Synonym list

合集下载

synonyms教学文稿

感情同义词
• synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning, which bear the same meaning but express emotion of the user
e.g. like / love mean / stingy
行李 luggage baggage
卡车 lorry
truck
•stylistic synonym
文体同义词
• synonyms which differ in style （some words tend to be more formal, others casual, and still others neutral in style）
•Denote different ways of laughing
•It is hardly possible to find an English word which has exactly the same meaning and implication as a Chinese word.
•collocational synonym
搭配区别上的同义词
•synonyms that differ in their collocation, i.e. in the words they go together with
e.g. accuse…of / charge…with
•semantic synonym
语义上有差异的同义词
• synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean
e.g. Laugh---to smile with sounds of the voice

初中英语常用同义词辨析 English Synonyms O 素材

oath, pledge, vow这些名词均含“誓言”之意。

oath〓指对上帝或神发出的庄严、正式的誓言以示自己话语的真实性。

现多用于法庭上。

pledge〓普通用词，指保证去做或不做某事的郑重许诺。

vow〓指庄严的许诺或誓约。

obey, comply, submit这些动词均含“服从、听从”之意。

obey〓一般用词，指服从或接受某种权威，或遵循某种原则而行事。

comply〓指同意依从他人的愿望或请求，或遵守某种规则或顺应某种环境条件。

submit〓指顺从或屈服于自己不能进一步抵制或抵抗的人或事物。

object, oppose, resist, protest这些动词均含“反对”之意。

object〓多指因厌恶或反感而反对，但不一定明显地表露出来。

oppose〓普通用词，含义广，语气强于object。

多指反对一些较重大的事，隐含其正当性。

resist〓指用力量或意志抵抗、制止对方的入侵或诱惑、影响等。

protest〓一般指通过言语或文字或行为表示出的强烈抗议、反对。

obstacle, barrier, obstruction, bar, hindrance这些名词均含“障碍(物)”之意。

obstacle〓指在达到目的或前进的过程中必须消除或绕过的障碍物，也指起阻碍作用等情况。

barrier〓常指临时的或者可能跨越的障碍。

obstruction〓常既指具体的障碍又可指抽象或喻意上的阻碍。

bar〓既可指阻止进出或通过的栅栏一类的障碍物，也可用于抽象意义障碍。

hindrance〓指妨碍他人进步或做事的人或物。

obstinate, stubborn这两个形容词均可表示“固执的，顽固的”之意。

obstinate〓指无理地固执已见或听不进他人忠告、意见等顽固性格。

stubborn〓用于褒义指坚定不移，执意顽强；用于贬义指固执已见，侧重生性固执。

occasional, uncommon, scare, rare这些形容词均含“稀罕的，很少发生”之意。

英语词汇学6.3Synonymy

expectation: either good or evil. anticipation: as a rule is a pleasurable expectation of something good. hope: is not only a belief but a desire that some event would happen.
7
Sense Relations between Words

-nyms Most wonderful of all are words, and how they …[relate] one with another.
O. Henry, as modified by a semantician
Words are related to one another in a variety of ways. These relationships have words to describe them that often end in the bound morpheme –nym It may be more accurate to think of the lexicon as network, rather than a listing of words as in a published dictionary.
to hope against hope, • to • lose • hope,• to pin one's hopes on sth.•
7.1.2 Patterns of synonymous sets in Modern English
Why so many synonyms? English is a language particularly rich in pairs of synonyms. The primary reason for this has to do with the history of language and especially with the wholesome borrowing from other languages. "The richness of • English • in synonyms is largely due to the happy mingling of Latin, French and Native elements". Generally speaking, the native words are the simplest and most ordinary and tends to belong to the ordinary colloquial language; The Greek or Latin borrowings are the most learned, most formal and most technical and they tend to be used in the most formal context; French borrowings stands between the native words and the Latin and Greek borrowings.

synonym

@delegate, deputy, representative, agent, substitute 这些名词有“代表、代理人”之意。

delegate: 指一般被派参加某一会议的代表。

deputy: 指上级授权代理行事的代表，特指被选择为执行全部或部分公务的人。

representative: 一般指被选举或委派代表某人或一些人或某个较大团体的人，其职务有时是较长期的。

agent: 普通用词，通常指经授权代理另一个人或团体，或指在双方之间代表一方起中间作用的人。

substitute: 主要强调某人或某物可以用来代替别的人或物的作用。

replace, substitute, displace这些动词均含“替代、取代”之意。

replace: 最普通用词，指任何形式的替代，尤指以新的替代旧的、老的和坏的等，指人指物均可。

substitute: 指某人因故不在时，由别人代理其职，有时也可指由一物去代替另一物。

displace: 侧重指用另外的人或物强行取代并非称职的人或无用之物，指人时往往暗含带不满情绪的意味。

@inform, acquaint, notify, advise这些动词都有“通知、告知”之意。

inform: 普通用词，指传达事实或信息，或指经过研究或调查而获得的事实或信息。

acquaint: 指提供有关信息或情况使某人熟悉某些过程或复杂的情况。

notify: 指正式通知需要注意的事情。

advise: 指正式通知某件重要事，所通知的事情与被通知的人有关。

@gaze v.凝视，注视，指由于好奇、感叹、长时间目不转睛地看。

She gazed at her beautiful new diamond ring.她凝视着自己的这颗美丽崭新的钻戒。

gape v. (张着嘴、瞪大眼睛)呆看，强调一种吃惊的状态。

The children gaped at the big elephant in the zoo.在动物园，孩子们张大了嘴巴呆呆地看着大象。

English Synonyms L

label, tag这两个名词均含“标签”之意。

label : 指上面标明货主姓名、地址及货物名称、重量、尺寸等内容的标签。

tag : 多指临时系上的标签。

lack, need, want, require这些动词均有“缺少、短少”之意。

lack : 指完全短缺或数量不足。

need : 语气较重，指需要必不可少的东西，强调急需。

want : 侧重缺少某种必需之物，或个人渴望得到的东西。

require : 使用广泛，语气较轻。

强调急需时可与need换用，但有时暗示所需的人或物是完成某一任务必不可少的。

lack, want, absence, shortage, scarcity这些名词均含“缺乏，不足”之意。

lack : 普通用词，指部分或完全的不足。

want : 指完全或短缺某物，侧重缺少之物是必需的东西。

使用范围比lack窄些。

absence : 指某物根本不存在或完全短缺，或某人虽存在，但未到现场。

shortage : 指不足，但侧重达不到规定的，需要的或已知应有的数量。

scarcity : 指产量不足或缺乏某物难以应付或满足需要。

lame, cripple这两个动词均含“使跛，使残废”之意。

lame : 普通用词，指因受伤或本身的生理缺陷而使人的身体致残，着重行走时的不便。

cripple : 正式用词，语气较强。

多指因伤、体弱或疾病等所导致的永久性残废，常为肢体不全，行走不便，甚至移动身体也困难。

lamp, light这两个名词均有“灯”之意。

lamp : 通常指以油、气或电为能源的照明设备，一般有罩。

light : 普通用词，含义广泛。

泛指一切供照明的灯，多指电灯。

laguage, speech, tongue, dialect, idiom, slang这些名词均含“语言”之意。

laguage : 普通用词，含义广。

指人的语言或文字，或动物的语言。

既可指口头或书面语言，也可指手势语等。

英语词汇学术语翻译

英语词汇学术语翻译 Ting Bao was revised on January 6, 20021T e r m i n o l o g y T r a n s l a t i o n s o n l e x i c o l o g y英语词汇学术语翻译Aacronym 首字母拼音词acronymy 首字母拼音法addition 增词adjective compound 复合形容词affective meaning 感情意义affix 词缀affixation 词缀法Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语（族）aliens 非同化词alliteration 头韵（法）allomorph 词素（形位）变体ambiguity 歧义amelioration of meamng 词义的升华analogy 类推analytic language 分析性语言antithsis 对偶antonym 反义词antonymy 反义关系appreciative term 褒义词archaic word 古词archaism 古词语argot 隐语（黑话）Armenian 亚美尼亚语（族）Associated transfer 联想转移association 联想associative meanings 关联意义Bback－formation 逆生法back clipping 词尾截短Balto－Slavic 波罗斯拉夫语（族）bilinguall 双语的basic word stock 基本词汇blend 拼缀词blending 拼缀法borrowed word 借词bound form粘着形式bound morpheme 粘着语素（形位）bound root 粘着词根Ccasual style 随便文体catchPhrase 时髦语Celtic 凯尔特语（族）central meaning 中心意义Clipping 截短法collocability 搭配能力collocation 搭配collocative meaning 搭配意义colloquialism 口语词（口语体）complete synonym 完全同义词complex word 复杂词composition 复合法compound 复合词compounding 复合法concatenation 连锁型concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义connotation 内涵connotative meanins 内涵意义constituent 要素．成分consultative style 交谈体（咨询体）content word 实义词context 语境contradictory term矛盾反义词contrary terms 对立反义词conversion 转类法couplet 成对词Dde－adjective 由形容词转化的de－adjectival 由形容词转化的degradation of meaning 词义的降格deletion 减词denizen 同化同denominal 由名词转化的denotation外延denotative meaning 外延意义derivation 派生法derivational affiX 派生词缀derivative 派生词derived meaning 派生意义derogatory sense 贬义desk dictionary 案头词典deverbal noun 由动词转化的名词deverbal suffix 加于动词的后缀diachronic approach 历时角度dialectal word 方言词discipline 学科dismembering 肢解distribution分布doublet 成对词duplication of synonyms 同义词并举Fformal 正式的free form 自由形式free morpheme 自由语素（形位）free root 自由词根frontclipping 首部截短front and back clipping 首尾部截短frozen style 拘谨体full conversion 完全转换functional shift 功能转换Ggeneralisation of meaning 词义的扩大Germanic 日耳曼语族grammatical meaning 语法意义gradable adjective 等级形容词grammatical context 语法语境grammatical feature 语法特征graphology 书写法；图解法HHellenic 希腊语族heterogeneous 多质的highly－inflected 高度屈折化的homograph 同形异义词homonym 同形同音异义词homonymy 同形同音异义关系homphone 同音异义词hyperonym 上义（位）词hyponym 下义（位）词hyponymy 上下义（位）关系Iidiom 习语idiomatic expression 习惯表达idiomaticity 习语程度Indo-European Language Family 印欧语系Indo-Iranian 印伊语族inflection 屈折变化inflectional affix 屈折词缀intensity of meaning 意义强度initialism 首字母缩略词intermediate member 中间成分intimate style 亲昵语体Italic 意大利语族Jj uxtaposition of antonyms反义词并置L1exical context 词汇语境lexical item 词汇项目lexicography 词典学lexicology 词汇学lexis 词汇linguistic context 语言语境literary 书面的loan word 借词lexical meaning 词汇意义Mmarked term有标记项metaphor 暗喻metonymy 换喻monolingual 单语的morph 形素monomorphemic 单语素的monosemic 单义的morpheme 词素（形位）morphological structure 形态结构morphology 形态学motivation 理据motivated 有理据的Nnative word 本族语词neoclassical 新古典词的neologism 新词语notional word 实义词Oobjective meaning 客观意义obsolete 废弃词onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据Orthographic feature 拼写特征PPartial conversion 部分转化Pejoration 贬义化Perpect homonym 同形同音异义词phonetic feature 语音特征phono1ogical 音位学的phonology 音位学phrasal verb 短语动词phrase clipping 短语截短pocket dictionary 袖珍词典polysemic 多义的polysemous 多义的polysemant 多义词polysemantic 多义的polysemy 多义关系pormanteau word 拼级词positionshifting 移位prefix 前缀prefixation 前缀法primary meaning 原始意义productivity 多产性pun 双关语Rradiation 辐射range of meaning 词义范围reduplication 重叠referent 所指物reference 所指关系referential meaning 所指意义regional variety 地域变体register 语域reiteration（意义）重复。

synonym

locale = place 现场，场所
locale = place 场所
lucrative = profitable 有利的，赚钱的
elaborate = detailed 详细阐述的，精细
elaborate 的反义词详细阐述的，精细
elapsed = passed 过去的，经过的
article = item 文章，项目
assertion = strong statement 主张
asset = advantage 优点
asset 答案让我迷惑的有problem or advantage 我跟据上下文选了第二个
disintegrate = fall apart 分解
dispensable = essential 不重要的
earned 选项为admired, invented, discovered, allowed
assistance = help 协助，援助
avenues = means 方法，途径
broad appeal = popular 流行的
bulk = majority 大批，大多数
chaotic = disorganized 无组织的
cherish = valued 珍爱，爱惜
ground 我选的是reason(我的ＪＪ，大家慎用哦)
groundless = unfounded 无根据的
groundless = unfounded 无根据的
groundwork = foundation 基础
alarm = warning 警告
albeit = although 虽然
albeit = although 虽然

英语词汇学第六章解析

第六章词汇：Polysemy n. 一词多义peculiar n. 特权；特有财产adj. 特殊的Diachronic 历时性Synchronic 共时性Radiation 放射法garments n. [服装] 服装，衣着Concatenation n. 串联，连结tern 三个一组的candidate n. 候选人preceding v. 在...之前Homonyms n. [语] 同形同音异义词identical adj. 同一的；完全相同的Homographs同形异义词Homophones 同音异形异义Rhetoric 修辞puns n. 双关语sarcasm n. 讽刺ridicule n. 嘲笑embrace vt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含connotation n. 内涵Antonymy 反义词predecessor 前任vice versa 反之亦然Hyponymy 上下位关系要点一. 1.Polysemy—polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. When a words is first coined, it always monosemic, butin the course of development , the same word may have two or more different meanings.e.g. The word "flight" may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.2.Two approaches1).( Diachronic approach –Diachronically, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development ofthe semantic structure of one and same word.This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of timeand the development of language, it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings.E.g. faceThe primary meaning gave birth to new meaning.The primary meaning become either absolute or disappeared altogetherE.g. harvesttime of cutting reaping and gathering the cropsa season‘s yield of grain or fruitPain penalty or punishment pains and penaltyupon/under pain of suffering2).Synchronic approach –synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time.The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning.The core of word meaning called the central meaning (secondary meaning).The central meaning has gradually dimished in currency with the changes and one ofthe derived meanings has become dominant.E.g. gay3.Two process of development1). Radiation-a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center and each of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays.The meanings are independent of one another, but can all be tracked back to thecentral meaning.e.g. Neck1) That part of a man or animal jointing the head to the body2) That part of the garments3) The neck of an animal used as food4) A narrow part between the head and body or base of any object5) The part of anythingOf the 5 meanings 1) is the primary and all the rest are derived but each of the otherfour is directly related to 1).Therefore, we say neck has developed through the process of radiation.2).Concatenation –meaning ―linking together, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until,in many cases, there is not a sign of connectionbetween the sense that is finally developed and that which the term hadat the begining.e.g. candidate1) White-robed adj. 穿白色长袍的2) Office seeker in white gouns3) A person who seeks an office4) A person proposed for a place, award, etc.Of the 4 meanings, 1) is the primary meaning and the other three are derived, but each of the derived meaning isonly directly related to the preceding one and there is no direct connection between 1) and 4). Therefore, we saycandidate has developed through the process of concatenation.3).DifferenceRadiation and concatenation is closely related, being different stages of thedevelopment leading to polysemy.Radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning.Concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one likechains. Though the latest sensecan be tracked to the original, there‘s no direct connection in between.The two processes work together, complementing each other.Radiation precedes concatenation.1.Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both i n s ound and spellingor identical only in sound or spelling.2.1).Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.e.g. bank/bank ,bear/bear ,date/date2).Homographs--are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.e.g. Bow/bow ,Sow/sow3).Homophones (most common)--are words identical only in sound but different in spelling a nd meaning.e.g. Dear/dear ,Right/rite ,Son/sun3.Origins of Homonyms1). Change in sound and spelling(homonyms are native by origin, derived from different earlier forms in OldEnglish. The change in sound and spelling gradually made them identical in modernEnglish.)e.g. ear/ear ,long/long2). Borrowing (many words of foreign origin coincide in sound and/or spelling withthose of native origin with those of other foreign origin.)e.g. fair/fair,ball/ball3). Shortening (many shortened forms of words happen to be identical with otherwords in spelling or sound)e.g. ad/add,rock/rock ,NOW/now4.Differentiation of Homonyms and polysemants(Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical regard to spelling and pronunciation. )Homonyms refer to different word, which happen to share the same forms.Polysemant is the one and some word, which has several meanings.1).One important criterion is to see their etymology. Homonyms are from differen tsources. A polysemant is from the same source,which has acquired different meaning in the course of development.2). The second principle is semantic relatedness.The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated andconnected to some central meaning to a greater or less degree. Meanings of different homon yms have nothing to do with one another.5.Rhetoric featureThey create puns for desired effect of, say, humour, sarcasm or ridicule.三.1.Synonyms—are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in mean ing.Synonyms share a likeness in denotation and in part of speech.2.Types of Synonyms1).Absolute (Complete) Synonyms--are words, which are identical in meaning inall its aspects, both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning,including c onceptual and associative meanings.Absolute (Complete) Synonyms are restricted to high-specialized vocabulary.For instance, composition / compounding. They have the perfect same meaningin Lexicology.2).Relative (Near) synonyms--are similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.e.g. Change/alter/varyTake stagger/reel/totter for example.Stagger implies unsteady movement characterized by a loss of balance and failure to maintai n a fixed course.E.g. stagger under a heavy load;Reel suggests a swaying or lurching so as to appear on the verge of falling.E.g. The drunken man reeled down the hall;Totter indicates the uncertain, faltering steps of a feeble old person or of an infant learning to walk.3.Sources of Synonyms1).Borrowing: (the most important source)2).Dialects and regional English:eg.Railway (BrE) railroad (AmE)Mother (BrE) minny (ScotE)Charm (BrE) glamour (ScotE)Ranch (AmE) run (AusE)Job (StandE) gig (BlackE)Jim (BlachE) mal person (StandE)3).Figurative a. 比喻的，象征的and euphemistic a.委婉的use of words:Occupation walk of life (fig.)Dreamer star-gazer (fig.)Drunk elevated (euph.)Lie distort the fact (euph.)4).Coincidence with idiomatic expressions:Win gain the upper handDecide make up one‘s mindFinish get throughHesitate be in two mindsHelp lend one a hand4.Discrimination of Synonyms1) Difference in denotation: differ in the range and intensity of meaning.Range (some words have a wider range of meaning than others)e.g. timid--timorousTimid is applied to the state of minds in which a person may happen to be at the moment, ant to the habitual disposition.Timorous is only to the disposition.Comprehend/ understandextend—increase—expandThe owner of the restaurant is going to extend the kitchen by ten feet this year. The company has decided to increase its sales by ten percent next year.The metal will expand if heated.Extent increase expand Differ in degree of intensitye.g. wealth—richThe wealth person is to posses more money and property than a rich man.work – toilWork is a general term having no special implications as ‗light‘ or ‗heavy‘, and‗mental‘ or ‗physical‘.Toil suggests ‗heavy and tiring work‘, associated with more with manual thanmental labor.want—wish—desireWant is the most general and has the widest range of meaning.Wish and desire are much narrow in sense2) Difference in connotation: differ in the stylistic and emotive coloring.Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness.E.g. The words borrowed from French and Latin are more formal than native words.These borrowings are more appropriate formal and technical writing.policeman – constable – bobby – coppoliceman(neutral) – constable(neutral) – bobby(colloquial) – cop(slangy)ask -- beg -- requestask (neutral); beg (colloquial); request (formal)archaic and poetic, which are self-suggestive.e.g.ire/anger,bliss/happiness,forlorn/distressed,dire/dreadful,list/listen,enow/enough,save/exp ect,mere/lake andsuch like are all synonyms, but in each the second is standard in usage whereas the first on e is old-fashioned and archaic, only found in poetry, earlier writing, etc.Many synonyms have clear affective valuesresult – consequence result(neutral ) – consequence(negative implication)big –greatbig(the bigness of size, volume and so on, without any emotive coloring) -great(suggest distinguished, eminent, outstanding)little – small – tinylittle (attractiveness, pleasantness)– small(not big),tiny(abnormal growth of the child)3) Difference in application: differ in usage.Many words are synonyms in meaning but different in usage in simple terms.They form different collocations and fit into different sentence patterns.E.g. allow – letallow sb to so sth. – let sb. do sth.answer – replyanswer(transitive v.) the letter – reply(intransitive v.) to the lettersense –meaningHe is a man of sense.empty -- vacantempty box/street/room (no one or nothing inside) vacant seat/chair/apartment(not occupied) lump –slice – chunk – sheet –cakea lump sugar– a slice of meat – a chunk of wood – a sheet of paper –a cake of soap四.1.Antonymy--is concerned with semantic opposition.Antonyms--are words which are opposite in meaning.2.Types of Antonyms (according to the semantic opposition )1) Contradictory terms –these antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed toeach other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them.They assertion of one is the denial of the other.E.g. alive—dead, present--absent, male – female, boy – girl, true – false,same – different, imperfect –perfectSuch antonyms are non gradable.They can not be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs like―very to qualify them. (single/married)特点:对立的/不可分级2) Contrary terms- a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gra dable and one exists in comparison with the other.E.g. rich--(well-to-do)--poor; old –(middle-aged)-- young,open –(ajar)—close,beautiful –(good-looking) –(plain) –ugly,hot--(warm, cool)--coldverbs. E.g. love – (attachment) – (liking) – (indifferent) –(antipathy) -- hate3) Relative terms–consist of relational oppositeness. The pairs of words indicate such a socialrelationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other,the type is also reverse terms. The two words of each pair interdependent.E.g. parent--child; husband--wife; predecessor –successor, employer -- employee sell—buy, give –receive3.difference between relative terms and contradictory termsthere is an absolute opposite between relative terms and contradictory terms. In the case of relative terms, the opposition is only relational.contradictory terms –e.g. if the adult is not a man, then the adult must be a woman.4.the characteristics of antonyms1). Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.形容词(most) -- 动词–名词(least)There are a great many more synonyms than antonyms.Words denoting nature, quality or state of things have many antonyms. This accounts for the large number of antonyms are adjectives.2). A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.e.g. fast – firm/secure loose quick slowpleasure-seeking/wild soberdull -- boring interestingShe became dull and silent during the last part of the journey.lively dull weather sunny ,dull noise sharp,dull pain acutethese factors affect both intelligent and dull children. Intelligent3).Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms. One member is morespecific than the other and the meaning of the specific is included in that of the general.e.g. man–womanThere has been no man in the island. (man signifies human being, including women, but not v ice versa).dog-male/ female dogtall—shortHow tall is his brother? (includes the meaning of next one)How short is his brother? (more restricted in sense)4). Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each hasits own corresponding opposition.e.g. hot – cold, warm – cool, rich – poor, destitute – opulentSome words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being negative and the other opposite.e.g. happy—unhappy-sad,productive—unproductive—destructivefree--unfree-enslaved5.the use of antonymsAntonyms have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable indefining the meanings of words.fresh bread –stale bread, fresh air –stuff air, fresh flower -faded flower,fresh look – tired lookAntonyms are useful to express economically the opposition of a particular thought,often for the sake for contrast. They look neat and pleasan t, and sound rhythmicMany idioms are formed with antonyms.Rain and shine无论如何Here and there到处Weal and woe祸福Friend and foe敌友Now or never机不可失Thick and thin不顾艰难，险阻High and low到处Give an take互让，平等Antonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by puttingcontrasting idea together.Easy come, easy go. 来的易，去得快。

英语词汇学_Unit_06_Sense_relations

●Synonymy 同义关系●synonym 同义词●Antonymy 反义关系●antonym 反义词●Polysemy 多义关系●polyseme 多义词●Homonymy 同音(同形)异义关系●homonym 同音同形异义词，homograph同形异义词，homophone 同音异义词●Hyponymy 上下义关系●superordinate 上义词, hyponym下义词●Taxonymy 分类关系●superordinate上类词, taxonym 分类词●Meronymy 部分整体关系●superordinate 总项词, meronym 分项词幻灯片3Synonymy●Synonymy is a relationship of ‘sameness of meaning’that may hold between two words.●Synonym: a word that means the same as another.●Linguists make a distinction between ‘strict’or ‘absolute’synonymy and ‘loose’or‘relative’synonymy.幻灯片4Strict synonymy●Strict synonyms refer to two words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. They areinterchangeable in all contexts.●Strict synonyms are very rare, and some linguists even argue that strict synonyms do notexist.●Strict synonymy is uneconomical; it creates unnecessary redundancy in a language.幻灯片5Loose synonymy●When we speak of synonymy, we mean ‘loose’or ‘relative’synonymy, where we find notonly a significant overlap in meaning between two words, but also some contexts where they cannot be used interchangeably.●John found/discovered the basketball in the grass.●Maria Curie discovered radium in 1898.●*Maria Curie found radium in 1898.discover: be the first one to come across somethingfind: experience something in some way幻灯片6Distinguishing synonyms●We often take the following things into consideration when we try to find the differencesbetween synonyms.●Different English dialects●Different stylistic meanings●Different connotative meanings幻灯片7Synonyms from different dialects●Some synonym pairs differ in that they belong to different dialects of English. Here are someexamples of synonyms from British and American English:BrE AmE BrE AmElift elevator farm ranchlawyer attorney biscuit cookierubbish garbage pavement sidewalk幻灯片8Synonyms with different stylistic meanings●One of a pair of synonyms may be used in a more formal context than the other. Here aresome examples of synonym pairs.Informal Formal Informal Formaldie decease daddy fatherblame chide guy manwest occidental praise eulogy幻灯片9Synonyms with different connotative meanings●Synonyms may have different emotive associations (connotative meanings).famous notorious(disreputably) misuse abuse(of privilege orpower)ambiguous equivocal(deliberately) new novel(strikingly)hate loathe(with disgust) obtain procure(with effort)幻灯片10Source of synonyms●Why are there so many synonyms in English?●The primary reason for this has to do with the heavy borrowing from other languages,especially from French and Latin.English French Latinask question interrogatetime age epochbegin commencebuy purchase幻灯片11Antonymy (反义关系)●Antonymy is a relationship of ‘meaning opposition’ that may hold between twowords.●Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.●Major types of antonyms：●Gradable antonyms●Contradictory or complementary antonyms●Converse antonyms幻灯片12Gradable antonyms●Gradable antonyms include pairs like the following:●beautiful ugly●expensive cheap●fast slow●hot cold●long short●rich poor●wide narrowThese pairs are called gradable antonyms because they do not represent a more/less relation. The words can be the end-points of a continuum (连续体).Since they are gradable, they allow comparison.幻灯片13Contradictory (complementary) antonyms●Contradictory antonyms include pairs like the following:●asleep awake●dead alive●on off●remember forget●win lose●true falseThese pairs are called contradictory antonyms because they represent an either/or relation.If you permit some behavior, then it is not forbidden.Since they are not gradable, they do not allow comparison.幻灯片14Converse antonyms (逆行)●The following are examples of converse antonyms：●lend borrow●husband wife●above below●before after●behind in front of●buy sell●give receive●parent child●speak listenLend is the converse of borrow and vice versa; i.e. the substitution of one member for the other does not change the meaning of a sentence if it is accompanied by the change of subject and object.John lent Mary five dollars.=Mary borrowed five dollars from John.幻灯片15Contradictory antonyms vs. Converse antonyms1,The bridge is above the river.The river is below the bridge. Converse antonyms are relational antonyms.2,This behavior is allowed.This behavior is not prohibited. Contradictory antonyms are either/or antonyms.幻灯片16Polysemy●When a word is first coined, it is always the case (true) that it has only one meaning(monosemic). But in the course of development, the same symbol may be used to express new meanings. The result is polysemy.●Polysemy shows the economy and efficiency of human languages.幻灯片17Two processes leading to polysemy●There are two important processes in the development of meaning:●Radiation (发散)●Concatenation(串联)幻灯片18Radiation●Radiation is a process in which the primary meaning stands in the center, and the derivedmeanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.●All the derived meanings can be traced back to the primary meaning.幻灯片19Radiation Example: faceWe can get the derived meanings by extension, narrowing, analogy, transfer, etc.the front of the head(Primary Meaning): 1a person,2self-respect,3outward appearance,4the surface of a thing,5countenance(Derived Meaning)幻灯片20Concatenation●Concatenation is a process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually from its primarymeaning by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the meaning that is finally developed and the primary meaning.●Unlike radiation where each of the derived meaning is directly related to the primarymeaning, concatenation is a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one.1→2→3→4→5→6幻灯片21Concatenation Example: candidateA a person dressed in whiteA+B(bridging context) a white robed applicant for office (because the Romans wore white robes when standing for office)B a person taking an examinationThere is no connection between A and B, because the middle link (A+B) has vanished.The primary meaning A has also vanished. Now the derived meaning has become the central meaning.幻灯片22Homonymy●Homonymy is the relation between two words that are spelled or pronounced in the sameway but differ in meaning.●Such words are called homonyms.●lie vi. / lie vi. -- perfect homonyms●tear n./ tear vt.--homographs●coarse/course --homophones幻灯片23Perfect homonyms●Perfect homonyms: words identical in both sound and spelling, but different in meaning●bank: n./ bank: n.●bear: n./ bear: vt.幻灯片24Homographs●Homographs: words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.●bow: vi. to bend one’s head as a greeting●bow: n. the device used for shooting arrows●sow: n. female pig●sow: vi. to scatter seeds●perfect: v. /- ’-/●perfect: adj. /’- -/幻灯片25Homophones●Homophones: words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.●sun/son●deer/dear●right/write●pair/pear●stationary/stationery幻灯片26Differentiation of perfect homonyms from polysemous wordsthe same lexeme which has several different meaningsperfect homonymshaving different sourcespolysemous wordsdeveloped from the same sourcedifferent lexemes which have the same form幻灯片27The use of polysemy and homonymy●Polysemous words and homonyms are often used as puns, to achieve certain literary effect,such as humor, irony, etc.●Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland●“How is bread made?”●“I know that!”Alice cried eagerly. “You take some flour.”●“Where do you pick the flower?”the White Queen asked. “In a garden, or in the hedges?”●“Well, it isn’t picked at all,”Alice explained: “it’s ground.”●“How many acres of ground?”said the White Queen.幻灯片28Hyponymy●Hyponymy is the sense relationship that relates words hierarchically. The underlyingobservation is that some words have a more general meaning, while others have a morespecific meaning, while referring to the same entity.We are not going to have any food today.We are not going to have any vegetables today.幻灯片29FOOD have a more general meaning(superordinate): FRUIT, MEAT, VEGETABLE(They are subordinate terms. They are hyponyms of the superordinate term FOOD.)MEAT: BEEF, PORK, MUTTON(They are subordinate terms. They are hyponyms of the superordinate term MEA T.)VEGETABLE have a more specific meaning:(CABBAGE,CELERY,SPINACH)FRUIT: APPLE, PEACH, ORANGE(Reading from the bottom of the hierarchy, ORANGE is a ‘kind of’ fruit, which is a kind of food.)幻灯片30Taxonymy●Taxonymy is the relationship in which “X is a kind of Y”(Cruse 1986).●Not all hyponyms are good taxonyms.●Hyponyms large spoon, deep spoon are not “a kind of spoon”●Taxonyms teaspoon, soup spoon are “a kind of spoon”幻灯片31Taxonymy - Focal orientation●Focal orientation: this is a perspective that the taxonym and superordinateterm must share so that the relationship works● A blonde is not a kind of woman because blonde has a hair color focalorientation that woman lacks.幻灯片32Taxonymy –distinctive feature●It appears that a taxonym must engage with the meaning of its superordinate ina particular way, by further specifying what is distinctive about it. (p.121)● A strawberry blonde is a type of blonde.●(Distinctive f. of blonde: fair hair)●?A blonde is a type of woman.●(Distinctive f. of woman: sex)●?A stallion is a type of horse.●(Distinctive f. of stallion: sex)幻灯片33Hierarchical characteristic of Taxonymy●Pine is a kind of conifer, which is a kind of tree, which is a kind of plant.幻灯片34Taxonymy vs HyponymyHyponymy分类关系具有严格的层次性，一般不超过五层，每个层次的词项必须严格地遵守同一分类标准；而上下义关系中的词项虽然也能够划分层次，但没有严密的定义标准，对层次的数目也没有规定。

初中英语常用同义词辨析 English Synonyms I J2 素材

ail, prison, cell这些名词均有“牢房，监狱”之意。

jail(英国英语拼写为gaol)指收犯轻罪的人或未经判决的人的处所。

prison〓指触犯刑律的人被关押的地方，通常指判决后的罪犯居留地。

cell〓指单人牢房或几个人合住的小牢房。

jeans, pants, slacks, shorts, trousers这些名词均含有“裤子”之意。

jeans〓指劳动布裤或牛仔裤。

pants〓常用词，在美国，泛指各类裤子，在英国指衬裤或短裤。

slacks〓美国指比较宽松的便裤，英国人指妇女外面穿的长裤。

shorts〓指短裤或裤衩。

trousers〓指长裤，用于较正式场合。

jewel, jewellery, stone, gem这些名词均有“宝石”之意。

jewel〓多指贵重的宝石，是经过切削打磨，通常镶嵌在胸针、项链或其它装饰物上的玉。

jewellery〓是珠宝的总称，泛指各类珠宝，既指佩带或衣服的珠宝饰物，又指用普通金属、塑料或假宝石制作的装饰物。

stone〓特别强调稀少罕见或值钱的矿物。

gem〓指经切割、磨光的宝石，引申指珍品、佳作。

join, combine, unite, connect, link, attach, couple, associate, relate这些动词均有“连接，结合，联合”之意。

join〓侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。

也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。

combine〓指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。

unite〓指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。

connect〓指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。

link〓指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。

attach〓指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。

couple〓专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。

计算机英语500词

[推荐]计算机专业英语1500词1. file n. 文件；v. 保存文件2. command n. 命令，指令3. use v. 使用，用途4. program n. 程序5. line n. (数据，程序)行，线路6. if conj. 如果7. display vt. 显示，显示器8. set v. 设置，n. 集合9. key n. 键，关键字，关键码10. list n. 列表，显示，v. 打印11. by prep. 凭，*，沿12. press v. 按，压13. with prep. 用，与，随着14. format n. 格式15. change v. 更换，改变，变动16. cursor n. 光标17. directory n. 目录，索引簿18. from prep. 从，来自，以来19. menu n. 菜单，目录20. option n. 任选，选择，可选项21. character n. 字符，符号，特性22. current n. 电流23. type n. 型，类型；v. 打印24. screen n. 屏幕，屏；v. 屏蔽25. specify v. 指定，规定，确定26. move v. 移动27. disk n. 盘，磁盘28. text n. 正文，文本29. drive v. 驱动；n. 驱动器30. see v. 看，看出，查看31. name n. 名，名称；vt. 命名32. record n. 记录33. box n. 箱，匣，(逻辑)框34. database n. 数据库35. help v. & n. 帮助36. memory n. 记忆存储，存储器37. which pron. 哪个，a. 那一个38. all a. 全，全部；ad. 完全39. on ad. 接通，导电，开40. copy n. 复制，v. 拷贝41. shell n. 壳，外壳42. delete vt. 删除，删去，作废43. enter v. 键入，送入44. margin n. 余量，边缘，边际45. mark n. 标记；vt. 加标记46. also ad. & conj. 也，亦，还47. do v. 做，干；n. 循环48. information n. 信息，情报49. choose v. 挑选，选择，选定50. select vt. 选择51. group n. 组，群52. first a. & ad. & n. 第一，首先53. field n. 字段，域，栏，场54. procedure n. 过程，程序，工序55. print v. 打印，印刷56. return v. 返回，回送57. number n. 数字，号码；vt. 编号58. selected a. 精选的59. want v. 需要，应该，缺少60. window n. 窗口61. message n. 信息，消息，电文62. dialog n. & vt. 对话63. example n. 例子，实例64. create vt. 创立，建立65. insert vt. 插入66. related a. 相关的67. item n. 项，项目，条款68. edit vt. 编辑，编排，编篡69. marked a. 有记号的70. area n. (区)域，面积，方面71. parameter n. 参数，参变量72. then ad. & conj. 那时，则73. variable a. 可变的；n. 变量74. tab n. 制表键75. up ad. 上，向上，a. 高的76. string n. 行，字符串77. each a. & ad. 各(自)，每个78. active a. 激活的，活动的79. topic n. 题目，论题80. start v. 起动，开始，启动81. mode n. 态，方式，模82. selection n. 选择83. function n. 函数，功能，操作84. word n. 字(词)，单词85. make vt. 制造，形成，接通86. right a. 右边的，正确的87. value n. 值88. button n. 按钮89. index n. 索引，变址，指数90. without prep. 没有，在…以外91. appear vi. 出现，显现，好像92. left a. & n. 左边(的)93. save v. 保存94. next n. 下一次，a. 其次95. off ad. (设备)关着，脱离96. following a. 下列的，以下的97. control v. 控制，支配，管理98. only a. 唯一的，ad. 仅仅99. user n. 用户100. end n. 结束，终点，端点101. system n. 系统102. contain vt. 包含，包括103. time n. 时间；vt. 计时104. letter n. 字母，信105. data n. 数据106. setting n. 设置，调整107. desire v. & n. 期望108. position n. 位置；vt. 定位109. down ad. 落下，降低，减少110. task n. 任务；v. 派给…任务111. view n. & v. 视图，景象112. switch n. & v. 开关，转换，切换113. include vt. 包括，包含114. get v. 得到，获得，取115. default v. 缺省，预置，约定116. structure n. 结构，构造，构件117. into prep. 向内，进入118. path n. 路径，通路，轨道119. blank n. 空白，间隔120. open v. 打开，开启，断开121. add v. & n. 加，增加，添122. enable vt. 启动，恢复正常操作123. operation n. 操作，运算，动作124. erase v. 擦除，取消，删除125. filename n. 文件名126. search v. 检索，查询，搜索127. another a. 另一个，别的128. last a. & n. 最后(的)129. column n. 列，柱，栏130. after prep. & ad. 以后，后面131. prompt n. & v. 提示132. two n. & a. 二，两，双133. execute v. 实行，实施134. about ad. 关于，大约，附近135. escape v. 逃避，逸出，换码136. error n. 错误，误差，差错137. currently ad. 目前，现在138. extension n. 扩充，延伸139. same a. 同样的，相同的140. status n. 状态，态，状况141. run v. 运行，运转，操作142. argument n. 变元，自变量143. statement n. 语句，陈述，命题144. shift v. 转义，换档，移位145. store n. & vt. 存储，存储器146. scroll vt. 上滚(卷)；n. 纸卷147. replace vt. 替换，置换，代换148. macro n. 宏，宏功能，宏指令149. page n. 页面，页，版面150. quit v. 退出，结束151. define vt. 定义，规定，分辨152. reference n. & a. 参考；参考的153. other a. 别的，另外的154. while conj. 当…的时候155. pressing n. & a. 压制；紧急的156. restore vt. 恢复，复原157. top n. 顶，尖端158. how ad. 如何，怎样，多么159. color n. 颜色，色彩，(彩)色160. allow v. 允许，容许161. block n. (字，信息，数据)块162. decimal n. & a. 十进制；十进制的163. main a. 主要的164. definition n. 定义，确实，清晰度165. between prep. 在…之间，中间166. optional a. 任选的，可选的167. date n. 日期168. remove v. 除去，移动169. arrow n. 箭头，指针170. label n. 标签，标号，标识符171. within prep. 在…以内172. issue v. 发行，出版，流出173. different a. 不同的，各种各样的174. available a. 可用的175. returned a. 退回的176. associate v. 相联，联想，关联177. attribute n. 属性，标志，表征178. dos 磁盘操作系统179. before prep. 以前，前，先180. order n. & vt. 指令，次序；排序181. modify vt. 修改，改变，变址182. array n. 数组，阵列183. mouse n. 鼠标器184. note n. 注解，注释185. locate vt. 定位186. video n. 视频，电视187. printer n. 打印机，印刷机188. bar n. 条，杆，棒189. bottom n. & a. 底，基础；底下的190. carriage n. 滑架，托架191. content n. 含量，容量，内容192. either a. & pron. 任何一个，各193. ok ad. & a. 对，好；全对194. space n. 空格键，空间195. editor n. 编辑程序196. exist vi. 存在，生存，有197. scope n. 范围，显示器198. paragraph n. 段(落)，节，短讯199. multi (词头)多200. clear v. 清除，弄干净201. exit n. & vi. 出口；退出202. report vt. & n. 报告，报表203. execution n. 执行204. backup n. 备份，后备，后援205. version n. 版本206. find v. 寻找，发现207. pointer n. 指针，指示字208. subset n. 子集，子设备209. keyboard n. 键盘210. full a. & ad. & n. 全(的)，满211. check v. 校对，栓查，核算212. should v. & aux. 应当，该213. single a. & n. 单个的；一个，单214. positioning n. 定位215. provide v. 提供216. title n. 题目，标题217. expression n. 表达式218. through prep. & ad. 通过，直通219. toggle n. & v. 触发器；系紧220. code n. 码，代码，编码221. such a. & pron. 这样的，如此222. beginning n. 起点，初223. guide n. 向导，指南，入门224. tree n. 树，语法树225. environment n. 环境226. but 但是，可是，除非，不过227. device n. 设备，器件，装置228. highlight n. 增强亮度，提示区229. call v. 调用，访问，呼叫230. continue v. 连续，继续231. indicate vt. 指示，表示232. until prep. 到…为止，直到233. begin v. 开始，着手，开端234. place vt. 放，位，地点235. rename vt. 更名，改名236. swap v. 交换，调动237. work n. 工作238. remain vi. 剩下，留下，仍然239. close v. & a. 关闭，闭合；紧密的240. combination n. 结合，组合241. profile n. 简要，剖面，概貌242. unless conj. 除非243. so pron. & conj. 如此，这样244. except prep. 除…之外，除非245. turn v. & n. 转，转动；圈，匝246. back n. 背面，反向，底座247. sure a. & ad. 确实的；的确248. section n. 节，段，区域249. follow v. 跟随，跟踪250. split v. 分开，分离251. need v. 必须，需要252. access n. 存取，选取，接近253. additional a. 附加的，辅助的254. cancel v. 删除，取消，作废255. document n. 文献，资料，文件256. case n. 情况，场合257. numeric n. & a. 数字的，分数258. go vi. 运行，达到259. load n. & v. 装入，负载，寄存260. try n. (尝)试，试验261. size n. 尺寸，大小，容量262. entire a. & n. 完全的；总体263. leave v. 离开，留下264. history n. 历史265. second n. & a. 秒，第二(的) 266. reflow v. & n. 回流，逆流267. output n. 输出，输出设备268. out n. & a. 输入，在外269. both a. & ad. 两，双，都270. install vt. 安装271. source n. 源，电源，源点272. way n. 路线，途径，状态273. assign vt. 赋值，指定，分派274. support vt. 支援，支持，配套275. specific a. 特殊的，具体的276. join v. & n. 连接，并(运算) 277. expand v. 扩充，扩展，展开278. like a. 类似的，同样的279. diskette n. 软磁盘，软盘片280. skip v. 跳跃(定位)，跳过281. application n. 应用282. confirmation n. 认可283. whether conj. 无论，不管284. hold v. 保持285. click n. “卡搭”声，插销286. write v. 写，存入287. byte n. (二进制的)字节288. abbreviate vt. 缩写，省略289. show v. 显示，呈现，出示290. otherwise ad. & a. 另外291. working n. 工作，操作，作业292. delimiter n. 定界符，分界符293. location n. 定位，(存储器)单元294. perform v. 执行，完成295. graphic n. & a. 图形；图形的296. read v. 读，读阅297. confirm vt. 证实，确认298. sort v. 分类，排序299. clause n. 条款，项目，子句300. once ad. & n. 只一次，一旦301. however conj. 然而，可是302. extend v. 扩充303. look v. 看，查看304. starting a. 起始的305. now ad. & n. 此刻，现在306. original n. & a. 原文；原(初)始的307. correspond vi. 通信(联系)308. property n. 性(质)，特征309. several a. & n. 若干个，几个310. learn v. 学习，训练311. cause n. 原因，理由312. bracket n. (方)括号，等级313. omit vt. 省略，删去，遗漏314. running a. 运行着的，游动的315. sub-directory n. 子目录316. edge n. 棱，边，边缘，界限317. form n. 格式，表格，方式318. instruction n. 指令，指导319. ascii n. 美国信息交换标准码320. below a. & prep. 下列的；低于321. standard n. 标准322. occurrence n. 出现，发生323. lock n. & v. 锁，封闭；自动跟踪324. append vt. 附加，增补325. destination n. 目的地，接收站326. password n. 口令，保密字327. point n. 点，小数点，句号328. variety n. 变化，种类，品种329. many a. & n. 许多，多数330. buffer n. 缓冲器331. useful a. 有用的332. object n. 对象，目标，物体333. again ad. 再，又，重新，也334. operating a. 操作的，控制的335. carry v. 进位，带336. update v. 更新，修改，校正337. moving n. & a. 活动的，自动的338. coprocessor n. 协同处理器339. overlay v. 覆盖，重叠340. practice n. 实习，实践341. navigation n. 导航342. automatically ad. 自动地，机械地343. total n. & v. 总数；总计344. previous a. 早先的，上述的345. software n. 软件346. shortcut n. 近路，捷径347. long a. 长的，远的348. unique a. 唯一的，独特的349. part n. 部分，零件350. updated a. 适时的，更新的351. internal a. 内部的352. fill v. 填充353. basic n. & a. 基本；基本的354. math n. 数学355. since prep. 自从…以来356. determine v. 确定357. making n. 制造，构造358. center n. 中心，中央359. already ad. 已经，早已360. keyword n. 关键字(词)361. action n. 操作，运算362. condition n. 条件，情况；vt. 调节363. quick a. & ad. 快速的，灵敏的364. assigned a. 指定的，赋值的365. give vt. 给出，赋予，发生366. large a. (巨)大的，大量的367. chapter n. 章，段368. computer n. 计算机369. complete v. & a. 完成；完整的370. past a. 过去的，结束的371. match v. 比较，匹配，符合372. recover v. 恢复，回收373. always ad. 总是，一直，始终374. require v. 需要，要求375. opening n. 打开，断路，孔376. network n. & vt. 网络；联网377. sign n. 符号，信号，记号378. release vt. & n. 释放，核发，版379. three a. & n. 三(的)380. recall vt. 撤消，复活，检索381. deletion n. 删去(部分)，删除382. fixed a. 固定的，不变的383. amount vt. & n. 总计；合计384. alias n. 别名，代号，标记385. quote n. & v. 引号；加引号386. correct a. & vt. 正确的；改正387. else ad. & conj. 否则，此外388. maximum n. & a. 最大(的)，最高389. under prep. 在…下面(之下) 390. take v. 取，拿391. switching n. 开关，转接，交换392. element n. 元件，元素，码元393. modification n. 改变，修改394. modified a. 修改的，变更的395. input n. 输入，输入设备396. uppercase n. 大写字母397. plus prep. 加，加上，外加398. found v. 建立，创办399. debug vt. 调试400. force v. & n. 强制；压力，强度401. lowercase n. 下档，小写体402. just ad. 恰好403. undo vt. 取消，废除404. environ vt. 围绕，包围405. why ad. 为什么406. temporary a. 暂时的，临时的407. put v. 存放(记录)，放置408. instead ad. (来)代替，当作409. encounter v. & n. 遇到，碰到410. across prep. 交*，越过411. matching n. 匹配，调整412. wildcard n. 通配符413. spill v. 漏出，溢出，漏失414. level n. 水平，级，层次415. browse v. 浏览416. speech n. 说话，言语，语音417. occur vi. 发生，出现，存在418. memo n. 备忘录419. prior a. 先验的，优先的420. loaded a. 有负载的421. length n. (字，记录，块)长度422. round v. 舍入，四舍五入423. variant n. & a. 变体，易变的424. floppy n. 软磁盘425. machine n. 机器，计算机426. square n. & a. 正方形；方形的427. supply vt. & n. 电源，供给428. home n. & a. 家，出发点429. normal a. & n. 正常，标准430. onto prep. 向…，到…上431. during prep. 在…期间432. module n. 模块(程序设计)433. monochrome n. 单色434. assistance n. 辅助设备，帮助435. tell n. 讲，说，教，计算436. library n. (程序…)库，图书馆437. demonstration n. (公开)表演，示范438. stack n. 栈，堆栈，存储栈439. even a. & ad. 偶数的；甚至440. evaluate v. 估计，估算，求值441. times n. 次数442. previously ad. 以前，预先443. directly ad. 直接地，立即444. logical a. 逻辑的，逻辑“或”445. template n. 标准框，样板，模板446. calling n. 呼叫，调用，调入447. later a. 更后的，后面的448. driver n. 驱动器，驱动程序449. therefore ad. & conj. 因此，所以450. saving a. 保存的451. detail n. 元件，零件，细节452. linker n. 连接程序453. loop n. 圈，环；(程序)循环，回路454. process vt. 处理，进程，加工455. scheme n. 方案，计划，图456. every a. 每个，全体，所有的457. refer v. 访问，引用，涉及458. possible a. 可能的，潜在的459. above a. 在…之上，大于460. overview n. 综述，概要461. result n. 结果462. syntax n. 语法，文法，句法463. abbreviation n. 缩短，省略，简称464. bios n. 基本输入/输出系统465. hidden a. 隐藏的，秘密的466. null n. & a. 空(的)，零(的)467. send v. 发送468. private a. 专用的，私人的469. hard a. 硬的470. hardware n. 硬件471. say v. 说，显示，假定472. equal vt. & n. 等于，相等；等号473. pack n. 压缩，包裹474. minus a. & n. 负的；负数，减475. alternate a. 交替的，备用的476. collapse v. 崩溃，破裂477. corner n. 角，角落，转换478. present a. & v. 现行的；提供479. interpreter n. 解释程序，翻译机480. advance v. & n. 进步，提高；进展481. forward a. 正向的482. fast a. & ad. 快速的483. special a. 专用的，特殊的484. slash n. 斜线485. utility n. & a. 实用程序；实用性486. regardless a. 不注意的，不考虑的487. disable vt. 禁止，停用488. compatible a. 可兼容的，可共存的489. depend vi. 随…而定，取决于490. empty a. 空，零，未占用491. alphabetical a. 字母(表)的，abc的492. branch n. 分支，支线；v. 转换493. resume v. 重(新)开(始)494. multiple a. 多次的，复杂的495. monitor n. 监视器，监督程序496. configuration n. 配置497. replacement n. 替换，置换，更新498. required a. 需要的499. macros n. 宏命令(指令)500. table n. 表。

synonyms

synonyms
• Words are only roughly or approximately synonymous.
• It is difficult to find two words that have exactly the same meaning, carry the same implication, are used in the same collocation, or have the same stylistic value.
•Denote different ways of laughing
•It is hardly possible to find an English word which has exactly the same meaning and implication as a Chinese word.
producing any sound of the voice
Chuckle---to laugh quietly with a closed mouth
Giggle---to laugh repeatedly in an uncontrolled way, especially when
one is amused, nervous or embarrassed
• Little:
• Imply a feeling of fondness
• 多带主观感情色彩，含小而可爱或小巧的意味
Small:
• Objective.
• Often used to modify amount, mistake, number, etc…
Twinkle twinkle little star, how I wonder what you are… 要强调满天都是可爱的小星星，当然就用little来表示咯

oracle synonym 语法结构

标题：Oracle Synonym 语法结构解析一、概述在Oracle数据库中，synonym（同义词）是一种非常有用的对象，它允许用户在不改变原始表或视图的情况下，通过不同的命名方式来引用这些对象。

本文将深入解析Oracle中synonym的语法结构，帮助读者更好地理解和应用这一功能。

二、创建Synonym在Oracle中，通过CREATE SYNONYM语句可以创建一个synonym，其基本语法结构如下：CREATE [OR REPLACE] [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR [schema.]object_name[db_link];其中，各部分的含义如下：1. CREATE [OR REPLACE]：CREATE表示创建一个新的synonym，而OR REPLACE表示如果同名synonym已存在，则替换它。

2. [PUBLIC]：表示创建的synonym是否为公共的，如果不加这个关键字，则默认为私有的。

3. SYNONYM：表示声明要创建的对象类型为synonym。

4. synonym_name：表示要创建的synonym的名称。

5. [schema.]object_name：表示要引用的对象的名称，其中schema表示对象所在的模式（即用户），如果不指定schema，默认为当前用户下的对象。

6. [db_link]：表示要引用的对象所在的数据库信息，这个部分是可选的。

三、修改Synonym在Oracle中，通过ALTER SYNONYM语句可以修改一个synonym的定义，其基本语法结构如下：ALTER SYNONYM synonym_name RENAME TOnew_synonym_name;以上语句表示将synonym_name修改为new_synonym_name。

四、删除Synonym在Oracle中，通过DROP SYNONYM语句可以删除一个synonym，其基本语法结构如下：DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM [schema.]synonym_name;其中，各部分的含义如下：1. DROP：表示声明要删除一个对象。

Synonym1例子ascribeVsattributeOneascribetoapersonor

Synonym 1例子: ascribe Vs. attributeOne ascribe to a person or thing which is not outwardly apparent but which may be inferred or conjectured, such as a motive, a feeling, an opinion, or a value. “Whatever else might be in her head, it was…neither love, nor romance, nor any of the emotions usually ascribed to the young.” Also, one ascribes something whose origin is unknown or disputed to that which is conjectured to be its source, cause, or author, as, a poem formerly ascribed to Chaucer,One attributes to a person or thing something believed, usually on good grounds, to belong to it or to be appropriate to it, such as a quality, a character, or a value, or something for which that person or thing is judged to be responsible or accountable,. ”If he disclaime d the virtues attributed to him he should only accentuate his embarrassment”1．Attract allure charm captive fascinate enchant⏹Attract:Vt.✓[a magnet ~s iron]✓[~attention]Vi. To exercise ~⏹Allure✓To entice by charm or attraction⏹Charmvt.✓[~s customers with his suave manner]✓[~ a snake]vi.⏹CaptivateVt.✓To influence and dominate by some special charm, art or trait and with an irresistible appeal.⏹FascinateVt.✓[believed that the serpent could ~ its prey]✓[was ~ by the carnivals]vi.✓[the novel’s flamb oyant cover ~s]⏹EnchantVt.✓[the scene ~ed her to the point of tears]SYN:1Owing this note to my friend LIU Ming and WANG Shaorong, who never hesitate to offer me help in any case.A TTRACT: any degree, any kind of ability to exert influence over another [students ~ed bythe school’s locale]ALLURE: an enticing by what is fair, pleasing or deductive [an ~ing smile]CHARM: implies the power of casting a spell over the person or thing affected and so compelling a response [~ed by their hospitality]CAPTIV A TE: no more than evoking delight or admiration [her performance ~ed audiences] FASCINA TED: a magical influence and tends to stress the ineffectiveness of attempts to resist [a story that continues to ~ children]ENCHANT: strongest of these terms in stressing the appeal of the agent and the degree of delight evoked in the subject [hopelessly ~ed by her beauty]2．Begin start commence initiate inaugurate⏹Begin✓To begin with⏹Commence✓~ proceedings✓The meeting will ~ soon⏹Initiate✓~ a program/reform✓Enzymes that ~ fermentation⏹Inaugurate✓Induct into an office with suitable ceremonies✓Observe formally the beginning of ~ a new schoolSYN:BEGIN: opposed to end, most general [~ a trip, dancing]COMMENCE: more formal, bookish [~ firing, a conversation]INITIA TE: taking a first step in a process or series that is to continue [~ diplomatic contacts] INAUGURA TE: a beginning of some formality or notion of significance [the discovery of penicillin ~ a new era in medicine]3．End finish close conclude terminate●End⏹To reach a specified ultimate rank, situation or place~ up as●Finish●Conclude●Close:⏹~the gate, a street; the city ~ the beach⏹~ a view⏹~down sth; ~an account●Complete⏹To bring to an end and esp into a perfect state [~ a painting]⏹To make whole or perfect [its song ~ the charm of this bird]⏹To mark the end of [~a rousing chorus ~s the show]⏹To carry out successfully●Terminatevi⏹To extend only to a limit as a point or line)⏹To form an ending⏹To come to an end in timeVt⏹To bring to an end [~a marriage by divorce][~a transmission line]⏹To form the conclusion of [review questions ~ each chapter]⏹To discontinue the employment of [workers ~ed because of slow business]⏹To serve as an ending, limit, or boundary ofSYN:END: a strong sense of finality [~ his life]FINISH: completion of a final step in a process [after it is painted, the house will be ~]CONLCUDE: a formal closing of a meeting [the service ~ with a blessing]CLOSE: in some way open as well as finished [~ a debate]COMPLETE: the removal of all deficiencies or a successful finishing of what has been undertaken [ the resolving of the last issue ~ the agreement]TERMINA TE: the setting of a limit in time or space [your employment ~ after three months]4．Refuse decline reject●refusea)●rejecta)to refuse to accept, consider, submit to, take for some purpose or use [~ed thesuggestion][~ a manuscript]b)to refuse to hear, receive, or admit [parents who ~their children]c)to refuse as lover or spoused)to cast offe)to spew outf)to subject to immunological rejection●declinevia)to turn from a straight courseb)to slope downwardc)to bend downd)to stroop to what is unworthye)of a celestial body: to sink toward settingf)to draw toward a close [the day ~]g)to tend toward an inferior state or weaker condition [ his health ~] [morale ~]h)to withhold consenti)to become less in amount [prices ~]vtj)to give in prescribed order the grammatical forms ofk)to cause to bend or bow downl)to refuse to undertake, undergo, engage in, or comply with [~ a battle]m)to refuse, esp courteously [~an invitation]n)SYNREFUSE: more positiveness or ungraciousness and often implies the denial of something asked for [refused to lend them the money]REJECT: a peremptory refusal by sending away or discarding [rejected the manuscript as unpublishable]DECLINE: courteous refusal, eps. Of offers or invitations [~ his party’s nomination]5．Profound deep●deepa)extending far downward [a~well]b)extending well inward from an outer surface [a~gash] [a ~chested animal]c)not located superficially within the body [~pressure receptors in muscles]d)extending far laterally from the center[~borders of lace]e)occurring or located near the outer limits of the playing area [hit to ~ right field]f)thrown deep[a ~ pass]g)having a specified extension in an implied direction, usu. Downward or backwardh)difficult to penetrate or comprehend [~mathematical problems]i)mysterious [a ~ dark secret]j)grave in nature or effect [in ~est disgrace]k)of penetrating intellect [a ~ thinker]l)intensely engrossed or immersed [she was ~ in her book]m)characterized by profundity of feeling or quality [a ~ sleep] [~ religious beliefs]n)of color: high in saturation, low in lightnesso)having a low musical pitch or pitch range [a~voice]p)situated well within the boundaries [ a house ~ in the woods]q)remote in time or spacer)being below the level of counsciousness [neuroses]s)covered, enclosed or filled to a specified degree [angle-deep in mud]t)large [~ discounts]u)having many good players [a ~ bull pen]●profounda)having intellectual depth and insightb)difficult to fathom or understandc)extending far below the surfaced)coming from, reaching to, or situated at a depth [a ~ sigh]e)characterized by intensity of feeling or qualityf)all encompassing [~sleep] [~deafness]g)archaic: something that is very deep, the depth of a seaprofound :very great; felt or experienced very strongly; showing great knowledge or understanding; needing a lot of study or thought; (medical) very serious; completedeep: top to bottom; front to back; measurement; far inside; difficult to understand6．Swift fast nimble fleet rapid speedy quick●quicka)not deadb)acting or capable of acting with speed: asc)fast in understanding, thinking or learning: mentally agile [a ~qit][~thinking]d)reacting to stimuli with speed and keen sensitivitye)aroused immediately and intensely [~tempers]f)fast in development or occurrence [a~ succession of events]g)done or taking place with rapidity [gave them a ~ look]h)marked by speed, readiness, or promptness of physical movement [walked with ~ steps]i)inclined to hastiness(action or response) [~ to criticize]j)capable of being easily and speedily prepared [a~ and tasty dinnerk)not stagnantl)moving, shiftng [~mud]●swifta)moving or capable of moving with great speed [a ~ runner]b)occurring suddenly or within a very short time [a ~ transition]c)quick to respond●fasta)moving or able to move rapidlyb)taking a comparatively short timec)imparting quickness of motion [a ~bowler]d)accomplished quicklye)agile of mind: esp quick to learn [a class for ~ students]●nimblea)quick and light in motion [~ fingers]b)marked by quick, alert, clever conception, comprehension, or resourcefulness [a~ mind]c)responsive, sensitive [a ~ listener]●fleeta)to run away often from danger or evilb)to hurry toward a place of securityc)to pass away swiftly●rapida)marked by a fast rate of motion, activity, succession or occurrence●speedya)marked by swiftness of motion or actionSYNQUICK: promptness and the taking of little time [a quick wit]SWIFT: great rapidity coupled with ease of movement [returned the ball with one swift stroke]FAST: particularly to the thing that moves [fast horses]NIMBLE: able to move quickly and easily;someone who has a nimble mind is intelligent and learns things quicklyFLEET: adds the implication of lightness and nimbleness [fleet runners]RAPID: the movement itself [rapid current]SPEEDY: quickness of successful accomplishment and may also suggest unusual velocity [speedy delivery of mail]7．Understand comprehend●comprehenda)to grasp the nature, significance, or meaning of [unable to ~ what has happened]b)to contain or hold within a total scope, significance or amount [philosophy’s scope ~sthe truth of everything which man may understand]c)to include by construction or implication [does not prudence ~ all the virtues]●understanda)to grasp the meaning of [~ Russian]b)to grasp the reasonableness of [ his behavior is hard to ~]c)to have thorough or technical acquaintance with or expertness in the practice of [~finance]d)to e thoroughly familiar with the character and propensities of [~ children]e)to accept as a fact or truth or regard as plausible without utter certainty [we ~that he isreturning from abroad]f)to interpret in one of a number of possible waysg)to have understanding= have the power of comprehensionh)to show a sympathetic or tolerant attitude toward womethingi)to believe or infer something to be the explanation of somethingSYNCOMPREHEND: stress the process of coming to grips with something intellectual [I have trouble comprehending your reasons for doing this]UNDERSTAND: stress the fact that having attained a firm mental grasp of something [orders that were fully understood and promptly obeyed]8．Rich wealthy opulent affluent●richa)having abundant possessions and esp. material wealthb)having high value or qualityc)well supplied or endowed [a city ~ in traditions]d)magnificently impressivee)vivid and deep in color [a ~ red]f)full and mellow in tone and quality [a ~ voice]g)having a strong fragrance [~ perfumes]h)highly productive or remunerative [a ~ mine]i)having abundant plant nutrients [~ soil]j)highly seasoned, fatty, oily or sweet [~foods]k)high in the combustible component [a ~ fuel mixture]l)high in some component [cholesterol-rich foods]●wealthya)having wealth●opulenta)having a large estate or property [hoping to marry an ~ widow]b)amply or plentifully provided or fashioned often to the point of ostentation [living in ~comfort]●affluenta)flowing in abundance [~streams][~creativity]b)having a generously sufficient and typically increasing supply of material possession[our ~ society]SYNRICH: having more than enough to gratify normal needs or desires [became ~ through shrewd investing]WEALTHY: the possession of property and intrinsically valuable things [~ landowners]OPULENT: lavish expenditure and display of great wealth, more often applying to things than people [an ~ mansion]AFFLUENT: prosperity and an increasing wealth [an ~ society]9．Labor travail drudgery grind work toil●worka)sustained physical or mental effort to overcome obstacles and achieve an objective orresultb)the labor, task, or duty that is one’s accustomed means of livelihoodc) a specific task, duty, function or assignment often being a part or phase of some largeractivityd)energy expended by natural phenomenae)the result of such energy [sand dunes are the ~ of sea and wind]f)the transference of energy that is produced by the motion of the point of application of aforce and is measured by multiplying the force and the displacement of its point ofapplication in the line of actiong)something that results from a particular manner or methods of working, operating ordevising [careful police ~][clever camera ~]h)something that results from the use or fashioning of a particular material [porcelain ~]i)the working or moving parts of a mechanism [the ~s of a clock]j)something produced or accomplished by effort, exertion, or exercise of skill [this book is the ~ of many hands]k)effective operation [wait for time to do its healing ~]l)something produced by the exercise of creative talent or expenditure of creative effort: artistic production [an early ~ by a major writer]m)pl:performance of moral or religious acts [salvation by ~s]n)maner of workingo)the material or piece of material that is operated upon at any stage in the process of manufacturep)pl: everything possessed, available or belonging [the whole ~s, rod, reel, tackle box, went overboard] [ordered pizza with the ~s]q)subjection to drastic treatment: all possible abuse, usu used with get [ge4t the ~s]or give [gave them the ~s]r)at work: engaged in one’s regular occupations)in the works: in process of preparation, development, or completiont)in work: in process of being done; of a horse: in trainingu)out of work: without regular employment●toila)laborious effortb)long strenuous fatiguing labor●travaila)work esp of a painful or laborious natureb)physical or mental exertion or piece of work●labora)expenditure of physical or mental effort esp when difficult or compulsoryb)human activity that provides the goods or services in an economyc)the service performed by workers for wages as distinguished from those rendered byentrepreneurs for profitsd)the physical activities (as dilation of the cervix and contraction of the uterus) involved ingiving birthe)an act or process requiring laborf) a product of laborg)an economic group comprising those who do manual labor or work for wagesh)workers employed in an establishmenti)workers available for employmentj)the organizations of officials representing groups of workers●drudgerya)dull, irksome, and fatiguing work: uninspiring or menial work●grinda)dreary, monotonous or difficult labor, study, or routineb)one ho works or studies excessivelySYNWORK: activity of body, of mind, of a machine, or of a natural force [too tired to do any ~] TOIL: prolonged and fatiguing labor [his lot would be years of back-breaking ~]TRA V AIL: bookish for labor involving pain or suffering [years of ~ were lost when the houseburnedLABOR: physical or intellectual work involving great and often strenuous exertion [farmers demanding fair compensation for their labor]DRUDGERY: dull and irksome labor [an editorial job with a good deal of ~]GRIND: labor exhausting to mind or body [the ~ of the assembly line]10．Policeman constable bobby cop●police●constablea)british●bobbya)Brit: police officer●copa)slangSYNPOLICE: the people who work for an organization; the police an organization, connected with a local or state government, that tries to catch criminals and checks that people obey the law CONSTABLE: 1 a police officer in some parts of the U.S. whose rank is below a SHERIFF2 in the U.K., a police officer of the lowest rank: POLICE CONSTABLEBOBBY: A bobby is a British policeman, usually of the lowest rank. (BRIT INFORMAL, OLD-FASHIONED)COP: a police officer[INFORMAL]区别：Policeman美国英语，constable英国英语，cop行话（slang English），bobby：口语11．Thin slender slim slight lean skinny emaciated●skinnya)lacking sufficient flesh: very thinb)lacking usual or desirable bulk, quantity, qualities or significance●thina)having little extent from one surface to its opposite [~paper]b)measuring little in cross section or diameter [~rope]c)not dense in arrangement or distribution [~hair]d)not well fleshede)more fluid or rarefied than normal [~air]f)having less than the usual number [~attendance]g)few in numberh)scantily suppliedi)characterized by a paucity of bids or offerings [a~ market]j)lacking substance or strength [~broth] [a ~ plot]k)of a soil: infertile, poorl)unconvincing [a ~ disguise]m)disappointingly poor or hard [had a ~ time of it]n)somewhat feeble, shrill, and lacking in resonance [a ~ voice]o)lacking in intensity or brilliance [~light]p)lacking sufficient photographic density or contrast●slima)of small diameter or thickness in proportion to the height or lengthb)inferior in quality or amountc)scanty, small [a ~ chance]●slendera)spare in frame or flesh: gracefully slightb)small or narrow in circumference or width in proportion to length or heightc)limited or inadequate in amount or scope [people of ~ means]●slighta)having a slim or delicate build: not stout or massive in bodyb)lacking in strength or substancec)deficient in weight, solidity or importance [a ~ movie]d)small of its kind or in amount [a ~ chance][a ~ odor of gas]●emaciateda)be caused to lose flesh as to become very thin [cattle emanciated by illness]b)be made feebleSYNSKINNY: informal, usually disapproving) very thin, especially in a way that you find unpleasant or ugly: skinny arms / legs(of clothes) designed to fit closely to the body: a skinny sweaterTHIN: comparatively little extension between surfaces or in diameter, or it may imply lack of substance, richness, or abundance [~wire][a ~soup]SLIM: slenderness that suggests fragility or scantiness [a ~volume of poetry] [a ~chance] SLENDER: leanness or spareness often with grace and good proportion [the ~ legs of a sheraton chair]SLIGHT: smallness as well as thinness [a ~ build] very small in degree: a slight increase / change / delay / differenceEMANCIA TED: thin and weak, usually because of illness or lack of food: He was thirty, but looked fifty, with pale skin, hopeless eyes and an emaciated body, covered in sores.12．Dwell live reside●residea)to be in residence as the incumbent of a benefice or officeb)to dwell permanently or continuously: occupy a place as one’s legal domicile●dwella)to remain for a timeb)to live as a residentc)to keep the attention directed (+on, upon) [not to ~ on fears]●livea)to occupy a home [living in a shabby room]13．Astribe attribute owe……to●owea)to have or bear (an emotion or attitude) to someone or something [~s the boss a grudge]b)to be under obligation to pay or repay in return for something received, be indebted inthe sum of [~s me $5]c)to be under obligation to render (as duty or service) [I ~you a favor]d)to be indebted to [~s the grocer for supplies]e)to be indebted for [~ his wealth to his father] [~s much to good luck]f)to be in debt [~s for his house]g)to an attributable [an idea that ~s to Greek philosophy●ascribea)to refer to a supposed cause, source or author●attributea)to explain by indicating a cause [~ his success to his coach]b)to regard as a characteristic of a person or thingc)to beckon as made or originated in an indicated fashion [~ the invention to a russion]SYNASCRIBE: an inferring or conjecturing of cause, quality, authorship [forged paintings formerly ~d to masters]A TTRIBUTE: less tentativeness than ascribe14．Kid child offspring hipper（s）brat（s ）（不用查）●kida) a young goatb) a young individual of various animals related to the goadc)the flesh, fur or skin of a kidd)something made of kide) a young person, often used as a generalized reference to one esp younger or lessexperienced●childa) a young person esp between infancy and youthb) a childlike or childish personc) a person not yet of aged) a son or daughter of human parents●offspringa)the product of the productive process of an animal or plantb)childc)product, result●bratsa)an ill-mannered annoying child [a spoiled ~]b)an ill-mannered immature personc)the child of a career military person [army ~s]d)the children of a person whose career is in a specified and typically unusual field[Hollywood ~s]●nippersa)brit: a boy emplyed as a helperb)child: a small boy15．Rancid sour bad rotten addled●rancida)having a rank smell or taste●addleda)of an egg: rotten●rottena)morally corruptedb)extremely unpleasant or inferior [a ~ day] [a ~job]c)very uncomfortable [feeling ~]d)of very poor quality [a~ show][what ~luck](of food, wood, etc.) that has decayed and cannot be eaten or usedSynonym: TERRIBLE. I've had a rotten day! ◆ What rotten luck! ◆ She's a rotten singer●bada)not fresh [~fish]unpleasant; full of problems: bad news / weather / dreams / habits,of poor quality; below an acceptable standard: bad conditions / driving●soura)having the acid taste or smell of or as if of fermentation [~milk]b)smelling or tasting of decay [~breath]16．Contact touchContact :act of communicatingtouching sb / sthmeeting sb / sthtouch:with hands / fingersno space betweenmove sth / hit sb17．Cure heal remedy●curea)spiritual changeb)pastoral charge of a parishc)recovery or relief from a diseased)something (as a drug or treatment) that cures a diseasee) a course or period of treatment [take the ~for alcoholism]f) a complete or permanent solution or remedy [seeking a ~for unemployment]g)to restore to health, soundness, or normality [~ a patient of his illness]h)to bring about recovery from [~a disease]i)to deal with in a way that eliminates or rectifies [his small size, which time would ~ forhim]j)to free from something objectionable or harmful [trying to ~him of a bad habit]k)to prepare or alter esp by chemical or physical processing for keeping or use [fish ~with salt]●heala)to make sound or whole [~a wound]b)to restore to healthc)to cause ( an undesirable condition) to be overcomed)to patch up ( a breach or division) [~ a breach between friends]e)to restore to original purity or integrity [~ed of sin]●remedya) a medicine, application, or treatment that relieves or cures a diseaseb)something that corrects or counteractsc)the legal means to recover a right or to prevent or obtain redress for a wrong18．Empty vacant blank void vacuous hollow bare●emptya)containing nothing [~shelves]b)not occupied or inhabited [an ~ building]c)null [the ~set]d)lacking reality, substance, meaning or value: [an ~ pleasure]e)destitute of effect or force [an ~ threat]f)devoid of senseg)idle [~ hours]h)having no purpose or resulti)marked by the absence of human life, activity or comfort [an ~ silence]●vacanta)not occupied by an incumbent, possessor or officer [a ~ office][~thrones]b)being without content or occupant [a ~ seat on a bus] [a ~room]c)free from activity or work [~hours]d)devoid of thought, reflection or expression [a~ smile]e)not lived in [~houses]f)not put to use [~land]g)having no heir or claimant [a ~ estate]●hollowa)having an indentation or inward carveb)having cavity within [a~ tree]c)lacking in real value, sincerity or substance [~promises]●barea)lacking a natural, usual or appropriate coveringb)lacking clothing [~feet]c)lacking any tool or weapon [opened the box with his ~ hands]d)open to view [laying ~ their secrets]e)unfurnished or scantily supplied [a ~room]f)having nothing left over or added [the ~necessities of life]g)mere: [a ~ two hours away]h)devoid of amplification or adornment [the ~ facts]●blanka)colorlessb)appearing or causing to appear dazed, confounded, or nonplussed [stared in ~ dismay]c)expressionless [a ~ stare]d)devoid of covering or content [~paper]e)having spaces to be filled inf)lacking interest, variety or change [~ hours]g)absolute [a ~refusal]h)unfinished, having a plain or unbroken surface where an opening is usual [~key]●voida)not occupied [a ~bishopric]b)not inhabitedc)containing nothing [~space]d)idlee)being without something specified [a nature ~ of all malice]f)having no members or examples●vacuousa)emptied of or lacking contentb)marked by lack of ideas or intelligence [a ~mind][a ~movie]c)devoid of serious occupation: idle●devoida)being without a usual, typical or expected attribute or accompaniment (+of) [anargument ~ of sense] [a landscape ~of life]SYNEMPTY: a complete absence of contents [an ~ bucket]V ACANT: an absence of appropriate contents or occupants [a ~ apartment]HOLLOW: a deceiving lack of real substance or soundness or genuineness [a ~victory]BARE: not covered by any clothes; (of trees or countryside) not covered with leaves; without plants or trees; (of surfaces) not covered with or protected by anything; of a room, cupboard, etc.) emptyBLANK: the absence of any significant, relieving or intelligible features on a surface [a ~wall]VOID: absolute emptiness as far as the mind or senses can determine [a statement ~ of meaning]V ACUOUS: the emptiness of a vacuum and esp. the lack of intelligence or significance [a vacuous facial expression]DEVOID: lacking something, especially a good quality19．Characteristic trait feather●characteristica) a distinguishing trait, quality or property●traita) a stroke of or as if of a pencilb) a distinguishing quality (as of personal character) [curiosity is one of her notable ~s]●featurea)the structure, form or appearance esp of a personb)physical beautyc)the makeup or appearance of the face or its partsd) a part of the facee) a prominent part or characteristicf)any of the properties (as voice or gender) that are characteristic of a grammaticalelementg) a special attraction [a ~d motion pict ure, article, story…etc]h)something offered to the public or advertised as particularly attractive [one of the car’smost popular ~s]20．Common ordinary vulgar●commona)of or relating to a community at large [work for the ~good]b)known to the community [~nuisances]c)belonging to or shared by two or more individuals or things or by all members of agroup [a ~ friend]d)belonging equally to two or more mathematical entities [triangles with a ~base]e)having two or more branches [~ carotid artery]f)occurring or appearing frequently [a ~sight]g)of the best known or most frequently seen kind: used esp of plants and animals [the~housefly]h)vernacular [~names]i)widespread [~knowledge]j)characterized by a lack of privilege or special status [~people]k)just satisfying accustomed criteria [~decency]●ordinarya)of a kind to be expected in the normal order of events [an ~ day]b)having or constituting immediate or original jurisdictionc)of common quality, rank or ability [an ~teenager]d)deficient in quality, poor [~wine]●vulgara)generally used, applied or acceptedb)understood in or having the ordinary sensec)vernacular [the ~ name of a plant]d)of or relating to the common people。

ts 字典类型

ts 字典类型Dictionary:1. Definition – an official list of words in a language, with an explanation of their meanings.2. Lexicon – a type of dictionary, usually consisting of words or phrases of a specialized field of knowledge.3. Thesaurus – a type of dictionary that arranges words and phrases by synonyms, antonyms, and related concepts.4. Bilingual Dictionary – a type of dictionary which explains words and phrases from one language or dialect into another.5. Colloquial Dictionary – a type of dictionary which explains words and phrases used in an informal language or dialect.6. Etymological Dictionary – a type of dictionary which explains the origins of words and phrases, with references to other words, dialects, and histories.7. Synonym Dictionary – a type of dictionary which lists words and phrases with similar meanings.8. Technical Dictionary – a type of dictionary which explains technical terms, phrases, applications, and other specialized fields of knowledge.Dictionaries are an essential tool used by many people in the English language. Not only can they help improve word recognition and spelling, they also provide insight into the language and its usage. Knowing specific definitions of words allows writers to craft more descriptive and effectivesentences. Additionally, dictionaries are used by individuals who are learning a new language, providing them with the appropriate words for pronunciation and comprehension.A dictionary typically contains an alphabetical list of words and their corresponding definitions. However, there are also specialized dictionaries. Lexicons are dictionaries featuring words or phrases related to a certain field of knowledge. A thesaurus is a type of dictionary which arranges words and phrases by synonyms, antonyms, and related concepts. Bilingual and colloquial dictionaries explain words from one language to another, or from an informal language to a formal one. Etymological dictionaries provide information on the origins of words and phrases, and synonym dictionaries list words with similar meanings. Lastly, technical dictionaries explain terminology that is specific to a certain field.Dictionaries can come in print or electronic form. Print versions of dictionaries are typically bound books with a listing of words, their definitions, and a sometimes a usage guide. Electronic versions of dictionaries are more portable, and some offer additional benefits like audio pronunciations and additional content. There are also smartphone apps available which allow users to look up words on their phones.Overall, dictionaries are an extremely useful tool which can help people with improving their language, learning a new one, and understanding special terminology. Even native speakers can benefit from referencing a dictionary, as it can offer insight into the etymology of various words, raise awarenessof different connotations, and lend people new and creative ways to express themselves.。

SYNONYM

·复杂： convoluted elaborate baroque byzatine·敏锐：·勤奋；勤勉：·谦虚：·傲慢：·自负： ()·蔑视他人： disparage belittle contemptuous hubris n.·公正：evenhanded equitable impartial dispassionate disinterest ed unbiased neutral detached separated·诡计：chicanery machination subterfuge·躲避；逃避：elude（elusive） evade shun avert circumvent bypass skirt ·社会经验丰富：sophisticated cosmopolitan worldly·明智：tactful diplomatic resourcefulpreference penchant propensity proclivity predilection ·有传染性的：infectious pandemic contagious·慷慨：openhanded（freehanded） philanthropist charitable benevolent muni ficent bountiful magnanimous·小气：petty stingy penurious miserly tightfisted parsimonious ·节俭：economical frugal thrifty provident austere sparing·奢侈；浪费：lavish luxurious extravagant dissipated wasteful prodiga l profligate·四种人格气质：多血质乐观的 sanguine胆汁质易怒的 choleric粘液质冷淡的 phlegmatic抑郁型阴郁的 melancholyjubilant exhilarated elated exuberant ebullient euphoric rapturous mirth n.·不开心：dejected sorrowful depressed dismayed dispirited downcas t despondent lugubrious doleful saddened·阴郁;悲观的：pessimistic sullen somber grim morose melancholy gloomy ·阻碍；妨碍：impede hinder obstruct hamper·脆弱：fragile brittle delicate·性情多变的：capricious mercurial fickle volatile whimsical temperame ntal unpredictable erratic inconstant changeable·过分理想化：idealist utopian quixotic impragmatic ·多：deluge plethora spate surfeit surplus multitude myriad ·少：modicum dearth paucity handful fraction devoid of ·快：dispatch alacrity expeditious prompt·肤浅：shallow superficial facile·时断时续：continual intermittent sporadic fitful·嘲笑：mock(mockery) deride scorn sneer scoff taunt gibe(jibe)·谨慎；小心：prudent cautious wary chary meticulous punctilious pain staking scrupulous circumspect·冷漠：indifferent apathetic phlegmatic nonchalant impassive gl acial impersonal unrelenting relentless inexorable·坚定：resolute tenacious steadfast determined unswerving unwav ering persevering firm·固执：adamant stubborn obstinate·健康；有益：beneficial salutary salute·勇敢：intrepid dauntless(undaunted) valorous valiant ·大胆的：bold audacious·天生的：innate inborn inherent intrinsic congenital ·即兴表演：improvise ad-lib extemporizeSpontaneous impromptu·使…减轻：alleviate allay assuage relieve mitigate·尖酸刻薄：acrid acid vitriolic caustic scathing·恶化：exacerbate worsen aggravate deteriorate·讽刺：sarcastic ironic parody caricature∙尊敬：defer venerate revere esteem∙急速的：hasty cursory precipitate∙鲁莽的：reckless impulsive impetuous∙岛屿类：群岛 archipelago 半岛 peninsula 岛屿的 insular ∙友好的： amicable amiable affable benign genial congenial ∙恶的：malicious vicious malevolent baneful nicked∙芳香的： fragrant scent redolent aromatic∙过时的: outdated obsolete antiquated archaic∙越过： elude evade bypass circumvent eschew shun∙异想天开的： idealistic utopian quixotic∙遵守： conform to, comply with, abide by, observe∙愤怒：exasperation irritation∙有毒的：toxic poisonous venomous noxious nocuous∙致命的： fatal lethal deadly virulent deleterious∙有益的：salutary therapeutic curative∙坚定，有决心的：resolute tenacious steadfast determined unswearing persevering unwavering∙有社会经验的：astute shrewd tactful resourceful diplomatic∙史无前例的：intrepid dauntless undaunted∙无味的： vapid tepid bland∙乏味的：insipid tedious prosaic monotonous humdrum interminable drab∙平庸的： mediocre mundane pedestrian∙安慰：conciliate console appease pacify soothe placate mollify∙各式各样的：various varied variegated(杂色的) multiple multifarious miscellaneous(杂项的) sundry heterogeneous medley ratatouille(普罗旺斯杂烩)montage（蒙太奇）mosaic（马赛克）∙合体，集合体： amalgamation conglomeration∙易怒的： cantankerous irascible peevish irritable petulant crabby waspish choleric surly∙好争吵的：quarrelsome disputatious argumentative polemical truculent litigious(好诉讼的) contentious ∙好斗的：bellicose belligerent militant combative pugnacious∙富裕的： affluent opulent corpulent(过于肥胖) obese∙贫穷的： indigent destitute impoverished impecunious（囊中羞涩的）dilapidated penurious∙镇定：composed calm unflappable imperturbable∙蜿蜒的： serpentine winding sinuous zigzag(锯齿状的)∙周围相关（circum-）circumlocution 绕着圈子说话circumspect 谨小慎微 circumscribe 限制∙刺耳的： cacophonous grating trident（海神的三叉戟武器）∙悦耳的：euphonious harmonious harmonic melodious mellifluous dulcet∙潜伏的（静止的，休眠的）：latent dormant quiescent inactive ∙感官相关：听觉的 auditory/aural 嗅觉的：olfactory 味觉的：gustatory∙哄骗 cajole coax wheedle∙多愁善感：sentimental treacly = cloying （甜的发腻）∙半透明的 translucent diaphanous à opaque 不透明的∙强制的： compulsory mandatory obligatory∙TAC系列： tacit 心照不宣的 taciturn 沉默不语 tactful 有经验的，老练的 tactical 战术上的∙表示可变化：（有弹性的）elastic mutable resilient pliant pliable（延展性） ductile malleable (柔韧性) lithe supple∙懊悔： penitent remorseful contrite repentant rueful compunction∙放弃： relinquish renounce forsake forgo∙纵容他人的：indulgent pamper coddle∙迷惑的：confused bewildered bemused confounded baffled ∙温顺： compliant submissive servile subservient tractable docile∙平静的： tranquil serene placid。

pyshon 词汇

一、交互式环境与print输出1、print：打印/输出2、coding：编码3、syntax：语法4、error：错误5、invalid：无效6、identifier：名称/标识符7、character ：字符二、字符串的操作1、user：用户2、name：姓名/名称3、attribute：字段/属性4、value：值三、重复/转换/替换/原始字符串1、upper：上面2、lower：下面3、capitalize：用大写字母写或印刷4、title：标题5、replace：替换6、old：旧的7、new：新的8、count：计数9、swap：互换10、case：情形11、path：路径12、new：新的\新建13、project：项目14、test：测试15、file：文件16、data：数据四、去除/查询/计数1、strip：去除2、index：索引3、find：查找4、count：计数5、start：开始6、end：结束7、chars：字符8、sub：附属五、获取输入/格式化1、input：输入2、prompt：提示3、ID：身份证4、format：格式化5、args（argument）：参数6、kwargs：关键字参数7、year：年8、month：月9、day：日六、元祖1、tuple：元组2、max：最大3、min：最小4、iterable：可迭代5、key：关键字6、function：方法/函数7、stop：停止8、object：对象六、列表1、list：列表2、reverse：反向3、true：真4、false：假5、append：附加6、extend：扩展7、insert：插入8、pop：取出9、remove：移除10、del（delete）：删除11、clear：清除12、sort：排序七、集合1、set：集合/设置2、add：添加3、update：更新4、discard：丢弃5、intersection：相交6、union：联合7、difference：差数8、symmetric：对称9、in：在…里面10、not：不/不是11、disjoint：不相交12、subset：子集13、superset：父集/超集14、copy：复制八、字典1、dict：字典2、key：键/关键字3、value：值4、item：项5、mapping：映射6、seq（sequence）：序列7、from：从/来自8、get：获取9、default：默认10、none：没有11、arg：可变元素12、kwargs（keyword args）：可变关键字元素。

antonym的反义词

antonym的反义词antonym释义：反义词。

以下是店铺为大家整理了antonym的反义词和例句，希望大家喜欢。

antonym的反义词：synonymantonym的反义词例句：Give the synonym and antonym of this word. 给出这个词的同义词和反义词。

Each of these rows will start with a different synonym. 每一个这些行将使用不同的同义词开头。

For ease of use, we define a keyword synonym that displays the customer name,but stores only the number. 为使用方便，我们定义了一个关键字同义词，它显示客户名称，但是仅存储客户编号。

The basic extension contains very simple elements: one word and, of course, anew synonym. 基本扩展包含非常简单的元素：一个词，当然还有一个新的同义词。

Examples of additional query options are settings such as whether to returnspelling suggestions or to include synonym expansions in the query results. 附加查询选项的实例是一些设置，例如是否在查询结果中返回拼写建议或包含同义词扩展。

Organizing information by list, synonym, facet, and thesaurus are four commonways that have proven to be effective. 按列表、同义词、方面和词典组织信息是四种已证明有效的常用方法。

结合链接结构和共现分析的同义词自动识别方法

结合链接结构和共现分析的同义词自动识别方
法
结合链接结构和共现分析的同义词自动识别方法是一种智能机器
学习算法，在语料库中表现自己，用来进行语义理解。

它结合了人工
智能两个相关技术：链接结构和共现分析。

该方法将上下文中的单词
以及它们之间的关系组织起来，并通过对共现词语的比较寻找出具有
相同或者相似意义的句子。

智能机器学习算法可以用来提取大量的潜在的、面向未来的、语
义正确的同义词，从而更好的理解语料库中的文本内容。

结合链接结
构和共现分析的同义词自动识别方法通过处理文本中的抽象数据表示，建立了文本中某个词汇对另一个词汇的关系，从而获得了共现率和链
接结构这两个重要的特征。

因此，该方法可以根据文本的共现率和链
接结构来判断某个词是否与另一个词具有同义词关系，从而在语料库
中发现有用的同义词。

结合链接结构和共现分析的同义词自动识别方法也可以用来改进
扩展性和语义正确性，从而更好的应对客户在不同情境中使用的不同
文本表达形式。

该方法可以帮助为新语料库构建语义正确的同义词，
从而提高AI系统的精确度。

此外，它还可以用来帮助语料库自动更新，追踪新发行的文本，以保持语料库中的结构更新、同义词更新。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

Common Synonyms List A - I Common WordsSynonyms List
about- approximately, nearly, close to, almost, approaching also-moreover, besides, as well as, in addition to, too amazing-astonishing, startling, stunning, dazzling, remarkable awesome-impressive, fabulous, astonishing, outstanding awful-dreadful, alarming, frightful, terrible, horrid, shocking bad- offensive, repulsive, corrupt, wicked, defective
beautiful- attractive, appealing, alluring, gorgeous, handsome begin- commence, initiate, introduce, launch, originate
big- huge, immense, massive, enormous
boring- tedious, tiresome, commonplace, monotonous
but- yet, still, nevertheless, though, however, moreover change- alter, transform, vary, diversify
choose- select, elect, nominate, identify, prefer
cool-rad, killer, wonderful, marvelous, fantastic, awesome definitely- unquestionably, precisely, positively, clearly
easy- effortless, natural, comfortable, relaxed
excellent- superior, unsurpassed, superb, magnificent
exciting- thrilling, stirring, rousing, chilling
fast- swift, quick, fleet, hasty, instant
finish- complete, conclude, achieve, deplete, consume
fun- pleasant, pleasurable, amusing, entertaining, jolly
funny- comical, amusing, entertaining, bizarre, laughable
get- obtain, receive, acquire, achieve
give-donate, supply, deliver, distribute
good-satisfactory, fine, competent
got- received, obtained, attained, succeded in
great- tremendous, remarkable, superior, expert, wonderful guy- man, dude, person, fellow, boy
happy- pleased, joyous, elated, jubilant, cheerful, delighted hard- complex, complicated, difficult, rigorous, harsh
help- assist, aid, support, serve, sustain
hurt- injure, impair, harm, damage, wound
important- significant, substantial, meaningful, critical, vital interesting -absorbing, fascinating, thought-provoking, appealing, entertaining。

Synonym list

synonyms教学文稿

初中英语 常用同义词辨析 English Synonyms O 素材

英语词汇学6.3Synonymy

synonym

English Synonyms L

英语词汇学术语翻译

synonym

英语词汇学第六章解析

英语词汇学_Unit_06_Sense_relations

初中英语 常用同义词辨析 English Synonyms I J2 素材

计算机英语500词

synonyms

oracle synonym 语法结构

Synonym1例子ascribeVsattributeOneascribetoapersonor

ts 字典类型

SYNONYM

pyshon 词汇

antonym的反义词

结合链接结构和共现分析的同义词自动识别方法

初中英语常用同义词辨析 English Synonyms O 素材

初中英语常用同义词辨析 English Synonyms I J2 素材