed beginning in the 20th century as China's rise brought intense development and industrialization along the Yangtze. Baiji numbers began plummeting due to a perfect storm of human-caused threats - overfishing depleted their food sources, rampant pollution and poorly-regulated industrial waste poisoned their waters, and cargo boat traffic put them in constant danger of collisions and injuries from the loud propeller noise that disrupted their sonar senses.Despite their hardiness that allowed them to survive for millions of years through climatic changes, the rapid onset of human disturbance occurred too quickly for the Baiji to adapt. Their population numbers cratered from supposedly thousands roaming the Yangtze in the early 1900s to just a few hundred by the 1980s. It was rapidly becoming clear that this ancient species was staring down the barrel of extinction.Concerned conservationists tried sounding the alarm through introducing legislation and reserves to legally protect the remaining Baijis and their habitat. An intense search effort was launched on the Yangtze in the 1990s with the hopes of capturing some of the last surviving Baiji and sustaining the species through captive breeding programs. Experienced hunters and researchers scoured nearly 4,000 kilometers of the river, setting out day after day on motorized boats equipped with spotting equipment and underwater hydrophones to try and detect the dolphins' tell-tale clicking sounds.But everywhere they went, all they found was silence. Week after week, month after month passed without a single Baiji sighting. What was once one of the Yangtze's most ubiquitous animals had essentially vanished right before their eyes. Finally in 2006 after another fruitless year篇3The Plight of the Chinese White DolphinAs a high school student living in Hong Kong, one of the natural wonders closest to my heart is the Chinese White Dolphin, an amazing marine creature found in the waters surrounding the city. These unique dolphins, also known as the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin, are a beloved symbol of Hong Kong and a source of immense local pride. However, their very existence is under grave threat due to human activities and environmental degradation.The Chinese White Dolphin is a stocky dolphin species characterized by its pink coloration and bulbous dorsal fin. They prefer the shallow coastal waters and estuaries around the Pearl River Delta region, including Hong Kong. Remarkably, the waters around Hong Kong are one of just two remaining population centers for this dolphin in the whole of China. Unfortunately, their numbers have plummeted in recent decades to dangerously low levels, earning them the classification of a "functionally endangered population" by scientists.There were an estimated 158 Chinese White Dolphins found in the waters around Hong Kong in 2022, down from around 188the previous year. This represents a staggering 70% decline from population levels in the early 2000s. Projections warn that this iconic species could be completely wiped out from Hong Kong waters by 2041 if urgent action is not taken to protect them and their habitats.The primary threat faced by the dolphins is environmental degradation and water pollution stemming from rapid coastal development, dredging, and marine traffic. Their natural habitats in the Pearl River estuary have been heavily disrupted bylarge-scale infrastructure projects like the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge. The noise, vessel traffic, and reclamation work involved in such mega-projects severely impacts the dolphins.Water pollution from industrial, agricultural, and urban runoff has severely contaminated the marine ecosystems the dolphins depend upon. Heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and other toxins have made their way into the food chain. Dolphins being long-lived animals at the top of the food chain end up accumulating very high levels of these hazardous contaminants in their bodies over time. This severely impacts their health, fertility rates, and ability to reproduce.Another major issue is the ever-present risk of vessel strikes from the extremely dense marine traffic found in the region.Accounting for both commercial shipping and high-speed ferries, it is estimated that over 900 vessels per day travel through core dolphin habitats. With their surface behaviours and slow swimming speeds, the docile dolphins are extremely vulnerable to collisions with these ships which can prove fatal.As if this wasn't bad enough, the dolphins also face additional threats like noise pollution, overfishing depleting their food sources, entanglement in fishing gear, and the looming impacts of climate change. With so many compounded pressures, it is remarkable that this iconic species has managed to cling on in Hong Kong waters, however precariously.Personally, my interest in this issue was first piqued in primary school when we went on a class trip to watch the famous pink dolphins in the wild. Seeing these gentle creatures peacefully surfacing in their natural habitat, glistening in the sunlight, left an indelible impression on me. To learn that they were gravely endangered saddened me deeply. As a teenager, I've made it a mission to raise awareness about their plight amongst my peers.I've attended rallies, signed petitions, and participated in coastal clean-ups in an effort to do my small part. I believe it is crucial for young people like myself to stand up and take actionto protect invaluable species like the Chinese White Dolphin whose continued survival is inextric。
农药对熊蜂的生态毒理研究进展
生态毒理学报Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology第18卷第4期2023年8月V ol.18,No.4Aug.2023㊀㊀基金项目:贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合基础[2018]1032);黔东南州科技计划项目(黔东南科合支撑[2021]07号)㊀㊀第一作者:韩磊(1998 ),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为熊蜂生态毒理学,E -mail:******************㊀㊀*通信作者(Corresponding author ),E -mail:*****************DOI:10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20230210002韩磊,任昌仕,袁亦戈,等.农药对熊蜂的生态毒理研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2023,18(4):102-114Han L,Ren C S,Yuan Y G,et al.Progress in pesticide toxicology research on bumblebees [J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2023,18(4):102-114(in Chinese)农药对熊蜂的生态毒理研究进展韩磊1,任昌仕1,袁亦戈2,Guy Smagghe 2,龙见坤2,陈祥盛2,常志敏1,2,*1.贵州大学高原山地动物遗传育种与繁殖教育部重点实验室/贵州省动物遗传育种与繁殖重点实验室/动物科学学院,贵阳5500252.贵州大学昆虫研究所/昆虫资源开发利用省级特色重点实验室,贵阳550025收稿日期:2023-02-10㊀㊀录用日期:2023-05-20摘要:熊蜂(Bombus spp.)因其独特形态特征及生物学特性成为农业生产中重要传粉昆虫,在维持自然及农业生态系统平衡发挥重要作用㊂近年来,熊蜂多样性呈减少趋势,农药不合理施用为重要因素之一㊂本文基于农药对熊蜂的毒理学研究现状,系统整理了熊蜂急性致死和慢性亚致死毒理研究方法,围绕农药对熊蜂的急性毒性,亚致死剂量农药对熊蜂精子活性及体温调节等生理发育,颜色分辨及学习记忆行为㊁肠道微生物结构及解毒因子等方面影响展开综述,对研究中存在的问题和未来研究方向进行了思考和展望,旨在为农药的科学使用㊁生物环境安全评估及熊蜂多样性保护提供参考㊂关键词:农药;熊蜂;急性致死;慢性亚致死;肠道微生物;细胞色素P450文章编号:1673-5897(2023)4-102-13㊀㊀中图分类号:X171.5㊀㊀文献标识码:AProgress in Pesticide Toxicology Research on BumblebeesHan Lei 1,Ren Changshi 1,Yuan Yige 2,Guy Smagghe 2,Long Jiankun 2,Chen Xiangsheng 2,Chang Zhimin 1,2,*1.Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics,Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountain Region of Ministry of Education,Key La -boratory of Animal Genetics,Breeding and Reproduction in Guizhou,College of Animal Science,Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025,China2.Institute of Entomology/Provincial Special Key Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Insect Resources,Guizhou Uni -versity,Guiyang 550025,ChinaReceived 10February 2023㊀㊀accepted 20May 2023Abstract :Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)as significant agricultural pollinators for the morphological and biological characteristics,play an important role in maintaining the balance of natural and agricultural ecosystems.The inap -propriate use of pesticides is one of the major factors causing the decrease of bumblebee diversity in recent years.This paper investigated the research methods of acute lethality and chronic sublethal toxicology of bumblebees,fo -cusing primarily on the acute toxicity of pesticides to bumblebees,the effects of sublethal doses of pesticides on physiological development such as sperm activity and body temperature regulation,color discrimination,learning and memory behavior,and gut microbial structure,and detoxification factors,and so on.Then,the existing prob -第4期韩磊等:农药对熊蜂的生态毒理研究进展103㊀lems and future research were raised.The aim of paper is to provide reference for scientific application of pesti-cides,environmental and biological safety assessment,and conservation of bumblebee diversity. Keywords:pesticide;bumblebees;acute lethal toxicology;chronic sublethal effects;gut microbiota;cytochrome P450㊀㊀授粉昆虫在保障农业粮食生产和维护生态系统稳定等方面发挥重要作用[1]㊂研究表明,2015年授粉昆虫对中国主要农作物授粉功能量达1.8亿t,授粉服务价值达8860.5亿元[2];其中蜜蜂及熊蜂等膜翅目昆虫作为众多农作物及野生植物的优势授粉类群,其授粉价值得到广泛认可[3-4]㊂熊蜂(Bombus spp.)隶属于膜翅目(Hymenoptera)蜜蜂科(Apidae)熊蜂属(Bombus),因其个体大㊁绒毛多㊁趋光性弱㊁耐低温及声震大等独特形态学与生物学特性,成为众多农作物及濒危植物的理想传粉昆虫,尤其适宜设施作物及深花冠植物,显著提升农林果蔬产量及品质[5]㊂研究显示,与传统人工授粉或蜜蜂授粉相比,合理采用地熊蜂(Bombus terrestris)授粉可使番茄㊁蓝莓㊁茄子㊁黄瓜㊁油茶㊁杏仁等植物坐果率提高15.5% ~35.94%,增产7.1%~68.28%,目前熊蜂在全球被广泛应用于作物授粉,带来显著经济效益[6-11]㊂然而,近年来全球熊蜂多样性呈减少趋势,部分地区熊蜂蜂群出现衰败现象,甚至少数物种濒临灭绝[12]㊂农药施用㊁耕地扩张㊁气候变化㊁夜间人造光以及病原体侵害等因素对熊蜂生存造成严重威胁(图1)[13-14],其中农药是严重威胁因素之一㊂全球年均投入200万t农药用于提高作物产量,只有不到0.1%的农药作用于目标害虫,其余农药进入环境危害蜜蜂及熊蜂等非靶标生物及生态系统[15-16]㊂研究表明,农药不仅会直接造成熊蜂死亡,还会对熊蜂生长发育㊁采食㊁授粉㊁归巢等行为及学习记忆能力等方面带来危害,导致熊蜂丰度降低[17-20]㊂因此,农药对熊蜂危害及毒理研究受到国内外学者的广泛关注㊂有关熊蜂毒理研究主要包括急性致死效应(le-thal effects)和慢性亚致死效应(sub-lethal effects)2个方面,毒理研究作为农药的生态评估重要基础,其结果反映农药对试验动物的危害程度,可为农药田间施用进行指导与建议㊂本文结合已有研究结果,整理了熊蜂急性致死和亚致死毒理研究方法,综述了农药对熊蜂急性致死效应研究进展及农药对熊蜂发育及行为的亚致死效应研究,其中着重介绍了农药对熊蜂肠道微生物及解毒因子细胞色素P450的不利影响,进而对存在的问题和未来研究进行了展望,旨在为农药科学使用㊁生物环境安全评估及生物多样性维护提供参考㊂图1㊀熊蜂生存威胁的诸多因素Fig.1㊀The factors of threatening the survival of bumblebees104㊀生态毒理学报第18卷1㊀农药对熊蜂毒理研究方法(Methods of pesticide toxicology research on bumblebees )1.1㊀急性致死效应的研究方法急性致死效应(lethal effects)是指供试药物直接造成试验生物的死亡,根据不同浓度的供试药剂在短时间内对试验生物的致死效应来评估药物的生态风险等级㊂蜜蜂常作为全球生态风险评估和决策农药登记的模式生物[21],其毒理研究方法较为成熟,可作为农药对熊蜂急性毒理评估的参考㊂但研究表明熊蜂在形态及生活习性等方面与蜜蜂存在明显差异,部分农药对熊蜂与蜜蜂的毒性评估结果无明确相关性[22-23]㊂蜜蜂作为风险评估对象的普适性受到质疑,其评估结果不适用于其他野生物种,农药对熊蜂毒性评估不能完全参考蜜蜂评估㊂2017年经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co -Op -eration and Development,OECD)出版了熊蜂急性毒理试验手册(OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals,Section 2,Test No.247:Bumblebee,AcuteOral/Contact Toxicity Test ),并将熊蜂正式列为明确的保护目标[24]㊂另外,欧洲食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority,EFSA)对已有的蜜蜂及熊蜂的生态毒理学研究结果进行了分析,提出将熊蜂作为生态评估对象并阐述其合理性[25]㊂1.1.1㊀熊蜂急性效应试验方法熊蜂急性效应试验方法具体应依照OECD 熊蜂急性毒理试验手册,其详细描述了试验方法以及试验单元所用装置要求(图2),熊蜂毒理试验应采用单独饲喂方式,但不能阻碍蜂个体间的交流,允许个体之间进行嗅觉和视觉接触;将4周内未接触药物的成年工蜂用不同浓度梯度农药进行饲喂,建议每只饲喂40μL 处理液,记录48h 的死亡数,并使用Probit 等数学模型计算出该农药的半致死量(median lethal dose,LD 50)或半致死浓度(median lethal con -centration,LC 50)[24]㊂1.1.2㊀死亡率校正若试验对照组死亡率<5%,可直接计算LD 50或LC 50;若对照组数据异常,死亡率>5%且<20%时须进行死亡率校正后再计算㊂通常采用Abbott ㊁Henderson -Tilton ㊁Sun -Shepard 及Schneider -Orelli 等公式对死亡率进行校正,还可借助LDP line 等软件进行㊂1.1.3㊀数据分析方法LD 50及LC 50可运用DSP ㊁SPASS ㊁SAS ㊁Polo -Plus ㊁R 语言等数据分析软件(包)采用Probit 或Logit 回归模型计算;其中PoloPlus 软件还可比较不同药剂间的毒力㊁抗药性水平以及分析农药增效剂试验的数据等[26]㊂1.1.4㊀生态评估方法农药的生态评估是进行毒理研究中的重要内容,根据急性毒理试验所得农药对熊蜂的LD 50或LC 50数据评估植物保护产品的生态风险,以确定该产品对试验动物的威胁程度㊂生态风险评估通常采用风险系数(hazard quotient,HQ)与毒性值(exposure toxicity ratio,ETR)2个指标评价㊂HQ 用来判定化学农药的毒性风险级别,公式为HQ =A (有效用量)/LD 50,其中:A 表示该药物田间参考有效使用量,毒性风险等级划分依据如表1所示[27]㊂EFSA 于2013年提出利用ETR 来评价农药风险等级,公式为ETR =实际使用量(mg a.i.㊃株-1)ˑSV 值(short -cut value,SV)/急性经口LD 50(μg a.i.㊃蜂-1),该评估方法将农药实际施用量及喷淋方式考虑其中,且提出一个新的系数SV 值,SV值因向下喷淋和侧面喷图2㊀熊蜂急性毒理试验装置图[24]Fig.2㊀Experimental set -up of bumblebee acutetoxicology test [24]表1㊀风险系数HQ 值的风险等级划分依据[27]Table 1㊀Risk factor HQ value riskclassification basis [27]风险级别Risk assessmentHQ<50低毒Low 50<HQ<2500中毒Medium 2500<HQ高毒High注:HQ 表示风险系数(商)㊂Note:HQ represents hazard quotient.第4期韩磊等:农药对熊蜂的生态毒理研究进展105㊀淋2种喷淋情况不同,该风险评估反映结果更为准确(表2)[28]㊂HQ和ETR是分别用来评价不同农药对蜂群安全性的安全值(trigger value,TV),如果计算值小于或等于安全值,则说明该农药对熊蜂的威胁较小㊂通常采用LD50或LC50的最低值来保守评估农药安全性,或结合试验尽可能模拟野外真实生存环境,以提高农药对熊蜂安全性评估的准确性与可靠性㊂1.2㊀亚致死效应研究方法亚致死效应(sub-lethal effects)是指一般不引起试验对象直接死亡,但对其正常的行为或生理活动产生不利影响,并把农药产生亚致死效应的剂量称为亚致死剂量[29]㊂低剂量或低毒性的农药可引起熊蜂发生亚致死效应,如影响熊蜂个体和蜂群的发育㊁降低熊蜂繁殖性能及学习行为等,其对熊蜂的危害性与急性致死效应同样严重[30-31]㊂1.2.1㊀熊蜂亚致死效应的试验方法熊蜂亚致死效应研究中农药亚致死剂量/浓度设置及处理方式为关键因素㊂(1)农药亚致死剂量/浓度设置:熊蜂亚致死效应研究中,农药试验浓度设置通常有以下几种方式,如根据田间推荐最大施用量的10倍㊁2倍㊁0.5倍㊁0.2倍㊁0.1倍设置[32-33];采用大田农药残留浓度极值;根据田间施用农药的药代动力学数据或根据48h-LC50的1ˑ10-1~1ˑ10-2取值范围等方式确定蜂群亚致死暴露浓度[30,34]㊂(2)农药亚致死效应处理方式:亚致死效应试验常分为室内㊁野外田间以及两者相结合的形式㊂其中室内试验环境因素可控,试验数据更精准[30,35-36],一般建立1~20只不等的无王工蜂群,使之暴露在亚致死剂量的农药下,记录相关生理指标及行为学的变化,评估低剂量农药对熊蜂的危害[37];而田间试验常将采集的优质新蜂王人工饲养,形成稳定蜂群后进行亚致死浓度农药饲喂后再进行野外定植,试验更接近实际情况[30,32,38]㊂1.2.2㊀亚致死效应的评估方法熊蜂亚致死效应的评估主要集中在发育和行为等2个方面[30,38]㊂(1)发育㊂通过对比受试熊蜂咽下腺小囊大小[39],雄性蜂的精子活率[38-39],肠道微生物结构变化[40-41],细胞色素P450酶㊁谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和羧酸酯酶等解毒酶活性[42]及飞行肌线粒体功能[43]等指标来评估农药对熊蜂个体发育的影响㊂此外,相关研究还以长期给药后受试蜂群死亡率[36]㊁子代熊蜂的数量及体质量[31,36,39]㊁产蛹数量㊁蜂巢质量及体积变化㊁蜂群温度调节的能力[44]㊁对供试糖液及花粉等人工饲料的消耗量[41]㊁携带花粉归巢的工蜂数量㊁蜂巢中花粉和花蜜储罐的数量[45]来评估整个蜂群的发育状况㊂(2)行为㊂目前相关研究学者常采用给药后蜂群翅拍频率㊁不同颜色辨别能力㊁气味辨识能力[46]等方面评估农药对熊蜂行为的影响㊂其中不同颜色辨别能力是指熊蜂通过采食含有农药的不同颜色的花朵,并在间隔2d后评估其成功回到原来花色采食的能力;气味辨识能力指将农药处理和空白对照组的熊蜂分别采食特定气味的糖溶液,持续2d后对比飞行及着陆等行为学差异[46]㊂2㊀农药对熊蜂的危害(The harm of pesticides to bumblebees)2.1㊀农药对熊蜂的急性致死效应研究表明,不同种类的农药对同一蜂种的急性表2㊀毒性值(ETR)风险评估计算表[28]Table2㊀The calculation table of toxicity value(ETR)for risk assessment[28]评估类型Type of assessment公式FormulaSV值Shortcut value向下施用Down-ward侧向施用Side-ward安全值Trigger values急性经口-成年蜜蜂Acute oral exposure for adult beesETR=ARˑSV/LD5011.213.30.036慢性(10d)经口-成年蜜蜂Chronic oral exposure(10d)for adult beesETR=ARˑSV/10d-LD5011.213.30.0048注:ETR表示暴露毒性比;AR表示实际施用量,单位kg a.s.㊃ha-1㊂Note:ETR represents exposure toxicity ratio;AR represents the actual application rate,with the unit being expressed as kg a.s.㊃ha-1106㊀生态毒理学报第18卷毒性存在较大的差异;如杀虫剂噻虫嗪(thiamethox-am)对地熊蜂(Bombus terrestris)的LD50值为0.061μg㊃蜂-1,具有高毒性;天然植物源农药藜芦碱(vera-trum alkaloids)对其LD50值为69.936μg㊃蜂-1,为低毒作用;杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑(difenoconazole)对地熊蜂的LD50为336.094μg㊃蜂-1,杀螨剂唑螨酯(feupy-roximate)对地熊蜂的LD50为4.938μg㊃蜂-1(表3)[47-50]㊂Reid等[51]开展杀虫剂生态评估时发现,同类型中不同品种的杀虫剂对地熊蜂的毒性存在一定差异,同为新烟碱类杀虫剂,吡虫啉(imidacloprid)对地熊蜂表现为剧毒,而噻虫啉(thiacloprid)却表现无毒;拟除虫菊酯类溴氰菊酯(deltamethrin)为剧毒性,氟胺氰菊酯(tau-fluvalinate)却表现轻微毒性;有机磷酸盐类毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos)对熊蜂有严重急性致死作用,而香豆磷(coumaphos)却表现无毒㊂另外,研究表明,同一农药对不同熊蜂物种亦存在差异㊂如毒死蜱对小峰熊蜂(Bombus hypocrita)和红光熊蜂(Bombus ignitus)的毒性存在较大差异,2种熊蜂的LC50相差近百倍[50](表4)㊂比较农药对熊蜂的急性致死研究发现,不同类型的农药或相同类型不同种类的农药对熊蜂的急性毒性亦存在较大差异;不同熊蜂种类对同种农药的敏感性表现出较大差异;剧毒和高毒的农药产品以杀虫剂为主,杀菌剂和杀螨剂对熊蜂的毒性相对较低㊂表3㊀不同农药对地熊蜂(Bombus terrestris)的急性经口毒性[47-50]Table3㊀Acute oral toxicity of different pesticides against Bombus terrestris[47-50]供试农药Pesticides分类Pesticide types类型Categories供试药物Tested pesticides半数致死剂量/半数致死浓度(48h)/(μg a.i㊃蜂-1)LD50/LC50(48h)/(μg a.i㊃bee-1)95%置信区间/(μg a.i㊃蜂-1)95%confidenceinterval/(μg a.i㊃bee-1)杀虫剂Insecticides新烟碱类杀虫剂Neonicotine吡咯类Pyrrole拟除虫菊酯类Pyrethroids双酰胺类杀虫剂Diamide insecticide天然植物源农药Botanical pesticides氨基甲酸脂类Carbamate噻虫嗪Thiamethoxam0.0530.037~0.080噻虫胺Clothianidin0.0330.023~0.058啶虫咪Acetamiprid32.30826.811~38.935吡虫啉Imidacloprid0.8270.614~1.097烯啶虫胺Nitenpyram0.0810.061~0.106呋虫胺Dinotefuran 1.3590.902~2.095噻虫啉Thiacloprid29.40616.452~52.052氟吡呋喃酮Flupyradifurone67.90864.851~71.110噻虫嗪Thiamethoxam0.0610.050~0.079虫螨腈Chlorfenapyr0.6780.153~2.021高效氯氟氰菊酯Lambda-cyhalothrin0.0300.011~0.068氯虫苯甲酰胺Chlorobenzamide0.0610.050~0.079藜芦碱Veratrum alkaloids69.93663.948~76.563异丙威Isoprocarb0.3160.037~0.580杀菌剂Fungicides 苯甲酰脲类Benzoylurea除虫脲Diflubenxzuron23.0007.143~33.770三唑类Triazole fungicide苯醚甲环唑Difenoconazole336.094310.875~362.275抗生素类Antibiotic春雷霉素Kasugamycin149.12034.788~253.179杀螨剂Acaricides吡啶酰胺类Pyridineamide啶酰菌胺Boscalid87.3119.386~234.937苯氧吡唑类Phenoxypyrazoele唑螨酯Feupyroximate 4.938 3.184~6.850联苯肼类Biphenylhydrazine联苯肼酯Bifenazate42.42514.142~72.670第4期韩磊等:农药对熊蜂的生态毒理研究进展107㊀表4㊀不同农药对小峰熊蜂(Bombus hypocrita)和红光熊蜂(Bombus ignitus)的急性经口毒性[50] Table4㊀Acute oral toxicity of different pesticides against Bombus hypocorita and Bombus ignites[50]供试药剂Tested pesticides熊蜂种类Bombus species48h-LC50/(mg㊃L-1)95%置信区间/(mg㊃L-1)95%confidence interval/(mg㊃L-1)代森锰锌Mancozeb 小峰熊蜂B.hypocrita 3.167 1.005~107.792红光熊蜂B.ignitus 1.0390.542~1.638百菌清Chlorothalonil 小峰熊蜂B.hypocrita263.319181.218~429.305红光熊蜂B.ignitus224.256136.140~321.916甲基托布津Topsin-M 小峰熊蜂B.hypocrita745.357505.776~1996.690红光熊蜂B.ignitus707.915600.257~880.803氟虫脲Flufenoxuron 小峰熊蜂B.hypocrita297.480103.8165~1805.554红光熊蜂B.ignitus137.7813.729~249116.723毒死蜱Chlorpyrifos 小峰熊蜂B.hypocrita 1.9820.240~5.190红光熊蜂B.ignitus177.992110.943~343.0042.2㊀农药对熊蜂的慢性亚致死效应农业生产中残留的低剂量农药对熊蜂的影响不容忽视,亚致死剂量的农药给熊蜂生长发育㊁采食㊁授粉㊁归巢等行为及学习记忆能力等方面带来危害[17-20,52];研究表明肠道微生物及相关解毒因子在维系宿主健康方面发挥重要作用,农药对熊蜂肠道微生物及解毒因子的影响成为研究热点;鉴于这些因素相关学者针对杀虫剂㊁杀菌剂及除草剂等不同农药对熊蜂发育㊁行为㊁肠道微生物及解毒因子等方面的影响开展研究㊂2.2.1㊀农药对熊蜂发育的危害新烟碱类杀虫剂在全球范围内使用广泛,在土壤㊁水㊁花粉及蜂蜜中大量残留,给熊蜂的生存能力带来严重的损害[53-54]㊂新烟碱类杀虫剂使熊蜂蜂群发育放缓,生殖成功率降低,子代新蜂王数量大大减少,这些伤害对一年一世代的熊蜂打击巨大[38,55]㊂Minnameyer等[39]研究发现,噻虫嗪(thiamethoxam)造成地熊蜂咽下腺小囊发育受损,进而可能抑制蛋白质㊁糖类及脂类物质的合成代谢,导致蜂群生长发育缓慢;且噻虫嗪显著降低雄性蜂的精子活率,抑制熊蜂生殖能力㊂研究证实,熊蜂更喜采食含有噻虫嗪的食物,这无疑加重了新烟碱类杀虫剂对熊蜂的伤害[56]㊂另外,熊蜂外出采食花蜜及花粉的过程中会接触到除草剂,同样给熊蜂造成亚致死效应[57]; Weidenmüller等[44]发现草甘膦(glyphosate)会造成地熊蜂蜂群体温调节受损,草甘膦处理过的蜂群维持巢内温度稳定的时间比对照组减少26%,且巢内温度失衡导致巢中幼虫及蛹的发育放缓㊂除此之外,杀菌剂给地熊蜂带来伤害,影响其生长发育㊁授粉和归巢能力,Syromyatnikov等[58]发现低剂量的杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑(difenoconazole)和二噻农(dithianon),均会引起熊蜂飞行肌线粒体发生功能障碍以及新陈代谢的速率降低,最终可能抑制熊蜂飞行能力,使其无法正常采集和归巢,从而影响整个蜂群发育;另外,杀菌剂吡唑醚菌酯(pyraclostrobin)会损害地熊蜂体内相关解毒酶和脂肪体,造成熊蜂排泄和解毒等生理功能严重受损,导致熊蜂生长发育迟缓[36,59]㊂生物农药对生态环境的友好表现使其在新时期的农药研发中受到持续关注[60],但研究表明,部分生物农药也会造成对非靶标生物的危害[33,61]㊂其中从印楝树提取开发的印楝素相关的植物农药,对熊蜂生存能力亦会产生影响,其中印楝杀虫剂(nimbecidine)显著降低地熊蜂工蜂的存活率,影响整个蜂群的发育[31];印楝素(azadirachtin)严重抑制地熊蜂工蜂卵巢的发育,卵巢长度随着印楝素浓度的增加而减少,当浓度达到64mg㊃L-1时,地熊蜂工蜂的卵巢平展长度仅为空白对照组的1/3[33]㊂2.2.2㊀农药对熊蜂行为的影响熊蜂超频震动是其高效授粉的基础,Switzer和Combes[62]的试验证明低剂量的吡虫啉会影响熊蜂的翅拍频率,这可能抑制熊蜂的授粉能力㊂Stanley和Raine[63]发现经过噻虫胺处理的蜂群,外出采集的工蜂数量显著增加,并且采集花粉的频率也增加,但是其学习记忆能力减弱,采食偏好也有所不同,在给定2种花卉百脉根(Lotus corniculatus)和白三叶(Tri-folium repens)为采集对象时,农药处理后的熊蜂更108㊀生态毒理学报第18卷爱采食百脉根,而未经处理的熊蜂偏爱白三叶; Straub等[64]利用电生理技术(electroantennographic, EAG)发现噻虫胺会影响熊蜂的嗅觉系统,降低其对不同挥发物质的敏感性㊂自然生存条件下,熊蜂面对复杂的采食环境,需要具备一些精准定位的能力,研究发现,草甘膦还会降低熊蜂对细微差异颜色的辨别能力,损伤熊蜂的学习记忆功能,这将大大降低熊蜂的环境适应能力,对其造成不可逆的伤害[46]㊂2.2.3㊀农药对熊蜂肠道菌群的影响熊蜂肠道内栖息着多样性相对较少但特异性较高的微生物,且微生物群落主要分布于后肠[65-66]㊂熊蜂多为一年一世代,当年蜂群产生的新蜂王交配后冬眠,次年重新繁殖建立新蜂群,因此蜂群中熊蜂个体肠道菌群具有高度统一性,并且母本蜂王为子代工蜂肠道微生物的主要来源[67]㊂熊蜂属于完全变态昆虫,具有卵㊁幼虫㊁蛹及成虫4个发育阶段,已有研究证明其菌群结构会随着不同的发育阶段变化,卵发育到幼虫的过程中相关群落的多样性降低,蛹期的肠道内含有更少且不同与其他阶段的菌群,成虫阶段熊蜂肠道菌群逐渐形成由斯诺德格拉斯氏菌属(Snodgrassella)㊁吉列姆氏菌属(Gilliamella)㊁乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)等组成的稳定菌群结构[67-70]㊂这些肠道菌群可分为益生菌㊁共生菌及致病菌,肠道菌群对于宿主健康的影响主要取决于这3类菌之间的互作模式;研究证明,这些菌群参与熊蜂体内营养物质的消化吸收和能量供给,并在防御病原体侵害及毒素代谢等维系熊蜂健康方面发挥重要作用[71-73]㊂熊蜂肠道核心菌可促进熊蜂对短膜虫(Crithidia bombi)抵御作用,且肠道益生菌所建立起的优势可降低病原体的丰度,而非核心菌相对丰度增高会增加短膜虫的侵染概率[74-75];同时,熊蜂肠道核心细菌Gilliamela apicola还可参与甘露糖㊁木糖和鼠李糖等对危害熊蜂的化学物质的代谢[71]㊂近年来,相关学者开展农药对熊蜂肠道微生物影响的研究,已证明农药暴露会损害熊蜂肠道微生物群落结构㊂除草剂显著影响熊蜂肠道菌群结构,地熊蜂进食2.5mg㊃L-1的草甘膦后,虽对其肠道菌群的总体丰度影响较小,菌群多样性却显著增加,其中真菌Zygosaccharomyces和Cladosporium的丰度显著增加[42];Motta和Moran[41]将连续进食1mg㊃L-1草甘膦5d后的美洲熊蜂(Bombus impatiens)工蜂放归原有王群,并对比当天㊁第3天及第7天的肠道菌群结构,发现益生菌斯诺德格拉斯氏菌属(Snodgrassella)的相对丰度随之增加,说明草甘膦显著影响熊蜂肠道菌群,并且停药后回归原有王群可使其肠道菌群结构逐渐恢复㊂研究表明,杀虫剂对熊蜂肠道微生态结构的影响不均,10μg㊃L-1吡虫啉显著降低地熊蜂(Bombus terrestris)肠道内乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus Firm-5)和蜜蜂杆菌属(Apibacter)的相对丰度,改变肠道微生物结构[76];但同剂量下的吡虫啉对美洲熊蜂(Bombus impatiens)的肠道菌群影响较少[77],造成该现象的原因可能为不同物种肠道微生物结构存在差异,在应对同一农药侵害时的抵御能力可能不同[78];另外多杀菌素(spinetoram)对地熊蜂肠道菌群无显著影响[42]㊂目前,未见杀菌剂影响肠道菌群结构的研究㊂2.2.4㊀农药对熊蜂解毒因子的影响经过数百万年的进化历程,昆虫体内形成了部分克服自然环境中有毒化合物的机制[79]㊂昆虫体内解毒反应是降低其有害化合物伤害的重要途径[80],其中羧酸酯酶㊁谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶及细胞色素P450等解毒酶是参与昆虫体内解毒反应的重要解毒酶[81],但少有关于农药对熊蜂解毒酶的研究㊂Tang 等[42]测定了采食草甘膦10d后地熊蜂羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的活性,并未发现显著影响㊂细胞色素P450家族蛋白(简称P450)为近年来昆虫解毒因子研究热点,P450参与多种农药的解毒过程[82],是一个可自身氧化的血红蛋白家族,催化超过200000种化学物质的生物转化,可将疏水性药物催化成易代谢的亲水性化合物,其主要活性成分为血红素(Heme),血红素内含有的原卟啉铁促进外源化合物代谢[83-86],其代谢原理见图3㊂P450可介导昆虫产生抗药性,其机制表现在基因的差异性表达及其酶活性的变化,一般当昆虫体内该家族基因表达量增加或酶活性上升时,抗药性增强[87];P450家族共有4个分支,包括CYP2㊁CYP3㊁CYP4及线粒体家族Mito CYP,其中CYP3分支中的CYP6和CYP9这2个家族广泛参与昆虫对外源化合物的代谢过程[82,84];研究表明,CYP9家族蛋白酶参与了噻虫啉在地熊蜂体内代谢过程,在试验药液中添加P450抑制剂后,发现噻虫啉对其毒性增加4.2倍[88-89],另外CYP9Q3已被证实可有效代谢噻虫啉和啶虫脒[90];因此,P450在熊蜂体内解毒反应中具有重要作用㊂研究表明,农药影响P450家族基因在熊蜂体内的表达,Bebane等[91]以10μg㊃L-1的吡虫啉第4期韩磊等:农药对熊蜂的生态毒理研究进展109㊀图3㊀P450促进化合物代谢的途径注:Heme 为血红素;NADPH 表示还原性辅酶Ⅱ;CYP450表示细胞色素P450家族蛋白;R -H 表示外源化合物㊂Fig.3㊀Pathway of P450promoting the compound metabolismNotes:NADPH represents nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate,CYP450represents cytochrome P450family proteins and R -H represents an exogenous compound.饲喂6日龄的地熊蜂工蜂,并对其进行脑部的转录组测序,结果显示4个P450家族基因出现差异性表达,其中CYP6k1和CYP4c3上调表达,CYP28d1和CYP9e2下调表达,推测这些变化介导熊蜂对吡虫啉产生抗药性㊂3㊀总结与展望(Summary and prospect )农药不合理的施用对熊蜂的影响复杂多变,熊蜂外出活动接触喷洒农药的叶片,采食含有农药的花粉及花蜜,或通过其他途径接触到农药,均可能产生急性致死或慢性亚致死效应,直接导致其死亡或对其生长发育㊁繁殖性能及传粉㊁归巢等行为产生不利影响㊂目前有关熊蜂毒理学研究较滞后,其毒理研究方法主要参考蜜蜂,但同一农药对不同蜜蜂属昆虫的作用效果存在较大差异[55,92],如东方蜜蜂(A -pis cerana )进食R -二硝基呋喃(R -dinotefuran)的24h -LD 50是西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera )的3倍[93],联苯肼酯(bifenazate)㊁弥拜菌素(milbemectin)㊁溴虫腈(chlorfena -pyr)和喹螨醚(fenazaquin)等农药对地熊蜂无毒(LD 50>100μg a.i.㊃蜂-1),但对西方蜜蜂有毒(LD 50<1μg a.i.㊃蜂-1)[22-23];因此农药评估需考虑模式生物的差异[94]㊂综上,熊蜂作为新的模式生物,开展农药及其他有害物质对其毒理研究具有合理性,开展熊蜂毒理研究应遵循熊蜂急性毒理试验手册,充分考虑不同农药对不同物种及危害的差异性㊂现有熊蜂急性毒性研究大多在室内条件下开展,其数据结果并不能切实反映大田自然环境下农药对熊蜂影响的真实水平,建议在开展毒理试验时尽可能模拟自然环境或田间条件㊂农药的急性毒理及生态风险数据常作为大田中农药的安全使用指南,科学开展农药对熊蜂的急性毒理及生态风险评估具有重要意义㊂为避免农药对熊蜂的急性致死作用,可调整放蜂和农药施用时间以达到保护熊蜂的目的,但作物最佳授粉时期亦为病虫害高发期,加之部分高毒且半衰期长的农药残留,依然可能导致熊蜂亚致死效应,目前尚未报道有效抑制熊蜂亚致死效应的方法㊂因此,一方面研发针对熊蜂及蜜蜂等非靶标生物低毒高效的农药或针对靶标性强的农药具有重要意义;另一方面,深入开展熊蜂等有益生物的亚致死效应机制研究,加强相关益生菌及解毒代谢基因的挖掘;探究农药代谢的关键菌种或菌种群,进而形成熊蜂解毒代谢的微生物制剂,或利用营养措施或分子手段有效调控解毒基因表达,改变有益生物对特定毒性物质的耐受性[95-96],对未来环境安全及生物多样性保护具有重要价值㊂通信作者简介:常志敏(1986 ),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为传粉昆虫资源利用与保护及生态环境对其毒理影响㊂参考文献(References ):[1]㊀van der Sluijs J P,Vaage N S.Pollinators and global food。
濒危动物保护动物英文演讲全英文课件
The illegal trade of ended specifications, such as tigers, pangolins, and helmeted bills, for traditional medicine, luxury items, or pet trade, poses a severe threat to their survival and conservation status
Habitat Restoration
Restoring and managing degraded or fragmented habitats to support health populations of extended specifications
Invasive Specifications Control
03
Conservation Measures
In site Conservation
Protected Areas
Establishing national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and other protected areas to ensure the long term survival of ended specifications and their habitats
Overview of the Presentation
• The presentation will cover the following topics: the causes of ending, examples of ending animals, the impact of ending on ecosystems and human society, conservation efforts and measures, and the role of individuals and society in protecting ending animals It aims to raise awareness and understanding of the importance of endangered animal protection and resource active participation in conservation efforts
小学上册T卷英语第5单元测验卷
小学上册英语第5单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The __________ (地理位置) affects climate and weather.2.Which season is known for falling leaves?A. SummerB. WinterC. FallD. SpringC3.My mom loves to ________.4.The _____ (peach) tree bears sweet fruit.5.What is the capital of Japan?A. KyotoB. TokyoC. OsakaD. Hiroshima6.An octopus has __________ arms.7.ts can grow in ______, while others prefer dry soil. (有些植物可以在潮湿的环境中生长，而另一些则喜欢干燥的土壤。
) Some pla8.What do we call the study of the classification of organisms?A. TaxonomyB. EcologyC. BiologyD. Genetics9.The bison roams in herds across the ____.10.The Himalayas continue to rise because of tectonic ______.11.I want to learn how to ________ (开车).12. A snake is long and ______.13.The __________ (历史的启示作用) motivates individuals.14.can Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ________ (思想). The Amer15.The country known for its fjords is ________ (挪威).16.Which instrument is used to measure the weight of an object?A. ScaleB. RulerC. ThermometerD. StopwatchA17.ts are adapted to ______ (高海拔) environments. Some pla18._____ (水分保持) is essential for healthy plants.19.We enjoy ______ (taking) walks in the park.20.What is the name of the city known as the Big Apple?A. Los AngelesB. ChicagoC. New York CityD. Miami21.Some _______ grow in water, like lilies.22.My favorite thing to do is ________ (看书).23.The ______ is known for her fashion sense.24.My mom cooks the best ______.25.How many continents are there in Africa?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 826.I can color with my toy ________ (玩具名称).27.What is 5 x 2?A. 7B. 8C. 9D. 10D28.The ______ teaches us about environmental issues.29.I love to play ________ games outside.30.What is the capital city of the United Kingdom?A. EdinburghB. DublinC. LondonD. CardiffC31.The first university in the world was established in ________.32._____ (生态农业) promotes healthy ecosystems.33.The _______ (小海马) swims in the sea among the coral.34.How many continents are there in the world?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 835.The dolphin swims _______ (迅速) in the ocean.36.My brother is a __________ (电气工程师).37.The ancient Romans used ________ for voting.38.What animal is known as the king of the jungle?A. TigerB. LionC. BearD. Elephant39.The __________ can affect local weather and climate.40.My favorite game is ______ (扑克).41.What is the opposite of hot?A. WarmB. ColdC. CoolD. MildB42.I enjoy playing ________ (足球) with my classmates.43.What color is a ripe banana?A. GreenB. YellowC. RedD. Blue44.The _____ (小羊) bleats softly.45.My ______ is very supportive and caring.46.The ancient Romans celebrated games in honor of their _______.47.What do we call the line that divides the day and night sides of a planet?A. EquatorB. MeridianC. TerminatorD. Axis48.What is the name of the famous festival held in Rio de Janeiro?A. OktoberfestB. Mardi GrasC. CarnivalD. DiwaliC49.I want to _______ a story.50.I like to ______ (参与) in science projects.51.The ________ (生态系统服务提升策略) are vital.52.The __________ (历史的编纂) requires diligence.53.It is ________ (下雨) outside.54.What is the opposite of 'fast'?A. QuickB. SlowC. SpeedyD. Rapid55.We have music class on ___. (Thursday)56.My favorite subject in school is _______ (科目) because it’s very _______ (形容词).57.What do we call a young rabbit?A. KitB. PupC. BunnyD. CalfA Kit58.We usually have ________ for lunch at school.59.The _____ (根) of the plant anchor it in the soil.60.Star clusters are groups of stars that are ______ together by gravity.61.Growing plants can be a rewarding _____ (爱好).62.An exothermic reaction releases heat into the ______.63.What do we call the process of plants growing from seeds?A. PollinationB. GerminationC. FertilizationD. PropagationB64.The ________ likes to stay warm.65.The ________ (草地) is home to many small animals.66.We have ______ (许多) activities planned for the weekend.67.What is the name of the famous ancient structure in Greece?A. ParthenonB. ColosseumC. AcropolisD. Temple ofArtemisA Parthenon68. A ______ is a natural feature that can be explored for research.69.The _____ (chard) is a colorful leafy green.70.During my free time, I like to draw and paint ________ (风景) from nature.71.The ________ (环境变化研究) informs practices.72.Which season comes after spring?A. WinterB. SummerC. FallD. AutumnB73.The ________ (建筑风格) reflects history.74.Trees produce ______ during photosynthesis.75. A ____(community newsletter) informs residents of events and resources.76.The _______ can help prevent erosion.77.The __________ is a major river in the southeast United States. (佛罗里达河)78.小熊猫) eats bamboo happily. The ___79.Which of these is a type of weather?A. ClearB. TriangleC. FastD. Heavy80. A prism can separate white light into different ______.81.The country known for its ancient ruins and temples is ________ (以古代遗址和庙宇闻名的国家是________).82.My brother has a teddy _______ (我哥哥有一个泰迪_______).83.I saw a _____ (小兔) hopping around in the garden.84.What do we call the main language spoken in Brazil?A. SpanishB. PortugueseC. FrenchD. EnglishB85.The Earth's tilt causes the ______.86.They are going to a ________.87.My favorite sport is ______ (volleyball).88.My teacher is __________ (鼓舞人心的) and motivates us.89. A chemical reaction that occurs when two substances combine is called a ______ reaction.90.I love to watch the _____ in the sky.91. A __________ is an example of a chemical change.92. A _______ (小海豚) is known for its intelligence.93. A playful ___ (小猴子) swings in the trees.94.What is the name of the famous wizard in J.K. Rowling's series?A. GandalfB. DumbledoreC. Harry PotterD. FrodoC95.What do you call a person who performs magic tricks?A. IllusionistB. MagicianC. WizardD. EnchanterB96.I can create a __________ (名词) with my __________ (玩具名).97.Which animal is known for its ability to fly and has colorful feathers?A. PenguinB. SparrowC. OstrichD. BatB98.The __________ is a region known for its agricultural products.99. A _______ is a device that helps to launch rockets into space.100.I have a ___ (test/quiz) tomorrow.。
濒危动物的现状与保护英语作文
濒危动物的现状与保护英语作文Here is an English essay on the topic of endangered animals and their conservation, with the content exceeding 1000 words as requested.The world is home to a vast array of fascinating and diverse wildlife, each species playing a crucial role in the delicate balance of our ecosystems. However, in recent decades, we have witnessed a troubling trend - the alarming decline of many animal populations, leading to the classification of numerous species as endangered. This crisis demands our immediate attention and collective action to ensure the survival of these precious creatures.One of the primary threats facing endangered animals is habitat loss and fragmentation. As human populations continue to expand, natural habitats are being rapidly converted into agricultural lands, urban developments, and infrastructure projects. This not only destroys the living spaces of many animals but also disrupts the intricate web of relationships and dependencies that sustain entire ecosystems. The loss of vital resources such as food, water, and shelter forces these animals to venture into unfamiliar and often hostile environments, making them more vulnerable to predation,disease, and conflict with humans.Another significant factor contributing to the decline of endangered species is poaching and illegal wildlife trade. The demand for exotic pets, traditional medicines, and luxury goods has fueled a lucrative black market that thrives on the exploitation of vulnerable animal populations. Rhinos, elephants, tigers, and many other iconic species have been ruthlessly hunted and killed, their body parts and derivatives fetching exorbitant prices on the global market. This relentless pursuit of profit has devastated entire populations, pushing some species to the brink of extinction.Climate change also poses a grave threat to endangered animals. As the planet's temperature rises and weather patterns become more unpredictable, many species struggle to adapt to the rapidly changing environmental conditions. Polar bears, for instance, are facing the loss of their sea ice habitat, making it increasingly difficult for them to hunt and survive. Similarly, coral reefs, which are home to a vast array of marine life, are being decimated by rising ocean temperatures and acidification, further jeopardizing the delicate balance of underwater ecosystems.In addition to these primary threats, endangered animals also face challenges such as human-wildlife conflict, the introduction of invasive species, and the impacts of pollution and environmentaldegradation. These factors, often intertwined, create a perfect storm that threatens the very existence of many remarkable creatures.Despite the grim reality, there is hope. Governments, conservation organizations, and passionate individuals around the world are taking decisive action to protect endangered species and their habitats. Stricter laws and enforcement measures have been implemented to crack down on poaching and illegal wildlife trade, while international agreements like the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) have helped to regulate the global trade of endangered species.Habitat restoration and conservation efforts are also underway, with initiatives to reforest degraded landscapes, establish protected areas, and corridors to facilitate the movement of animals between fragmented habitats. These initiatives not only benefit endangered species but also support the overall health of ecosystems, which in turn provides essential services to human communities.Furthermore, advancements in scientific research and technology have enabled us to better understand the needs and behaviors of endangered species, leading to more effective conservation strategies. Innovative approaches such as captive breeding programs, reintroduction efforts, and the use of advanced tracking and monitoring tools have all contributed to the recovery of somespecies.However, the success of these conservation efforts ultimately depends on the active involvement and support of the global community. Educating the public about the importance of biodiversity and the plight of endangered species is crucial, as it fosters a sense of stewardship and encourages individuals to make sustainable choices in their daily lives. By reducing our carbon footprint, consuming responsibly, and advocating for stronger environmental policies, we can all play a role in safeguarding the future of our planet's precious wildlife.In conclusion, the conservation of endangered animals is a complex and multifaceted challenge that requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach. By addressing the root causes of their decline, implementing effective protection measures, and fostering a culture of environmental stewardship, we can work towards a future where these remarkable creatures thrive once again. The fate of endangered species is inextricably linked to the health of our planet, and their preservation is not only a moral imperative but also a vital step in ensuring the long-term sustainability of our shared home.。
生物学动物分类英语作文
生物学动物分类英语作文Biological Animal Classification。
As we all know, animals are an important part of our natural world. They come in all shapes and sizes, from tiny insects to enormous elephants. To help us understand and study these creatures, scientists have developed a system of animal classification based on their physical characteristics and evolutionary history.The system of animal classification is known as taxonomy. It is a hierarchical system that groups animals into categories based on their shared characteristics. The categories, from largest to smallest, are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.The first category, kingdom, is the largest and broadest category. There are five kingdoms in total, including animals, plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria. The animal kingdom is further divided into nine phyla,including arthropods, mollusks, and chordates.The next category, phylum, is based on the animal's body plan. For example, arthropods have jointed legs and a hard exoskeleton, while mollusks have a soft body and a hard shell. The chordates, which include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, have a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits at some point in their development.The class category is based on more specific characteristics, such as the presence or absence of hair or feathers. For example, mammals have hair and produce milk for their young, while birds have feathers and lay eggs.The order category is based on even more specific characteristics, such as the shape of the animal's teeth or the structure of its wings. The family category is based on shared ancestry and evolutionary history, while the genus category is based on physical similarities and genetic relationships.Finally, the species category is the smallest and most specific category. It is based on the ability of animals to produce fertile offspring with one another. For example, dogs and wolves are different species because they cannot produce fertile offspring, while dogs and other dogs are the same species because they can.In conclusion, animal classification is an important tool for understanding and studying the natural world. It allows us to group animals based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary history, and to better understand their place in the ecosystem. By studying animal classification, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the diversity of life on our planet.。
动物分类的英文作文
动物分类的英文作文英文：Animal classification is a fascinating topic that has intrigued scientists for centuries. It involves grouping animals into different categories based on their characteristics, such as their physical appearance, behavior, and genetic makeup. There are several different ways to classify animals, but the most common method is to use the Linnaean system, which was developed by Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century.The Linnaean system is based on a hierarchy of categories, starting with the broadest category, the kingdom, and narrowing down to the most specific category, the species. The five kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Animals are classified intodifferent phyla, which are then further divided into classes, orders, families, genera, and species.For example, a lion belongs to the Animalia kingdom,the Chordata phylum, the Mammalia class, the Carnivora order, the Felidae family, the Panthera genus, and the Panthera leo species. This system allows scientists to organize and study the vast diversity of animal life on our planet.中文：动物分类是一个令人着迷的话题，已经吸引了科学家们数个世纪。
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They may be characterized by
• The uses people make of them • Physical characteristics • Other categories used to put similar animals together
Classification
Seven Levels of Classification
• Kingdom- largest • Phyla • Class • Ordert
Seven Levels of Classification
Kingdoms
• Animalia: all multicelled animals • Plantae: multicellular plants that produce chlorophyll through photosynthesis
Kingdoms
• Monera: bacteria and blue-green algae • Protista: paramecia and amoebae • Fungi: mushrooms and other fungi
Kingdom
• The Kingdom animalia includes all animals ranging from a tiny gnat to huge whales. Because of this diversity we have to further subdivide into phyla.
Scientific Classification
• Orderly and systematic approach to identification • Broad groups of animals are classified together in categories of common characteristics
Classification of Agricultural Animals
Organisms
• Identified, grouped, and classified • More effectively study and communicate about them • Plants and animals are classified or grouped together by characteristics they have in common
Scientific Classification
–Binomial nomenclature: Giving two names in Latin –System developed by Swedish Botonist named Linnaeus
Binomial Nomenclature
• Genus: First name, always capitalized • Species: Second name, always lowercase • Both are underlined!
Latin
• Was used because at the time, it was the international language of scholars • Many languages of the world were based on Latin.
Phyla
• The primary divisions of the kingdom Animalia • The kingdom animalia is divided into twenty-seven phyla.
Phyla
• The word phyla comes from the Greek word phulon meaning race or kind • Several phyla are divided into subphyla • Most agricultural animals belong to the phylum Chordata
Phyla
• Chordata is divided into subphylas • Vertebrata – animals with backbones
Scientific Classification
• Each group is then broken down further into smaller categories • Process is repeated until the groups cannot be categorized into smaller groups.
• Several ways of classifying agricultural animals • Agricultural animals have been domesticated for some type of human use • These animals have been developed into breeds having distinctive characteristics and distinctive uses
Example
• Cattle: Bos taurus • Pigs: Sus scrofa • Horses: Equus caballus • Sheep: Ovis aries • Dogs: Canis familiaris
Common Names
• Are often confusing • Different organisms can have similar or the same common name • Different parts of the country may have different common names for the same animal.