聊城大学基础英语2013年考研专业课初试真题
2013年全国考研英语一真题及答案.doc
2013年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishPeople are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. [A]grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2. [A]minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external3. [A]issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5. [A]fond [B]fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C]to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C]share [D]test9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulText 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagini ng that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would be described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowe d mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede st ate laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White Ho use argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using theirown resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were over turned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants ‘information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congre ss’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail, Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)参考答案Section I Use of English1. A. grants2. D. external3. C. picture4. A. For example5. B. fearful6. B. on7. A. if8. D. test9. D. success10. A. chosen11. D. otherwise12. C. conducted13. B. rated14. D. took15. B. then16. C. marked17. A. before18. C. drop19. B. undo20. C. necessarySection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 (In the 2006)21. B. insensitivity to fashion22. D. shop for their garment more frequently23. A. accusation24. D. pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing25. C. criticism of the fast-fashion industryText 2 (An old saying)26. B. lower their operational costs27. D. internet browser developers28. C. will not benefit consumers29. A. DNT may not serve its intended purpose30. D. skepticismText 3 (Now utopia)31. B. our faith in science and technology32. A. sustained species33. D. our immediate future is hard to conceive34. C. draw on our experience from the past35. C. the ever-bright prospects of mankindText 4 (On a five to three)36. C. overstepped the authority of federal immigration37. C. states’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement38. D. stood in favor of the states39. A. outweighs that held by the states40. D. The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part B41. E. These issues all have root causes in human behavior...42. F. Despite these factors...43. B. However, the numbers are still small...44. G. During the late 1990s...45. C. The idea is to force social to integrate...Section III Translation46. 然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然意识到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求47. 一块神圣的和平之地，不管它有多么粗糙，它都是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能需求。
2013年聊城大学考研初试试题(教学论纲)
2.如何看待“以教学为中心和全面发展”的一致性。
3.教学模式多样化的必要性。
4.简述人力学意义下的目标分类有哪些。
5.高质量隐性课程建设的条件有哪些。
三、论述题（共2道题，每题25分，共50分。）
1.谈谈你对教学要素的理解。
2.怎么样30分。）
任何健康运行的教学都必须遵循其内在规律，可以说，我们整个的教学论都是在探讨教学的规律。你对教学规律有哪些认识？
3、答题必须用蓝、黑钢笔或圆珠笔书写，其它均无效。
4、特殊要求携带的用具请注明，没有特殊要求填“无”_____________无________________
一、名词解释（共5道题，每题4分，共20分。）
1.教学设计
2.元学习
3.深入浅出
4.教学思想
5.讲授法
二、简答题（共5道题，每题10分，共50分。）
聊城大学2013年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题
考试科目
803教学论
A卷
适用专业
学科教学（体育、语文、英语、数学、物理、化学、地理、音乐、美术、历史、生物、思政、小学教育）
注意事项：1、本试题共4道大题（共13个小题），满分150分。
2、本试卷为试题，答题另有答题纸。答案一律写在答题纸上，写在该试题纸上或草稿纸上无效。
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题(答案解析版)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题（答案解析版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)；敬人者化学教案人恒敬之”“要学会宽恕化学教案甚至是对曾经伤害过你的人化学教案因为只有放下才能得到真正Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. ___1___, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been ___2___ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very ___3___ of money itself,” only to ___4___ itself several years later. Why has t he movement to a cashless society been so ___5___ in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7___ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the ___8___ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to ___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float"-it takes several days ___11___ a check is cashed and funds are ___12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment ___14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there.Because this is not an ___16___ occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ___17___ funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts i nto their own. The___18___ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic ___20___ that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.时间先后顺序化学教案③后适宜用感叹号试卷试题5试卷试题B试卷试题【解析】A项的“拙作”是谦辞、1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail文化活动试卷试题人有恒言曰：“百闻不如一见试卷试题”“读万卷书不如行万里路试卷试题”游学之益在于体验化学教案答案：1-5: ADBDC6-10: BBDBA11-15: ADCCC16-20: CABAD苞之生二十六年矣化学教案使蹉跎昏忽常如既往化学教案则由此而四十、五十化学教案岂有【答案详解】1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 本题考察逻辑关系[选项分析] 因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：填空之后的信息为”a true cashless society is probably not around the corner .”（一个无现金社会不太可能马上出现），而文章之前的信息都是在说我们可能马上就进入一个无现金社会，两者之间出现了明显的转折关系，因此只有however符合题意。
2013考研英语一真题及答案
2013年硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsonh found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. [A] grants [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2. [A] minor [B] objective [C] crucial [D] external3. [A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4. [A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle [D] Above all5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D] test9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable——meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, andwasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in ener gy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a“do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in P aragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to[A] ease competition among themselves.[B] lower their operational costs.[C] avoid complaints from consumers.[D] provide better online services.27. “The industry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to[A] online advertisers.[B] e-commerce conductors.[C] digital information analysis.[D] internet browser developers.28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default.[A] may cut the number of junk ads.[B] fails to affect the ad industry.[C] will not benefit consumers.[D] goes against human nature.29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose.[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of[A] indulgence.[B] understanding.[C] appreciation.[D] skepticism.Text 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely —though by no means uniformly —glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years — so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of t he International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN), and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment.[B] our faith in science and technology.[C] our awareness of potential risks.[D] our belief in equal opportunity.32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human beings are[A] a sustained species.[B] a threat to the environment.[C] the world’s dominant power.[D] a misplaced race.33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C] draw on our experience from the past.[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Ke nnedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Ju stice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do s o either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41) . Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42) . This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004. (43) .When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) . This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had acategory specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) . That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented andpublishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers publishedglobally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health anddemographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal.Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behaviour: all require behavioural change and social innovations, aswell as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some areup in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all researchand development funds — including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate — varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; 46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. 47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring o f one’s relation to one’s environment. 48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environmentin which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, 49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal lift, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world.50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingP art ADirections:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案详解Section ⅠUse of English1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 上下文语义和固定搭配题。
2000-2013年考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)
2000-2013年考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)ui2013年考研英语（一）真题 (6)Section I Use of English (6)Section II Reading Comprehension (11)Part APart B (35)Part C (42)Section III Writing (48)Part A48Part B (49)2013考研英语（一）答案 (50)Section I Use of English (50)Section II Reading Comprehension (57)Section III Writing (79)2012年考研英语（一）试题 (83)Section I Use of English (83)Section II Reading Comprehension.Part A87Part B (110)Part C (115)Section III Writing (118)Part APart B (119)2012考研英语（一）答案 (121)Section I (121)Section II Reading Comprehension (132)作文 (167)2011考研英语(一)试题 (172)Section I Use of English (172)Section II Reading Comprehension (178)Part A (178)Part B (205)Part C (211)Section ⅢWriting (216)Part A (216)Part B (216)2011考研英语（一）答案 (219)Section I Use of English (219)Section II Reading Comprehension (226)Section III Writing (244)2010年考研英语（一）试题 (250)Section I Use of English (250)Section II Reading Comprehension (251)Part A (251)Part B (258)Part C (260)Section ⅢWriting (260)Part A (260)Part B (261)2009年考研英语（一）试题 (262)Section I Use of English (262)Section I I Reading comprehension (263)Part A (263)Part B (270)Part C (271)Section ⅢWriting (272)Part A (272)Part B (272)2009年考研英语（一）答案 (274)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (274)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (274)Section III: Writing (30 points) (274)2008年考研英语（一）试题 (276)Section I Use of English (276)Section II Reading Comprehension (277)Part A (277)Part B (284)Part C (286)Section III Writing (287)Part A (287)Part B (287)2008年考研英语（一）答案 (289)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (289)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (289)Section III: Writing (30 points) (289)2007年考研英语（一）试题 (291)Section I Use of English (291)Section II Reading Comprehension (295)Part A (295)Part B (303)Part C (304)Section III Writing (305)Part A (305)Part B (306)2007年考研英语（一）答案 (307)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (307)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (307)Section III: Writing (30 points) (307)2006年考研英语（一）试题 (309)Section I Use of English (309)Section II Reading Comprehension (313)Part A (313)2002年考研英语（一）试题 (381)Section I Listening Comprehension (381)Part A (381)Part B (382)Part C (382)Section II Use of English (385)Section III Reading Comprehension (390)Part A (390)Part B (398)Section IV Writing (399)2002年考研英语（一）答案 (400)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (400)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (400)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (400)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (401)2001年考研英语（一）试题 (402)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (402)Part A (402)Part B (405)Section II Cloze Test (410)Section III Reading Comprehension (414)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (423)Section V Writing (424)2001年考研英语（一）答案 (426)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points) (426)Section II: Cloze Text (10 points) (426)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (426)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (426)Section V: Writing (20 points) (427)2000年考研英语（一）试题 (428)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (428)Part A (428)Part B (431)Part C (432)Section II Cloze Test (437)Section III Reading Comprehension (440)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (448)Section V Writing (449)2000年考研英语（一）答案 (451)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points) (451)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (451)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (451)Section V: Writing (15 points) (452)2013年考研英语（一）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___1___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___2___ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big ___3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. ___4___, hetheorized that a judge ___5___ of appearing too soft ___6___crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___7___he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To ___8___this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ___9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was___11___.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ___12___ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had ___13___ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale ___14___ numerous factorsinto consideration. The scores were ___15___ used in conjunction w ith an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is ___16___out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ___17___ that, then the score for the next applicant would___18___ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to___19___the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been ___20___.1. A grants B submits C transmits Ddelivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principleD For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B. emphasize C. share D. promote9. A. decision B. quality C. status D. success10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D.identified11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conductedD. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn`t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline`s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers tosee clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world`s answer toconsumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan`s. The Omnivore`s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; he r example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labelsurge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory,this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer andApple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking w ith Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and presson anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that“behavioral”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured formillions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question.For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say withconsiderable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to beinspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN`s “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world`s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet`s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.In Arizona, United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule ofnaturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That`s because Congress has alwaysenvisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federalexecutive power”. The White House argued the Arizona`s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightlyrejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona`s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers` duty to withhold immigrants` information.[B] States` independence from federal immigration law.[C] States` legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress`s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states` interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] Outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states` support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every yearsince 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today`s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creativedestruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today`s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health anddemographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is aboutdeveloping clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible assuch. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts。
聊城大学英语试题及答案
聊城大学英语试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题1分，共20分）1. Which of the following words is spelled correctly?A. seperateB. seperatedC. separateD. seprate答案：C2. The teacher asked the students to _______ their books and pay attention to her.A. closeB. shutC. shut downD. turn off答案：A3. The _______ of the meeting was to discuss the new project.A. aimB. goalC. purposeD. target答案：C4. Despite the heavy rain, he _______ to the meeting on time.A. turned upB. showed upC. came upD. got up答案：B5. She is _______ to be the best candidate for the job.A. likelyB. probableC. possibleD. potential答案：A6. The company has _______ a new marketing strategy.A. launchedB. releasedC. publishedD. issued答案：A7. The book is _______ interesting that I can't put it down.A. soB. suchC. veryD. too答案：A8. He _______ the letter without reading it.A. signedB. sealedC. openedD. wrote答案：B9. The _______ of the building can be seen from the top of the hill.A. outlineB. shapeC. figureD. form答案：A10. The police are trying to _______ the cause of the accident.A. find outB. look forC. search forD. discover答案：A11. The _______ of the company was to provide quality products.A. aimB. goalC. purposeD. target答案：C12. She is _______ to be the best candidate for the job.A. likelyB. probableC. possibleD. potential答案：A13. The company has _______ a new marketing strategy.A. launchedB. releasedC. publishedD. issued答案：A14. The book is _______ interesting that I can't put it down.A. soB. suchC. veryD. too答案：A15. He _______ the letter without reading it.A. signedB. sealedC. openedD. wrote答案：B16. The _______ of the building can be seen from the top of the hill.A. outlineB. shapeC. figureD. form答案：A17. The police are trying to _______ the cause of the accident.A. find outB. look forC. search forD. discover答案：A18. She is _______ to be the best candidate for the job.A. likelyB. probableC. possibleD. potential答案：A19. The company has _______ a new marketing strategy.A. launchedB. releasedC. publishedD. issued答案：A20. The book is _______ interesting that I can't put it down.A. soB. suchC. veryD. too答案：A二、阅读理解（每题2分，共20分）阅读下面的短文，然后回答后面的问题。
2013年考研英语一真题与详细解答
2013年考研英语一真题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1__ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by __2___ factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big __3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. __4___ , he theorised that a judge __5___ of apperaring too soft __6__ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To __8__ this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the __9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others __10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was __11___ .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews __12___by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had__13___applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale __14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were __15___ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMA T, a standardized exam which is__16___ out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one __17___that, then the score for the next applicant would __18___by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to __19___ the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been __20___.1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D]success9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have a llowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year –about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads a t those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its otherproducts favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Li ne 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see "100,000 AD: Living in the deep future"). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCN's "Red List" of threatened species, and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we shouldrecognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right back and asking what humanity's impact will be on the planet - in the context of stratigraphic time.Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future worth living in.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for ares of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and teched[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our bdief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN“Rod List”suggest that human beings on[A] a sustained species[B] the word’s deminant power[C] a threat to the environment[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C] draw on our experience from the past.[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.[D] Science, Technology and Humanity.Text 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration lawMonday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no s tate should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborativeendeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borro w a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of thehomeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college , inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the , Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)。
2013年全国统一考试英语试卷山东卷及答案
2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（山东卷）英语本试卷分第I卷和第II卷两部分，共12页，满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
考试结束后，将本试卷降答题卡一并交回。
注意事项：1.答题前，考生务必用0.5毫米黑色签字笔将自己的姓名、座号、考生号、县区和科类填写在答题卡和试卷规定的位置上。
2.第I卷每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
3.第II卷必须用0.5毫米黑色签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡上各题目指定区域内相应的位置，不能写在试卷上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不能使用涂改液】胶带纸、修正带。
不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
第I卷（共105分）第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）该部分分为第一、第二两节。
注意：回答听力部分时，请先将答案标在试卷上。
听力部分结束时，你将有两分钟的时间将你的答案转涂到客观题答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A. ￡19.15B. ￡ 9.18C. ￡9.15答案是C。
1. What does the man want to do?A. Take photosB. Buy a cameraC. Help the woman2. What are the speakers talking about?A. A noisy nightB. Their life in townC. A place of living3. Where is the man now?A. on his wayB. In a restaurantC. At home4. What will Celia do?A. find a playerB. Watch a gameC. Play basketball5. What day is it when the conversation takes place?A. SaturdayB. SundayC. Monday第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
2000-2013年考研英语真题和答案(修改版)
2013年考研英语（一）真题 (5)Section I Use of English (5)Section II Reading Comprehension (7)Part A (7)Part B (16)Part C (19)Section III Writing (20)Part A (20)Part B (21)2013考研英语（一）答案 (22)Section I Use of English (22)Section II Reading Comprehension (25)Section III Writing (33)2012年考研英语（一）试题 (35)Section I Use of English (35)Section II Reading Comprehension (36)Part A (36)Part B (45)Part C (46)Section III Writing (48)Part A (48)Part B (48)2012考研英语（一）答案 (50)Section I (50)Section II Reading Comprehension (54)作文 (67)2011考研英语(一)试题 (71)Section I Use of English (71)Section II Reading Comprehension (72)Part A (72)Part B (81)Part C (83)Section ⅢWriting (84)Part A (84)Part B (84)2011考研英语（一）答案 (86)Section I Use of English (86)Section II Reading Comprehension (88)Section III Writing (94)2010年考研英语（一）试题 (97)Section I Use of English (97)Section II Reading Comprehension (98)Part A (98)Part B (105)Part C (106)Section ⅢWriting (107)Part A (107)2009年考研英语（一）试题 (108)Section I Use of English (108)Section I I Reading comprehension (109)Part A (109)Part B (116)Part C (117)Section ⅢWriting (117)Part A (117)Part B (118)2009年考研英语（一）答案 (119)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (119)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (119)Section III: Writing (30 points) (119)2008年考研英语（一）试题 (121)Section I Use of English (121)Section II Reading Comprehension (122)Part A (122)Part B (129)Part C (130)Section III Writing (131)Part A (131)Part B (131)2008年考研英语（一）答案 (133)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (133)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (133)Section III: Writing (30 points) (133)2007年考研英语（一）试题 (135)Section I Use of English (135)Section II Reading Comprehension (136)Part A (136)Part B (144)Part C (145)Section III Writing (146)Part A (146)Part B (147)2007年考研英语（一）答案 (148)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (148)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (148)Section III: Writing (30 points) (148)2006年考研英语（一）试题 (150)Section I Use of English (150)Section II Reading Comprehension (151)Part A (151)Part B (159)Part C (161)Section III Writing (162)Part B (162)2006年考研英语（一）答案 (164)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (164)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (164)Section III: Writing (30 points) (164)2005年考研英语（一）试题 (166)Section I Use of English (166)Section II Reading Comprehension (167)Part A (167)Part B (175)Part C (177)Section III Writing (178)Part A (178)Part B (178)2005年考研英语真题答案 (180)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (180)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (180)Section III: Writing (30 points) (180)2004年考研英语（一）试题 (182)Section II Use of English (182)Section III Reading Comprehension (183)Part A (183)Part B (191)Section IV Writing (192)2004年考研英语（一）答案 (193)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (193)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (193)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (193)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (194)2003年考研英语（一）试题 (195)Section II Use of English (195)Section III Reading Comprehension (196)Part A (196)Part B (204)Section IV Writing (205)2003年考研英语（一）答案 (207)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (207)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (207)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (207)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (208)2002年考研英语（一）试题 (209)Section I Listening Comprehension .............................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
2000-2013年考研英语历年真题和答案 免费
2013年考研英语（一）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___1___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___2___ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big ___3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. ___4___, he theorized that a judge ___5___ of appearing too soft ___6___crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___7___he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To ___8___this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ___9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was___11___.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ___12___ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had ___13___ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale ___14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were ___15___ used in conjunction w ith an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is ___16___out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was points or more higher than that of the one ___17___ that, then the score for the next applicant would___18___ by an average of points. This might sound small, but to___19___the effects of sucha decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been ___20___.1. A grants B submits C transmits D delivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B. emphasize C. share D. promote9. A. decision B. quality C. status D. success10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D. identified11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn`t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline`s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $ knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world`s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan`s. The Omnivore`s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year –about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; he r example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, compan ies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads Or should they have explicit permissionIn December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking w ith Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6, refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN`s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world`s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet`s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.In Arizona, United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That`s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued the Arizona`s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources tocheck immigration status. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona`s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4[A] Federal officers` duty to withhold immigrants` information.[B] States` independence from federal immigration law.[C] States` legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress`s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states` interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] Outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states` support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today`s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarlydebates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today`s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of wor d garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see basophilic- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter which is a distinctly animal need.48. The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn`t exist or was not discernible as such49 . Most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section III WritingPart A:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “ Li Ming “instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly.2) interpret its intended meaning ,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20points)2013考研英语（一）答案Section I Use of English1．【答案】A grants【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。
2013年全国研究生考试英语(一)官方真题——精品文档
C. maintain C. necessary
D. delivers D. external D. moment
D. Above all D. thoughtless D. for D. unless D. test D. success D. identified D. otherwise D. secured D. arranged D. took
A , B , C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 40 points )
英 语 （ 一） 试 题 .2 . ( 共 1 4 页）
Text 1
In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Pradaon
B. until B. emphasize B. quality B. studied
B. defensible
B. expressed B. rated
B. got B • then
B. passed
B • after B• float
B. undo B. possible
C. transmits C. crucial C. picture C. In principle C. capable C. to C. though C. share C. status C. found C. replaceable C. conducted C. matched C. gave C. ever C. marked C. above
一 英 语 （ ） 试 题 .1 . ( 共 1 4 页 ）
1. A. grants 2. A. minor
3. A. issue 4. A. For example 5. A. fond 6. A. in 7. A. if 8. A. promote
2013年考研英语真题及解析
2013年硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题（完整版）Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMA T, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores an d to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal—— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say onli ne, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned pro visions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essen ce asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s in tervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work co ntributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part B: (10 points)Section III Translation46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingParty A51 Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B: (20 points)Part B52 Directions:Write an essay of about 160 – 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should(1) describe the drawing briefly,(2) interpret its intended meaning, and(3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2013年考研英语一真题答案解析1.【答案】A【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。
2013年聊城大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2013年聊城大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Directions: Translate the following words, abbreviations or terminology into their target language respectively. There are altogether 30 items in thispart of the test, 15 in English and 15 in Chinese, with one point for each.(30’)l. LAS【答案】阿拉伯国家联盟（League of Arab States）2. IMF【答案】国际货币基金组织（international monetary fund）3. per capita GDP【答案】人均国内生产总值4. CPI【答案】消费物价指数（Consumer Price Index）5. APEC【答案】亚太经贸合作组织（Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation）6. NATO【答案】北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization）7. UNESCO【答案】联合国教科文组织（United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization）8. Dow Jones Indexes【答案】道琼斯平均指数9. The Nile River【答案】尼罗河10. simultaneous interpreting【答案】同声传译11. The Economist【答案】《经济学人》12. ConocoPhillips【答案】康菲石油公司13. Statue of Liberty, New York City, USA【答案】美国纽约自由女神像14. court of error【答案】复审法庭15. World Media Summit Presidium Meeting【答案】世界媒体峰会主席团会议16. “十二五”规划【答案】the 12th five-year plan17. 国家海洋局【答案】State Oceanic Administration18. 住房公积金【答案】housing fund19. 银监会【答案】CBRC(China Banking Regulatory Commission) 20. 贸易顺差【答案】trade surplus21. 十七届六中全会【答案】the Sixth Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the Party22. 民主党派【答案】Democratic Party23. 海协会【答案】Association for Relations Across the T aiwan Straits24. 低保家庭【答案】household receiving subsistence allowances25. 新型农村合作医疗制度【答案】The New Rural Cooperative Medical Care System26. 公立医院改革试点【答案】trial public hospital reform27. 探月工程【答案】lunar exploration program28. “菜篮子”市长负责制【答案】the mayor assuming responsibility for the shopping basket29. 归化法【答案】normalization method30. 连贯【答案】coherenceⅡ. Directions: Translate the following two source texts into their target language: respectively. If the source text is in English, its target language isChinese. If the source text is in Chinese, its target language is English.(120’)Source Text 1The old Chinese New Year, of the lunar calendar, was the greatest festival in the year for the Chinese people, compared with which every other festival seemed lacking in completeness of the holiday spirit. For five days the entire nation dressed in its best clothes, shut up shops, loafed, beat gongs, let off firecrackers, paid calls, and attended theatrical performances. It was gambled, the great day of good luck, when everybody looked forward to a better and more prosperous new year, when everybody had the pleasure of adding one year to his age and was ready with anauspicious luck-bringing word for his neighbors.The humblest maid had the right not to be scolded on New Year’s Day, and strangest of all, even the hard-working women of China loafed and cracked melon seeds and refused to wash or cook a regular meal or even handle kitchen knife. The justification for this idleness was that to chop meat on New Year’s Day was to chop off good luck, and to pour water down the sink was to pour away good luck, and to wash anything was to wash away good luck. Red scrolls were pasted on every door containing the words: Luck, Happiness, Peace, Prosperity, Spring. For it was the festival of the return of the spring, of life and growth and prosperity.And all around, in the home courtyards and in the streets, there was the sound of firecrackers, and the smell of sulfur was in the air. Country women, dressed in their best, would go three or four miles to a neighboring village to watch a theatrical show, and village dandies indulged in what flirtations they dared. It was the day of emancipation for women, emancipation from the drudgery of cooking and washing, and if the men were hungry, they could fry nienkao (hard New Year pudding), or make a bowl of noodles with prepared sauce, or go to the kitchen and steal cold cuts of chicken. (328 words)【参考译文】中国的农历新年是中国人民最伟大的节日，而其他节日似乎都缺乏节日精神的完整性。
2000-2013年考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一) 免费
2013年考研英语（一）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___1___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___2___ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big ___3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. ___4___, he theorized that a judge ___5___ of appearing too soft ___6___crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___7___he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To ___8___this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ___9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was___11___.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ___12___ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had ___13___ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale ___14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were ___15___ used in conjunction w ith an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is ___16___out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ___17___ that, then the score for the next applicant would___18___ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to___19___the effects ofsuch a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been ___20___.1. A grants B submits C transmits D delivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B. emphasize C. share D. promote9. A. decision B. quality C. status D. success10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D. identified11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn`t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline`s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world`s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan`s. The Omnivore`s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments ayear – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; he r example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, compan ies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due todo so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking w ith Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even betempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those tocome.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN`s “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world`s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet`s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.In Arizona, United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That`s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense ofstate privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued the Arizona`s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona`s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers` duty to withhold immigrants` information.[B] States` independence from federal immigration law.[C] States` legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress`s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states` interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] Outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states` support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today`s global challenges includingclimate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today`s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%. Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves aswell as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see basophilic- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter which is a distinctly animal need.48. The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn`t exist or was not discernible as such49 . Most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated”sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “ Li Ming “instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly.2) interpret its intended meaning ,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20points)2013考研英语（一）答案Section I Use of English1．【答案】A grants【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。
【Selected】2013年考研英语一真题及答案.doc
undsmall,butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30mor eGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen 20 .1.[A]grants[B]submits[C]transmits[D]delivers2.[A]minor[B]objective[C]crucial[D]eGternal3.[A]issue[B]vision[C]picture[D]eGternal4.[A]ForeGample[B]Onaverage[C]Inprinciple[D]Aboveall5.[A]fond[B]fearful[C]capable[D]thoughtless6.[A]in[B]on[C]to[D]for7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless8.[A]promote[B]emphasize[C]share[D]test9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success10.[A]chosen[B]studied[C]found[D]identified11.[A]eGceptional[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]otherwise12.[A]inspired[B]eGpressed[C]conducted[D]secured13.[A]assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged14.[A]put[B]got[C]gave[D]tooA15.[A]instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather16.[A]selected[B]passed[C]marAed[D]introduced17.[A]before[B]after[C]above[D]below18.[A]jump[B]float[C]drop[D]fluctuate19.[A]achieve[B]undo[C]maintain[D]disregard20.[A]promising[B]possible[C]necessary[D]helpfulTeGt1Inthe20GGfilmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,played byMerylStreep,scoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashi ondoesn’taffecther,Priestlye Gplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistan t’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentssto resandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreout ofdateoratoddswiththefeverishwouldbedescribedinOverdressed,Elizabet hCline’sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.Inthelastdecadeorso,ad vancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marAetlabelssuchasZara,H&M,an dUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicAlyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely .QuicAerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentrelease,an dmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseecloth esasdisposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon’tadver ti sethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeAs.Byofferingon-trendite msatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijacAedfashioncycle s,shaAinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace.Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH &Mtooffera$5.95AnitminisAirtinallits2,300-piusstoresaroundtheworld,it mustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalreso urces,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsell ersliAeMichaelPol lan’sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.“Mass-producedclot hing,liAefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durableandwasteful,”Cl ineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear–about 64itemsperperson–andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thiseGcessleads towaste.TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooAlynw omannamedSarahAateBeaumont,whosince20GGhasmadeallofherowncl othes–andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittooABeaumontdecade stoperfecthercraft;hereG amplecan’tbe AnocAedoff.Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirim pactonlaborandtheenvironment–includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousC ollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustom er.SheeGhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beit infoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresu stainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto.21.Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher[A]poorbargainingsAill.[B]insensitivitytofashion.[C]obsessionwithhighfashion.[D]lacAofimagination.22.AccordingtoCline,mass-marAetlabelsurgeconsumersto[A]combatunnecessarywaste.[B]shutoutthefeverishfashionworld.[C]resisttheinfluenceofadvertisements.[D]shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequently.23.Theword“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto[A]accusation.[B]enthusiasm.[C]indifference.[D]tolerance.24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?[A]Vanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinidealists.[B]Thefast-fashionindustryignoressustainability.[C]Peoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments.[D]Pricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendlypurchasing.25.WhatisthesubjectoftheteGt?[A]SatireonaneGtravagantlifestyle.[B]Challengetoahigh-fashionmyth.[C]Criticismofthefast-fashionindustry.[D]EGposureofamass-marAetsecret.TeGt2Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetrou bleis,nooneAnowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfraction canbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clicAonandsayonli ne,companiescanaim“behavioural”adsatthosemostli Aelytobuy.InthepastcoupleofweeAsaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisers ofsuchfine-grainedinformation:Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeopleareh appytobetracAedandsentbehaviouralads?OrshouldtheyhaveeGplicitper mission?InDecember20GGAmerica'sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)proposed addinga"donottracA"(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldt elladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft'sInternetEGplo rerandApple'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothisyear.I nFebruarytheFTCandDigitalAdvertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthattheindus trywouldgetcracAingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.OnMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetEGplorer10,thev ersionduetoappearwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesno tobligeanyonetostoptracAing,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedto doso.Unabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhet hertheyaresticA ingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignala ndpressonanyway.AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusines stoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworAingouth ow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyondefaultwillbeco methenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8 -thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoo gle'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,blo gged:"webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."Coulditreallybethat simple?26.Itissuggestedinparagraph1that“behavioural”adshelpadvertisersto:[A]easecompetitionamongthemselves[B]lowertheiroperationalcosts[C]avoidcomplaintsfromconsumers[D]providebetteronlineservices27.“Theindustry”(Line6,Para.3)refersto:[A]onlineadvertisers[B]e-commerceconductors[C]digitalinformationanalysis[D]internetbrowserdevelopers28.BobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault[A]manycutthenumberofjunAads[B]failstoaffecttheadindustry[C]willnotbenefitconsumers[D]goesagainsthumannature29.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph.6?[A]DNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose[B]AdvertisersarewillingtoimplementDNT[C]DNTislosingitspopularityamongconsumers[D]Advertisersareobligedtoofferbehaviouralads30.Theauthor'sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisoneof:[A]indulgence[B]understanding[C]appreciation[D]sAepticismTeGt3Upuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely-thoughb ynomeansuniformly-glowinglypositive.Scienceandtechnologywouldcure alltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfillmentandopportunityforall.Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreci ationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriAetoepidemicfluandt oclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittl efuturetolooAforwardto.Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspeci eshaveenduredformillionsofyears-sowhyshouldn'twe?TaAeabroaderloo Aatourspecies'placeintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwehaveaneGcel lentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LooAup Homosapiensinthe"RedList"ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationalUnion fortheConversationofNature(IUCN),andyouwillread:"ListedasLeastConce rnasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyincreasing,and therearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline."Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersand organizationsarenowthinAingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.ForeGample,th eLongNowFoundationhasitsflagshipprojectamedicalclocAthatisdesigned tostillbemarAingtimethousandsofyearshence.Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinAaboutsuchlengthytimescalesth anaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday'stechn ology,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,andit'sperhaps bestlefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoeGplorethemanypossibi litieswecanenvisage.That'sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpubli cationdedicatedtothenearfuture.ButtaAealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywith considerableassurance.Assooften,thepastholdstheAeytothefuture:wehav enowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryofthepl anet,andourspecies,tomaAeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsi nwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.ThislongperspectivemaAesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemm oreliAelytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy.ButwearenowA nowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisAsthatthreatenedtheeGisten ceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.31.Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspiredby[A]ourdesireforlivesoffulfillment[B]ourfaithinscienceandtechnology[C]ourawarenessofpotentialrisAs[D]ourbeliefinequalopportunity32.TheIUCN’s“RedList”suggestthathumanbeingare[A]asustainedspecies[B]athreatentotheenvironment[C]theworld’sdominantpower[D]amisplacedrace33.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph5?[A]Archelpslimitthescopeoffuturologicalstudies.[B]Technologyofferssolutionstosocialproblem.[C]Theinterestinsciencefictionisontherise.[D]OurImmediatefutureishardtoconceive.34.ToensurethefutureofmanAind,itiscrucialto[A]eG ploreourplanet’sabundantresources[B]adoptanoptimisticviewoftheworld[C]drawonoureGperiencefromthepast[D]curbourambitiontoreshapehistory35.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheteGt?[A]UncertaintyaboutOurFuture[B]EvolutionoftheHumanSpecies[C]TheEver-brightProspectsofManAind[D]Science,TechnologyandHumanityTeGt4Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtAnocA edoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday-amodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministrat ion.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8 -0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetwe enthefederalgovernmentandthestates.InArizonav.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourconte stedprovisionsofArizona’scontroversialplantohavestateandloc alpolicee nforcefederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingto nalonehasthepowerto“establishauniformRuleofNaturalization”andtha tfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattempted tofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheeGistingfederalones.JusticeAnthonyAennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCo urt’sliberals,ruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.Ontheovert urnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthecongresshaddeliberately“occupiedt hefield”andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers.However,theJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouldbeallowedtoverifyth elegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenforcement.That’sbec auseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenforcementandeGplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooper atewithfederalcolleagues.TwoofthethreeobjectingJustice-SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas-ag reedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesco nflictedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAn toninScalia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoing bacAtotheAlienandSeditionActs.The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitod escribesinhisobjectionas“ashoc AingassertionoffederaleGecutivepower ”.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsc onflictedwithitsenforceme ntpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffe ct,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatest atelawthatitdisagreeswith.SomepowersdobelongeGclusivelytothefederalgovernment,andcontr olofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtoprev entstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestochecAimmigrationstatus,itcould. Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn ’twanttocarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldb eallow edtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarAableclaim.36.ThreeprovisionsofArizona’splanwereoverturnedbecausethey[A]deprivedthefederalpoliceofConstitutionalpowers.[B]disturbedthepowerbalancebetweendifferentstates.[C]oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigrationlaw.[D]contradictedboththefederalandstatepolicies.37.OnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoParagraph4?[A]Federalofficers’dutytowithholdimmigrants‘information.[B]States’independencefromfederalimmigrationlaw.[C]States’l egitimateroleinimmigrationenforcement.[D]Congress’sinterventioninimmigrationenforcement.38.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheAlienandSeditionActs[A]violatedtheConstitution.[B]underminedthestates’interests.[C]supportedthefederalstatute.[D]stoodinfavorofthestates.39.TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenforcement[A]outweighsthatheldbythestates.[B]isdependentonthestates’support.[C]isestablishedbyfederalstatutes.[D]rarelygoesagainststatelaws.40.Whatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?[A]ImmigrationissuesareusuallydecidedbyCongress.[B]JusticesintendedtochecAthepoweroftheAdministration.[C]JusticeswantedtostrengthenitscoordinationwithCongress.[D]TheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationissues. SectionIVWritingPartA51.Directions:Writeane-mailofabout100wordstoaforeignteacherinyourcollege,inviting him/hertobeajudgefortheupcomingEnglishspeechcontest. YoushouldincludethedetailsyouthinAnecessary. YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthee-mail,Use"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly2)eGplainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points) 参考答案SectionIUseofEnglish1.A.grants2.D.eGternal3.C.picture4.A.ForeGample5.B.fearful6.B.on7.A.if8.D.test9.D.success10.A.chosen11.D.otherwise 12.C.conducted13.B.rated14.D.tooA15.B.then16.C.marAed17.A.before18.C.drop19.B.undo20.C.necessarySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartATeGt1(Inthe20GG)21.B.insensitivitytofashion22.D.shopfortheirgarmentmorefrequently23.A.accusation24.D.pricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendlypurchasing25.C.criticismofthefast-fashionindustryTeGt2(Anoldsaying)26.B.lowertheiroperationalcosts27.D.internetbrowserdevelopers28.C.willnotbenefitconsumers29.A.DNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose30.D.sAepticismTeGt3(Nowutopia)31.B.ourfaithinscienceandtechnology32.A.sustainedspecies33.D.ourimmediatefutureishardtoconceive34.C.drawonoureGperiencefromthepast35.C.theever-brightprospectsofmanAindTeGt4(Onafivetothree)36.C.oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigration37.C.states’legitimateroleinimmigrationenforcement38.D.stoodinfavorofthestates39.A.outweighsthatheldbythestates40.D.TheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationissues. PartB41.E.Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior...42.F.Despitethesefactors...43.B.However,thenumbersarestillsmall...44.G.Duringthelate1990s...45.C.Theideaistoforcesocialtointegrate... SectionIIITranslation46.然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然意识到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求47.一块神圣的和平之地，不管它有多么粗糙，它都是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能需求。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题2013年
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：120分钟)一、Section I Use of English (总题数：1，分数：10.00)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming? Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something thai many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy. （分数：10.00）A.However √B.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise解析：【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入非现金社会,实现完全电子支付。
2000-2013年考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)
ui2013年考研英语（一）真题 (5)Section I Use of English (5)Section II Reading Comprehension (7)Part A (7)Part B (16)Part C (19)Section III Writing (20)Part A (20)Part B (21)2013考研英语（一）答案 (22)Section I Use of English (22)Section II Reading Comprehension (25)Section III Writing (33)2012年考研英语（一）试题 (35)Section I Use of English (35)Section II Reading Comprehension (36)Part A (36)Part B (45)Part C (46)Section III Writing (48)Part A (48)Part B (48)2012考研英语（一）答案 (50)Section I (50)Section II Reading Comprehension (54)作文 (67)2011考研英语(一)试题 (71)Section I Use of English (71)Section II Reading Comprehension (72)Part A (72)Part B (81)Part C (83)Section ⅢWriting (84)Part A (84)Part B (84)2011考研英语（一）答案 (86)Section I Use of English (86)Section II Reading Comprehension (88)Section III Writing (94)2010年考研英语（一）试题 (97)Section I Use of English (97)Section II Reading Comprehension (98)Part A (98)Part B (105)Part C (106)Section ⅢWriting (107)Part A (107)2009年考研英语（一）试题 (108)Section I Use of English (108)Section I I Reading comprehension (109)Part A (109)Part B (116)Part C (117)Section ⅢWriting (117)Part A (117)Part B (118)2009年考研英语（一）答案 (119)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (119)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (119)Section III: Writing (30 points) (119)2008年考研英语（一）试题 (121)Section I Use of English (121)Section II Reading Comprehension (122)Part A (122)Part B (129)Part C (130)Section III Writing (131)Part A (131)Part B (131)2008年考研英语（一）答案 (133)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (133)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (133)Section III: Writing (30 points) (133)2007年考研英语（一）试题 (135)Section I Use of English (135)Section II Reading Comprehension (139)Part A (139)Part B (146)Part C (148)Section III Writing (149)Part A (149)Part B (149)2007年考研英语（一）答案 (151)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (151)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (151)Section III: Writing (30 points) (151)2006年考研英语（一）试题 (153)Section I Use of English (153)Section II Reading Comprehension (157)Part A (157)Part B (165)Part C (166)Section III Writing (167)Part B (168)2006年考研英语（一）答案 (169)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (169)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (169)Section III: Writing (30 points) (169)2005年考研英语（一）试题 (171)Section I Use of English (171)Section II Reading Comprehension (175)Part A (175)Part B (182)Part C (184)Section III Writing (185)Part A (185)Part B (186)2005年考研英语真题答案 (187)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (187)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (187)Section III: Writing (30 points) (187)2004年考研英语（一）试题 (189)Section II Use of English (189)Section III Reading Comprehension (193)Part A (193)Part B (200)Section IV Writing (201)2004年考研英语（一）答案 (203)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (203)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (203)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (203)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (204)2003年考研英语（一）试题 (205)Section II Use of English (205)Section III Reading Comprehension (209)Part A (209)Part B (216)Section IV Writing (217)2003年考研英语（一）答案 (219)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (219)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (219)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (219)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (220)2002年考研英语（一）试题 (221)Section I Listening Comprehension (221)Part A (221)Part B (222)Part C (222)Section II Use of English (225)Section III Reading Comprehension (229)Part A (229)Part B (237)Section IV Writing (238)2002年考研英语（一）答案 (240)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (240)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (240)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (240)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (241)2001年考研英语（一）试题 (242)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (242)Part A (242)Part B (245)Section II Cloze Test (250)Section III Reading Comprehension (254)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (263)Section V Writing (264)2001年考研英语（一）答案 (265)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points) (265)Section II: Cloze Text (10 points) (265)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (265)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (265)Section V: Writing (20 points) (266)2000年考研英语（一）试题 (267)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (267)Part A (267)Part B (270)Part C (271)Section II Cloze Test (276)Section III Reading Comprehension (278)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (287)Section V Writing (287)2000年考研英语（一）答案 (289)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points) (289)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (289)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (289)Section V: Writing (15 points) (290)2013年考研英语（一）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___1___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___2___ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big ___3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. ___4___, he theorized that a judge ___5___ of appearing too soft ___6___crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___7___he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To ___8___this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ___9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was___11___.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ___12___ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had ___13___ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale ___14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were ___15___ used in conjunction w ith an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is ___16___out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ___17___ that, then the score for the next applicantwould___18___ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to___19___the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been ___20___.1. A grants B submits C transmits D delivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B. emphasize C. share D. promote9. A. decision B. quality C. status D. success10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D. identified11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn`t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline`s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world`s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan`s.The Omnivore`s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; he r example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, compan ies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track"(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking w ith Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be apassing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN`s “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world`s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet`s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.In Arizona, United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That`s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with thisConstitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued the Arizona`s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona`s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers` duty to withhold immigrants` information.[B] States` independence from federal immigration law.[C] States` legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress`s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states` interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] Outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states` support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to theWorld Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today`s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today`s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. Thishas resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education,non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%. Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t ex ist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as。