自考现代英语语法第一章

higher
lower
1.1 Morphemes
Morphemes (词素) are the minimal units of grammatical analysis, also the smallest meaningful units of language. A morpheme can not be divided without altering or destroying its meaning. 语言中最小的不可再分的意义单 位 Morph(词素形式):the concrete realization of a morpheme. Allomorph(词素变体): a phonetically, lexically or grammatically conditioned member of a set of morphs representing a particular morpheme. Free morpheme (自由词素)：a morpheme that can occur in isolation. Bound morpheme (粘附词素) : a morpheme that can only occur in conjunction with at least one other morphemes. Such as dis, un, ab…
Affixation 词缀法
Formation of a word by means of an affix (词缀). Affix generally includes prefixes (前缀) and suffixes (后缀). A prefix is attached before a base and a suffix after a base. The differences between a root, a stem and a base. (exercise 3.) A root is that part of a word that remains when all affixes have been removed. A stem has to do with inflectional features and is the part that remains when all inflectional affixes (曲折词缀) have been removed. A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
1.3.3 The adjective phrase 形容词+前置或后置修饰语
1.3.4 The adverb phrase 修饰语+副词 1.3.5 The prepositional phrase A typical prepositional phrase is a noun phrase which is the complement preceded by a preposition which is the head word. 介词+动词词组
1.2 Words
Based on three complementary criteria: meaning, form and function, the words can be divided into:
Open classes 开放性 Байду номын сангаасew words can be added Closed classes 关闭性 Have a fairly fixed membership
Marginal classes 边缘类
1.2.2 Word formation 构词
Five approaches of word formation: Affixation 词缀法: 通过加词缀改变词的意义 Composition 复合法：两个或两个以上独立的词构成一 个复合词。 Conversion 转化法：某一个单词未经添加词缀就由一个 词类转化成另一词类。 Blending 拼缀法：对两个单词进行裁剪，掐头去尾，然 后把两个不完整的部分拼合成一个词。 Back-formation 逆生法： Shortening 缩略法：把一些较长的多音节单词裁剪为较 短的通常为单音节的词。 Acronyms 首字母缩略法：首字母缩略而成的词。
1.4 Clauses 分句
在复合句中不能独立成句，但具有自主主语部分和谓语部 分，由that，who，when等引导词引导的句子。 从结构上看，分句是建立在词组的基础上，由一个或几个 词组组成。 从逻辑意义上看，分句是主语（subject）加谓语 （predicate）的语法结构。 从语法关系上看，分句可分为两大类：主句（main clause）和从句（subordinate clause）；从句又可分为 名词从句（nominal clause），关系从句（relative clause）和状语从句（adverbial clause）。
1.4.2 Subject and predicate 主语和谓语 Subject : theme of the sentence “subject matter 主题内容” of the sentence the doer (or the actor) of the verb (动作的执行者). Predicate: what is being said about the subject 1.4.3 Clause patterns 分句类型 There are five elements of clause: subject, verb, object （宾 语）, complement （补语）, and adverbial （状语）. Seven basic clause patterns: SV 主语-动词 SVC 主语-动词-宾语 SVO 主语-动词-宾语 SVOO 主语-动词-宾语-宾语 SVOC 主语-动词-宾语-补语 SVA 主语-动词-状语 SVOA 主语-动词-宾语-状语
Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Determiners 限定词:the, a, this, that… Pronouns 代词: he, she, her, it… Prepositions 介词: about, over, on… Conjunctions 连词: and, or, however… Auxiliaries 助动词: must, should, can… Numerals数词: one, two, first, second Interjections感叹词: oh, wow, Jesus…
1.5.2 Statements, commands, questions and exclamations 陈述句，祈使句，疑问句，感叹句
1.6 The text
Our grammar is essentially a sentence grammar, however, it is less usual for sentences to occur in isolation than in coherent sequences. Cohesion: close relationship, based on grammar on meaning, between different parts of a sentence or between one sentence and another.
1.3 Phrases 词组
词组是按一定的语法规则，围绕一定中心词（head word）结合起来 的一组词。 Five phrase classes: noun phrase (NP), verb phrase (VP), adjective phrase (AdjP), adverb phrase (AdvP), and prepositional phrase (PreoP). 1.3.1 The noun phrase 名词+修饰语 A noun phrase consists of a head word, which is usually a noun, and one or more optional modifiers. 1.3.2 The verb phrase 动词+助动词 A verb phrase consists of a main verb (主动词) and auxiliaries (助动 词). Simple verb phrase 简单动词词组 and complex verb phrase 复杂动 词词组 “the finite verb phrase” (限定动词词组) and “the non-finite verb phrase”(非限定动词词组) Three non-finite forms: infinitive (不定式)，-ing particle, -ed particle.
Chapter one
The Structure of the English Sentence
1.0 Introduction



The hierarchical structure of grammatical units A sentence consists of one or more clauses A clause consists of one or more phrases A phrase consists of one or more words A word consists of one or more morphemes A morpheme is the minimal unit of grammatical analysis
1.5 Sentences
1.5.1 Simple, compound and complex sentences 简单句，复合句和复杂句 A simple sentence contains one clause. A compound sentence is a sentence in which the clauses are related to one another by coordination. A complex sentence is a sentence in which the clauses are related to one another by subordination.