2008届高三英语精品资源-新课标人教版高三英语第二轮复习专题讲座讲座六：阅读理解

2008年新课标人教版高三英语第二轮复习专题讲座六：阅读理解
高考阅读理解的解题技巧
阅读理解作为考查考生语言能力的重点，《考试大纲》提出了明确的要求：“要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料。

考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推断生词的词义；作出简单判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图和态度。

”高考英语阅读理解也围绕这一要求来命题，基本上可分为五类：1．细节判断题；2．猜测词义题；3．主旨大意题；4．推理引申题；5．篇章结构题。

下面以2004、2005、2006年全国统一高考英语科试题为例来分析上述五种试题的命题特点、具体要求以及解题技巧和方法。

第一节细节判断题解题技巧
《普通高中英语课程标准》中达到英语学科的高中毕业要求为七级，其有关阅读最基本的要求是：“能从一般性文章中获取和处理主要信息”。

对这种“获取和处理主要信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是：细节判断。

这类题在高考阅读理解题中占一定的比例，做好这类题是确保基础分的关键。

同时，弄清细节，正确获取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。

因此，要特别重视做好这类题。

细节判断题题干常见的问句形式多种多样。

如：
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?
Which of the following is NOT considered as …?
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the reasons for … ?
How many … … ？
What/who/when/where/how/why … … ?
做这类题的一般方法是通过skimming把握文章中心后，再通过寻读法（scanning）快速确定该细节在文中的出处（信息源），对照选项进行“三对一错或三错一对”的判断。

若该信息句是长句或难句，要学会找出其主干部分、分析句子结构，正确理解信息句的意义。

命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。

所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。

这类细节性问题所涉及的面很广，有的需要经过简单的数学运算确定时间、距离、次数、数量等；有的涉及正误判断；有的询问事实、原因、结果、目的等。

例如：（注：本书例题练习中选用全国各地高考题均保留原题号）
（05全国卷II B篇）The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society －a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.
“My grandmothers didn’t do anything but keep house and serve everybody. They were programmed to do that,” said Emil y Comette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.
While men have long spent their time fishing and playing golf, women have sometimes seemed to become unnoticed as they age. But the generation now turning 50 is the baby boomers(生育高峰期出生的人), and the same people who refused their parents’ way of being young are now trying a new way of growing old.
If you take into consideration feminism(女权主义), a bit of spare money, and better health for most elderly, the Red Hat Society looks almost inevitable(必然的). In this society, women over 50 wear red hats and purple(紫色的) clothes, while the women under 50 wear pink hats and light purple clothing.
“The organization took the idea from a poem by Jenny Joseph that begins: When I am an old woman, I sh all wear purple. With a red hat which doesn’t g o.” said Ellen Cooper, who founded the Red Hat Society in 1998. When the ladies started to wear the red hats, they attracted lots of attention.
“The point of this is that we need a rest from always doing something for someone else,” Cooper said. “Women feel so ashamed and sorry when they do something for themselves.” This is why chapters are discouraged from raising money or doing anything useful. “We’re a ladies’ play group. It couldn’t be more simple,” added Cooper’s assistant Joe Heywood.
47．Who set up the Red Hat Society ?
A．Emily Comette. B．Ellen Cooper. C．Jenny Joseph. D．Joe Heywood. 48．Women join the Red Hat Society because .
A．they want to stay young
B．they would like to appear more attractive
C．they would like to have fun and live for themselves
D．they want to be more like their parents
解析：这两题都是细节判断题。

和47题相关的信息句是文中的：“The organization took the idea from a poem by Jenny Joseph that begins: When I am an old woman, I shall wear purple. With a red hat which doesn’t go.” said Ellen Cooper, who founded the Red Hat Society in 1998.理解了这句话，我们不难得出答案B。

通过浏览我们了解了“the Red Hat Society”这个社团的性质和作用，再结合信息句“Enter the Red Hat Society －a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.”，我们很容易得出48题正确答案为C。

（05 福建卷A 篇）Paul Zindel’s death on March 27,2003 ended the brilliant life of a famous writer.
Not only did Paul Zindel win a Pulitzer Prize as well as an Obie Prize for his 1970 play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, but he was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary（当代的）literature for young adults（成人）. The Pigman, published in 1968, is still one of the most well-known and widely-taught novels in the genre. The American Library
Association has named it one of the 100 Best of the Best Books for Young Adults published between 1967 and 1992, and Zindel’s autobiography, The Pigman and Me, was among the 100 Best of the Best Books published for teenagers during the last part of the twentieth century. Six of Zindel’s b ooks, in fact, have been voted the Best Books for Young Adults, and most of his recent horror books-such as The Doom Stone and Rats have been chosen as Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. With his passing, young readers, teachers, and librarians have lost a great friend.
56．Which of Paul Zindel’s books was the most popular with young adults in the 20th century?
A．The Pigman.
B．The Doom Stone.
C．The Pigman and Me.
D．The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds.
57．Why was Paul Zindel honored with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize?
A．His books were widely read by children.
B．His books were interesting and helpful to adults.
C．He made great contributions to contemporary literature.
D．He wrote a number of horror books for young adults.
58．When did Paul Zindel win the ALAN Prize?
A．In 2002．B．In 2003．
C．Between 1967 and 1992．D．Between 2002 and 2003．
59．Choose the correct statements from the following according to the passage.
a.The Pigman and Me was one of the Best Books for teenagers.
b.Zindel was one of the earliest writers who wrote for adults only.
c.The Doom Stone and Rats are not popular with young adults.
d.Zindel was given four prizes for literature before he died.
e.At least eight of Zindel’s books were very popular in his times.
A．c, d, e B．a, b, c C．a, b, d D．a, d, e
解析：这四题都是细节判断题。

56、57、58三题, 只要我们根据题干的问句找到信息源，很快就能找到正确答案分别是：A、C、A，做第59题时我们要对五个陈述作出正误判断，b、c两个说法是错误的，因此，正确答案为D。

下面请同学们实战演练上述方法和技巧。

【实战演练练习一】（05北京卷 A 篇）
Chances
I really love my job because I enjoy working with small children and like the challenges and awards from the job. I also think my work is important. There was a time when I thought I would never have that sort of career（职业）.
I wasn’t an excellent student because I didn’t do much schoolwork. In my final term I started thinking what I mig ht do and found I didn’t have much to offer. I just accepted that I wasn’t the type to have a career.
I then found myself a job. Looking after two little girls, It wasn’t too bad at first. But the problems began when I agreed to live in, so that I would be there if my boss had to go out for business in the evening. We agreed that if I had to work extra hours one week, she’d give me time off the next. But unfortunately, it didn’t often work out. I was getting extremely tired and fed up, because I had too many late nights and early mornings with the children.
One Sunday, I was in the park with the children, and met Megan who used to go to school with me, I told her about my situation. She suggested that I should do a course and get a qualification（资格证书）if I wa nted to work with children. I didn’t think I would be accepted because I didn’t take many exams in school. She persuaded me to phone the local college and they were really helpful. My experience counted for a lot and I got on a part – time course. I had to leave my job with the family, and got work helping out at a kindergarten.
Now I’ve got a full – time job there. I shall always be thankful to Megan. I wish I had known earlier that you could have a career, even if you aren’t top of the class at school.
56．What is the author’s present job?
A．Working part – time in a college.
B．Taking care of children for a family.
C．Helping children with their schoolwork.
D．Looking after children at a kindergarten.
57．When staying with the two girls’ family, the author .
A．was paid for extra work B．often worked long hours
C．got much help from her boss D．took a day off every other week
58．Why did the author leave her first job?
A．She found a full – time job.
B．She was fed up with children.
C．She decided to attend a part – time course.
D．She needed a rest after working extra hours.
【实战演练练习二】（05湖南卷 A 篇）
We were on tour a few summers ago, driving through Chicago, when right outside of the city, we got pulled over. A middle-aged policeman came up to the car and was really being troublesome at first. Lecturing us, he said,“You were speeding. Where are you going in such a hurry?”Our
guitarist, Tim, told him that we were on our way to Wisconsin to play a show. His way towards us totally changed. He asked, “Oh, so you boys are in a band（乐队）？”We told him that we were. He then asked all the usual band questions about the type of music we played, and how long we had been at it. Suddenly, he stopped and said, “Tim, you want to get out of this ticket, don’t you?” Tim said,“Yes.”So the office r asked him to step out of the car. The rest of us, inside the car, didn’t know what to think as we watched the policeman talk to Tim. Next thing we knew, the policeman was putting Tim in the back of the police car he had parked in front of us. With that, he threw the car into reverse（倒车），stopping a few feet in back of our car. Now we suddenly felt frightened. We didn’t know if we were all going to prison, or if the policeman was going to sell Tim on the black market or something. All of a sudden, the policeman’s voice came over his lo udspeaker. He said, “Ladies and gentlemen, for the first time ever, we have Tim here singing on Route 90．”Turns out, the policeman had told Tim that the only way he was getting out of the ticket was if he sang part of one of our songs over the loudspeaker in the police car. Seconds later, Tim started screaming into the receiver. The policeman enjoyed the performance, and sent us on our way without a ticket. 56．The policeman stopped the boys to .
A．put them into prison B．give them a ticket
C．enjoy their performance D．ask some band questions
57．The policeman became friendly to the boys when he knew they .
A．had long been at the band B．played the music he loved
C．were driving for a show D．promised him a performance
【实战演练练习三】（06江西卷 B 篇）
Buster Biown was a thief——and a good one, too, he thought. He’d nev er been caught by the police because he never took chances. He was always prepared for any unforeseenf event or
emergency.
Confidently, he stood outside the house of his intended
victim(受害者) and read the sign on the front gate
of the house. “Don’t worry the dog—be aware of the
owner!”it said. Buster smiled and found his way in.
The house looked quite normal outside, but inside
it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display.
As he began putting them into his bag, a dog came into
the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged
its tail madly and went over to him, licking his
outs tretched hand. “Good boy,”Buster whispered.
“What a great guard dog you are—trying to lick me to
death.”
Satisfi ed he’d made friends with the dog, Buster began to wander round the house, choosing items to put in his bag. His skilled eye picked out only
the best antiques (古董): a pair of silver candle holders, a silver tea-and-coffce service, etc . His new friend, the dog , sat and watched, as if wondering what was happening.
“Well, boy,”Buster whispered finally. “That might do. Any mo re and I won’t be able to carry it ! ” Her swung the heavy bag onto his shouiders, just as the lights came on, nearly blinding him . He shielded his eyes with his hand.
“You’ re a very s illy person,” the figure in the doorway said, his voice dry as dust. As the man came closer, Bustor could see he was well dressed. His face seemed familiar, but Buster couldn’t quite sure where he had seen him before.
“You should have taken more notice of the sign outside.” The man r asped, “I knew about this attempted robbery Iast week and I also know you will end up behind bars for 20 years. Fancy trying to rob the house of the world’ s great est fortune-teller!”
60．Why was Buster so confident?
A. He was not afraid of dogs.
B. He knew the owner of the house lived alone.
C. He had never been caught by the police.
D. The house had no security alarm.
61．Which of the definitions id closest in meaning to the word “exoticc” in the 3rd paragraph?
A. Messy and untidy.
B. Rich and expenaive.
C. Comfortable and calming
D. Foreign and unusual
62．How did Buster decide wlich objects to take?
A. He took those the were easy to carry in his bag.
B. He took only the best antiques.
C. He took those that he knew he could sell easily.
D. He looked for silver objects.
63．What punishment waits for Buster Brown?
A. A prison sentence with hard labour.
B. A long prison sentence.
C. A heavy fine
munity service for 20 years.
第二节猜测词义题解题技巧
在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。

这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。

这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。

事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。

我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。

近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。

这种题常见的提问方式有：
The word “…” in paragraph … can best be replaced by …….
The underlined word “…” most probably means ….
By saying “…”, the author means …
The expression “…” is closest to …
According to the passage, the phrase “…” suggests …
The underlined part “……”(in Para. … ) means …..
做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。

因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。

命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然。

猜测词义时，一般可利用以下三个方面的线索：
一．针对性的解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。

这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。

1．根据定义（definition）猜测词义
如果生词有一个句子或段落来定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。

定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。

（05 湖北卷A段）Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an 例如：
animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own.
由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。

（04 浙江卷B段）Green building means “reducing the impact (影响) of the building on the land”.
由定义我们可以推断这里Green building 指的是什么。

2．根据复述推测词义
虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是它提供的信息可以为阅读者猜测词义提供依据，至少读者可以根据复述猜测生词的大致“义域”（意义范围）。

复述部分可以是词、短语、或从句。

同位语复述：在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。

同位语前常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.e. 等。

（05浙江卷B段）In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the 例如：
U.S. today．
由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。

定语从句复述：
例如：（04 福建卷E段）Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .
According the passage, The Pines is a .
A．place in which you can see many mobile homes
B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。

2．根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。

例如：（04 辽宁卷C段）The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.
根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指“议题”。

二．内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。

1．根据对比关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。

表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。

表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。

例如：（NMET 2002 E篇）A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests
根据对比关系，这里hassle 和a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。

2．根据比较关系猜测词义
同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。

表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as等。

例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。

由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。

3．根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系
推测生词词义。

例如：（05上海卷B段）I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”
The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “”.
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude
C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。

对应的理解题答案为：B。

（05江西卷D段）Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.
根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：“修剪（树枝等）”的意思。

4．根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。

例如：（05 江苏卷E段）William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life i s of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.”
The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means.
A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”，答案是：B。

（04 湖北卷C段）Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.
根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins 是一家医疗中心。

三．通过构词法
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。

1．根据前缀猜测词义
例如：（05江西卷E段）Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?
根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。

2．根据后缀猜测词义
例如：（05 广东卷E段）It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．
后缀-ise/ize意思是“使成为…；使…化”，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商业化的”。

3．根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：（05 北京卷B段）Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.
Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。

它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。

（04浙江卷 D 段）We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists.
根据合成词中的mass （大量的）和produce （生产），我们可以推测mass-produce 的意思是：“大批量生产；规模生产”的意思。

综上所述，利用各种已知的信息推测判断生词词义是一项重要的阅读技能。

在阅读中我们可以根据实际灵活应用上面提到的几种猜词技巧，排除生词的干扰，理解文章的思想，提高阅读速度，同时，提高我们在高考阅读理解中的得分率。

【实战演练练习四】（04广东卷 B 篇）
One-third of the people in the village are children, and only 60 are over the age of 65．Just under half of the married women in the village have access to modem equipments.
62．The underlined part “have access to” (in Para. 4) means_____.
A. use
B. buy
C. produce
D. try
【实战演练练习五】（04湖北卷D篇）
Who is there among us who hasn’t dreamed of having his or her own small (maybe , several years later , even big ) business , and having wonderful freedom , both from a boss and from the time clock ; the freedom to make up our own rules for our work , and our own plans —arranging our own hours of work ? That way work would be both painless and fun . Or , so we imagine .
Well, in fact it isn’t quite as simple as that . Yes , it is true that being the boss has its satisfactions and that you can arrange your working hours freely if you own your own small business . But in those early years of starting your own business, you shouldn’t think of a free day , not to mention flying off for a month’s vacation . It is not unusual for new business owners to work seventy or eighty hours a week , and if there is a day off , that day might need to be devoted to accounting (算账).
But this negative picture doesn’t destroy the beautiful hopes. The possibility of getting something wonderful in return—both material and mental—continues to drive that large number of people who start up small businesses each year in the United States .
70．The expres sion “negative picture” most probably means “”.
A．a terrible experience B．a poor picture
C．limited freedom D．unpleasant situations
第三节主旨大意题解题技巧
主旨大意题在高考阅读理解中出现的频率很高，因为这类题主要考查考生能否通过理
解、分析全文，区分主要信息和次要信息，进而总结归纳文章或段落的大意。

测试点主要体现在对文章的主题、目的、中心思想的把握以及标题的选择。

这类题型常见的提问方式有：
What’s the main idea of the passage?
What does the passage mainly discuss?
The topic of Paragraph … is ….
Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?
A good/suitable title for this passage would be ….
我们知道：文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是构成文章中心思想的有机组成部分。

因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。

由于文章内容和体裁的不同，作者的写作手法也不尽相同，主题句在段落中出现的位置也不固定。

一般说来，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾；采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后演绎例证，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首；若作者采用由“特殊—一般—特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。

有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句，我们要学会根据段落的内容去概括出主题句，进而归纳出文章的主题。

做这类题时常用略读法。

快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。

把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。

文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。

命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。

对选择标题类题，若遇到拿不太准的情况时，可以自己思考一下：“如果是我写这个题目，我会怎样写？”。

看看下面两个例题：
(05 广东卷B 篇)
Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise．Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement．Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can't be easily swallowed down．They must be carefully cultivated.
Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born．They learn their skills in their everyday lives．But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?
Always give credit．Many leaders note that the most efficient way to get a good performance from others is to treat them like heroes．Giving public credit to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world．It is also an act of generosity (慷慨) that's never forgotten. Giving credit is more effective than even the most constructive criticism (批评) , which often hurts rather than helps．Kenneth Blanchard, the author of The One-Minute Manager, agrees. "Catch people doing something right!" he says．Then tell everyone about it.
Take informed risks．" The best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thoughtless exercise,"
says management adviser Marilyn Machlowitz, "Sky divers don't go up in an airplane without checking the parachutes (降落伞) beforehand．"
Because the idea of risk also carries with it the possibility of failure, many of us usually wait for others to take charge．But if you want to be a leader, you must learn to fail - and not die a thousand deaths．Pick yourself up and start all over again.
Encourage enthusiasm (热情)．"When people understand the importance of work, they lend their mental strengths," says Lee Ducat．But when they get excited about the work, all their energy gets poured into the job．That's a great force! Is this the best way to create excitement? Be enthusiastic yourself. You will be followed by everyone.
63．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A．Leadership Is of Skills and Techniques
B．Leadership Is Very Important
C．Not Many Can Be Leaders
D．How to Be a Leader
解析：这一题考查主旨大意，要考生为文章选择标题。

文章第一第二两段提出：‘Leadership skills must be carefully cultivated.’‘Most good leaders are made, not born.’（领导能力要精心培养。

）接下来文章从三个方面阐述了培养领导能力的方法：Always give credit/ Take informed risks/ Encourage enthusiasm (热情)。

根据各个段落的主题句，结合文章的结构，我们不难归纳出文章的中心：这篇文章讲的是怎样培养领导才能。

由此，我们判断选项D 在意义上涵盖了文章的中心，是最好的标题。

（05 天津卷A 篇）
Everyone’s at it , even my neighbors . I thought I might be the only person left in the world who hadn’t done an eBay deal . So, I decided to try my hand a t online auction (网上拍卖) . Buying for beginners: Sign up on . Most items (e. g. tables, computers, and books) ready for auction will come with a picture and a shart description ; others may be marked with “Buy It Now” and have a fixed price . You can buy these right away.
If the item is being auctioned , you offer the highest price you are prepared to pay and eBay bids (出价) for you . The bid will be increased little by little until it goes beyond your highest bid, then you are emailed and asked if you would like to bid again. Auctions last up to 10 days and when they finish you get an email telling you whether you have won the item.
How to pay : Sellers decide how they would like to be paid and you need to check this before placing a bid as you might not want to post a cheque or postal orders . The easiest way is through PayPal, an online payment system that takes the money away from your credit card (信用卡). Selling made simple: If you plan to sell on eBay, it helps to include a picture of the item . I followed my friends’ advice and put up the items I wanted to sell for a 10-day auction, starting on a
Thursday. This way buyers had two weekends to bid.
T he big things in life: It’s easy to post a small item , but furniture is a big part of eBay and this has to be collected or sent by deliverymen . Check the ways of delivery before you bid.
36．What is the passage mainly about?
A．How to make payment online.
B．Ways of making delivery online.
C．Advantages of an online-auction system.
D．How to use an online-auction system.
解析：这是一篇说明文，文章结构清晰明了，第一段介绍注册网址、网上的拍卖品；第二段介绍怎样竞价；第三段介绍怎样付款。

把三段的大意联系起来我们就可以概括出文章的中心：网络拍卖系统的使用方法。

由此，我们很容易得出答案：D。

【实战演练练习六】（05 福建卷C 篇）
Walk through the Amazon rainforest today and you will find it is steamy, warm, damp and thick. But if you had been around 15,000 years ago, during the last ice age ,would it have been the same? For more than 30 years, scientists have been arguing about how rainforests like the Amazon might have reacted（反应）to the cold, dry climates of the ice ages, but until now, no one has reached a satisfying answer.
Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2 each year; equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year. But how will the Amazon react to future climate change? If it gets drier, will it still survive and continue to draw down CO2? Scientists hope that they will be able to learn in advance how the rainforest will manage in the future by understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.
Unfortunately, getting into the Amazon rainforest and collecting information are very difficult. To study past climate, scientists need to look at fossilized pollen, kept in lake muds. Going back to the last ice age means drilling deep down into lake sediments（沉淀物）, which requires specialized equipment and heavy machinery. There are very few roads and paths, or places to land helicopters and aeroplanes. Rivers tend to be the easiest way to enter the forest ,but this still leaves vast areas between the rivers completely unsampled（未取样）. So far, only a handful of cores have been drilled that go back to the last ice age and none of them provide enough information to prove how the Amazon rainforest reacts to climate change.
67．The best title for this passage may probably be .
A．Studies of the Amazon B．Climates of the Amazon
C．Secrets of the Rainforests D．Changes of the Rainforests
【实战演练练习七】（05 上海卷D 篇）。