专题 1 词汇进阶 -2023年暑假初升高英语衔接宝典(新高一适用)

专题1词汇进阶
温故知新自学巩固
回顾一词类
英语中的词可以根据词义、句法作用和形式特征分为十大词类.
名词(n.):表示人或事物的名称.名词分为可数名词(如:pen 钢笔,teacher 老师)和不可数名词(如fire 火,air 空气).可数名词有单复数形式.
形容词(adj.);表示人或事物的特征,如bad, beautiful.
副词(ad.);修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,如very, quickly.
动词(v.):表示动作或状态,如study, be.
代词(pron.);代替名词、数词等,如they, he.
数词(num.):表示数量或顺序,如five, tenth.
冠词(art.):对名词起限定作用,如a, an, the.
介词(prep.):表示名词、代词和其他词的关系,如in, for.
连词(conj.);连接词与词或句与句,如and, because.
感叹词(interj.):表示说话时的感情或口气,如oh, hey.
回顾二初中英语词形转换
1.变名词
(1)变表示某一类人的名词
◊+er 如:farmer,worker,singer,dancer,reporter,listener,writer,runner,owner,foreigner
◊+or 如:visitor,actor,conductor,inventor,director,translator,professor,monitor,operator
◊+ian 如:musician, librarian, Australian, Canadian, Indian, Brazilian
◊+ist a;artist,dentist,scientist,tourist,journalist,specialist,pianist,violinist, psychologist
◊+man n:postman,fisherman,Englishman,Frenchman
(2)变抽象名词
◊+r(s)ion 如;invention, collection, pronunciation, donation, pollution, association, solution, discussion, congratulation, suggestion, permission, attention, situation
◊+ ment如:agreement, appointment, development, advertisement, environment, commitment, equipment, argument
◊＋ty 如:safety, popularity, difficulty, activity, beauty
◊＋th 如:death, growth, truth, youth, wealth, health, length
◊＋ness 如:illness, goodness, business, kindness, darkness
◊＋ance 如:appearance
◊＋ship 如:friendship, hardship
◊t变ce 如:different→difference,important→importance,confident→confidence,silent→silence
◊其他如:fail→failure, proud→pride, high→height, weigh→weight, fly→flight, succeed→success, speak→ speech, please→ pleasure
2.变反义词
◊un+如:unhappy, unfriendly, uncomfortable, unusual , unlucky , unpleasant , unable , unfair, uncrowned ◊dis+如:dislike, dishonest, disadvantage, disagreement
◊in+如:inexpensive, indirect, incorrect, inhuman
◊im+如:impossible, impolite, imperfect
◊+less 如:homeless, hopeless, helpless, careless, useless, fearless
3.变形容词
◊＋y 如:sunny, cloudy, windy, rainy, noisy, healthy, lucky, funny, snowy, foggy, salty, tasty, thirsty
◊＋ly 如:friendly, lively, lovely, daily, lonely
◊＋ful 如:careful,useful,beautiful,hopeful,helpful,grateful,thankful,colorful,wonderful
◊＋able 如:enjoyable, adjustable, comfortable
◊＋ous 如:dangerous, mysterious, famous, serious, anxious, enormous
◊＋en 如:wooden, woolen, golden, earthen
◊＋ern 如:eastern, western, northern, southern
◊＋al 如:natural, personal, national, medical, professional , original, normal, rural, physical, chemical
◊＋ive 如:active, creative, aggressive
◊＋ic 如:energetic, scientific, realistic
◊＋ing/ed 如:exciting, interesting, boring, relaxing, frustrating, embarrassing, worrying, interested, bored, relaxed, frustrated, embarrassed, excited, worried
4.变副词
一般情况下,直接加ly,如:immediately, slowly
◊以y结尾的,变y为i再加ly,如:luckily, happily, easily, healthily
◊以e结尾的,一般不省略(truly, wholly, duly例外),如:extremely
◊以able/ible结尾的,去e加y,如:capably, possibly, terribly
◊以元音字母加1结尾的,仍然要加ly,如:finally, carefully, really, specially
5.变动词
◊＋ize 如:memorize, modernize, realize, criticize
真题引路考点对接
【问题】下列是部分省市的中考真题,你能找准做题的切入点吗?
I.根据所给提示完成单词.
1.(安徽)For a w________ (明智的)man, a mistake is a lesson.
2.(安徽)My father's T-shirt has completely lost its S________ (形状).
3.(广西)It's necessary for us to________ (等待)in line in public.
答案:
1.wise
2. shape
3.wait
II.用括号中单词的适当形式填空.
1.(武威)It's difficult to be________ (friend) with everyone.
2.(武威)Be quiet! The patients________ (sleep).
3.(武威)The boy got the________ (one) place in the singing competition.
4.(武威)The girl expected all her classmates________ (come) to her party.
答案:
1.friends
2.are sleeping
3.first
4.to come
III.(武汉)选择词与短语填空.(有一项多余)
1.The teacher can see in our eyes that we are________ for knowledge. She tells us that knowledge will give us wings to fly.
2.Jessica Wong sells her bags in a small shop, but she has also________ an online business to sell them.
3.Our teachers and parents will be________ of us because we have grown up and can be responsible for ourselves.
4.Although you may not like to do chores, you should________ your parents around the house.
5.We will________ the junior high graduation ceremony tomorrow. It is a very special time for us.
答案:
1. thirsty
2. set up
3.proud
4.help 5,attend
知识拓展深度衔接
新知一转化法
英语中,有的名词可用作动词,有的形容词可用作副词或动词,一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变,这种方法叫作转化法.
1.很多动词可以转化为名词,大多意思没有多大的变化(如①);有的意思有一定变化(如②);有的与动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作(如③).如:
①Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧.
②He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子.
③Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧.
2.很多表示物件(如①)、身体部位(如②)、某类人(如③)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,某些抽象名词(如④)也可用作动词.如:
①Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?
②Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我.
③She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康.
④We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐.
3.有少数形容词可以转化为动词.如:
We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况.
4.有少数副词可以转化为动词.如:Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终将败露.
5.表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如①);某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数(如②).如:
①You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服.
②The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活.
新知二派生法
指的是在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词.
1.前缀
前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性.
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-,non-,un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词.如:appear出现disappear 消失;correct 正确的→incorrect 不正确的;lead带领→mislead误导; stop停下→non-stop不停.
(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词),anti-(反对;抵抗),auto-(自动),co-(共同).en-(使),inter-(互相),re-(再;又),sub-(下面的;次;小),tele-(强调距离)等.如:alone单独的; antigas 防毒的;automatic 自动的;cooperate 合作;endanger 使遭遇危险;internet互联网;reuse再用;subway地铁;telephone 电话.
2.后缀
后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,使单词变为与原来词义相反的新词.
(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence(性质、状况等),-(e)r/-or(从事某事的人),-ese(某地人),-ess(雌性),-ful(一······的量),-ian(精通······的人),-ist(专业人员),-ment(性质;状态),-ness(性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等.如:differ不同于→difference区别;write写→writer作家;Japan日本→Japa nese日本人;act表演→actress 女演员;mouth 口→mouthful一口;music 音乐→musician音乐家.
(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n(多用于形容词之后),-fy(使······化),-ize(使······成为).如:wide宽的→widen加宽;beauty美→beautify美化;pure纯的→purify 提纯;real真实的→realize实现;organ机构→organize 把······组织起来.
(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al(具有······性质的),-able(有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-ese(某国人的),-en(多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern(方向的),-ful(充满······的),-ish(如······的),-ive(倾向······的),-ous(有······特性的),-less(表示否定),-like(像······的),-y(表示天气)等.如:nature 自然→natural自然的;reason道理→reasonable有道理的;America 美国→American美国的;China 中国→Chinese 中国人的;gold 金→golden金的;east东方→eastern东方的;child孩子→childish孩子气的;snow雪→snowy下雪的.
(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly(主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向).如:angry生气的→angrily生气地;east东方→eastward向东.
(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen(十几),-ty(几十),-th(构成序数词).如:six→sixteen→sixteenth; four→forty→fortieth.
新知三合成法
1.合成名词
名词＋名词weekend周末名词＋动词daybreak黎明
名词＋及物动词＋er/or painkiller 止痛药名词＋动名词handwriting书法
名词＋介词＋名词editor-in-chief 总编辑代词＋名词she-wolf 母狼
动词＋名词typewriter打字机动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室现在分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词＋名词gentleman绅士
副词＋动词outbreak爆发介词＋名词afternoon 下午
2.合成形容词
名词＋现在分词English-speaking讲英语的名词＋形容词snow-white雪白的
名词＋to+名词face-to-face面对面的名词十过去分词man-made人造的数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁的数词＋名词one-way单行的
数词＋名词＋ed five-storeyed五层的动词＋副词see-through 透明的
形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded高尚的形容词＋名词high-class高级的
形容词＋现在分词good-looking相貌好看的形容词＋形容词light-blue浅蓝色的副词＋现在分词hard-working 勤劳的副词＋形容词evergreen常青的
副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的副词十过去分词well-known著名的介词＋名词downhill下坡的
3.合成动词
名词＋动词sleepwalk 梦游形容词＋动词whitewash粉刷
副词＋动词overthrow推翻
4.合成副词
形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词＋副词everywhere到处
副词＋副词however然而介词＋名词beforehand事先
介词＋副词forever永远
5.合成代词
代词宾格＋self herself她自己物主代词＋self myself我自己
形容词＋名词anything任何东西
6.合成介词
介词＋名词inside在······里面介词十介词within在······之内
新知四截短法(缩略法)
截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变.主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式.
1.截头
telephone→ phone aeroplane→ plane omnibus→ bus
2.去尾
mathematics→ math co-operate→ co-op examination→ exam
kilogram→ kilo laboratory→ lab taxicab→ taxi
3.截头去尾
influ enza→ flu refrigerator→ fridge influenza→ flu
4.混合法(混成法)
混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词.后半部分表示主体,前半部分表示属性.
news broadcast→ newscast 新闻广播television broadcast→ telecast 电视广播
smoke and fog→ smog烟雾helicopter airport→ heliport 直升飞机场
5.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词.读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音和作为一个单词读音.
very important person→ VIP(读字母音)要人;大人物television→ TV (读字母音)电视
Test of English as a Foreign Language→ TOEFL(作为一个单词读音)托福
典例解析归类探秘
题型一单词拼写
例题1
1.根据下列句中的汉语提示写出所缺单词的正确形式,每空一词.
(1)I love________ (情景)comedy.
(2)He usually________ (放松)20 hours every day. Can he succeed?
2.在下列各句的空格内填上一个适当的完整的单词,该词的首字母已给出.
(3) Newton was sitting under an apple tree when an apple f________ onto his head.
(4) In my hometown, the weather of this summer is much h________ than that of last summer.
思路点拨:(1)填situation. situation comedy情景喜剧.(2)填relaxes. relax“放松”.注意使用一般现在时,第三人称单数形式.(3)填fell.句意:当牛顿正在一棵苹果树下坐着时,一个苹果落到了他的头上.在此when引导的时间状语从句的时态是一般过去时,所以填fell.(4)填hotter.句意:在我的故乡,今年夏天比去年夏天炎热得多.hot“炎热”,此处用比较级,所以填hotter.
即学即练
1.I am________ (外向的)and good at communicating with others.
2.It's really________ (令人烦恼)that my younger brother kept crying when 1 am doing my homework.
3.I felt________ (尴尬的)to see a stranger standing by my bed when I woke up.
4.The tale inspired our passion for space________ (探索).
5.The news that our schoolmates had won the game soon spread over the whole________ (校园).
6.Are you aware that many more students________ (注册了)for English classes?
7.My teacher always reminds me that under no circumstances should I abandon my learning________ (目标)once I set them.
8. By giving kids much praise, parents think they are building their children's________ (自信).
9.The audience is waiting________ (焦急地) to see which team will win at last.
10. It is very important to make a good first________ (印象)at a job interview.
答案:
1.outgoing
2.annoying
3.awkward
4.exploration
5.campus
6.have registered
7.goals
8.confidence
9.anxiously 10.impression
题型二词形填空
例题2
根据句意填写单词的正确形式.
(1)He________ (be) a volunteer in Ya'an, Sichuan since the earthquake happened.
(2)Mr. Jiang is a learned person, and he has lots of________ (know).
(3)The little girl is very kind and she always talks to people________ (polite).
思路点拨:(1)填has been.由since从句可知主句用现在完成时,故填has been.(2)填knowledge. know的名词形式是knowledge,用作不可数名词.(3)填politely.此处用副词修饰动词talks.
即学即练
请用下列词的适当形式填空.
1.He is considered as one of the most famous________ (invent) in China.
2.As we all know, ________ (fail) is the mother of success,
3, The fish is 15 kilos in________ (weigh).
4.I got to know three________ (German) during the journey.
5.My English teacher enjoys great________ (popular) among the students.
6.All of us were sad at the sudden________ (die) of the basketball star.
7.Luckily,the dog was sent to the________ (safe) timely.
8.She was________ (true) sorry for what she said.
9. Parents should encourage their kids to express themselves with great________ (confident).
10. Hangzhou is an________ (impress) city and the West Lake is the most famous.
11.We regret to inform you that the________ (fly) to New York is canceled.
12.Her classmates describe her as________ (energy),easygoing and hardworking.
13.I don't like the nurse who is________ (patient) with her patients.
14. The global population________ (grow) has led to too many problems.
15.He was so________ (care) that he left his wallet behind in the hotel.
答案:
1.inventors 2,failure 3.weight 4.Germans 5.popularity
6. death 7,safety 8.truly 9.confidence 10.impressive
11.flight 12.energetic 13.impatient 14.growth 15.careless
题型三选词填空
例题3
用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空.(每词限用一次)
(1)Jim is a clever boy. He is very________ in class.
(2)It is important to make a________ for your future.
(3)You will never know what you can do________ you try.
(4)Sun Yang usually________ more than 15 kilometers every day,
(5)At the end of the party all the students sang the song Auld Lang Syne________.
思路点拨;(1)填active.考查句意理解.句意:吉姆是个聪明的男孩.他在课堂上很活跃.(2)填plan.考查固定短语make a plan for ...“为······制订计划”.(3)填unless.考查句意理解.句意:你将永远不知道你能做什么,除非你去尝试一下.(4)填swims.考查句意及动词时态.注意该句是一般现在时,且主语是第三人称单数.(5)填together.句意:在派对结束的时候,所有学生一起演唱《友谊地久天长》.
即学即练
选词填空.
1.Most________ (专家)agree that dieting needs to be accompanied by regular exercise.
2. Anyone who is interested in modern literature can________ it.
3.Tom's parents are worried that he is________ to the computer games which are addictive to children.
4.To get tickets, you have to book________.
5. They failed to come up with an effective________ to their financial problems.
6. ________,on second thoughts, I don't think I want to go out tonight.
7.James is the man who is________ for the accident.
8.Despite the fact that she speaks________ English, she still considers herself as an outsider.
9. Few man has changed the world so much in these decades like Steve Jobs, who has no throne, no military force, and no political________.
10. Teenagers who lack social experience are easy to be________ by the strangers' appearance.
答案:
1.experts
2. sign up for
3. addicted
4.in advance
5. solution
6.In fact
7.responsible
8.fluent
9.title 10.confused
题型四语法填空
例题4
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式.
Adam is a freshman in senior high school. He is faced with many 1________ (challenge) at this time. At first, he didn't know which courses 2________ (choose),but his adviser helped him solve this problem. Though he chose
Chinese, he thought 3________ was very difficult and hoped to be 4________ (fluency) when he graduated. His adviser also recommended that he 5________ (sign) up for 6________ (advance) literature. In addition, he wanted to join the school football team but 7________ (refuse),8________ made him unhappy. He didn't give up and decided to find a way to improve on his own and make the team next year. Now he is a volunteer, 9________ (hand) out food to homeless people. Studying hard isn't always fun, 10________ he will try his best to keep up with others.
思路点拨:这是一篇记叙文.讲述了Adam在高中作为新生时碰到的问题.
1.challenges
2.to choose
3.it
4. fluent
5.signed
6.advanced
7.was refused
8.which
9.handing 10.but
即学即练
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式.
Zhong Nanshan, 1________ expert in respiratory medicine 2________ (award)the national honorary title that honors 3________ who make exceptional contributions in specific fields. 4________ (bear) in 1936,Zhong was one of the most important figures in fighting the SARS outbreak in 2003. 5________ head of Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, he volunteered to treat all critical SARS cases in Guangdong Province at his institute.
6________ the COVID-19 outbreak hit China in January, the 84-year-old medical genius 7________ (choose) to work on the front line, saving millions of 8________ (life) inside and outside of China. He was the first person 9________ (warn) us publicly 10________ the virus can be transmitted from one person to another.
答案:
1.an
2.was awarded
3.those
4.Born
5.As
6.When
7.chose
8.lives
9.to warn 10.that
验学
I.单词拼写填空.
1.upset(原形)→upset(过去式)→upset(过去分词)→upsetting(现在分词).常见相同变换形式的单词还有:
①put→________ (过去式)→________ (过去分词)→________ (现在分词)
②set→________ (过去式)→________ (过去分词)→________ (现在分词)
③cut→________ (过去式)→________ (过去分词)→________ (现在分词)
④hit→________ (过去式)→________ (过去分词)→________ (现在分词)
⑤let→________ (过去式)→________ (过去分词)→________ (现在分词).
答案:
1.①put→put→put-→putting ②set→set→set→setting ③cut→cut→cut→cutting
④hit→hit→hit-→hitting ⑤let→let→let→letting
2.“各国人”复数形式
①German→________德国人
②American→________美国人
③Australian→________澳大利亚人
④Chinese→________中国人
⑤Japanese________日本人
答案:
①Germans ②Americans ③Australians ④Chinese ⑤Japanese
3.“户内”与“户外”
①________ adv.在户外;在野外
②________ adv.在室内;在户内
答案:
①outdoors ②indoors
4.“方位”大聚焦
①midwest n.中西部→________ adj.(来自)中西部的
②southeast n.东南→________ adj.(来自)东南的
③northwest n.西北→________ adj.(来自)西北的
④east n.东方→________ adj.(来自)东部的
⑤west n.西方→________ adj.(来自)西部的
⑥south n.南方________ adj.(来自)南部的
⑦north n.北方________ adj.(来自)北部的
答案:
①midwestern ②southeastern ③northwestern
④eastern ⑤western ⑥southern ⑦northern
5.合成法
①high(高的)＋way(道路) → ________ n.公路;大路
②suit(套装)＋case(箱子)→________ n.手提箱;衣箱
③over(在······上方)＋coat(外套)→________ n.大衣;外套
④teen(十岁的)＋age(龄)＋er(······的人) →________ n.十几岁的青少年
⑤out(在外面外面)＋door(门)→________ adv.在户外;在野外
答案:
①highway ②suitcase ③overcoat ④teenager ⑤outdoors
6.dis-(动词中的否定前缀)
①agree→________不同意
②like→________不喜欢
③appear→________消失
④cover→________发现
答案:
①disagree ②dislike ③disappear ④discover
7.形容词＋-ly变为副词
①exact→________恰好
②entire→________完全地
③loose→________松弛地
④complete→________完全地
⑤extreme→________极其;极度
答案:
①exactly ②entirely ③loosely ④completely ⑤extremely
8.转化法(n.→v.)
①base n.底部;基地;基础→v. ________
②block n.街区;块;木块;石块→v. ________
③command n.命令;指挥;掌握→v. ________
④request n.请求;要求→v. ________
答案:
①以··为基础②阳塞③命令;指挥;掌握④请求;要求
9.派生法(v.＋-ing→n.)
①spell→________ n.拼写
②write→________ n.写作;书写
③listen→________ n.听
④read→________ n.读
⑤feel→________ n.感情
答案:
①spelling ②writing ③listening ④reading ⑤feeling
10.动词＋-sion变为名词
①express→________表达;表情
②discuss→________讨论
③decide→________决定
①expression ②discussion ③decision
II.单词拼写.
1.To the boy's________ (恼火),his mother shouted at him in front of his friends.
2.Time flies, and I will________ (毕业)from the university in May.
3.The magazine will appear in a new________ (设计)from next month,
4. As soon as we arrived on the island, we were eager to________ (勘探).
5. With all his attention________ (集中)on the research, he forgot to have dinner. 答案:
1. annoyance 2,graduate 3. design 4.explore 5.focused
III.选词填空.
1.As soon as the idea________________, people present all thought highly of it.
2.They didn't climb the mountain________________ the rain.
3. ________________ every chance you have to speak English.
4.We've planted lots of different flowers, ________________ roses and lilies.
5.I'm afraid I can't help you just________________.
6.It's necessary that young and old people should________________ more________________ each other.
7. ________________ one student was tired of his long and boring speech.
8. Don't trust him. Usually what he has said________________ what he has done.
9. More money is spent on the improvement of living conditions________________.
10.With________________ things to settle, I can't go to see a film with you.
答案:
1.came up
2. because of
3.Make use of
4.such as
5.at present
6. communicate; with
7.More than
8.is different from
9. than ever before 10.a large number of
IV.阅读下面短文,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式.
Adam and Juliet are two teenagers who are considering 1________ (join) a club. Juliet has always been dreaming of becoming a dancer, so she will join the Ballet Club, where she can learn new 2________ (move),But Adam doesn't think it is 3________ (suit) for him to dance because he has got two left 4________ (foot), 5 ________ (actual),Mr Brown told him about the Nature Club, 6________ they can watch biology lectures and grow plants in a greenhouse but Adam prefers animals to plants. 7________,Juliet recommended him 8________ (join) the Cartoon Club, where he can write stories and draw cartoons. Adam didn't accept that because he isn't good at drawing and he would like to work outdoors, Finally, Juliet 9________ (advise) Adam to talk to Max because Max is in the Volunteer Club and they often clean up the parks and give directions to visitors, which may be a good 10________ (choose)for Adam.
答案:
1.joining
2.movements
3.suitable
4.feet
5. Actually
6.where
7.Therefore
8.to join
9.advised 10.choice。