Difference between English and Chinese共47页
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• 由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社 会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯 工具不足而变得更加严重。
Examples (1)
• 由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社 会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯 工具不足而变得更加严重。
• Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.
Examples (1)
• The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
• Custom习惯 customs海关，关税 • Economy 节约economics节约措施 • Damage损坏 damages赔偿费 • Ground 场地grounds理由 • Export 出口exports出口货物
Nouns (2)
• Unemployment 失业现象 • tension紧张局势 • Arrogance 骄傲情绪 • shortage短缺情况
nouns and prepositions are widely used, just like a series of Grapes. In Chinese verbs are widely used, just like a Bamboo.
Word
• Verbs • Nouns • Pronouns • Adjetives and adverbs • Articles • Conjunctions • Prepositions
problem.
Verbs (3)
• I want to go out for a walk. • Being a teacher, he should love his
students. • Given more money and time, he would
succeed.
Nouns (1)
• He is old enough to go to school. • She has enough time to do it.
Articles
• A cup of tea • An English book
• He is a student in our class. • 他是我们班的学生。 • The end does not justify the means. • 即使目的正当，也不能不择手段。 • I like the red one. • 我喜欢那个红的。
textdifferencebetweenenglishtextchinesetextexamplesdefinition是指由连贯的句子或语段所构成的或长或短的语义整体例如一篇散文一项合同一页说明书一首诗歌一个剧本一次谈话一则寓言一封书信一部小说或专著或其中意义比较完整的片篇章不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合而是一个语义上的整体即表达整体意义
Examples (2)
• It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.
Nouns (3)
• A bird’s-eye view of London鸟瞰伦敦 • St. Peter’s圣彼得教堂 • The barber’s理发店
Nouns (4)
• Efforts should be made to overcome the disadvantages.
• 应努力克服种种不利因素。 • Steps have been taken, but without
Examples (2)
• Europe has some countries, climate is worst, people there must have greatest discomfort, then can search for the picturesque, curious, they precisely have the greatest enthusiasm for country life, and love of natural scenery, and this is most widely diffused, this is a fact, but I can never think of any satisfactory explanation.
success. • 已经采取了一些步骤，但毫无结果。
Nouns (5)
• They fell in love at first sight. • The passage of the bill by houses of
Congress was hopeful. • 两院很有可能通过该议案。
Pronouns (1)
误以为
• Take out
拿出
• Take in
吸入，接收
Sentence
• 英语句子重形合（hypotaxis）；汉语句子重意合 （parataxis）。所谓“形合”就是主要靠语言本 身语法手段；所谓“意合”主要靠句子内部逻辑 联系。英文句子结构紧凑严密。中文句子结构简 练明快。总之，英语句子中，主干结构突出，即 主谓机制突出。名词尤其是抽象名词和介词用得 多。在表达复杂思想时，往往开门见山，然后借 助英语特有词汇关系代词（relative pronoun）， 进行空间搭架，把各个子句（clause）有机地结 合起来，构成一串葡萄似的句子。主干可能很短， 上面却结着累累果实。
General introduction（1）
• Different language families： • English： Indo-European language family
or Indo-Germanic system • Chinese： Sino-Tibetan language family • English： alphabetic character • Chinese： ideographic character
Examples (2)
• 译文1：这是件我不能想出解释的事，就是正好那 些天气最坏和寻找风景如画的地方最带有困难的 欧洲国家是对乡村生活具有的热情和对自然景色 具有的爱心最强烈和最普遍的。
• 译文2：欧洲有些国家，天气坏透，那里的人要辛 苦一番，才能找到景色如画的地方。奇怪，他们 恰好最喜欢过乡村生活，也最爱欣赏天然风景， 而且这个情形也极普遍。这就是实情，我怎么也 提不出叫人满意的解释来。
• Across the street, he began to run very fast.
Prepositions (2)
• Look after
照顾
• Look for
寻找
• Look at
看
• Take off
起飞，脱去
• Take sth. for granted 想当然
• Take …for…
Verbs (1)
• It rains everyday recently. • It rained yesterday. • It is going to rain. • It is raining hard outside.
Verbs (2)
• The window was broken. • The cup was broken. • This pot is made of stainless steel. • Measures have been taken • Enough attention has been paid to that
Text / Discourse
• Definition • The difference between English text and
Chinese text • examples
Definition (1)
• 篇章是指由连贯的句子或语段所构成的、 或长或短的语义整体，例如一篇散文、一 项合同、一页说明书、一首诗歌、一个剧 本、一次谈话、一则寓言、一封书信、一 部小说或专著，或其中意义比较完整的片 段。
• He put his hands into his pocket. • They had their lunch at half past twelve
today.
Pronouns (2)
• Anna, who was here a moment ago, left this note.
• 安娜刚才来过，是她留下的这张条子。 • We used a plane of which almost every part
carried some indication of national identity. • 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个零件都有国家的标志。 • God help those who help themselves. • 自助者天助之。
Adj. & adv.
• This magazine is more interesting. • This book is the best one.
Conjunctions
• She was so excited that tears came to her eyes.
• 她激动得热泪盈眶。
• 你不走我也不走。 • If you don’t leave, I won’t leave either.
Prepositions (1)
• He goes to school at seven o’clock every morning.
General introduction（3）
• Difference of sentence structure: • English sentences: well-knit, close and
compact • Chinese sentences: concise and explicit • In English, nouns, especially the abstract
Definition (2)
• 篇章不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是 一个语义上的整体，即表达整体意义。
• 语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性 （cohesion），如连接、替代、省略、照应；
• 语义逻辑上，全篇通常有首有尾，各句段所反 映的概念或命题具有连续性。每个句子都起着 一定的承前启后的作用，句与句、段与段的排 列一般都符合逻辑顺序。
General introduction（2）
• Different nature of language: • Chinese： analytic language • English：comprehensive language
General introduction（2）
• Analytic language: the relationship of words is expressed not by the form of word itself-----but by prepositions and word order and so on.
• Comprehensive language: the meaning of the language is expressed by the change of the form of the word itself such as case, number, tense and so on.
Examples (1)
• 由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社 会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯 工具不足而变得更加严重。
• Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.
Examples (1)
• The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
• Custom习惯 customs海关，关税 • Economy 节约economics节约措施 • Damage损坏 damages赔偿费 • Ground 场地grounds理由 • Export 出口exports出口货物
Nouns (2)
• Unemployment 失业现象 • tension紧张局势 • Arrogance 骄傲情绪 • shortage短缺情况
nouns and prepositions are widely used, just like a series of Grapes. In Chinese verbs are widely used, just like a Bamboo.
Word
• Verbs • Nouns • Pronouns • Adjetives and adverbs • Articles • Conjunctions • Prepositions
problem.
Verbs (3)
• I want to go out for a walk. • Being a teacher, he should love his
students. • Given more money and time, he would
succeed.
Nouns (1)
• He is old enough to go to school. • She has enough time to do it.
Articles
• A cup of tea • An English book
• He is a student in our class. • 他是我们班的学生。 • The end does not justify the means. • 即使目的正当，也不能不择手段。 • I like the red one. • 我喜欢那个红的。
textdifferencebetweenenglishtextchinesetextexamplesdefinition是指由连贯的句子或语段所构成的或长或短的语义整体例如一篇散文一项合同一页说明书一首诗歌一个剧本一次谈话一则寓言一封书信一部小说或专著或其中意义比较完整的片篇章不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合而是一个语义上的整体即表达整体意义
Examples (2)
• It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.
Nouns (3)
• A bird’s-eye view of London鸟瞰伦敦 • St. Peter’s圣彼得教堂 • The barber’s理发店
Nouns (4)
• Efforts should be made to overcome the disadvantages.
• 应努力克服种种不利因素。 • Steps have been taken, but without
Examples (2)
• Europe has some countries, climate is worst, people there must have greatest discomfort, then can search for the picturesque, curious, they precisely have the greatest enthusiasm for country life, and love of natural scenery, and this is most widely diffused, this is a fact, but I can never think of any satisfactory explanation.
success. • 已经采取了一些步骤，但毫无结果。
Nouns (5)
• They fell in love at first sight. • The passage of the bill by houses of
Congress was hopeful. • 两院很有可能通过该议案。
Pronouns (1)
误以为
• Take out
拿出
• Take in
吸入，接收
Sentence
• 英语句子重形合（hypotaxis）；汉语句子重意合 （parataxis）。所谓“形合”就是主要靠语言本 身语法手段；所谓“意合”主要靠句子内部逻辑 联系。英文句子结构紧凑严密。中文句子结构简 练明快。总之，英语句子中，主干结构突出，即 主谓机制突出。名词尤其是抽象名词和介词用得 多。在表达复杂思想时，往往开门见山，然后借 助英语特有词汇关系代词（relative pronoun）， 进行空间搭架，把各个子句（clause）有机地结 合起来，构成一串葡萄似的句子。主干可能很短， 上面却结着累累果实。
General introduction（1）
• Different language families： • English： Indo-European language family
or Indo-Germanic system • Chinese： Sino-Tibetan language family • English： alphabetic character • Chinese： ideographic character
Examples (2)
• 译文1：这是件我不能想出解释的事，就是正好那 些天气最坏和寻找风景如画的地方最带有困难的 欧洲国家是对乡村生活具有的热情和对自然景色 具有的爱心最强烈和最普遍的。
• 译文2：欧洲有些国家，天气坏透，那里的人要辛 苦一番，才能找到景色如画的地方。奇怪，他们 恰好最喜欢过乡村生活，也最爱欣赏天然风景， 而且这个情形也极普遍。这就是实情，我怎么也 提不出叫人满意的解释来。
• Across the street, he began to run very fast.
Prepositions (2)
• Look after
照顾
• Look for
寻找
• Look at
看
• Take off
起飞，脱去
• Take sth. for granted 想当然
• Take …for…
Verbs (1)
• It rains everyday recently. • It rained yesterday. • It is going to rain. • It is raining hard outside.
Verbs (2)
• The window was broken. • The cup was broken. • This pot is made of stainless steel. • Measures have been taken • Enough attention has been paid to that
Text / Discourse
• Definition • The difference between English text and
Chinese text • examples
Definition (1)
• 篇章是指由连贯的句子或语段所构成的、 或长或短的语义整体，例如一篇散文、一 项合同、一页说明书、一首诗歌、一个剧 本、一次谈话、一则寓言、一封书信、一 部小说或专著，或其中意义比较完整的片 段。
• He put his hands into his pocket. • They had their lunch at half past twelve
today.
Pronouns (2)
• Anna, who was here a moment ago, left this note.
• 安娜刚才来过，是她留下的这张条子。 • We used a plane of which almost every part
carried some indication of national identity. • 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个零件都有国家的标志。 • God help those who help themselves. • 自助者天助之。
Adj. & adv.
• This magazine is more interesting. • This book is the best one.
Conjunctions
• She was so excited that tears came to her eyes.
• 她激动得热泪盈眶。
• 你不走我也不走。 • If you don’t leave, I won’t leave either.
Prepositions (1)
• He goes to school at seven o’clock every morning.
General introduction（3）
• Difference of sentence structure: • English sentences: well-knit, close and
compact • Chinese sentences: concise and explicit • In English, nouns, especially the abstract
Definition (2)
• 篇章不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是 一个语义上的整体，即表达整体意义。
• 语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性 （cohesion），如连接、替代、省略、照应；
• 语义逻辑上，全篇通常有首有尾，各句段所反 映的概念或命题具有连续性。每个句子都起着 一定的承前启后的作用，句与句、段与段的排 列一般都符合逻辑顺序。
General introduction（2）
• Different nature of language: • Chinese： analytic language • English：comprehensive language
General introduction（2）
• Analytic language: the relationship of words is expressed not by the form of word itself-----but by prepositions and word order and so on.
• Comprehensive language: the meaning of the language is expressed by the change of the form of the word itself such as case, number, tense and so on.