AP物理C力学讲义7 Linear Momentum and Center of Mass
力学中英文辞汇
通类名词力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopic mechanics,micromechanics 一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system 等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程Appell equation劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function诺特定理Noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping同相分量in-phase component非同相分量out-of -phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM方法KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB方法WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method 缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundation system静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl固体力学弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress 应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain 应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate中厚板Plate of moderate thickness弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell[圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem 静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem率相关理论rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress 对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material 刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress应变球张量spherical tensor of strain应力球张量spherical tensor of stress路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material 极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈服Yield屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential能量吸收装置energy absorbing device能量耗散率energy absorbing device塑性动力学dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field静力容许场statically admissible Field流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论incremental theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space 洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method 屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor强度应力比strength -stress ratio横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM 弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement, COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displacement, CTOD 裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integralJ阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factorHRR场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field守恒积分conservation integral有效应力张量effective stress tensor应变能密度strain energy density能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge notched specimen, DEN specimen单边缺口试件single edge notched specimen, SEN specimen三点弯曲试件three point bending specimen, TPB specimen中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panel specimen, CCP specimen紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen, CT specimen大范围屈服large scale yielding小范围攻屈服small scale yielding韦布尔分布Weibull distribution帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic risk assessment, PRA损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold损伤变量damage variable损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength疲劳辉纹fatigue striations疲劳阈值fatigue threshold交变载荷alternating load交变应力alternating stress应力幅值stress amplitude应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening环境效应environmental effect裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis 工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计weldable strain gage平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage补偿片compensation technique补偿技术compensation technique基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage电感应变计inductance [strain] gage光[测]力学Photomechanics光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equal Displacement暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication干涉条纹interference fringe等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity光弹性贴片法photoelastic coating Method光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwich Method动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringent Effect应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity应力冻结效应stress freezing effect应力条纹值stress fringe value应力光图stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefringent Effect脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope实时全息干涉法real-time holographic interferometry网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry全息云纹法holographic moire technique全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing interferometry, shearography 散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method云纹干涉法moire interferometry[叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method脆性涂层法brittle-coating method条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation of Coordinates计算结构力学computational structural mechanics加权残量法weighted residual method有限差分法finite difference method有限[单]元法finite element method配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Principle最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle 修正变分原理modified variational Principle约束变分原理constrained variational Principle 混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition自然边界条件natural boundary condition离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point[单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element一维元one-dimensional element三维元three-dimensional element轴对称元axisymmetric element板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element超参数元super-parametric element亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元Lagrange element拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices 载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure流体力学流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media 介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum 能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow 均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow 准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity运动粘性kinematic viscosity动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation湍流分离turbulent separation分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation。
Principles of Physics--07momentum 2
§1 Impulse and Momentum (P243-260) §2 Center of Mass (P260-267) §3 Rocket Propulsion (P267-269) §4 The Vector Product of Vectors (P327) §5 Angular Momentum (P337-343)
1 = M
∫ y dm,
zCM
x is the x coordinate of dm. 1 = ∫ z dm M
1 M
∫ y dm,
zCM
1 = M
∫ z dm
rCM
1 = ∫ r dm M
r
is the position vector of dm.
Attention:
The center of gravity is the average position of the gravitational forces on all parts of the object. If g is uniform over the system, the center of gravity coincides with the center of mass. If the gravitational field over the system is not uniform, the center of gravity and the center of mass are different.
§3 Rocket Propulsion 1. Another application of conservation of momentum. Suppose that at a given time t, The mass of rocket plus its fuel is M. The mass of a small amount of fuel that tends to eject rearward during the time interval dt is dm. ve is the fuel speed relative to the rocket.
大学物理力学PPT课件
即
r
位矢：
r x i y j z k
o
模：
| r| x2y2z2
kz
p
x
i
方向余弦：co s x,co s y,cos z
r
r
r
位矢单位：m
二、位移(displacement)
t时刻，
r1 这r1(称t) 为质点的运动方程，
在运动方程中把t消去可得到质点的轨道方程。
tt r2r2( tt)
dx dl 两边对时间t 求导数, 得 2x 2l
dt dt d l u绞车拉动纤绳的速率, 纤绳随时间在缩
dt
短, 故 d l 0 ; d x v 是小船向岸边移动的速率。
dt
dt
l
22
x h
负号表示小船速
v u
u
x
x 度沿x 轴反方向。
小船向岸边移
d2x dv u2h2
a
动的加速度为
解：（1）由题意可得速度矢量为：
vd rd x(t)id y(t)j i 1tj
d t d t d t
2
所以t =3s时质点的速度为： v(3)i1.5j
（2）由运动方程 x(t) t和2 y(t)(1/4)t22
消去t 可得轨迹方程为： y 1 x2 x 3 4
由此可知该质点的运动轨迹为抛物线。
四、加速度(acceleration)
t
例1：通过绞车拉动湖中小船拉向岸边, 如图。如 果绞车以恒定的速率u拉动纤绳, 绞车定滑轮离水面 的高度为h, 求小船向岸边移动的速度和加速度。
解：以绞车定滑轮处为坐标原点, x 轴水平向
右, y 轴竖直向下, 如图所示。
AP物理1和AP物理2考试必备知识点
2014年5月，AP物理B考试完成了它的使命，就此退出历史舞台。
2015年，这门考试将被两门全新的考试所取代，分别为AP物理1和AP物理2。
虽然作为最后一次AP物理B考试，2014年5月的这次考题仍能给我们带来很多启发，并对之后的新考试、新题型给出非常重要的参考。
首先，本次考试的解答题部分题目数量较之前有所改变，在之前历年的考试中，AP物理B的考试一般包括6道大题，需要学生在90分钟的时间内完成，而在2014年的考试中，较少见的出了7道大题，时间仍是90分钟，这意味着两件事：1.每道题目内的小问数减少，同时题目的难度降低了；2.在解答题中考察的知识点范围更宽泛了。
在2015年即将到来的两门新考试中，在解答题的考察上会有比较明显的改变，我们来比较一下三门考试的解答题部分的异同：AP物理B：解答题共6道大题，时间90分钟，分值占50%。
对各道解答题的考试形式没有明确说明。
AP物理1：解答题共5道大题，时间90分钟，分值占50%。
明确将考察一道实验设计题，一道计算题，三道短问答题（其中一道需要学生进行辩证分析和叙述）。
AP物理2：解答题共4道大题，时间90分钟，分值占50%。
明确将考察一道实验设计题，一道计算题，两道短问答题（其中一道需要学生进行辩证分析和叙述）。
通过比较，我们可以发现，在2015年的两门新考试中，解答题部分的题目数减少了，对学生的辩证分析能力和叙述能力的要求进一步提高，解答题部分也将不再局限于对学生计算能力的考察，更将考察学生的文字叙述和书面表达能力。
其次，在考察内容上，本次考试7道大题分别考察了：单摆，流体力学，热学，静电力学，电磁感应，光电效应，光的折射这几大知识点，同时这些内容也是历年AP物理B考察的核心知识点，在每次考试中都是重点考察的对象，那么在2015年的新考试中，重点考察的内容会有什么变化呢？我们来比较一下三门考试的重点考察知识点：AP物理B：牛顿力学，流体力学，热学，电磁学，波动学和光学，现代物理。
AS词汇讲义
4
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
7、Hooke's law
F kx
spring constant（弹性系数 k） elastic limit（弹性限度） 8、Young modulus compress and tension（压力和拉力） stress-strain graph：gradient of straight line = Young modulus（stiffness 硬度） ；Hooke's law obeyed in linear region；UTS/ultimate tensile stress（极限张应力）and breaking point（断点） 、 brittle（易碎的）and ductile（延展性/韧性） elastic deformation（弹性形变） （return to original length/shape when the force is removed） and plastic deformation（塑性形变） elastic hysteresis（弹性迟滞） IV Waves（波） 1、Progressive wave（行波）and stationary/standing wave（驻波） Nodes（波节） and antinodes（波腹） 2、Transverse wave and longitudinal wave（横波和纵波） Polarisation（偏振） ：only transverse wave can be polarised 3、mechanical wave and electromagnetic wave（机械波和电磁波） electromagnetic wave can travel in vacuum；but mechanical can not 4、Amplitude（振幅 A） 、wavelength（波长λ） 、period（周期 T） 、frequency（频率 f） 、wave 、 f speed（波速 v） 、intensity（强度 I）
Principles of Physics--06momentum 1
I net = ∫ F net dt = mv2 − mv1 = 2mv2
t1
t2
The impulse of the gravity on the object
I mg = ∫
t2
t1
T 1 2π r π r mgdt = mg = mg = mg 2 2 v v
The impulse of the string intension on the object I =I −I
4. Conservation of Mechanical Energy In an isolated system in which only internal conservative forces act, the total mechanical energy remains constant. 5. potential energy conseFz dt = mv2 z − mv1 z = f ( t − t ) t1 z 2 1
t2
Iron Wagon
Magnet
4. Conservation of Momentum When the vector sum of external forces acting on a system is zero, the total momentum of the system is constant.
Example 1: A force F=6t+3 (SI) acts on the particle of mass (m=1kg). The particle moves in the linear motion from rest. Find the impulse of the force acting on the particle from t=0 to t=2s.
力学知识点大板块-概述说明以及解释
力学知识点大板块-概述说明以及解释1.引言【1.1 概述】概述部分旨在对力学知识点大板块进行简要介绍和概括。
力学作为物理学的一个重要分支，研究物体在受力作用下的运动规律与相互作用关系。
它涉及到质点、刚体、液体以及气体在运动和静止时的力学性质与行为。
力学知识点大板块包含了众多内容，从力学基础知识到牛顿力学再到动力学等，每一个知识点都是力学研究中的重要组成部分。
力学基础知识是力学研究的起点，它包括了力、质量、加速度、速度、运动等基本概念与原理。
牛顿力学则是经典力学的基础，由英国物理学家牛顿提出，它以牛顿三定律为核心，研究了物体受力时的运动规律与力的相互作用方式。
动力学则进一步推广了力学的研究，考虑了物体受力后的运动状态和变化规律。
本文将详细介绍这些力学知识点，并以清晰的结构进行组织。
在接下来的篇章中，我们将逐一探讨力学基础知识、牛顿力学和动力学的具体内容，以期帮助读者对这些知识有一个更为全面和深入的了解。
力学知识点大板块的研究对于我们认识物体的运动和力的作用具有重要意义。
通过掌握和应用这些知识，我们可以深入理解自然界中的物体运动规律和相互作用关系，不仅可以解释和预测物体的运动行为，还可以为工程、科学研究和技术发展提供理论基础和指导。
在接下来的章节中，我们将从力学基础知识开始，逐步展开对牛顿力学和动力学的讲解和探讨。
希望通过本文的阅读，读者们能够对力学知识有一个全面的认知，并能够应用这些知识解决实际问题。
同时，我们也会展望力学研究的未来发展方向，以期为读者们打开一扇通往新的科学前沿的大门。
接下来，我们将开始介绍力学基础知识的相关内容，为读者进一步理解力学知识点大板块做好准备。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分内容如下：文章结构部分旨在向读者介绍本篇长文的组织方式，明确各个章节的主题和内容安排。
本文分为引言、正文和结论三大部分。
引言部分在文章的开头，通过概述力学知识点大板块的主题和意义，向读者引入话题。
在1.1小节中，对整篇文章的概要进行描述，概括了力学基础知识、牛顿力学和动力学等主要部分。
AP物理C力学必备知识梳理
AP物理C力学对于目标工科的留学党来讲，AP物理C几乎是必学科目。
当然还有纯粹对AP物理C是爱好的小伙伴们，今天小编为小伙伴们梳理了AP 物理C力学的考点，内容很全，尤其适合考前梳理，一起来看一下吧。
Newtonian Mechanics牛顿力学、占整个PhysicsC力学考试的100%Kinematics运动学占18%“矢量（vectors）的概念既有大小，又有方向；矢量代数（vector algebra）.矢量和的三角形法则是必须熟练掌握的，最简单的记忆方法就是花萌萌面对两段直的折线路径（对应两段位移矢量之和），她会选择直接连接出发点和终点的直线捷径（等效的对应两个位移矢量和），这样构成了一个矢量和三角形。
“矢量的点乘A·B=ABcosΘ（加重符号都表示矢量）和叉乘（大小）／A×B／=／ABsinΘ／（叉乘结果是矢量，方向为从A绕到B的右手螺旋系大拇指方向），Θ为矢量A和B的夹角。
矢量的加减，点乘和叉乘，是矢量分析的基础，是我们学习AP物理C的基本数学框架一定要熟练掌握。
矢量在直角坐标系中的分量（components of vectors, coordinate systems）,特别强调的是物理上只会用“右手系”，也就是从X轴到Y轴的右手螺旋拇指指向Z轴，这个和叉乘的定义是一样的，好记！有了ta，大家在学电磁学的时候就不用左右手的拧麻花了。
AP 物理C还需要掌握柱坐标和球坐标，这在需要柱对称和球对称的积分问题时，就很有用了。
“运动学中要用到的三大矢量位移、速度和加速度（displacement, velocity and acceleration)，特别要注意别把距离（或者叫路程distance），速率（speed）和前面的概念搞混了，后两个概念是标量，只有在一些特殊情况下才和对应矢量的模（大小）相等。
“一维运动（Motion in one dimension）一维运动的矢量性就记住有正负的方向就行，对于一维匀加速直线运动，务必掌握其最重要的三个方程：第一,求速度的公式Vf=V i+at角标i（initial）和f（final）总是代表初和末，这个公式只要从匀加速度等于平均加速度的定义就可以得到：第二,求位移的公式ΔX= V it + 1/2 at2这个公式可以理解为保持初速度的匀速运动位移和初速为零的匀加速运动位移之和第三,2aΔX= Vf2-Vi 2公式是把前面两个公式消去变量⊿t，得：更方便的记忆方法是公式左边用牛顿第二定律F=ma，变成外力做功的形式：F⊿x, 左边多出来的2/m转到右边，右边就正好得到物体动能的变化。
理论力学PPT课件第7章 达郎贝尔原理
答：
2 aC 3 g
FT
1 3
mg
2021年11月2日
20
思考：
①匀质杆质量m,长L，接触面光滑。
求: 杆AB在图示水平位置静止释放时的角加速度。
解：杆作平面运动,此瞬时的角速度为零。
分别取A，B为基点，则有
2021年11月2日
21
acxacyaBaC B
acyacxaAaC A
aA
acx3L, acyL/2
交点上
2021年11月2日
16
§7.4 达朗贝尔原理的应用
例1 质量为m、长为L的匀质杆
AB在图示位置无初速释放。 求：释放瞬时杆AB的加速度、 柔索A、B内的拉力。
答：
agsin
FAFB
1mgcos
2
扩展性讨论
2021年11月2日
17
④已知滑轮A：m1、R1，R1=2R2，JO; 滑轮B：m2、R2，JC ；物体C：m3 求系统对O轴的动量矩。
56
FN
mg 29
2021年11月2日
27
例4 求匀质圆盘转动的角加速度和柔索的拉力。
2021年11月2日
答：
2mBg
mA 2mB
R
FT
mAmBg mA 2mB
扩展性讨论
28
例5 已知：两均质杆m, L。 求绳子剪断瞬时两杆的角加速度 1和2 ，
O
O
A
B
A
B
答： 1 0
2
3g 2L
2021年11月2日
2021年11月2日
37
思考:
如图(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)所示定轴转动情形，哪些情况 满足静平衡，哪些情况满足动平衡？
力学第三章专业知识讲座
2mv 2 0.58 6.26
t
0.019
3.82 102 N
方向向上
11
例5.在斜面上放着一种盛有细沙旳箱子,在摩擦力旳作用 下箱子刚好不下滑.若有一物体m’从竖直方向坠入箱中,试 问在该物体旳冲力作用下,箱子是否还能保持静止?
m’
已知μs
N
f
解:箱子是否下滑,决定于物体坠入
箱子时,在冲力旳作用下箱子旳受力
力在时间上旳积累效应：
平动 冲量，改变动量 转动 冲量矩，改变角动量
2
1、冲量（impulse）
定义:力对一段时间旳积累
大小： I＝
t2
Fdt
t1
F F
方向：速度变化旳方向
单位：N·s
量纲：MLT－1
0
t
t1 dt
t2
微分形式: d I F d t d p
阐明
•冲量是表征力连续作用一段时间旳累积效应；
t1
F外
dt
P2
P1
质点系动量定理 （积分形式）
意义: 作用在系统旳合外力旳冲量等于系统
动量旳增量
16
阐明:
·系统总动量由外力旳冲量决定，与内力无关。 ·用质点系动量定理处理问题可避开内力。
·质点系动量定理是一矢量式,所以在直角坐标 系中它旳分量式为:
Fx
Fy
Fz
dPx
t2 Fxdt
1、两个质点构成旳系统
F1
已知:
f
f’
m1
m2
碰撞前两质点旳速度分别为 10和 20 碰撞后两质点旳速度分别为 1和 2
F2
相碰时旳相互作用内力为 f和f
同步受系统外其他物体旳作用外力为 F1和F2
天宫课堂力学知识笔记
天宫课堂力学知识笔记Physics is a fundamental branch of science that deals with the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. It is a subject that plays a vital role in our understanding of the natural world around us. 力学是物理学的一个基础分支，它涉及物质、能量及其相互作用的研究。
它是我们理解周围自然世界的关键。
One of the key concepts in mechanics is Newton's laws of motion. These laws describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it. Newton's first law states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force. In contrast, Newton's second law relates the acceleration of an object to the force acting on it and its mass. Finally, Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. 力学中的一个关键概念是牛顿的运动定律。
AP物理C电磁必备知识梳理
AP物理C力学对于目标工科的留学党来讲，AP物理C几乎是必学科目。
当然还有纯粹对AP物理C是爱好的小伙伴们，今天小编为小伙伴们梳理了AP 物理C电磁学的考点，内容很全，尤其适合考前梳理，一起来看一下吧。
AP物理C电磁学Electricity and Magnetism电磁学，要占100%A.Electrostatics（静电学占30% ）“Charge and Coulomb’s law富兰克林是如何冒着生命的危险连接闪电的电荷，得到了正负的概念。
库伦定律F = kq1q2/r²，貌似牛顿的万有引力（仍然是平方反比定律，但是把质量换成了电荷数），到目前为止，自然界发现的远距相互作用，都是和距离的平方成反比的，费曼曾经想讨论这里面有什么必然联系？但没有结果）“Electric field and electric potential (including point charges)（电场的概念E = F/q，单位正电荷受到的电场力，即为电场强度E的定义，要牢记。
电场因为和引力场一样，同样遵守距离的平方反比律，同样也是保守力场，可以有势能的概念U= kq1q2/r（点电荷q2在点电荷q1场中的势能）。
电压的概念，就是单位正电荷在两点之间的电势差，注意单位正电荷从1到2的电势差一般写为V=V1-V2，没有在V之前写Δ是因为Δ一般在物理上表示末态减初态，而电势差不是）“高斯定律(电场强度延一个封闭球面积分，等于这个球面包括的电荷总数除以真空介电常数)“几种电荷分布的电场和电势AP物理C爱考的是几种对称分布，比如：球形、柱形、平板型，在求积分的时候不仅会用到直角坐标系，也会用到球坐标系和柱坐标系更方便。
⏹Conductors, capacitors, dielectrics（导体，电容和绝缘体的概念占14%）“Electrostatics with conductors静电中的导体，表面一定是电场等势面，否则就会造成自由电子的流动，直到静电平衡为止“Capacitors（电容器）a.Capacitance 电容的概念，储存静电能量Uc = 1/2 *QV =1/ 2 *CV²b.Parallel plate 平板电容器：两块平行导体版，面积为A，各带等量电荷Q，正负相反，中间是绝缘体（dielectrics）距离是d，两板之间电势差为V，其电容为C=Q/V=ε0A/d,ε0为真空介电常数c.Spherical and cylindrical 球形和柱形的电容器“dielectrics绝缘体的概念，其中的电场和电荷分布特点⏹Electric circuits（电路占20% ）“Current, resistance, power电流强度的概念：I =ΔQ/Δt电阻的概念：R=ρL/ A;ρ为电阻率，L为导线长度，A为导线横截面积欧姆定律：I=V/R,电功率P=IV=I²R“Steady-state direct current circuits with batteries and resistors only 带电池和电阻的直流电路分析，并联和串联“Capacitors in circuits电路中的电容器a. Steady state （在直流电路中的电容器，并联与串联，算出等效电容）b.Transients in RC circuits (RC电路的瞬间状态，求解其微分方程)⏹Magnetic Fields（磁场占20%）“Forces on moving charges in magnetic fields以V运动电荷q在磁场B中的受力，洛伦茨力：F=qV×B（注意在本日志中公式中加重写的字母一般都代表矢量）“Forces on current-carrying wires in magnetic fields电流线在磁场中的受力：F=IL×B,L为导线长度，其矢量方向取I的方向“Fields of long current-carrying wires无限长直流导线I的磁场：B =μ0I/2πr;μ0为真空磁导率，r为距离导线的垂直距离“Biot–Savart law and Ampere’s law毕奥-萨法尔定律和安培定律，求解螺线管或其它对称的电流情况的磁场⏹Electromagnetism（电磁场占16%）“Electromagnetic induction (including Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law)法拉第电磁感应定律：线圈中的感生电动势，与穿过线圈的磁通量随时间的变化率成正比：ε=-ΔΦ/Δt,负号的物理意义由楞次定律解释，既：感生电动势产生的磁通变化率，和原来产生感生电动势的磁通变化率要相反，这是能量守恒的要求，和牛顿第三定律的要求是同源的“Inductance (including LR and LC circuits) LC和LR电路的感生电磁场“Maxwell’s equations麦克斯韦方程组，包络面积分，电场和磁场的区别是有电荷没有磁单极，环路积分，电场和磁场的区别是有电流没有磁荷流，但是变化的电场和磁场都会产生磁通量和电通量的变化，这也就是所谓电磁互感，由麦克斯韦方程组直接能推倒出电磁波的存在，速度和光速相同。
AP物理C电磁学必考词汇
1 平动displacement 位移velocity速度speed 速率acceleration 加速度force 力normal force 正压力frictional force 摩擦力coefficient of friction 摩擦系数air resistance 空气阻力gravitational force 万有引力tension (绳子或杆的)拉力conservative force 保守力inertia 惯性work 功power 功率kinetic energy 动能potential energy 势能momentum 动量impulse 冲量2 转动(包括简谐振动)angular displacement 角位移angular velocity 角速度escape velocity 逃逸速度angular speed 角速率angular acceleration 角加速度tangential acceleration 切向加速度centripetal acceleration 向心加速度torque 力矩restoring force 恢复力centripetal force 向心力moment of inertia (rotational inertia) 转动惯量rotational kinetic energy 转动动能circular motion 圆周运动orbit 轨道period 周期frequency 频率amplitude 振幅angular frequency 角频率constant of spring 弹簧的劲度系数angular momentum 角动量center of mass 质心mechanical energy机械能free-body diagram 受力分析图3 物理规律work-energy theorem 动能定理conservation of mechanical energy 机械能守恒impulse-momentum theorem 冲量定理conservation of momentum 动量守恒conservation of angular momentum 角动量守恒4 物理模型及相关动词string 细绳(一般质量可忽略)、cord绳索、rope绳子ramp 斜坡、incline 斜面block 物块disk 圆盘wagon 货车、马车cart 小车hoop 铁环launching device 发射装置projectile 抛射体track轨道air track 气垫导轨spring 弹簧simple pendulum 单摆physical pendulum 物理摆pivot 转轴pulley 滑轮hinge 铰链elastic collision 弹性碰撞inelastic collision 非弹性碰撞oscillation 振动simple harmonic motion 简谐振动Clamp、stick to、attached to (这三个词均能表示粘在一起) suspend 悬挂stretch 拉长、拉直twist 扭曲exert 施加exerts a force 施加一个力release 释放swing 摇摆、摆动5 实验器材及作图stopwatch秒表meter stick 米尺scale 刻度curve 曲线straight line 直线slope 斜率intercepts(截距)asymptotes(渐近线)graph of speed versus time ：v-t 图sketch a graph 画图label 标出6 物理条件及问题frictionless 无摩擦的massless 无质量(质量不计)negligible 可忽略的conserved 守恒的uniform 均匀的nonuniform 不均匀的rough horizontal surface 粗糙水平面equilibrium 平衡位置maximum 最大的minimum 最小的initial 初始的terminal 末端的identical 相同的(质量，速度等)AP物理C：电磁学5分必考词汇1 电荷charge 电荷point charge 点电荷positive charge 正电荷negative charge 负电荷electric neutrality 电中性charge neutralization 电荷中和electrification by friction 摩擦起电triboelectrification 摩擦起电proton 质子electron 电子bound electron 束缚电子free electron 自由电子ionization 离子化anion 负离子，阴离子cation 正离子，阳离子cathode 阴极anode 阳极electrode 电极elementary charge 基本电荷，元电荷coulomb 库仑(电量单位) electrometer 静电计electroscope 验电器electric dipole 电偶极子Coulomb force 库仑力permittivity 介电常数conductor 导体insulator 绝缘体dielectric 绝缘体semiconductor 半导体superconductor 超导体charge 充电discharge 放电electrostatic 静电的electrostatic equilibrium 静电平衡electrostatic induction 静电感应electrostatic screening 静电屏蔽electrostatic shield 静电屏蔽lightning rod 避雷针2 电场electric field 电场electric field intensity 电场强度electric field line 电场线3 电势electric potential 电势，电位electric potential energy 电势能，电位能electric potential difference 电势差，电位差4 电容capacitance 电容capacitor 电容器parallel-plate capacitor 平行板电容器positive plate 正极板negative plate 负极板farad 法拉(电容单位)5 电流current 电流ampere 安培(电流单位)ammeter 电流表amperemeter 电流表galvanometer 电流计rated current 额定电流6 电压voltage 电压volt 伏特(电压单位)voltmeter 电压表rated voltage 额定电压7 电阻resistance 电阻ohm 欧姆(电阻单位)ohmmeter 电阻表resistivity 电阻率conductivity 电导率，导电性resistor 电阻器rheostat 变阻器shunt resistor 分流电阻voltmeter-ammeter method 伏安法8 功率power 功率watt 瓦特(功率单位)rated power 额定功率Joule heat 焦耳热dissipation 损耗9 电路circuit 电路open circuit 开路closed circuit闭路short circuit 短路branch circuit 支路in series 串联in parallel 并联direct current 直流电alternating current 交流电battery 电池，蓄电池accumulater 蓄电池electromotive force 电动势emf 电动势internal resistance 内阻source 电源steady current source 恒流源steady voltage source 恒压源switch 开关grounded 接地的diode 二极管cable 电缆10 磁场magnetic field 磁场magnetic field intensity 磁场强度magnetic induction 磁感应强度magnetic field line 磁场线tesla 特斯拉(磁感应强度单位) gauss 高斯(磁感应强度单位) permeability 磁导率magnet 磁体permanent magnet 永磁体electromagnet 电磁体magnetic pole 磁极magnetization 磁化current-carrying wire 载流导线current-carrying loop 载流线圈solenoid 螺线管Lorentz force 洛仑兹力11 电磁感应magnetic flux 磁通量weber 韦伯(磁通量单位) electromagnetic induction 电磁感应induction emf 感应电动势induction current 感应电流self-inductance 自感self-induced emf 自感电动势12 物理定律Coulombs law 库仑定律Ohms law 欧姆定律Joules law 焦耳定律Kirchhoffs rule 基尔霍夫定律right-hand screw rule 右手螺旋定则Gauss’s law 高斯定律Aempere’s law 安培定律Biot-Savart law 毕奥萨伐尔定律Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction 法拉第电磁感应定律Lenz’s law 楞次定律Maxwell’s equations 麦克斯韦方程组13 仪器及解释ballistic galvanometer 冲击电流表，一种磁电式检流计，可用于测量短时间内脉冲电流所迁移的电量，以及与此有关的其他测量，如磁感应强度、电容的测量等sensitive galvanometer 灵敏电流计，一种磁电式检流计，用于检测直流电路中微弱的电流或电压eddy current brake 涡流制动器，利用涡流损耗的原理来吸收功率的装置，原理是导体在磁场中运动，导体内产生感应电动势，并受到阻碍其运动的制动电磁力矩。
《物理双语教学课件》Chapter 5 Conservation of Linear Momentum 动量守恒
Chapter 5 Conservation of Linear MomentumIn this chapter, we will introduce the concepts of center of mass, linear momentum, and impulse , and discuss Newton’s second law for a system of particle and the conservation of linear momentum.5.1 Center of mass 1. The center of mass of abody or a system is the point that moves as though all of the mass were concentrated there and all external forces were applied there. The figuregivesustheexplanation for the concept.2. Suppose there are N particles in the system and their coordinates are i i i z and y x ,,is given by a position vector:k z j y i x r i i i i++=Here the index identifies the particle, andk and j i,,are unitvectors pointing in the direction of the x, y, and z axesrespectively. So the position of the center of mass of a system of particles can be expressed as:∑==++=ni i i cm cm cm cm r m Mk z j y i x r 11Where M is the total mass of the system. We can rewrite the above equation using three scalar equations:∑∑∑======ni ii cmni iicm ni iicmzm Mz y m M y xm M x 1111113. The center of mass for a continuum : If an object contains so many particles that we can best treat it as a continuous distribution of matter. The “particles” then become differential mass element dm , the sum of above equations becomes integrals. And the coordinates of the center of mass are defined as⎰⎰⎰===zdmM z ydm M y xdm M x cm cm cm 111Where M is now the mass of the object. The integrals are to be evaluated over all the mass elements in the object. If the object has an uniform densityρ(mass per volume), thendV VMdV dm ==ρ. Where dV is the volume occupied by a mass element dm , and V is the total volume of the object. So we cam give the position of the center of mass of the object as:⎰⎰⎰===zdVV z ydV V y xdV V x cm cm cm 1115.2 Newton’s Second Law for A System of Particles1. We also suppose there are n particles in the system. According to Newton’s second law we have n dynamical equations for n particle. They are:i i n i ij i a m f F=+∑=1'Wherei Fis the resultant external force acting on the ith particle,ij fis the internal force exerted on the ith particle bythe jth particle, and ∑=n i ijf 1' is the total internal forces actingon the ith particle by the other n-1 particles.2. If we make sum over two sides of the above n equations, we will get∑∑∑∑=======ni i i n i i i n i i i ni i r m dt d r m dtd dt r d m F 1221221221)(Since: ∑∑∑=====i i cmcm ni i i ni i r m M r r M r m M m1,,11, thus we have:cm cm n i i a M r dt d M F F===∑=221Wherecm ais the acceleration of the center of mass of thesystem. We also can rewrite the above equation using three scalar equivalent equations:∑∑∑===zcm zext y cm y ext x cm x ext Ma FMa FMa F,,,,,, 3. We, therefor, can come to the conclusion that the center of mass of a body or a system moves as if all of the mass were concentrated there and all external forces were applied there.5.3 Conservation of linear momentum1. The linear momentum of a particle is a vector pdefinedasv m p =in which m is the mass of the particle and vis its velocity.The direction ofpis the same as that of the velocity v, andits SI unit is the kilogram-meter per second.(1). Newton actually expressed his second law of motion interms of momentum: The rate of change of the momentum of a particle is proportional to the net force acting on the particle and is in the direction of that force. Or we canexpress it in the equation:dt pd F =∑. It’s equivalent to theexpression of Newton’s second law we learned before.a m dt v d m v m dt d dt p d F===∑)((2). Momentum at very high speeds: For particles moving withspeeds are near the speed of light, Newtonian mechanics predicts results that do not agree with experiment. In such cases, we must use Einstein’s theory of special relativity. In relativity, the formulationdt p d F / =is correct, providedwe define the momentum of a particle not asv mbut as2)/(1c v v m p -=, in which c is the speed of light.2. The linear momentum of a system of particles: Consider now a system of n particles, each with its own mass, velocity, and linear momentum. The particles may interact with each other, and external forces may act on them as well. The system as a whole has a total linear momentumP, which isdefined to be the vector sum of the individual particles’ linear momentum. Thuscm n i i n v M p p p p p P==++++=∑=1321.The linear momentum of a system of particles is equal to the product of the total mass M of the system and the velocity of the center of mass .If we take the time derivative on both sides of above equation,we have∑===ext cm cm F a M dtv d M dt Pd . 3. Conservation of linear momentum : suppose that the sum of the external forces acting on a system of particles is zero and that no particles leave or enter the system. Since ∑=0ext F, wehave0/=dt P d. Orfi P P wordother in tcons P==tanThis important result is called the law of conservation of linear momentum . It tells us that if no net external force acts on a system of particles, the total linear momentum of the system remains constant .If a component of the net external force on a closed system is zero along an axis, then the component of the linear momentum of the system along that axis cannot change .*5.4 Systems with Varying Mass: A Rocket1. In the system we have dealt with so far, we have assumed that the total mass of the system remains constant. Sometimes it does not. Most of the mass of a rocket on its launching pad is fuel, all of which will eventually be burned and ejected from the nozzle of the rocket engine.2. Our system consist of the rocket and the exhaust products released during interval dt . The system is closed and isolated.So the linear momentum of the system must be conserved during dt .Time =ｔ： v MTime = t ＋Δt ：vu dM vd v dM M+-++,,uMdM v d v ud v Md dM u dM v v dMd v Md dM v v M v u dM v d v dM M v M==-⇒--+++=+-+++=0))(())(( Since the velocity of rocket vis in the opposite direction with the velocity of exhaust product u , we can rewrite theabove equation as follow:T Ru Ma dtdvM u dt dM ====-. Wereplace dM/dt by –R . It’s the fuel consumption rate. We call the term Ru the thrust of the rocket engine and represent it with T.3. The velocity of a rocket as it consumes its fuel can be derived fromMdMudv -=Take integral on both sides of the equations, we havefii f M M v v M Mu v v MdM udv f if iln =--=⎰⎰*5.5 CollisionA collision is an isolated event in which two or more bodies (the colliding bodies) exert relatively strong forces on each other fora relatively short time.1. Impulse and linear momentum: If there is a force acting on a object or a particle, according to Newton’s second law, we havedt t F p d )(=.Taking integrals on the both sides of theequation, we have ⎰⎰=f ifit t p p dt t F p d )(We call the right side of above equation the impulse J exerted by the force during the time interval i f t t -.So we canrewrite the equation asp p p p d dt t F J i f p p t t f if i∆=-===⎰⎰)(2. Elastic collisions in one dimension: In an elastic collision, both the kinetic energy and the linear momentum of each colliding body canchange, but the total kinetic energy and the net linear momentum do not change . We have equations as follow:⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧+-++=+++-=⇒+=++=+i i f i i f f f i i ff i i v m m m m v m m m v v m m m v m m m m v v m v m v m v m v m v m v m v m 221121211222121212112222112222112211221122212121213. Inelastic collisions in one dimension : An inelastic collision is one in which the kinetic energy of the system of colliding bodies is not conserved. If the colliding bodies sticks together, the collision is called a completely inelastic collision . Inaclosed, isolated system, the linear momentum of each colliding body can change, but the net linear momentum cannot change, regardless of whether the collision is elastic.4.Collisions in two dimensions: Here we consider a glancing collision (it is not head-on) between a projectile body and a target body at rest.。
AP物理C电磁学知识点
AP物理C电磁学知识点解析2018年AP物理AP物理C电磁学的考试题型、考试时长、如何分配考试时间?Section I Multiple Choice Questions(MCQ)35道题目，分值为45分，占总分值的50%Section II Free Response Questions(FRQ)3道题目，分值为45分(每道题15分)，占总分值的50%总考试时长为90分钟，其中Multiple Choice Questions 45分钟，相当于每道题平均1分钟多一点;Free Response Questions 45分钟，每道题15分钟。
AP物理C电磁学的容错率是多少?获得5分的难度有多大?答：因每一年考生的整体考试成绩不同而不同，所以容错率每年均有些变动，但总体变化不大。
(AP物理C电磁学容错率)根据collegeboard 公布的2015-2016年的最新考试数据来看，AP物理C电磁学5分率为32%，排名相对靠前。
前10的5分率科目如下AP物理C电磁学的考点有哪些?AP物理C电磁学考点电荷、库仑定律、点电荷的电场和电势分布、高斯定理、连续带电体周围电场和电势的分布。
(1)静电学知识内容(2)导体、电容器和电介质知识内容导体达到静电平衡时电荷和电场的分布特点、平行板电容器和球状柱状电容器、电介质。
(3)电路知识内容电流、电阻、功率、包含有电阻器的稳恒直流电路、电容器的充电和放电。
(4)磁场知识内容运动电荷在磁场中的受力、通电直导线在磁场中的受力、通电直导线周围空间的磁场分布、比奥萨法尔定律和安培定律。
(5)电磁感应知识内容法拉第电磁感应定律和楞次定律、电感器、麦克斯韦方程组。
报考AP物理C电磁学会涉及到哪些微积分知识?必须学完微积分才能考AP物理C电磁学，还是可以同时备考?答：备考AP物理C电磁学对微积分知识的要求跟AP物理C力学是一样的，同学们需要掌握：什么问题需要用微积分去分析、如何应用微积分去分析问题、函数求导的规则，函数积分的规则。