历年高考英语题 解析英语代词、冠词和介词语法

名师解析代词、冠词和介词
考点一代词
Ⅰ.语法填空考点聚焦
考向1人称、物主与反身代词
1．On my recent visit，I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by (it) mother.(2016·全国Ⅰ)
答案its
解析根据空格后的名词及上文中的a lively three-month-old twin可知要用形容词性物主代词。

2．A few hours before，I’d been at home in Hong Kong，with (it) choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，even with the rain.(2015·全国Ⅰ)
答案its
解析空格后面有名词smog，故要使用形容词性物主代词。

3．Now it occurred to (he) that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.(2015·广东)
答案him
解析句意为：现在看来好像他的农场是非常有潜能的，奶牛的死也似乎给他带来了好运气。

It occurred to sb.that...某人突然想到……，固定句型，此句型中sb.为宾语，应用宾格形式，故填him。

4．Then the driver stood up and asked，“Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？” A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh dear! It’s (I)．”(2014·新课标全国Ⅱ)
答案me/mine
解析此题答案不唯一，要根据语境仔细揣摩。

此处的it如果指前面的suitcase的话，那么此空需要使用名词性物主代词mine，表示“那个箱子是我的”；如果指前面的anyone的话，那么此空需要用I的宾格形式me，表示“是我在上一站丢失了手提箱”。

5．“Do you need those glasses for medical reasons？”the teacher asked.The new boy shook his head...Then he took off，gave a big smile and said，“That’s cool.”(2012·广东)
答案them
解析根据语境可知，此处表示他(the new boy)摘下眼镜，故空格处指those glasses，作take off 的宾语，且为复数形式，故填them。

考向2it及替代词
1．Jonny：Keep holding your position for a while.It helps develop your strength and flexibility.Raise your leg and let stay in the air for seconds.(2014·辽宁)
答案it
解析根据句意可知此处应该填入指代leg的代词。

句意为：抬起腿，让它(it)在空中停一会儿。

2．Last year，my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation.Some of my friends who had been there before said was a wonderful holiday destination.(2014·广东)
答案it
解析从空后的a wonderful holiday destination可知，这个地方就是Miami，用it指代前面提到的地点。

考向3不定代词
1．After the student left，the teacher let student taste the water.(2010·广东)
答案another
解析句意为：在那个学生离开后，这位老师让另一位学生品尝泉水。

another又一个，另一个。

2．After a while I rose from my seat and walked to the front of the bus.I sat next to the man and introduced myself.We had an amazing conversation.He got off the bus before me and I felt very happy the rest of the way home.
I’m glad I made the choice.It made of us feel good.(2011·广东)
答案both
解析根据上文可知，空后的us指上文提到的“the man”和“I”，故此处指这使我们“两个人”都感到很好。

Ⅱ.短文改错考点聚焦(每小题1处错误)
考向1指代不一致
1．If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden your
our view and gain knowledge we cannot get from
books.(2016·全国Ⅱ)
解析考查形容词性物主代词的用法。

根据前面的主语we可知，此处要用our，表示“我们能够开阔我们的视野”。

2．At first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself
myself.(2016·全国Ⅲ)
解析考查反身代词。

根据句意，此处指“我自己”。

3．When he came back，I found a bunch of flowers in her
his hand.(2016·四川)
解析由前面的When he came back可知，这束花是在“他的(his)”手里。

4．We must find ways to protect
your
our/the environment.If we fail to do so，we’ll live to regret
it.(2015·全国Ⅰ)
解析依据前后句的语境及逻辑关系可知，your与上下文相悖，结合句意应当改为our/the 才能使句意通顺。

5．As I told you last time，I made three new friends here...，but I’m afraid I’ll lose their
friendship.What do you think I should do? If you were me，would you talk to him
them？Please help
me and give me some advice.(2015·四川)
解析根据上文可知，此处指作者交的三个新朋友，故用them。

句意为：你会和他们谈吗？
6．Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them
it.(2015·浙江)
解析由句意可知，此处代替前面的单数a beautiful park，故用it。

考向2代词的缺失与误用
1．Five minutes later，Tony saw ∧
his parents.(2015·全国Ⅱ)
解析根据句意及英语表达习惯，应当在parents前加上与主语Tom相一致的物主代词his。

2．I wanted to do
anything
something special for him at his retirement party.(2015·陕西)
解析something一般用在肯定句中，表示“一些事”；anything一般用在疑问句和否定句中，表示“任何事”。

3．It’s been three Saturdays now and it really costs me many
much.(2015·四川)
解析根据句意可知，此处指的是花费很多钱，代指不可数名词，故用much而非many。

4.Neither
None of the arrows hit the target.Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the
sky—they were like rain！(2014·陕西)
解析从后面的“they were like rain”可知，射出去的箭不止两支，因此应把Neither改为
None。

5．He had a deep voice，which set himself
him apart from others in our small town，and he was strong
and powerful.(2013·新课标全国Ⅰ)
解析set的主语which指代a deep voice，而非he，故应用宾格him。

6．After thinking for some time，I let her copy my answers. But after the test，all
both of us were called to the teacher’s office.(2013·四川)
解析由句意可知，us指的是前面提到的“我”和“她”两个人，故应用both。

考点二冠词
Ⅰ.语法填空考点聚焦
考向1表特指的定冠词和表泛指的不定冠词
1．He owned farm，which looked almost abandoned.(2015·广东)
答案 a
解析句意为：他拥有一个农场，这个农场看起来都快废弃了。

a 是不定冠词，表示泛指“一个……”，修饰可数名词单数。

2．She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on top floor.(2014·广东)
答案the
解析on the top floor在顶层。

考向2固定结构中的冠词
1．On my recent visit，I held a lively three-month-old twin...The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed，other is with mum—she never suspects.(2016·全国Ⅰ)
答案the
解析由上文中的关键词twin，one可知这里考查one...the other...(一个……另一个……)的用法。

故答案为the。

2．Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for while，exercising，or doing something you enjoy.(2016·全国Ⅱ)
答案 a
解析让你的身体和思想休息一会儿。

固定表达for a while一会儿。

3．The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even most modern of architects and engineers.(2015·全国Ⅱ)
答案the
解析空格之后为形容词的最高级形式，故填定冠词。

4．In the beginning，there was only very small amount of unfairness in the world，but everyone added a little，always thinking that it was only small and not very important，and look where we have ended up today.(2013·广东)
答案 a
解析 a small amount of少量的，为固定搭配。

Ⅱ.短文改错考点聚焦(每小题1处错误)
考向1冠词的遗漏
1．But in that case，we will learn little about ∧
the world.(2016·全国Ⅱ)
解析此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。

2．Every time he arrived home at ∧
the end of the day，we’d greet him at the door.(2016·浙江)
解析at the end of在……结束时，为固定搭配。

3．I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in ∧
the kitchen.(2016·四川)
解析此处特指我们家的厨房。

4．Now I am living in a city，but I miss my home in ∧
the countryside.There the air is clean and the
mountains are green.(2015·全国Ⅰ)
解析in the countryside 在乡村，为固定短语。

5．On the right side of the class was the road.I was always interested to see the drivers in ∧
a hurry
in the morning.(2015·浙江)
解析in a hurry匆匆忙忙，为固定短语。

6．As ∧
a result，the plants are growing everywhere.(2014·新课标全国Ⅰ)
解析as a result结果，为固定搭配。

故as后应加a。

考向2冠词的多用
1．At the first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.(2016·全国Ⅲ) 解析at first 固定短语。

2．There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.(2014·新课标全国Ⅱ)
解析此处为泛指，不表特指，故删除the。

考向3冠词的误用
1．He liked it so much that he quickly walked into the shop...he turned around and found his parents were missing.Tony was scared and began to cry.A woman saw him crying and told him to wait
outside
a
the shop.(2015·全国Ⅱ)
解析表示谈话双方共知的名词前要用定冠词。

2．Besides，Cleo tends to bark a
an average of six hours a day.(2014·辽宁)
解析an average of...平均有……，为固定搭配。

3．Soon the firefighters will come and put out
a
the fire.(2014·四川)
解析结合语境和常识可知，有火灾发生消防员才会来救火，故此处特指上文提到的a fire，应用定冠词the。

4．That day I didn’t learn much about animals，insects or trees，but I learnt a
an impressive lesson
about gravity！(2014·陕西)
解析“学到了印象深刻的一课”，故用不定冠词表“泛指”；impressive以元音音素开头，故a应改为an。

考点三介词
Ⅰ.语法填空考点聚焦
考向1常见介词的考查
1．Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat their hands.(2016·全国Ⅲ)
答案with
解析with one’s hands 用某人的手。

介词with意为“用”。

2．The mother continued to care for the young panda more than two years.(2016·四川) 答案for
解析“for＋时间段”表示持续一段时间。

熊猫妈妈对孩子的照顾会持续两年多。

3．For those who fly to Guilin，it’s only an hour away car and offers all the scenery
of the better-known city.(2015·全国Ⅰ)
答案by
解析根据句意可知，此处表示“驱车只有一小时的路程”。

“by＋交通工具名词”表示乘坐交通工具，为固定短语。

4．One day，the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away，she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons tried to make a living the cow.(2015·广东)
答案without
解析根据文意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此Johnson先生一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下生活。

故填without。

5．Nick replied，“The only reason a man would sell salt(1) a lower price would be because he was desperate for money.And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect (2) the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.”(2013·广东)
答案(1)at(2)for
解析(1)at a lower price以较低的价格，故此处用介词at。

(2)a lack of respect for the sweat and struggle缺乏对汗水和努力的尊重。

考向2介词短语中的介词
1．When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day：the same time，they warm up again for the night.(2015·全国Ⅱ)
答案at
解析at the same time意为“同时”，是一个常用的介词短语。

2．When the bus finally came，we all hurried on board.I got a place next the window，so I had a good view of the sidewalk.(2014·新课标全国Ⅱ)
答案to
解析此处是一个固定短语next to，意为“挨着”。

考向3动词短语中的介词
1．But my connection with pandas goes back my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s...(2016·全国Ⅰ)
答案to
解析go back to为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。

2．Most of us are more focused our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.(2016·全国Ⅱ)
答案on
解析我们中的很多人早晨的注意力要比一天中晚些时候的注意力更集中。

be focused on专心于，集中于，为固定短语。

3．He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.(2015·广东)
答案for
解析句意为：他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或用牛奶换其他的食物。

本句话中exchange 的意思是交换，根据句意可知，Johnson先生用牛奶换其他的食物。

这里是用短语exchange...for...，故填介词for。

4．Peter：OK.Don’t laugh me.I may look funny.(2014·辽宁)
答案at
解析laugh at是固定搭配，意为“嘲笑，取笑”。

5．I didn’t understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged the reservation.(2014·广东)
答案for
解析联系空后的the reservation可以知道，“我”的信用卡已经为这次预订支付钱了。

be charged for是固定搭配。

Ⅱ.短文改错考点聚焦(每小题1处错误)
考向1介词的遗漏
1．My uncle says that he never dreams ∧
of becoming rich in a short period of time.(2016·全国Ⅰ)
解析固定短语dream of doing sth.意为“梦想做某事”。

2．We can lie on the grass for a rest，or sit by the lake listening ∧
to music.(2014·新课标全国Ⅱ)
解析listen为不及物动词，后跟名词时应该加上介词to。

3．We appreciate your apologies and goodwill，but we hope that you can figure ∧
out a good way of
settling the matter.(2014·辽宁)
解析figure out制定出，为固定短语。

4．If you hear the alarm，stand in line at the door and wait ∧
for your teacher to lead you
outside.(2014·四川)
解析wait为不及物动词，后面跟宾语时应加介词for。

5．Then everyone in the carriage began searching ∧
for the ticket，which was eventually found under
a seat several rows from its owner.(2014·浙江) 解析search for 搜查；查找，为固定搭配。

考向2介词的误用
1．While they chatted，my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in
on the top of the
fridge.(2016·浙江)
解析on the top of...为固定搭配，意为“在……的上面/顶端”。

故in改成on。

2．Unfortunately，
on
with the development of industrialization，the environment has been
polluted.(2015·全国Ⅰ)
解析with the development of...为固定短语，意为“随着……的发展”。

3．One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a
toy on
in a shop window.(2015·全国Ⅱ)
解析玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的，故用介词in。

4．My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from of
glass.(2015·浙江)
解析be make from和be made of都意为“由……制成”，但be made of是指从制成品中能直接看出原材料；be made from则不能直接看出原料。

此处表示教室的三面都是玻璃制成的，能够看出原材料，故用be made of。

考向3介词的多用
1．Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping.(2016·四川)
解析go shopping去购物，go on shopping继续购物。

2．My soccer coach retired in last week.(2015·陕西)
解析last week上个星期，前面无需加介词。

3．Please help with me and give me some advice.(2015·四川)
解析动词help为及物动词，其后接宾语时无需加介词，故删除with。

句意为：请帮帮我，给我一些建议。

一、代词、冠词和介词在语法填空中的考查
1．代词在语法填空中考查指示代词、不定代词以及it的用法时，无提示词；而考查人称代词、物主代词与反身代词的词形变换时，则常给出提示词。

应对策略
(1)当句子缺主语或宾语时，填代词。

要根据语境，看该空格是指人还是指物，是指男性还是女性，是单数还是复数。

为了避免重复，it，one(s)，that，those都可以用来替代上文出现的名词，要注意它们的不同用法。

it可以用来代替不定式、动名词或从句作形式主语或形式宾语。

还要注意不定代词one，both，neither，nor，all，none，either，another等的用法。

(2)如果是物主代词(表示某人的)，作主语、宾语或表语用名词性物主代词；在名词前作定语只能用形容词性物主代词；反身代词反指谁，它通常作主语和宾语的同位语，这时人称上应与主语或宾语保持一致；也可作某些动词或介词的宾语，这时人称上需与主语保持一致。

2．冠词是位于名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词，它不能离开名词而单独存在。

语法填空中，重点考查冠词的基本用法。

另外冠词活用及习惯搭配是考查难点。

应对策略
在名词或“形容词＋名词”前缺少限定词时，要考虑冠词。

不定冠词a/an表示泛指，可译作“一个/件/本/座/……”等；定冠词the表示特指，相当于“这，这些，那，那些”。

另外要注意：特指上文出现的或谈话双方都知道的人或事物用the；在序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的事物名词之前，用the。

3．在语法填空中，常考表示方位、时间、地点、方式、原因、计量、材料等的介词，以及习惯用语中的介词。

应对策略
如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是填介词。

其次，还要注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。

二、代词、冠词和介词在短文改错中的考查
1．高考短文改错中，对于代词的考查常会涉及人称不一致、代词混用或漏掉代词等方面的错误。

应对策略
对于代词的考查，要注意以下几点：
(1)顺藤摸瓜，理清短文中代词的指代关系，注意联系上下文，还要注意人称一致、单复数一致以及性别的一致等；
(2)注意人称代词格的误用，以及物主代词、反身代词或疑问代词等的错用；
(3)系统掌握it的各种用法；
(4)准确把握不定代词在文中的正确使用。

2．短文改错中对于冠词的考查常涉及漏掉冠词、冠词错用与冠词多余这三种情况。

应对策略
判定冠词的方法：
(1)根据泛指和特指。

若泛指“一个”，再根据单词的第一个音素来判定用a还是an；若特指，用the。

(2)根据固定搭配。

注意固定搭配中不能多用或少用冠词。

3．短文改错中对于介词的考查常会涉及介词误用、漏掉介词或介词多余的情况。

应对策略
(1)如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是缺少介词。

(2)注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。

(3)不该用介词的短语中用了介词，如next year常写成in next year。

(4)某些及物动词短语中介词缺失，如look (at)，listen (to)，take care (of)等。

(5)有些及物动词多加了介词，如enter the room常写成enter into the room，return my book常写成return back/to my book等。

(6)注意分清连词、副词和介词之间的区别和句法功能。

专题1代词
◆代词的分类
代词分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词和不定代词。

大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。

◆代词的核心考点
1．人称代词
(1)人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下五种情况：
①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。

—Susan，go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
—Why me？John is sitting there doing nothing.
②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格以及意义上一般要保持前后一致。

This is our new car.I bought it yesterday.(用it代替our new car)
③作表语的人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。

I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.
④在比较级的句子中than，as后用主格、宾格都可以。

如：He is taller than me (I)．但在下列句子中有区别：
I like Jack as much as her.＝I like both Jack and her.
I like Jack as much as she.＝I like Jack and she likes him，too.
⑤用来表示感叹时，用代词的宾格代替主格形式。

Dear me!
(2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：
在并列主语中，“I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二三一(人称)。

宾格me也一样。

You，she and I will be in charge of the case.
Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.
2．物主代词
(1)注意名词性和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。

(2)one’s own...＝...of one’s own的转换。

(3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。

take sb.by the arm，be wounded in the leg
3．反身代词
(1)反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语及主语或宾语的同位语。

(2)反身代词和某些动词连用，构成固定短语。

devote oneself to致力于
dress oneself自己穿衣
enjoy oneself过得快乐
feel oneself觉得身体正常
(3)反身代词还可用于某些成语中。

for oneself为自己；独立地
of oneself自然地；自动地
by oneself独自地
in oneself本身
4．相互代词(each other，one another)
相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。

其所有格分别为each other’s，one another’s，用作定语。

一般来说，each other指两者之间，one another指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。

5．指示代词(this，that，these，those，such，same)
指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。

(1)指示代词this (these)和that (those)的区别。

①this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that (those)常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。

This is my desk and that is yours.
In those days women could not go to school.
②this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。

I want to tell you this：the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.
He hurt his leg yesterday.That’s why he didn’t come.
③为了避免重复，常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。

The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.
The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.
④this在电话用语中用于作自我介绍；that用于询问对方；this和that还可以当副词用，意思相当于副词so。

Hello.This is Lily speaking.Who’s that?
Can hard work change a person that much?
(2)such和same的用法。

①such指“这样的”人或事，在句中作主语和定语。

Such was the story.
We have never seen such a tall building.
②same指“同样的”人或事，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语，same的前面要用定冠词the。

The same can be said of the other article.
Whether he can do it or not，it is all the same to me.
6．疑问代词(who，whom，which，what，whose)
疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。

(1)who/what
①询问姓名或关系。

—Who is he?
—He is my brother./He is Henry.
询问职业或地位。

—What is he?
—He is a lawyer/teacher.
②what/who 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于说话人的视点，可单数也可复数。

What is/are on the table?
Who is/are in the library?
(2)which与who，what
which表示在一定范围内，而who，what则无此限制。

I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?
7．连接代词和关系代词
连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同，主要有who，whom，whose，what，which以及它们与-ever 合成的代词whoever，whomever，whatever，whichever等。

它们用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，即连接复合句中的主句和从句，并在从句中担任一定的句子成分，由连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that。

关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它们包括who，whom，whose，which，that等。

这两
类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。

8．不定代词
不定代词主要有：all，each，every，both，either，neither，one，none，little，few，many，much，other，another，some，any，no等。

还有由some，any，no和every构成的合成代词。

不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等(every，no只能作定语)。

下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别：
(1)some与any
一般用法：some，any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连用。

some一般用于肯定句，any 多用于疑问、否定或条件句。

特殊用法：
①any用于肯定句表示“任何”。

Any child can do that.(定语)
You may take any of them.(宾语)
②some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。

Smith went to some place in England.(定语)
③在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。

Mum，could you give me some money？(请求)
Would you like some bananas？(邀请)
④some 用于否定句表示部分否定。

I don’t know some of the students.(宾语)
⑤some和any还有副词的词性，在句中可作状语。

some意为“大约”，相当于about；而any 则表示程度，意为“稍微，丝毫”。

There are some 300 workers on strike.
Do you feel any better today?
(2)one，both，all
①one作定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个”，其复数为ones；指人时，其所有格是one’s，反身代词是oneself。

One should try one’s best to serve the people.(主语、定语)
This is not the one I want.(表语)
②one，ones可以代替上文提到过的名词，以免重复。

one，ones前面分别可以用：this，that；these，those或the，which等词修饰。

Here are three pens.Which one is yours，this one or that one or the one in the pencil case?
These books are more interesting than those ones.
③both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语，可以指人或指物，表示“两者都”。

注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用neither。

Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。

Neither of us is a teacher.我们俩都不是教师。

both不能放在the，these，those，my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。

如：Both my parents like this film.
Both the boys are tall.
④all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语或同位语，指“全部的；整个的”，可与可数或不可数名词连用；除少数情况外，一般不与单数可数名词连用；与复数名词连用时，表示“所有的，全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。

注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定用none。

Not all the ants go out for food.(or：All the ants don’t go out for food.)
并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去觅食。

None of the money is mine.
这钱一分也不是我的。

(3)many和much
many和much都表示“许多”，但many修饰或代替复数可数名词，much修饰或代替不可数名词。

它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。

much有时用作状语。

(4)few，little，a few，a little
few和little表示“没有多少”，含否定意义；而a few 和a little表示“有一些，有几个”，含肯定意义。

另外，few，a few 修饰可数名词；little，a little修饰不可数名词。

它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。

(5)no和none
no＝not any，表示“没有”，用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词，通常作定语。

none代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。

none还可以在句中作宾语。

注意：none既可以指人又可以指物，no one只能指人。

(6)each和every
each(各个)，指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语；every(每个)，指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。

Each of them has been there.(主语)
The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语)
We each got a ticket.(同位语)
Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调各个个体)
Every student in our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上“所有的人”)
(7)either和neither
either是“两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词；neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句中作主语、宾语或定语。

Here are two pens.You may take either of them.(宾语)
Neither boy knows French.(定语)
注意：①either用作副词，意为“也”，用于否定句的句末。

He doesn’t like tea，and I don’t either.(状语)②either与or连用构成连词，意为“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。

He is either Japanese or Chinese.③neither用作副词，意为“也不”，即“not...either”。

He can’t do it，neither can I．④neither可与nor连用构成连词，意为“既不……也不……”。

Neither he nor you are a student.
(8)the other和another，the others 和others
①the other表示“两者中的另一个”；“the other＋复数可数名词”及the others表示“其他的全部人或物”。

others及“other＋复数名词”泛指“其他的(别的)人或物”。

这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。

He got two books；one is a textbook，and the other is a novel.
Five of the pencils are red；the others (the other pens) are yellow.
Some are singing；others are dancing.
②another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“(三者或三者以上的)另一个”，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。

This coat is too dark.Please show me another.(宾语)
Please give me another book.(定语)
注意：another修饰复数名词时，意为“再，又”。

Please give me another ten minutes.
＝Please give me ten more minutes.
题组训练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．“It’s a tiring job.I have to work whenever there are dogs at home，and no time to enjoy myself(I)．
2．Jack and Tom are good friends and they are in the same class.
3．When living overseas in a place where people speak a different language，it can be difficult to make yourself understood.
4．I sam Ann in the market；at least，I thought it was her.
5．The cost of renting a house in central Xi’an is higher than that in any other area of the city. 6．To stay awake，he finished a cup of coffee and ordered another.
7．Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him，but neither of them wants to，because they have work to do.
8．I got this bicycle for nothing：My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one.
Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题1处错误)
1．Yesterday afternoon，I paid a visit to Mr.Johnson.I was eager to see him，but outside her
his room
I stopped.
2．Dad lost his job，and as Mom explained，“He was lucky to find
other another one.”
3．Mother’s Day is coming.I’m sorry that I am abroad and can’t send your
you flowers，so I’m
writing to you.
4．It is such a great hotel that I would recommend it to any friend of
me
mine who is going to Beijing.
5．I knew that they would be worried about myself
me because I was so far away，and that my mother
would not sleep if she knew.
Ⅲ.语法填空(代词专练)
I can’t believe I made 1.it into San Francisco at last!
This morning，I went to the airport by 2.myself (I) to catch my 10：00 a．m.flight.I got there early to go through security.Since I had an electronic ticket，3.which was more convenient，I then went straight to the boarding gate.When I got there，I couldn’t believe 4.my ears—it was announced that the flight was put off for two hours!
I made a decision to look at the flight monitors to see 5.if/whether there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.I saw that there was 6.another flight that will leave in 40 minutes，so I ran to the boarding gate of 7.that flight.When I got there，I asked the gate agent if I could get on that flight instead.She said that I needed to stay in the gate area and wait for my name to be called if 8.they had a seat available.So，I waited，and waited，and waited.9.All the passengers were waiting impatiently.
The gate agent began calling out names.Guess what？I found 10.nobody was behind me.The last name called was 11.mine.The last seat left on the plane was a middle seat and I usually prefer。