译林版牛津英语8B语法点复习
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译林版牛津英语8B语法点复习
译林版牛津英语8B语法点复习Unit 1 Present and past
现在完成时(1)
一、现在完成时的构成
现在完成时是由“助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词”构成。
助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。
它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。
过去分词是主要的谓语动词,说明句子的意义。
例句:
He has already finished his homework.他已经做完作业了。
He hasn't finished his homework yet.他还没有做完作业。
---Has he finished his homework yet?他已经做完作业了吗?
---Yes, he has./ No, he hasn't.是的,做完了。
/不,还没有。
二、现在完成时的用法
①表曩昔发生的某一动尴尬刁难目前酿成的影响或成效。
---Would you like some bread?你想要一些面包吗?
---No, thanks. I have had my breakfast.不,感谢,我曾吃过早餐了。
(对现在的影响:不饿)
---Why don't you drive to your office?你为甚么不开车去办公室啊?
---Because my car has broken.因为我的车坏了。
(对目前的影响:车没举措开了)
①表示从过去开始一直持续到现在,也许还会继续下去的动作或状态。
He has studied English for 6 years.他已经研究英语六年了。
Mary has been busy since she came back from Hangzhou.自从从杭州回来,玛丽一直在忙。
3、常和目前完成时连用的工夫状语
①用副词already和yet。
already一般用于一定句中,yet 一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
①用ever “曾经”和never“从未”。
它们多用于否定或疑问句中。
Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾去太长城吗?
I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
①用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如just, before, up to now, so far, until now, in the past few years等。
I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.我以前见过她,但记不起在哪里见过。
He has been there three times in the last few days.近几年他去过那里三次了。
①用for+一段工夫,since+工夫点。
I've lived here for 15 years.我已经在这里住十五年了。
I've lived here since 15 years ago.自从十五年前我就住在这里了。
Mr. Green has worked here since he came to China.自历来到中国,格林师长教师一向在这里工作。
Unit 2 Travelling
一have/has been to与have/has gone to
【课本典句】
lie and Amy have been to South Hill.米莉和埃米去过南山。
2.Kitty and her family have gone to Hong Kong.基蒂和她的家人去了香港。
3.She has gone to the bookshop.她去了书店。
4.My cousin has been to Xi’an twice.我堂兄去过西安两次。
上面1、4句中含有短语have/has been to,表示“去过某地”,2、3句中含有短语have/has gone to,
表示“去了某地”。
四个句子都用了现在完成时。
【语法全解】
(1)“have/has been to+地点名词”表示“去过某地”,表示某人的一种经历,说话时已不在那个地方,
常和once, twice, never, ever等连用。
本地址为副词时,则要省掉no。
---Where have you been?你去哪儿了?
---I’ve been to the post office.我去邮局了。
(人已不在邮局)---Have you ever been to Shanghai?你曾去过上海吗?
---No, I’ve never been there.没有,我从来没有去过那儿。
(2)“have/has gone to+地点名词”表示“去了某地”,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的路上、已在某
地或在回来的路上,所以此句型常用于第三人称,不能与时间状语once, twice, never, ever等连用,
也不克不及和for和since构成的短语连用。
---Where is Simon?西蒙在哪儿?
---He has gone to Australia with his family.
他和家人一起去澳大利亚了。
(人已不在这儿,在去澳大利亚的路上、已在澳大利亚或从澳大利亚返回的途中)助记have/has been to, have/has gone to意不同,两者用法当分清。
have/has been to+地点,“曾经去过某地”行;
have/has gone to+地址,“已去某地”人无踪。
【拓展】“have/has been in +地址名词”表示“在某地待过(多久)”,常与表示一段工夫的状语连用。
比方:Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.布朗师长教师来上海曾3天了。
We have been in China since 5 years ago.我们自从5年前就来中国了。
How long have you been in New York?你在纽约多久了?
二非连续性动词与连续性动词
【教材典句】
1.We haven’t seen each other since last week.自从上周以来我们就没见过面。
2.Mr. Dong has lived here for many years.董师长教师住在这里良多年了。
3.The film has been on for 20 minutes.片子曾演出20分钟了。
4.The first dolphin show began at 11:30 a.m.第一场海豚扮演是在上午11:30开始的。
句1中的see是非连续性动词;句2中的live是连续性动词;句3中的beon表示状况,可以连续;句4中的begin是非连续性动词。
【语法全解】
(1)非延续性动词也称为短暂性动词或瞬息动词,这类动词所表示的动作往往在“瞬间”就完成了,动
作不能“持续”,可以用于完成时态,但在完成时态的句子中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:
since two days ago, for two years等。
如果要表示该动作的延续,就需要将其转换为延续性动词或
表示状况的词。
The film started two hours ago.电影是两个小时前开始的。
(正确)
→The film has been on for two hours.片子曾开始两个小时了。
(精确)
The film has started.片子曾开始了。
(精确)
The film has started for two hours.片子曾开始两个小时了。
(毛病)
常见的非延续性动词有:die, buy, borrow, lend, come, go, arrive, stop, finish,leave, open, close, begin,start, see, marry, join, hear等。
(2)延续性动词,是指动作可以延续的动词,可以跟表示持续一段时间的时间状语连用。
常用的延续性动词有:keep, have, last, run, eat, drink, sing, sleep, sit, teach, live, stay等。
I have kept the book for two days.这本书我已经借了两天了。
He will stay here for a week.他要在这里待一周。
(3)非延续性动词所表示的动作不能持续,若要跟for或since等表示一段时间的状语,则该非延续性
动词要用连续性动词或表示状况的词来交换。
Jim left his hometown last year.吉姆去年离开了家乡。
=Jim has been away from his hometown for a year.吉姆离开家乡一年了。
常见的非延续性动词和对应的延续性动词或表示状态的词:非连续性动词连续性动词/表示状况的词
die→be dead
borrow→keep
buy/catch→have
get up→be up
come/arrive/go→be in/at
finish/stop→be over
leave→be away (from)
open→be open
close→be closed
begin/start→be on
marry→be married
join→be in/ be a member of
(4)非延续性动词的现在完成时的否定式可以和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,因为非延续性动词的这种否定形式构成一种状态,而这一状态是可以持续的。
例如:He hasn’t bought any sweets for a year.他已经有一年没有买糖果了。
I haven’t seen Mr. Zhang for ages.我好几年没有看到张先生了。
Unit 3 Online tours
一般曩昔时与目前完成时
一般过去时和现在完成时的主要区别:
I.侧重点不同。
现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响,侧重于现在的情况;一般过去时表示过去某个时候发生的动作、存在的状态,与现在没有关系。
比方:
We have already cleaned the classroom.我们已经打扫了教室了。
(现在教室干净了)We cleaned the classroom this morning.今天早上我们打扫了教室。
(教室是今天早上打扫的,至于现在是否干净,无从得知)
II.时间状语不同。
现在完成时常和already,yet,just,never,before,so far等词语以及since和for引导的时间状语连用;一般过去时常和yesterday,last week,just now,in 2004,two days ago等具体的表示过去的时间状语连用。
例如:
He has never seen her before.他以前从未见过她。
He saw her three days ago.三天前他瞥见了她。
III.对谓语动词的要求不同。
目前完成时可表示从曩昔开始连续到目前的举措或状况,此时每每和表示一段工夫的状语连用,这时候谓语动词要用连续性动词而不是非连续性动词;一般曩昔时中的谓语动词没有连续性或非连续性的。
比方:
He has been away from his hometown for twenty years.他离开故乡已20年了。
(此处谓语动词不克不及用hasleft)He left his hometown twenty years ago.20年前他离开了家乡。
Unit 4 A good read
疑问词+动词不定式
一定义:由两部分构成:疑问词和动词不定式(wh-+to do)。
疑问词部分包括疑问代词who, whom, what,which和whose以及疑问副词when,where和how。
此外,连接词“whether”也适用.它主要具有以下几种功能:
①当主语
例如:When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.
Where to live is a problem.
①当宾语,常接在forget, find out, discuss, decide, tell, teach, know, learn, wonder, remember等动词之后作宾语例如:We must know what to say at a meeting.
He could not tell whom to trust.
Do you know how to play bridge?
①当表语,
例如:The problem is where to find the financial aid.
The question is who to elect.
①当名词同位语,如:
比方:Tom had no idea which book to read first.
The question whether to confess troubled the girl.
①用于宾语补足语,两重宾语。
某些动词后可接“sb.+疑问词+不定式”构成的两重宾语,这类动词经常使用的有advise, ask, show, teach, tell等
比方:I can tell you where to get this book.
I ask her how to learn English.
He will advise you what to do.
Will you show me how to use the machine?
①作介词宾语:某些介词后面可接"疑问词+不定式"作宾语,这类介词常用的有about, as, from, in, of,on, with等。
例如:He has no idea of how to answer this question.
Della had only $1.87 with which to buy Jim a present. (which 是干系代词)
You have a number of topics from which to choose.你有良多题目可以挑选。
(which是干系代词)二用法:
A、“非凡疑问词+动词不定式”这类布局可以把复合句转为简单句。
例如:I don’t know what I’ll do next. = I don’t know what to do next.
The doctor told him when he should take the medicine.
= The doctor told him when to take the medicine.
同样,因为“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”这种结构相当于一个名词性从句,所以可用同等成分的从句代替,从而把简单句转换为复合句。
改写时只需在疑问词后加上适当的主语,并把不定式改为适当的形式的谓语即可。
比方:Which to choose is important. = Which we should choose is important.
The question is where to go. = The question is where we should go.
B、“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”这种结构可构成独立问句。
例如:What to do?怎么办?
How to get rid of the trouble?若何解脱窘境?
三、按照英语语法的习惯,疑问副词why后不直接跟动词不定式
误:I don’t know why to choose that dictionary.
正:I don’t know why you must choose that dictionary.
但它可以接不带to的动词不定式,即动词真相,构成why do sth./ why not do sth.一定方式是表示某举措是不消要的或没成心义的,而否定方式是表示向某人提建媾和表达见地,相称于祈使句。
比方:Today is Sunday. Why not go out to relax yourself?
Why pay more at other shops? We have the best value.
must与have to的用法
1、must与have to的区分
情态动词must和have to都有“必须”的含义,它们的用法如下:
(一)、must “必须”、“应该”的用法:
1.must表示“必需”、“应当”。
比方:We must protect our environment.
Everyone must obey the rule.
2. must的否定形式must not表示“不应该”、“禁止”、“不准”。
语气比较强烈。
例如:You mustn’t speaklike that.
You mustn’t be late for school.
3.在回答must的问句时,肯定形式用must来回答,但否定形式用needn’t或don’t have to来回答。
而不用mustn’t来回答
例如:——Must I be home before 8 o’clock?
——Yes, you must.No, you needn’t./No, you don’t have to.
(二)、have to表示“必须”、“不得不”,
比方:He has to stay in bed for 3 or 4 days.
We will have to get up early tomorrow.
补充:have got to是have to的口语形式。
例如:I’ve got to leave for Nanjing.
*Must与have to的区分:
must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to则表示的是客观需要。
Must一般只有现在时,而have to有更多的形式。
比方:I must go now.(客观见地)
My mother is ill, so I have to go now.(客观需要)
*Have to与have got to的区分:
have got to固然是have to的白话方式,但两者在用法上有严厉的区分:have to的前面还可以用情态动词或助动词,而have got to却不可以;have to的否定方式为don’t/doesn’t /didn’t +have to,疑问式为Do/Does/Did +主语+ have to…?而have got to的否定方式是在have后加not,疑问式把have提早。
①We don’t have to go home.①Do you have to go home?
①We haven’t got to go home.①Have you got to go home?
Unit 5 Good manners
too...to与enough...to
1.“...形容词或副词+enough(for sb.) to do sth.”结构的意思是“(对某人来说)足够...以至于能做某事”。
例如:
The boy is old enough to go to school.
The hall is big enough to hold 100 persons.
扩大:
enough to布局和so...that布局可以转换。
“enough to”布局指导的句子是简单句,而“so ...that”指导的句子是复合句。
比方:
The young man is strong enough to carry that heavy box.
The young man is so strong that he can carry that heavy box.
2.too...to布局的意义是“太....而至于不克不及....”,表达一个否定的成效。
个中too的后面加描述词或副词。
比方:My little brother is too young to look after himself.
My little brother is so young that h e can’t look after himself.
扩展:
3.在“too....to”和“enough...to”布局中,假如动词不定式和主语构成动宾干系,则动词不定式地址动词后不克不及重复用代词。
比方:
The problem is too hard for the girl to work out.(正确)
The problem is too hard for the girl to work it out.(错误)
Unit 6 Sunshine for all
It is adj. …t o do sth.句型
1、It is +描述词+动词不定式
动词不定式作主语时,为了坚持句子的均衡,常经常使用it作方式主语(it无词义),而把真实的主
语即动词不定式后置。
例如:To learn English well is not easy. = It is not easy to learn English well.
2、It is +描述词+ for sb. +动词不定式
若要申明动词不定式的举措是谁做的,可在动词不定式前加for sb.,个中sb.与不定式存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
此句型中的形容词与事物的特征有关,表示客观情况。
常见的这类形容词有:easy,
difficult, hard, dangerous, possible, interesting等。
例如:It’s necessary for the students to do eye exercises twice a day.
句中的it是方式主语,for the students是动词不定式短语to do eye exercises的逻辑主语。
拓展:It is +描述词+ that从句
在这个句型中,it是形式主语,代替that引导的从句。
此句中可以改为that引导的主语从句。
比方:It is meaningful that we donate money to charities.
= That we donate money to charities is meaningful.
3、It is +形容词+ of sb. +动词不定式
如果该句型中的形容词是kind, nice, right, wrong, clever, polite, rude, foolish等描述行为者的性格、
品质的,则应在动词不定式前加一个of引导的名词或代词短语加以说明,表示陈赞或责备、批评
等。
例如:It’s very nice of you to help me.
Unit 7International Charities
被动语态(1)
被动语态的一般现在时和一般过去时
英语中的语态有两种:自动语态和被动语态。
1.当主语是谓语的履行者时,用自动语态。
当主语是谓语的蒙受者时,用被动语态。
比方:We cleanthe classroom every day.
我们每天都打扫教室。
The classroomis cleaned(by us)every day.
课堂每题都被(我们)清扫。
2.被动语态的基本构成:
一般现在时
主语
I
You/We/They
He/She/It
一般过去时I
You/We/They
He/She/It
were
was
3.被动语态的基本用法:
1.动作的执行者是泛指或不言自明时。
比方:None of the bookswas takenaway.没有一本书被拿走。
2.在不知道动作的执行者是谁时。
例如:The toyis designedfor children.
这款玩具是为孩子们设计的。
3.需求强变更作的蒙受者时。
例如:My bikewas repaired.我的自行车修好了。
4.出于委婉或礼貌而避谈动作的执行者时。
比方:This problemwas talkedabout just now.
这个问题刚才被讨论过了。
5.在被动语态的句子中,如果我们需要指出动作的执行者,可以由by引出。
例如:Mr. Wuis liked byall of his students.
一切的学生都喜爱吴教师。
注意:有些动词常用被动语态。
例如:Hewas bornin Nanjing.他生于南京。
This mobile phonewas madein China.
这部手机是中国制造的。
be动词
am
is
are
was
过去分词
supported
supported
4.自动语态与被动语态的句式转化:
主动语态主语
She
被动语态原宾语(改为主谓语(被动式)
语)
I
主语+谓语+双宾语的句式转化:主动语态主语
He
被动语态原直宾
A book
原间宾谓语(被
(改成自动式)
格)
I
was
passed
原直宾
a bookby
原主语
(改成宾
格)
him
谓语(被
动式)
was
passed
to
谓语(主
动式)
passed
间宾
me
meby
直宾
a book
原主语
(改为宾
格)
him
was hurt
by
谓语(主动式)hurt
宾语
me
原主语(改成
宾格)
her
注意:1.有些动词,其主动语态形式含有被动意义。
如:系动词smell, taste, sound, feel等。
例如:This dish smells good.这道菜闻起来很香。
The music sounds nice.这段音乐听起来不错。
还有一些不及物动词,常用主动语态,和well, easily等副词连用,含有被动意义。
例如:The books sell well.这些书很畅销。
The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来很顺滑。
2.在感官动词和使役动词的主动语态句式中,动词不定式的to常省去,但是在被动语态中要加
上to。
主动语态主语谓语(主动宾语
式)
him
不带to的
不定式
retell
story
原主语(改
为宾格
the teacher
theThe teacher
made
被动语态原宾语(改谓语(被动带to的不为主语)
He
式)
was made
定式
toretelltheby
story
Unit 8 A green world
被动语态
(一)一般将来时的被动语态
当动作还没有发生时,我们用一般将来时的被动语态。
形式结构例句
S(主语)+will+beA highway will be built next year in our city.
一定方式Done
S+am/is/are goingA new hospital is going to be built in our city.
to +be done
否定方式S+will+not+be
done
S+am/is/are+not
going to be done
疑问形式Will+S+be done?
Am/is/are
Will they be allowed to go?
Lunch is not going to be finished in ten minutes.
He won't be invited to the party.
+S+goingto+beIs the classroom going to be cleaned this afternoon?
done?
特殊疑问When will the work be finished?
词+will+S+be
done?
非凡疑问词Why are these letters going to be posted tomorrow?
+be+S+goingto
+be done?
非凡疑问词Who will /is going to be sent to help them?
(作主语)
+will/begoingto
+be done?
(二)含情态动词的被动语态
形式结构例句。