考研英语一真题手译阅读2012-Text2
2012考研(英语一)真题及其答案
2012考研(英语一)真题及其答案2012考研(英语一)真题及其答案近年来，考研成为越来越多大学生选择的途径之一，而英语一则是众多考生当中选择最多的科目之一。
为了帮助考生更好地备战2012年考研英语一科目，本文将针对2012年考研英语一真题进行详细解析。
Part ASection I: Error Identification此部分共有10个句子，每个句子中均有一个错误。
考生需要在每个句子中将错误的部分找出并进行修改。
1. 错误部分：改为which将句子修正为：I’ll always remember the day on which I first came to the college.2. 错误部分：将arrive后的to删除修正为：It was the first time that I had arrived in a foreign country.3. 错误部分：将flying后的for改为with修正为：I am quite familiar with flying on business trips.4. 错误部分：将have后的escaped改为escape修正为：Nowhere else have I seen such natural wonders as I have in Yunnan.5. 错误部分：将deposit后的much改为many修正为：There are many new deposits of oil and natural gas being discovered every year.6. 错误部分：将the后的from删除修正为：The local government has taken actions to prevent the price of houses from soaring.7. 错误部分：将raising后的prices改为price修正为：The rising price of daily necessities has put a great burden on the local residents.8. 错误部分：将tried后的to删除修正为：Whispering is not allowed in the museum, as I have tried many times.9. 错误部分：将otherwise后的standing改为stand修正为：You need to take your seat, otherwise, the bus driver won't continue driving.10. 错误部分：将to后的made删除修正为：Having made the decision to start my own business, I worked hard day and night.Section II: Reading Comprehension此部分分为三篇阅读材料，每篇材料后有5个选择题。
考研英语一真题手译完形填空2012
is inescapably political - which is as unjust.
6- The justices must code of conduct.
doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves
to the
That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, law.
.
5- Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social
like
liberty and property.
When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily
, convincing as
分享考研资料，助力考研成功！
That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be
as impartial judgments.
Part of the problem is that the justices are not
by an ethics code.
between the court and
分享考研资料，助力考研成功！官方认证店铺：考研资料4- The framers of the Constitution envisioned law
2012年英语一真题翻译
2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题文章翻译Section I Use of English最近对最高法院法官的道德判断成为一个重要的话题。
当法官像政治家一样行事时，法院就不能维护其作为法律原则守护者的合法性。
然而，在一些事例中，法官行事的方式损害了法院独立、公正的名誉。
例如，法官Antonin scalia出席了政治活动。
这种行为使得法院的审判更有可能被认为是不公正的。
部分问题在于法官没有受到道德规范的约束。
至少，法院应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。
这个以及其他类似的案例提出了这样的问题：在法院和政治之间是否仍然存在着界限？宪法的制定者们设想法律拥有独立于政治之外的权力。
他们给予法官永恒的地位，故法官不再会忌惮当权者，也没有必要寻求政治支持。
我们的法律体系被设定为使得法律完全不受政治的影响，是因为这二者是如此紧密相连的。
宪法具有政治性，这是因为它源于那些根植于诸如自由、财产之类的基本社会概念中的选择。
当法院处理社会决策问题时，它所适用的法律不可避免地会带有政治性。
这也就是为什么偏离思想路线的决策这么轻易地被视为是不公正的而不予考虑的原因。
法官必须通过他们对行为规范负责的方式来解决对于法院（审判的）合法合理性的质疑。
这可能会使得审判看上去更加与政治相独立，因此，像法律一样令人信服。
Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1“来吧，每个人都在这么做。
”这个半邀请半强迫的耳语似的信息，是大部分人在听到“同龄压力”这个词语时所想到的。
这个词语常常会导致不好的事情，如酗酒、嗑药和滥交。
但在她的新书——《加入俱乐部》中，Tina Rosenberg认为通过她所称之为的社会疗法，同龄压力也可以成为一种正面的力量。
在这种社会疗法中，机构和官员利用集体动态的力量来帮助个人改善他们的生活，并且可能改变这个世界。
普利策奖的获得者，Rosenberg提供了许多正在进行中的社会疗法的例子：在南卡罗来纳州，一个名为“Rage Against the Haze”（愤怒面对烟雾）的由政府发起的禁烟行动，决心使得香烟不再受人欢迎。
2012考研英语(一)阅读翻译及解析
2012Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.得了吧, 每个人都这样啊. 这种说法一半是邀请，一半是强制。
当我们听到“同辈〔趋同〕压力〞这个词组的时候我们想到的就是这种说法。
这种信息一般让人想到不好的事情，比方喝酒，吸毒，一夜情。
但是，在她的新书?参加这个俱乐部?, Tina Rosenberg认为，纯粹压力也是一种积极的力量，通过她所说的社会治疗，公司和官方人员可以使用群体力量去帮助个人提高他们的生活，而且也有可能提高整个人类世界的生活。
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.Rosenberg是普利策奖获得者，他提供了许多社会治疗的例子：在南卡罗莱纳州，一个州资助的反对抽烟的工程叫做“向烟雾宣战〞就旨在控制好烟草销售。
2023英语一考研阅读text2
2023年的英语一考研阅读text2，是考研英语的一大难点。
这一部分内容一般涉及到文章的理解和解析。
下面将结合具体内容对这一部分进行分析和解释。
内容分解：1. 阅读text2的主题和内容text2的主题通常是与社会热点、时事政治、文化教育等相关。
内容可能涉及到国际关系、教育改革、科技发展等多方面内容。
考生需要对文章进行深入的理解和分析。
2. 解析文章结构text2一般采用篇章结构清晰的文章，包括概述、论据、结论等部分。
考生需要通过对文章结构的解析，把握文章的重点和核心观点，从而做到更好的理解和把握文章的主旨。
3. 理解文章用词text2中的词汇和语言运用通常较为高级，考生需要具备较强的语言能力，对于生词、短语的理解和运用能力都需要有所提高。
4. 阐释文章观点text2一般是对于一个问题或者一个现象进行探讨和分析，考生需要具备对于观点的理解和分析能力，能够客观分析文中所提及的各种观点解题方法：1. 仔细阅读文章考生需要在规定的时间内仔细阅读文章，抓住文章的中心思想和核心观点，对文章的主旨有清晰的认识。
2. 理清文章逻辑阅读文章后，考生需要对文章的逻辑关系进行理清，把握文章的结构，有利于更好的理解和分析。
3. 多维思考问题考生在解题过程中，需要多维度的进行思考，从不同的角度来理解文章的观点和论据，做到全面的理解和分析。
4. 扩充词汇量考生平时需要多积累词汇，增加对生词、短语的理解能力，提高对高级词汇的运用能力。
总结段：text2是考研英语阅读中的一大难点，需要考生具备较强的语言运用能力和综合分析能力。
通过对text2的主题、内容、解析、解题方法等方面的梳理，相信考生们能够更好的应对这一部分的考题，取得理想的成绩。
对于2023年英语一考研阅读text2，考生需要具备较强的英语阅读能力和文学素养。
在阅读text2时，考生需要根据文章内容和结构，理清文章的脉络和逻辑关系，抓住文章的主旨和核心观点。
下面将对text2的解析、解题方法以及备考技巧进行更加深入的剖析。
2012年考研英语真题答案及解析
2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文摘自The New York Times（《纽约时报》）2011年6月30日一篇题为Ethics,Politics and the law(道德，政治与法律)的文章。
本文是一篇说明性的文章，介绍了法律、政治以及道德之间的关系。
第一、二段通过举例说明法官与政治活动紧密联系使法院作为法律守护者的公正性受到削弱。
第三段承上启下，提出法律和政治之间是否还存在界限。
第四、五段阐明政治和法律之间的紧密联系。
第六段提出维护法院公正性所要遵循的行为规范，从而使法院的裁决更具有信服力。
二、试题解析1．[A]emphasize重视[B]maintain维持[C]modify修改[D]recognize认出【答案】B【考点】动词辨析+上下文语境【解析】本句句意是：法官表现得像政客一样时，法院便不能_____其作为法律守护者的合法性。
由此可知，所选动词要与后面的its legitimacy构成动宾关系，根据具体语境判断应该是“法院便不能维持其作为法律守护者的合法性”。
因此，选项[B]是正确答案。
2．[A]when当……时候[B]lest以免[C]before在……之前[D]unless除非【答案】A【考点】句内逻辑+上下文语境【解析】本句主要考查空格前后两个分句的逻辑关系。
本句意思是：_____法官表现得像政客一样时，法院便不能_____其作为法律守护者的合法性。
根据本段最后一句和随后两段信息可知，作者主要对法官涉及政治事件这一问题展开讨论和批评。
由此可以判断，前一分句是后一分句的前提或条件。
因此，选项[A]是正确答案。
3．[A]restored恢复[B]weakened削弱，损害[C]established建立[D]eliminated剔除，淘汰【答案】B【考点】动词辨析+上下文语境【解析】本句句意是：然而，在一些情况下，法官所采取的这些行为方式_____法院独立、公正的声誉。
2012考研英语一阅读
2012考研英语一阅读2012年考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案：Passage OneTitle: The Dilemma of the Compassionate SamaritanOne of the questions we might ask ourselves is: Why did the lawyer pass by the man in need of help? He could have stopped to render assistance, thus fulfilling the primary responsibility of human beings towards one another - to show compassion and offer help in times of need. But the lawyer's behavior is hardly anomalous. We all have learned to be "selectively compassionate". In our heart of hearts, we know full well that there are countless individuals who are in urgent need of our help. The reality, however, is that there are also constraints on our ability and willingness to come to their rescue: the demands of our own lives, the limitations of our resources, and the constraints imposed by society.The lawyer's indifference towards the man who lay bleeding on the side of the road is understandable, given these constraints. He was on his way to a meeting, late already, and had probably assumed that someone else would stop to assist. Besides, had he stopped, there was no guarantee that the victim would be saved. Thousands of people across the country stop every day to help those in need, and yet there are just as many cases where their efforts are unsuccessful. The lawyer may have concluded that his personal inconvenience was not worth the potential risk.However, this does not justify his behavior. The lawyer's primary responsibility was to the victim, not to himself. Helping those in need is not merely a responsibility dictated by human compassion and morality; it is also a legal obligation. The law requires individuals to render assistance when it is within their power to do so without putting their own lives in jeopardy. Therefore, even if stopping to help would have caused the lawyer some personal inconvenience, he should have done so anyway.The lesson we should learn from the story of the bleeding man on the side of the road is that we should not succumb to our own self-interests when faced with similar situations. We should approach them with open hearts and minds, ready to offer help even if it might cause us some temporary discomfort. After all, it is only through our actions that we can hope to inspire others to do the same.1. The author uses the story of the bleeding man on the side of the road to illustrate ____.A. the lawyer's responsibility to render assistanceB. people's reluctance to offer helpC. society's influence on individuals' behaviorD. individuals' obligation to show compassion2. According to the author, which of the following is a constraint on people's willingness to offer help?A. The demand for personal privacyB. The fear of being verbally abusedC. The desire not to get involvedD. The worry about personal safety3. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.A. stopping to help others may put one's own life in jeopardyB. offering assistance is a legal obligationC. human beings have no primary responsibility towards one anotherD. people should always offer help even if it causes them discomfort4. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A. The lawyer's behavior was anomalous.B. Helping those in need is everyone's responsibility.C. People should not succumb to their own self-interests.D. The constraints on our ability and willingness to help others vary.5. What would be the best title for this passage?A. The Dilemma of Compassionate SamaritansB. The Lawyer's IndifferenceC. The Necessity of Assisting OthersD. The Constraints on Helping Behaviour。
考研英语一2012text2
考研英语一2012text2In recent years, there has been growing concern about the increasing number of parents who choose to homeschool their children rather than sending them to traditional schools. This phenomenon has sparked a heated debate about the pros and cons of homeschooling.Proponents argue that homeschooling provides a more personalized and flexible approach to education. Parents can tailor the curriculum to their child's individual needs and interests, allowing for a more efficient and effective learning experience. Moreover, homeschooling allows for a more flexible schedule, giving families the opportunity to take advantage of travel and other real-world learning experiences.Another advantage of homeschooling is the avoidance of negative influences often found in traditional school settings. Many parents worry about their children being exposed to drugs, violence, or bullying. By homeschooling, parents can create a safe and secure learning environment free from these distractions.Furthermore, homeschooling can foster strong parent-child relationships. Spending more time together allows for closer bonds to be formed and for parents to have a deeper understanding oftheir child's strengths and weaknesses. This one-on-one attention can greatly enhance the learning process and ensure the child's academic success.However, critics argue that homeschooling may not adequately prepare children for social interactions and the real world. They argue that children who are homeschooled miss out on important life lessons such as teamwork, conflict resolution, and peer interactions. Additionally, traditional schools provide children with exposure to a diverse range of ideas, cultures, and perspectives, which can enrich their learning experience. Critics also worry about the potential for homeschooling to isolate children and limit their opportunities for socialization.There are also concerns about the qualifications and abilities of parents to effectively teach their children. Critics argue that not all parents have the necessary knowledge or skills to educate their children in all subjects. They contend that certified and experienced teachers in traditional schools are better equipped to provide a high-quality education.In conclusion, homeschooling has both advantages and disadvantages. It can provide a personalized and flexible education, free from negative influences. However, it may also limit a child's socialization opportunities and require qualified parents who havethe ability to effectively teach all subjects. Ultimately, the decision of whether to homeschool or send a child to traditional school should be based on the unique needs and circumstances of each family.。
2023考研英语阅读真题 Text 2(英语一)
2023 Text 2（英语⼀）Communities throughout the region have been attempting to regulate short-termrentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s.⾃2010 年代Airbnb 等⾃站兴起以来，该地区的社区⾃直试图监管短期租赁。
Now, with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there's an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers willcome in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rentalmarket.现在，随着房价屡创新⾃和历史性的低库存，这种监管的紧迫性越来越⾃，尤其是在那些担⾃开发商会进来购买⾃量住房，在短期租赁市场上⾃赚⾃笔的⾃中间。
In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent,housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market.在新罕布什尔州，出租房空置率已经降⾃1% 以下，住房倡导者担⾃不受控制的短期租赁会给业已紧张的市场带来进⾃步的压⾃。
The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would've made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.州议会最近投票反对⾃项法案，该法案将使城镇制定限制短期租⾃的⾃法成为⾃法⾃为。
考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译allow
考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译1.allow [ə'lau]vt. 允许，准许；承认；给予；(for)考虑到【同义词】admit；permit【真题例句】Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery.（2017考研英语阅读Text 4）参考译文：民选领袖应该被允许帮助其支持者解决繁文缛节的问题而不用担心被起诉受贿赂。
2.allowance [ə'lauəns]n. 补贴，津贴；零用钱；减价，折扣；允许【真题例句】The jobseekers’allowance has met their actual needs. （2014考研英语阅读Text 1选项）参考译文：求职者的津贴满足了他们的实际需求。
3.below[bi'ləu]prep. 在…下面，在…以下ad. 在下面，向下［真题例句]The Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent.参考译文：日本的离婚率，尽管仍远低于美国，却也已经上升了50%多。
（2000考研英语阅读text4）4.blow [bləu]vi. 吹，吹气，打气；吹奏；爆炸；n. 打，打击［真题例句]Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders.参考译文：空档年的经历可以减轻适应大学生活和被抛入一个全新环境的打击，让你更容易专注于学业和活动，而不是适应各种错误。
2023 考研英语一 阅读理解 text2
2023 考研英语一阅读理解 text21. 文章导读2023年考研英语一阅读理解部分涉及的文本为text2，本文将就text2的内容进行分析和解读，以帮助考生更好地理解文本，提升解题能力。
2. 文本内容概述text2的主要内容涉及________________(内容概述)。
该文本主要通过________________(内容形式)的方式展现________________(主要内容)。
3. 文本分析a. 段落1分析段落1主要讨论________________(段落主题)，通过________________(论述方式)展现________________(具体内容)。
其中提到________________(细节内容)。
b. 段落2分析段落2主要讨论________________(段落主题)，通过________________(论述方式)展现________________(具体内容)。
其中提到________________(细节内容)。
c. 段落3分析段落3主要讨论________________(段落主题)，通过________________(论述方式)展现________________(具体内容)。
其中提到________________(细节内容)。
d. 段落4分析段落4主要讨论________________(段落主题)，通过________________(论述方式)展现________________(具体内容)。
其中提到________________(细节内容)。
4. 文本主题概括通过以上分析，可以得出text2的主要主题为________________(主题概括)。
该文本主要强调________________(主题相关内容)，并通过________________(具体方式)呈现。
5. 解题方法针对text2的阅读理解题目，考生在解题时可以采取________________(解题方法)，并结合文章内容进行________________(解题技巧)。
考研英语真题单词-2012(英二)
2012（二）完形 - 平凡⽽而伟⼤大的G.I.JoePart1 单词1、liberate v.解放，使......⾃自由2、foxhole n.散兵坑3、abbreviation n.缩写词，缩写形式4、article n.物件，物品5、correspondent n.(尤其指驻外的)记者，通讯员6、portray v.扮演(某⻆角⾊色)7、capture v.⽤用武⼒力力夺取，攻占8、exhaustion n.筋疲⼒力力尽，耗尽Part2 短语1、military adventurism 军事冒险主义2、tear ... away from sth 使依依不舍地离开，忍痛离去3、Nazi reign of murder 纳粹的杀戮统治4、secretary of state (美国)国务卿，(英国)部⻓长Text 1 - 家庭作业的错误⽅方法 Part1 单词1、scorn v.蔑视，鄙视2、revise v.改变，修正3、ritual n.惯例例，⽼老老规矩，例例⾏行行公事4、inflexible a.顽固的，僵化的，缺乏弹性的5、mandate n.命令，指示6、address v.(着⼿手)解决、处理理(问题)7、impoverished a.贫困的8、chaotic a.混乱的9、contradictory a.(相互或⾃自相)⽭矛盾的10、implication n.含义，暗示11、skip v.不不做(本来应该做或常做的事)12、empower v.授权(某⼈人或某组织做某事)13、flat a.固定的14、across-the-board a.⼀一⼑刀切的15、thorny a.棘⼿手的16、conversely ad.相反的，另⼀一⽅方⾯面的17、hearing n.听证会，审讯，聆讯Part2 短语1、report card 成绩单2、put on hold 搁置，暂缓实施Text 2 - 粉红⾊色垄断⼥女女孩市场 Part1 单词1、pervasive a.普遍的，⽆无处不不在的2、intrinsically ad.从本质上(讲)3、fuse v.使熔合4、singular a.突出的，⾮非凡的5、associate a.副的6、nursery n.育⼉儿室，托⼉儿所7、pastel a.(⾊色彩的)淡的，柔和的8、amplify v.扩⼤大，增强9、dictate v.控制，⽀支配10、toddler n.幼童11、consumerism n.消费主义12、counsel n.建议13、magnify v.放⼤大，扩⼤大Text 3 - 基因专利利案之争 Part1 单词1、isolate v.分离(物质、疾病等以作研究)2、violently ad.激烈烈地，强烈烈地3、agitated a.紧张不不安的，焦虑的4、preliminary a.初步的，预备的5、overturn v.使倾覆，打翻6、prior a.较早的，先前的7、rule v.判定，裁定8、blessing n.幸事，幸运，福⽓气9、alike ad.同样都(⽤用于强调刚刚提及的两者)10、personalised a.个性化的11、suppress v.镇压，制⽌止，压制12、reward n.酬谢，报答，奖赏13、monopoly n.垄断者，垄断企业14、file v.提出，提交，发表15、molecule n.分⼦子genome n.基因组16、violate v.侵犯17、advance n.进步，进展18、suit n.诉讼，讼案19、domain n.领域，范围20、interact v.互动，相互关系correlation n.相互关系，关联21、convention n.会议session n.(⼀一系列列会议中的⼀一次) 会议22、shifting a.移动着的，变化着的23、landscape n.形势24、packed a.挤满⼈人的，⾮非常拥挤的Part2 短语1、federal appeals court 联邦上诉法院2、the Supreme Court 最⾼高法院3、federal judge 联邦法官4、hold patents to 持有...的专利利5、restrict access to 易易受...损害的6、file a patent for 对…提交申请专利利Text 4 - 失业所带来的改变 Part1 单词1、course n.⾃自然的进展，通常的过程2、reshape v.重塑3、lining n.衬⾥里里，⾥里里⼦子4、materialistic a.实利利主义的，物质主义的(含贬义)5、prudent a.明智谨慎的，节俭的6、fever n.狂热，⾼高度兴奋7、respect n.⽅方⾯面8、stagnation n.经济停滞9、mean-spirited a.⼼心胸狭隘的10、inclusive a.包容的，范围⼴广阔的11、sentiment n.观点，感想，意⻅见12、shrink v.(使)缩⼩小，(使)收缩13、reinforce v.加强，强化14、dim v.(使)变黯淡15、resentment n.怨⽓气，怨恨，不不满16、discern v.识别，看清，领悟17、lean a.不不景⽓气的18、poll n.⺠民意调查，⺠民意测验Part2 短语1、social fabric 社会结构2、silver linings ⼀一丝希望新题型 - 历史和伟⼈人 Part1 单词1、accomplish v.完成，实现2、sage n.哲⼈人，先知3、craze n.时尚，时髦，热潮4、approach v.对付，处理理，研究5、empathy n.同情，同感，共鸣6、inspiration n.启示，⿎鼓舞7、exemplary a.模范的，可做楷模的8、champion v.捍卫，维护9、cunning n.狡猾，狡诈10、ruthlessness n.⽆无情，冷酷11、commemorate v.庆祝，纪念12、catalogue n.⽬目录，名录13、furnish v.提供，供应14、resolute a.坚决的，坚定的15、steadfast a.忠诚的，坚贞不不渝的16、beacon n.引路路⼈人，指路路明灯17、bourgeois a.过分追求名利利的，注重物质享受的;市侩的，庸俗的18、epochal a.具有划时代意义的19、bombast a.空洞洞华丽的(⾔言论)20、hitherto 迄今，⾄至今21、immense a.巨⼤大的22、wage v.发动，进⾏行行(战争，战⽃斗)23、nurture v.培养，培育24、unpick v.拆去(⾐衣料料或编结物上的) 针脚,撬开25、multiplicity n.多样性26、downstairs n.底层(阶级)upstairs n.上层(阶级)Part2 短语1、the Renaissance ⽂文艺复兴(时期)翻译 - 流失还是获益 Part1 单词1、migration n.移⺠民2、prospect n.前景，很有可能会发⽣生的事情3、departure n.离开，启程4、privilege n.特权，特殊待遇，优惠5、emigrate v.移居国外immigration n.外来移⺠民；移居6、deprive v.剥夺Part2 短语1、Silicon Valley 硅⾕谷2、developing country 发展中国家3、come up with 提出；想出4、brain drain ⼈人才流失作⽂文 1 - 投诉Part1 单词1、replacement n.更更换2、satisfaction n.满意3、reach v.与...联系4、noisiness n.吵闹Part2 短语1、with intolerable frequency 让人无法忍受的频繁2、follow the warranty policy 履履⾏行行保修协议3、remote control 遥控器器4、unable to control temperature ⽆无法控制温度5、difficult to use 使⽤用困难6、to my dismay 令我难过的是7、shut itself down automatically ⾃自动关机作⽂文 2 - ⼯工作满意度 Part1 单词1、energetic a.有活⼒力力的2、competent a.有能⼒力力的3、professional n.专业⼈人⼠士4、consequent a.相应的5、occasional a.偶尔的6、mostly ad.⼤大部分地7、understandably ad.可以理理解地8、crown v.圆满完成或结束9、afflict v.使…苦恼Part2 短语1、relate to 与...相关2、career situation 职业情形3、at the age from ... to ... ...岁到...岁之间的4、younger crowd 更更年年轻的⼈人5、reach a career plateau 进⼊入职场⾼高原6、sense of powerlessness ⽆无⼒力力感7、reduce ... to ... 使陷⼊入(坏的)状况或情形中8、deep dissatisfaction 深深的不不满9、in an upward spiral 处在上升阶段10、career maturity 职业发展成熟11、retirement life 退休⽣生活12、career trouble 职场问题13、commodity price 物价14、middle-income consumer 中收⼊入消费者low-income consumer 低收⼊入消费者high-income consumer ⾼高收⼊入消费者。
2012年考研英语一真题-答案及详解
2012年考研英语⼀真题-答案及详解2012年考研英语⼀答案详解Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the prob lem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporatio n bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requ iring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misle ading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews th e company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its pro mises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere migh t be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit theirown purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologistAlbert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of t he mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American govern ment workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position tovotes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions k eep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians hav e repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and thepresident of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s a ttitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels.You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like /doc/4513395479.html, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape ourcollective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, t his quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of thelanguages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals[NxtPage]Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)Section Ⅰ Use of English2012年的完型填空是有关美国司法官伦理和政治关系的⼀篇⽂章，出⾃New York Times, June, 30th , 2011的“Ethics, Politics and the Law”⼀⽂。
2012年阅读手译考研英语
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section II ReadingPart AText 1●Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned.School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual.Unfortunately, L. A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.●This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework.But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment.But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.●District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want.But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards.Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework?It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.●At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework.If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade.Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.●The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings.It is not too late for L. A. Unified to do homework right.21. It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22. L. A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A] tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B] have asked for a different educational standard[C] may have problems finishing their homework[D] have voiced their complaints about homework23. According to Paragraph 3, one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______.[A] it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25. A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2●Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives.It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny sliceof the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance.Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence.Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.●Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoi dable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not.Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them.What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength.Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity.It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.●I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler.I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong.Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.●Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes.It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage.Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits.And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26. By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?[A] Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is preferred by babies.28. The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers' terms30. It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3●In 2010, a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core.Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented.But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated.The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.●On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer.The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.●But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy.The Myriad case itself is probably not over.Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree.Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests.In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature...than are cotton fibers that have been separated from cotton seeds.”●Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered.For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it.The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.●AS the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact.Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain.Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or pred ict a drug’s efficacy, companies are eager to winpatents for ‘connecting the dots’, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.●Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term.The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31. It can be learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like _____.A. their executives to be activeB. judges to rule out gene patentingC. genes to be patentableD. the BIO to issue a warning32. Those who are against gene patents believe that _____.A. genetic tests are not reliableB. only man-made products are patentableC. patents on genes depend much on innovationD. courts should restrict access to genetic tests33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for _____.A. establishing disease correlationsB. discovering gene interactionsC. drawing pictures of genesD. identifying human DNA34. By saying “each meeting was packed” (Line 4, Para. 6), the author means that _____.A. the Supreme Court was authoritativeB. the BIO was a powerful organizationC. gene patenting was a great concernD. lawyers were keen to attend conventions35. Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is _____.A. CriticalB. supportiveC. ScornfulD. objectiveText 4●The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning.Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults.And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.●No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster.Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others.In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off.At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.●But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off.In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms.Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.●Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people.The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.●In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society.More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character.In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results.We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric.But they certainly will shape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36. By saying “to find silver linings” (Line 1, Para.2) the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the government[B]explore reasons for the unemployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37. According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their prudence[D]reconsider their lifestyle38. Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39. The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain [B]positive[C]trivial [D]destructivePart B“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian s age Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form.This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain.Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men.In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus –On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes.Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top.This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted.The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory.By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explores."The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit," wrote Smiles, "what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself."His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the trulyheroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte.These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Not everyone was convinced by such bombast.“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto.For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that.”And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood.For: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm.History from below stood alongside biographies of great men.Whole new realms of understanding — from gender to race to cultural studies — were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies.And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.Section III TranslationWhen people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world.These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate.A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25.This "brain drain" has long bothered policymakers in poor countries.They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.。
考研英语一真题手译阅读2008-Text2
Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.
分享考研资料，助力考研成功！官方认证店铺：考研资料Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who w1 Text 2
1- It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.
分享考研资料，助力考研成功！官方认证店铺：考研资料The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.
2012年考研英语阅读理解及答案解析
2012年考研英语阅读理解及答案解析4难句分析：难句1 No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word ‘amateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific commUnity and, in Particular, may not fully share its values.［分析］第一个句子的主干是“No... distinction can be drawn between...”，冒号后面的内容是进一步说明前面的观点。
在第二个句子中，一上来就有一个转折词nevertheless，表示语意的转折，其主句是“the word ‘amateur’ does carry a connotation...”，后面有一个同位语从句，里面有两个并列谓语。
［译文］在科学领域内，专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分：任何规则都有其例外。
但是“业余”这个词的确包含这样的意义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。
难句2 The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology bbb://aaatheabbb/kcnet1480/ in the United Kingdom.［分析］此句中两个分句有同一个主语，即the trend，两个谓语为was obvious和can be illustrated。
2012年英语一text2
2012年英语一text2Have you ever heard of the word pomology? Pomology is the science and study of fruits. It focuses on the cultivation, production, harvesting, storage, and processing of fruits. Pomologists study the genetics, physiology, and nutritional content of fruits, as well as the pests and diseases that can affect them.In recent years, there has been a growing interest in pomology as more people become aware of the health benefits of fruits. Fruits are not only delicious, but they are also packed with essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber. They are an important part of a balanced diet and can contribute to weight management, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and improve overall health.With the increasing demand for fruits, pomologists play a crucial role in ensuring the availability and quality of fruits in the market. They work closely with farmers to develop new, improved fruit varieties that are disease-resistant, have better yield, and meet consumer preferences. They also advise farmers on the best practices for cultivation, irrigation, pest control, and post-harvest handling.Pomologists also work in research institutions and laboratories, conducting experiments to improve fruit production and quality. They study the effects of different fertilizers, pruning methods, and environmental conditions on fruit growth and development. They also investigate new techniques for pest and disease control, such as biological control methods and the use of natural pesticides.In addition to their scientific work, pomologists also educate thepublic about the importance of fruits in the diet. They give presentations, conduct workshops, and publish research papers to spread awareness about the nutritional benefits of fruits and the importance of sustainable fruit production.In conclusion, pomology is an important field of study that plays a crucial role in ensuring the availability and quality of fruits. Pomologists contribute to the cultivation, production, and processing of fruits, as well as educating the public about their health benefits. So, next time you enjoy a delicious piece of fruit, remember the pomologists who made it possible!。
2023考研英一阅读text2
2023考研英一阅读text2根据题目要求，我们来分析和讨论2023年考研英语一阅读中的Text 2。
Text 2的题目是"The Growing Popularity of Electric Cars in China"（中国电动汽车的日益普及）。
从题目中我们可以看出，这篇文章将会介绍中国电动汽车的发展和普及情况。
在写作的过程中，我们可以从以下方面展开讨论：电动汽车的环保优势、政府支持政策、中国市场对电动汽车的需求和接受度、电动汽车产业的发展和挑战等。
首先，我们可以讨论电动汽车与传统汽车相比的环保优势。
电动汽车使用电能而非化石燃料，所以其排放的尾气和噪音相对较少，对环境污染的影响也较小。
这是电动汽车受到重视的重要原因之一。
中国政府一直致力于减少空气污染问题，所以在推广电动汽车方面也给予了很大的支持。
其次，我们可以探讨中国政府为了推广电动汽车所采取的一系列支持政策。
这些政策包括购车补贴、减免车辆购置税、免费停车等。
这些政策的出台使得人们对电动汽车的购买成本降低，从而增加了人们对电动汽车的购买动力。
此外，政府还推动建设充电桩设施，以满足电动汽车日益增长的充电需求。
然后，我们可以讨论中国市场对电动汽车的需求和接受度。
随着人们环保意识的提高，越来越多的人开始选择购买电动汽车。
根据数据显示，中国是全球最大的电动汽车市场。
而且，电动汽车在中国市场上的销量还在稳步增长。
这意味着人们对电动汽车的接受度正在逐渐增加。
最后，我们可以进一步讨论中国电动汽车产业的发展和挑战。
中国政府一直致力于培养和发展本土的电动汽车制造业，以降低对进口电动汽车的依赖。
目前，中国已经成为全球电动汽车制造的重要基地之一。
然而，电动汽车产业也面临着一些挑战，比如充电基础设施建设不足、续航里程问题等。
如何解决这些问题将是电动汽车产业未来发展的重要课题。
综上所述，中国电动汽车的普及程度在不断增加。
这是由于电动汽车具有环保优势、政府支持政策的积极作用、市场需求的增长以及电动汽车产业的发展等原因所致。
2012年考研英语阅读全文翻译
“来吧，大家都在这样做”，这句低声说出的话，有一半成分是邀请，一半是强迫，在听到“朋友压力”这个词时，大多数人会想到这句话。
这句话通常会导致毫无益处的事情——饮酒，吸毒以及随意的性行为。
在缇娜·罗森博格的新书《加入俱乐部》中认为同辈压力通过她所谓的“社会治愈”也可以成为一种积极的力量，在这种治愈中组织和官员可以利用这种集体动力的能量帮助提高人们的生活，甚至是那句话。
罗森博格是普利策奖的获得者，她列举了许多在运转的社会治愈的例子：在南卡罗莱纳州发起了一个叫做强烈反对烟雾的反吸烟项目，目的是使香烟不再酷。
在南美，发起了一个叫做热爱生活的艾滋预防项目，招募了年轻人在他们的朋友中宣传性安全。
这个想法似乎是可行的，她是一个有感知力的观察者。
他对于公共健康活动的软弱无力做出的评论正中要点：他们没有将同辈压力转变为健康的习惯，而且他们显示出了一种对心理学严重错误的理解。
“你敢与众不同吗，那就不要吸烟！”兴起了一个以在青年人中减少吸烟为目的的标语运动，这些青年人想做的只是融入。
罗森博格的建议令人信服：公共健康支持者应该向广告商取经，他们很擅长于应用同辈压力。
但对于社会治愈的综合效力，罗森博格并没有说服力。
她的书中充满了太多无关的细节，没有足够的社会和生物原因来解释同辈压力为何如此巨大。
我们可以看出社会治愈最明显的缺陷就是，从长期来看，它的作用并不好。
一旦资金被削减，反烟运动就会失败。
只有有限的和杂乱的证据可以证明热爱生活运动可以引起长远的改变。
毫无疑问我们的朋友圈对我们的行为产生巨大的影响。
一个新出现的研究机构表示，积极健康和坏习惯都通过社交在朋友圈中传播。
这是同辈压力一个隐秘的形式：我们会无意识的模仿我们每天看到的行为。
然而，很不确定的是，专家和官员如何能通过选择朋友圈来成功控制人们的行为使其朝着准确正确的方向。
这就像老师将后排惹是生非的学生群分开，让他们与好学生坐一起。
这种策略从来没有有效过。
而这也是从外部进行社会治愈所面临的一个问题：在现实生活中，朋友是个人的选择，而不是外部的分配。
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A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management – especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.
It’s a stunning move.
3- The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon.
But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear stateal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved.
The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.
Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
5- Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.
The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.
分享考研资料，助力考研成功！官方认证店铺：考研资料Then, too, the company went along. 4- Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next.
分享考研资料，助力考研成功！官方认证店铺：考研资料Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules.
But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. 6- The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state.
As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.
In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval.