(全国通用版)2019版高考英语大一轮复习Unit4Globalwarming讲义新人教版选修6

Unit 4
Global warming
1quantity n ．量；数量；数目，数额
The problem begins when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.(教材P 26)
当我们向空气中排放大量多余的二氧化碳时，问题就产生了。

(1)⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ a (large ) quantity of 大量的quantities of ＋⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧⎭⎪⎬⎪⎫不可数名词可数名词复数形式 许多的；大量的in quantity/in large quantities 大量地
(2)quality n ．质量
【提示】 “a quantity of＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；“a quantity of ＋可数名词复数形式”作主语时，谓语动词用复数；“quantities of＋可数名词复数形式或不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

①Large quantities of information have_been_collected (collect) till the present moment.
到目前为止已经收集了大量信息。

②A large quantity of milk was (be) reported not to reach the standard.
据报道，大量的牛奶不达标。

③It's a lot cheaper if you buy it in quantity.
如果你大量购买要便宜得多。

2tend vi .趋向；易于；照顾 vt .照顾；护理 It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.(教材P 26)
这意味着更多的热能将被困在大气层中，从而引起全球气温上升。

(1)tend ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ (not ) to do sth 倾向于/易于/往往(不)做某事(to ) sb 照顾/护理某人
to/towards 倾向于……；有……的趋势
(2)attend to 注意；照顾；专心于；致力于
(3)⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ tendency n .倾向；趋势have a tendency to/towards do sth 有做某事的
倾向/可能性
①She tends to_get (get) angry when others disagree with her.
别人不同意她的看法时，她总是容易生气。

②She tended (to) her husband carefully during his illness.
丈夫生病期间，她悉心照料。

③You'd better attend to your own business.
你还是管好自己的事情吧！
④The situation is showing a tendency (tend) to improve.
形势有好转的倾向。

⑤Helen has a mental breakdown and a tendency to/towards suicide.
海伦精神崩溃并有自杀的倾向。

3oppose vt .反对；反抗；与(某人)较量
On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view and believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air.(教材P 27)
另一方面，还有一些人，像科学家乔治·汉布利，反对上面的观点，他们认为我们不必担心空气中高含量的二氧化碳。

(1)oppose sth/(one's) doing sth/sb doing sth
反对某事/(某人)做某事/某人做某事
(2)⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ opposed adj .相反的；对立的be opposed to (one's ) doing sth 反对(某人)做某事
(3)opposite n ．相反的人或事物 adj .相对的；对立的
①The parents strongly opposed their daughter going (go) there alone.
父母极力反对女儿独自去那里。

②We are firmly opposed to the practice of power politics between nations. 我们坚决反对国与国之间实行强权政治。

③Good habits always lead to high e fficiency, while bad ones bring the opposite (oppose)．
良好的习惯总是产生较高的效率，而坏的习惯则相反。

4average adj .平均的；普通的；中等的；通常的
n ．平均数；平均水平；一般水准
v ．平均为……；计算出……的平均数
The greenhouse effect gives the earth's surface the average temperature of 15 ℃. (教材P 29)
温室效应使地球表面的平均温度保持在15 ℃。

(1)an average of 平均有(后跟数词)
(2)⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ above/below (the ) average 在平均水平以上/以下on (the ) average 平均地；通常
up to average 达到平均数；达到一般水准
(3)average...out 算出……的平均数
①There's nothing special about him ；he's only average.
他没有什么特别的，他很普通。

②Tom's work at school is above (the) average, while Harry's is below (the) average.
汤姆在学校的功课中等偏上，而哈利的功课中等偏下。

③On the average people who don't smoke are healthier than people who do. 通常，不吸烟的人比吸烟的人更健康。

④Our weekly profits average out at about$750.
我们每周的平均利润约为750美元。

5advocate vt .拥护；提倡；主张 n ．提倡者；拥护者 However, I still think people should advocate improvements in the way we use energy today.(教材P 30)
然而，我依然认为人们应该提倡改进我们今天这种使用能源的方式。

advocate sth/doing sth主张(做)某事
advocate that...(should) do sth主张/提倡……做某事
an advocate of……的提倡者/拥护者
①Many experts advocate rewarding(reward) your child for good behaviour.
很多专家主张对小孩的良好表现加以奖励。

②Mr Garcia was a strong advocate of free market policies and a multi–party system.
加西亚先生是自由市场政策和多党制的坚定拥护者。

6circumstance n．环境；情况(通常用复数形式)
Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags and newspapers if circumstances allow you to.(教材P30)
如果情况允许的话，请回收罐子、瓶子、塑料袋和报纸。

(1)in/under the circumstances在这种情况下
(2)in/under no circumstances决不，无论如何都不(放在句首时主句用倒装语序)
①Our circumstances are so desperate that it is uncertain whether we will ever return alive.(人教版选修10·Unit 1)
我们处于山穷水尽的境地，都不知道自己能不能活着回去。

②In/Under the circumstances he felt unable to accept the job.
在这种情况下，他觉得无法接受这项工作。

③In/Under no circumstances can you leave this house.
你无论如何都不能离开这所房子。

④I don't like any humor in this serious speech beca use I can't think of any circumstance where this would be beneficial or useful.
我不喜欢这种严肃的演讲中的任何幽默，因为我想不出其中的幽默会带来好处或益处的情景。

1come about发生；造成
So how has this come about and does it matter? (教材P26)
那么，这种情况是如何发生的呢？会有什么影响吗？
come across (偶然)遇到
come out 出现；出版；开花；结果是
come over (从远处)来到；顺便来访
come on 跟着来，跟上来；[口]得啦；快点
come to 谈到；涉及；苏醒过来；总计
come up 上来；走近；被提及
come up with 追上，赶上；想出(主意)；找出(答案)
①I'll never understand how it came (come) about that you made such a mistake. 我真不明白你怎么会犯这样的错误。

②It was several weeks before the tr uth of the matter came out .
几个星期后才真相大白。

③We weren't able to come up with any new suggestions.
我们提不出任何新的建议。

【比较网站】
They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. (教材P 26)
他们还赞同下述观点，即正是由于越来越多地燃烧化石燃料导致了二氧化碳的增加。

(1)result from(＝arise from)因……而产生
(2)⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ as a result 结果as a result of 由于；因为
(3)⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ with the result that...其结果是……without result 没有结果；徒劳
①However, pollution and other serious probl ems have also resulted from human progress.
但是，人类的发展也产生了污染和其他严重的问题。

②About 21 million people died during the 1990s as a result of smoking. 20世纪90年代约有2 100万人死于吸烟。

③He threatened to resign and had a chat with my boss, with the result that half
of my job was taken away and given to him.
他威胁要辞职，并与我的老板进行了谈话，结果是老板将我的一半工作分给了他。

3put up with忍受；容忍
We do not have to put up with pollution. (教材P30)
我们不必忍受污染。

put up sth举起，抬起；建造；提高；张贴
put sb up 给某人提供食宿
①I'm not going to put up with their smoking any longer.
我再也不容忍他们抽烟了。

②Their friends suggested they should put up their prices.
他们的朋友们建议他们提高价格。

③We can put you up for the night.
我们可以留你过夜。

【提示】表示“忍受”的词语还有：stand, tolerate, bear等。

1“there is no doubt that”结构
There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer (see Graph 1)．.. (教材P26)
毫无疑问，地球正在逐渐变暖(见图表1)……
【句式点拨】
在本句型中，that引导的是同位语从句，说明doubt的内容。

用法与there is a chance that...是一样的。

(1)doubt作名词，若用在否定句或疑问句中，后面接that引导的同位语从句；若用在肯定句中，后面接whether引导的同位语从句。

注意此时不可以用if替换whether。

(2)doubt作动词，若用在否定句和疑问句中，后面接that引导的宾语从句；若用在肯定句中，后面一般接whether或if引导的宾语从句。

①There is no doubt that they will agree with you on this matter.
毫无疑问，在这件事上他们会同意你的。

②I have no doubt that he will succeed.
我相信他会成功的。

③There's some doubt whether he is fit for the job.
有人怀疑他是否适合这项工作。

④He doubts if/whether she will keep her word.
他不敢肯定她是否会遵守诺言。

⑤I don't doubt/have no doubt that he will win the race.
我坚信他将赢得比赛。

2as/so long as 和if not的用法
It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as you are using it—if not, turn it off！(教材P30)
只要你在使用电器设备，你便可以把它开着，如果不用就把它关掉！
【句式点拨1】
as/so long as意为“只要……”，引导条件状语从句。

as long as亦可用来表示时间、具体物品等，表示“长达……”。

①We need a rope as long as 30 metres.
我们需要一条30米长的绳子。

②We haven't seen each other for as long as 20 years.
我们有20年之久没见面了。

【比较网站】
③生活中我们可能遇到许多失败，但只要我们尽了力，就没有必要为失败而后悔。

In our life we may meet many failures, as_long_as_we_have_tried_our_best,_there's_no_
need_to_feel_regret_for_these_failures.
【句式点拨2】
if not在本句中是if you are not using it的省略形式。

【提示】 if so 如果这样；if any 若有；if necessary 如果有必要。

④I think the train leaves at midday. You'd better take a taxi. If not, maybe you'll miss it.
我想火车是正午开，你最好乘出租车去，否则可能会误车的。

⑤Have you got a free evening next week？If so, let's have dinner together.
下周你晚上有空吗？如果有，我们一起吃晚餐吧。

⑥Point out errors, if any.
若有错误，请指正。

Ⅰ.品句填词(用所给词的适当形式或根据语境写一个合适的词)
1．I've personally never subscribed to the view that either sex is superior to the other. I believe men and women are equal.
2．The nation's unemployment rate has been climbing steadily(stead) since last June, which definitely will threaten the nation's peace and development.
3．We should do our work well to make contributions(contribute) to our future, our society and our nation.
4．I never even glanced at the political page of a daily paper, while my husband was always dying for any news about politics.
5．Most of the Chinese movies produced in 2018 reflected the reality of the present age and revealed the mind of people, representing a positive tendency(tend).
6．Many old men oppose cutting(cut) down the 100–year–old tree for rebuilding a shopping center.
7．It is reported that every day large quantities of waste water are_poured(pour) into rivers without being cleaned in this area.
8．The girl took a book at random from the shelf while she was wandering in the bookshop.
9．The writer is used to refreshing(refresh) himself with a cup of coffee while writing.
10．Now electrical(electricity) appliances are widely used in people's homes.
Ⅱ.单句改错(含本单元的词汇和语法)
needed in the 1．At present, a large quantity of food and water are
is
earthquake–hit area.
the exchanging student program offered by you is 2．There is no doubt whether
that
very meaningful.
3．Sometimes I have problems at work but in
the whole I enjoy my job and am making
on
progress step by step.
4．Others advocated that we encouraged
more and more people to wear traditional
encourage
clothes.
a speech on behalf
5．It is Mary, as well as several other students, that make
makes
of our school.
. He is always picking at me, looking 6．It is Jack's pride that I can't put up ∧
with
down upon me and laughing at me in front of the others.
/strongly opposed to the presence of American army in this region.
7．We ∧
are
Anyhow, this is our domestic affair.
8．It is important for students to make the most of their different learning environments and acquire ∧
wide range of knowledge.
a
shall we give in to pressure or threats from foreign 9．Under no circumstance
circumstances
countries.
10．In the biology class, we did several experiments on snakes, but our teacher it came about that snakes produced poison was a mystery.
told us what
how
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
All scientists subscribe to the view that the greenhouse effect leads to global warming. The 1.burning(burn) of fossil fuels adds huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. More heat energy tends 2.to_be_trapped(trap) in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.
The scientist Charles Keeling, who made accurate 3.measurements(measure) of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, found between these years CO2 went up
4.sharply(sharp) from around 315 parts to 370 parts per million, which
5.was_accepted(accept) by all scientists. The increase of CO2 resulted in global warming, with the temperature rising by as high as 5 degrees.
However, the attitudes of scientists 6.towards this rise are completely different. Dr Froster says 5 degrees' rise would be a catastrophe. The sea level will rise by several metres, 7.resulting(result) in severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases and the disappearance of species. On the other hand, George Hambley 8.is_opposed(oppose) to this view. More CO2 is actually a positive
thing, which 9.will_encourage(encourage) a greater range of plants and animals to grow better.
Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. The climate keeps on 10.warming(warm) for decades or centuries. No one knows the effects of global warming.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
They may be tiny, and live for just three months, but ants could be the key to solving climate change.
Rough harvester ants have been found to “weather” minerals in sand to produce calcium carbonate, also known as limestone(石灰岩)．When the ants make this limestone, the process traps carbon dioxide in the rock, ultimately removing it from the atmosphere.
It is uncertain how the minerals are changed, however, and theories vary a lot from ants licking the sand to excreting (排泄) the substance.
Professor Dorn buried sand at six sites in the Catalina Mountains in Arizona, and Polo Duro Canyon in Texas, 25 years ago. Every five years, he measured the minerals in the sand, and discovered the ants broke down minerals up to 300 times faster than sand left undisturbed.
Professor Dorn believes the ants collect calcium and magnesium(镁) and use these elements to make the limestone. This may occur when ants lick sand grains to stick them to the walls of their nests. Alternatively, the limestone could be created from bacteria in the insects gut before it is excreted. This process is similar to what's known as carbon sequestration(隔离)．
Natural carbon sequestration is the process on Earth that manages the carbon dioxide expelled by animals and humans. Trees and the oceans help trap this carbon dioxide.
Another method is geological sequestration where the carbon dioxide is pumped into underground chamber, or into areas full of calcium and magnesium. Carbon dioxide reacts with these elements to form limestone. It is this latter method that Dorn believes the ants perform naturally.
But Professor Dorn claims it is still unknown how much atmospheric carbon is
removed by the ants.
语篇导读本文为说明文。

多恩教授认为，蚂蚁也许是应对气候变化的关键因素。

他通过实验证明蚂蚁能够吸收空气中的二氧化碳，但是具体能吸收多少至今尚未确定。

1．The fifth paragraph is mainly about ________.
A．how ants break down limestone
B．how ants change minerals into limestone
C．how ants decorate their nests with sand
D．how ants use sand to kill bacteria
解析B主旨大意题。

本段大意：多恩教授认为蚂蚁舔沙砾把它们粘在巢穴的墙上时，可能会收集钙和镁制造石灰岩。

或者，石灰岩可以从蚂蚁的肠道细菌中产生，再排泄出来。

这都是关于蚂蚁如何制造或产生石灰岩的，故选B 项。

2．What is the possible meaning of the underlined word “expelled”？
A．Sent out. B．Taken in.
C．Broken up. D．Given away.
解析A词义猜测题。

本句句意：地球上自然碳汇是处理动物和人类expelled的二氧化碳的过程。

根据常识可知，动物和人类排放二氧化碳。

send out放出；take in 吸收；break up打碎，结束；give away泄露(消息、秘密等)，故选A项。

3．According to Dorn, scientists still don't know ________.
A．the effect of CO2 on ants' survival
B．the method of ants' removing CO2
C．the amount of CO2 removed by ants
D．the time when ants absorb CO2
解析C细节理解题。

根据最后一段可知，多恩教授目前尚不清楚蚂蚁吸收了多少大气中的碳，故选C项。

4．The main idea of the passage is that ________.
A．ants build their nests to keep CO2 out
B．ants use limestone to absorb a great deal of CO2
C．ants are pioneers in solving global warming
D．ants may remove CO2 from atmosphere
解析D主旨大意题。

第一段说．..but ants could be the key to solving climate change，后面介绍了多恩教授的实验，最后多恩教授称目前尚不清楚蚂蚁吸收了多少大气中的碳。

因此全文主要讲蚂蚁可能会吸收大气中的二氧化碳并介绍相关实验，故选D项。

B
During a research experiment a marine(海洋) biologist placed a shark into a large
holding tank and then released several small fish into the tank. 5.________ The marine biologist then inserted a strong piece of clear fiberglass(纤维玻璃) into the tank, creating two separate parts. She then put the shark on one side of the fiberglass and a new set of small fish on the other.
Again, the shark quickly attacked. This time, however, the shark hit the fiberglass divider and bounced off. 6.________ Meanwhile, the small fish swam around unharmed in the second part. Eventually, about an hour into the experiment, the shark gave up.
This experiment was repeated several dozen times over the next few weeks.
7.________ Eventually the shark got tired of hitting the fiberglass divider and simply stopped attacking altogether.
The marine biologist then removed the fiberglass divider, but the shark didn't attack. 8.________ So, they swam wherever they wished, free from harm.
Like the shark in the story, many of us, after experiencing setbacks and failures, emotionally give up and stop trying. 9.________ In other words, we continue to see a barrier in our heads, even when no “real” barrier exists between where we are and where we want to go.
A．At the same time, the shark tried again and again.
B．We believe that because we were unsuccessful in the past, we will always be unsuccessful.
C．The shark was trained to believe a barrier existed between it and the small fish.
D．It kept repeating this behavior every few minutes fruitlessly.
E．We should keep on trying even if we meet obstacles.
F．Each time, the shark got less aggressive and made fewer attempts to attack the small fish.
G．As you would expect, the shark quickly swam around the tank, attacked and ate the smaller fish.
语篇导读本文为议论文。

大鱼吃小鱼是自然法则，也是鲨鱼的生存法则。

然而，当鲨鱼与小鱼之间多了一块透明纤维玻璃后，鲨鱼又会做出怎样的举动呢？
5．解析G顺承关系。

上句讲到：在一项实验中，海洋生物学家将鲨鱼放入一个大型水槽，并在水槽中放入了几条小鱼。

承接上句，空处应讲到放进小鱼的后果，即G项：正如你所想的，鲨鱼迅速在水槽中游动，袭击并吃掉小鱼，故选G项。

6．解析D顺承关系。

本段共分为三个部分，第一部分讲到鲨鱼像上次一样进攻小鱼
但被纤维玻璃弹开，第三部分讲到结果是鲨鱼放弃了吃小鱼，因此中间的一部分是承上启下，讲述鲨鱼一遍遍尝试的过程，故A、D两项符合题意，然而A项中的at the same time与下文中的meanwhile重复，故选D项。

7．解析F递进关系。

上句讲到这项实验在接下来的几个星期里重复了好几十次。

下句交代了实验结果：鲨鱼最终疲于撞击纤维玻璃挡板，因此停止了攻击行为。

在此之前，实验中所显现的过程如F项：每一次实验，鲨鱼的攻击性越来越弱，袭击小鱼的尝试越来越少，这与最终的结果构成递进关系，故选F项。

8．解析C诠释关系。

上句讲到：海洋生物学家取出了纤维玻璃挡板，但鲨鱼还是没有攻击(小鱼)。

空处则对鲨鱼这一举动作出解释，即C项：鲨鱼已经被训练得去相信挡板依然存在于它和小鱼之间，故选C项。

9．解析B顺承关系。

上句讲到，与故事中的鲨鱼一样，我们许多人在经历挫折和失败后，就总想放弃并且不再尝试。

B项(因为过去有失败的经历，因此我们就认为自己总是会失败)，承接上文并与下文表达同义，故选B项。

Ⅱ.完形填空
Jaguar(美洲虎) is an endangered animal. It is said that there are less than 20 in the world __1__， one of which is now living in the national zoo of Peru. In order to __2__ this jaguar, Peruvians __3__ a pitch of land in the zoo for it, where there are flocks of animals for it to eat. Anyone who has visited the zoo praised it to be the “Heaven of Tiger”. However, no one has ever seen the jaguar hunt the anim als. __4__ people could see is its lying in house eating and sleeping.
Some people thought the jaguar felt too lonely so they rented a female tiger to __5__ it. Nonetheless, it did not make much __6__. The jaguar just sometimes went out of its house with i ts “girlfriend” and stayed in the sun for a while.
“It is __7__ for the jaguar to be lazy in this environment. Tiger is the king of forest but you simply put some small __8__ around it. That is why it shows no __9__ in going out. Why don't you put two wolves around it？” a visitor proposed. Others __10__ him and put five panthers(黑豹) into its __11__. Since then, the jaguar didn't go back to its house any more. It either stood on top of the hill roaring or __12__ from the hill strolling without sleeping all day, totally got back to its __13__.
In our world, __14__ creature without any rivals is lifeless. If a man lives without __15__， he is bound to be satisfied __16__ the present and will not strive for the better. __17__ environment tends to __18__ successful people. Therefore, your rivals are not your opponents, but your good __19__！ In our lives, we need
some rivals to be particular about us and supervise us with __20__ requirements and standards. Due to our rivals, we can bring out our potential to the best!
语篇导读本文为夹叙夹议文，通过讲述美洲虎在动物园生活的情况来告诉我们：人生应该拥有对手。

1．A．accurately B．possibly
C．currently D．clearly
解析C此处表示目前美洲虎在世界上现存不到20只。

currently目前，当前，故选C 项。

2．A.find B．protect
C．hunt D．murder
解析B上文讲到美洲虎现存不足20只，下文讲到秘鲁人把美洲虎饲养在动物园，因此此处应是为了保护它，故选B项。

3．A.singled out B．looked out
C．took out D．came out
解析A秘鲁人在动物园中单独挑出一块地饲养这只美洲虎。

single out挑选出；look out注意；take out拿出；come out出版，故选A项。

4．A.Which B．Who
C．When D．What
解析D人们所看到的是美洲虎躺在虎穴中吃饭和睡觉。

此处为主语从句，see后面缺少宾语，故用What引导主语从句。

5．A.destroy B．fight
C．accompany D．hug
解析C上文提到一些人认为美洲虎很孤单，此处应是指他们租来一只雌虎陪伴(accompany)美洲虎，故选C项。

6．A.difference B．use
C．advice D．progress
解析A make much difference有很大影响，产生很大作用，符合句意，故选A项。

7．A.particular B．useful
C．likely D．normal
解析D根据下文内容可知，此处指美洲虎在这种环境中变懒是很正常的(normal)，故选D项。

8．A.animals B．sheep
C．pigs D．vegetables
解析A根据第一段第三句中的．..where there are flocks of animals for it to eat
可知，此处应是指放入一些小动物，故选A项。

9．A.interest B．difficulty
C．attitude D．expression
解析A show no interest in doing sth对做某事不感兴趣，为固定搭配，故选A项。

10．A.agreed on B．agreed with
C．agreed to D．did with
解析B agree on在某方面达成一致看法；agree with同意某人；agree to同意(意见、建议等)；do with处理。

空格后宾语为him，故选B项。

11．A.classroom B．boundary
C．territory D．courtyard
解析C人们觉得他说的有道理，就把5只黑豹投进虎园。

classroom教室；boundary 范围，界限；territory领地；courtyard庭院，故选C项。

12．A.went away B．wrote down
C．put down D．went down
解析D此处指美洲虎从山上下来巡视。

go away离开；write down写下；put down 放下；go down走下来，故选D项。

13．A.position B．nature
C．existence D．reality
解析B上文提到美洲虎不再整天睡觉，而是恢复了老虎的天性(nature)，故选B项。

14．A.one B．some
C．any D．none
解析A句意：在我们的世界中，一种没有任何对手的生物会变得毫无生机，故选A 项。

15．A.teachers B．relatives
C．rivals D．lovers
解析C根据上文列举的美洲虎的例子以及本段第一句可知，此处表示“没有对手(rivals)”，故选C项。

16．A.to B．with
C．across D．into
解析B be satisfied with对……感到满意，故选B项。

17．A.Good B．Difficult
C．Smooth D．Different
解析B根据下文可知，此处指艰难的环境孕育成功者，故选B项。

18．A.realize B．cultivate
C ．destroy
D ．produce
解析 B 参见上题解析。

realize 实现；cultivate 培养；destroy 毁坏；produce 生产，故选B 项。

19．A.schoolmates
B ．friends
C ．colleagues
D ．teammates
解析 B 空前说你的对手不是你的竞争者，结合句中but 可知，空处应填与opponents 相对比的事物，故选B 项。

20．A.obvious
B ．real
C ．strict
D ．familiar
解析 C 根据语境可知，此处指我们需要对手来对我们百般挑剔，并用严格的(strict)要求和标准监督我们，故选C 项。

Ⅲ.短文改错
In China, whether old people should be helped when they have a fall seem seems
① a puzzling problem, but one experience has complete completely
② changed my view. Last Monday, on the way to ③ home after school, I was walking on the road while when
④ I saw an old man fall to the ground. Without hesitation, I went over and tried
to help him standing stand
⑤ up, but he couldn't move. Seeing him seriously injured, I dialed 120. It was not long before ∧an ⑥ ambulance came and took him to hospital.
The following day, the old man's daughter was so thankful that he she
⑦ took out 1,000 yuan to reward me, and but
⑧ I politely refused it. Only after the incident did I began begin ⑨ to realize that not all old man men
⑩ were evil enough to blackmail others. ① 解析 主语为单数概念，指的是“帮不帮摔倒的老人”这一件事情，故谓语动词seem 用第三人称单数形式。

② 解析 修饰谓语动词has changed 用副词。

③ 解析 home 是副词，其前不用介词。

④ 解析 主句是过去进行时was walking ，从句是一般过去时saw ，while 只能表示某一段时间，不能表示某一时间点，when 两者都可以表示，故用when 。

⑤ 解析 help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事。

⑥解析此处泛指“一辆”救护车且ambulance以元音音素开头，故其前用不定冠词an。

⑦解析此处指the old man's daughter。

⑧解析对方给钱，但“我”拒绝了，前后是转折关系。

⑨解析Only在句首修饰状语，句子部分倒装，did I之后为动词原形。

⑩解析由all和were可知此处应用man的复数形式。