3-18 Investigations of Latent Track and Vibrational Spectra of Muscovite Mica Irradiated b

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阿根廷的一次肉毒中毒

阿根廷的一次肉毒中毒（Botulism in Argentina）教员版学习目的通过本案例的学习，学员应能够：☐描述暴发情形及应该采取的控制措施；☐交流暴发及暴发调查信息，撰写相关新闻稿件；☐根据所提供的暴发发生原因的假设，制定调查表；☐根据可疑食品来源、分发和准备制作过程的具体细节，确定控制污染物和微生物生长、繁殖的关键点；☐讨论暴发调查中实施特殊干预措施时可能遇到的障碍；☐描述能用来监测干预成功的监测指标；第一部分发现暴发1998年1月13日，阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯一家医院的传染科大夫打电话给卫生部流行病学理事会，报告2例疑似肉毒中毒病人。

2名患者均为男性，分别为于1月5日、6日出现症状，临床表现为眼睑下垂、复视、吞咽困难、呼吸困难。

医生已采集了病人的血、粪便标本，并进行了检测，但没有检测到肉毒杆菌毒素。

肉毒中毒是一种因摄取了受污染食物中的毒素所引起的严重疾病。

若不及时进行治疗、处理，高达60%的病例可能死亡。

在美国，采用支持疗法及及时的抗毒素治疗可使死亡率减少到10%以下。

肉毒中毒暴发与不适当储存食用的蔬菜、水果、肉（包括发酵鱼制品）、香肠、熏肉、海产品等有关。

肉毒中毒的临床表现以神经系统症状和体征为主。

口干、眼睑下垂、视力模糊、复视常常是神经系统疾病早期症状，随后出现语言紊乱、吞咽困难、肌无力。

若累及呼吸肌，除非有支持疗法，否则导致呼吸障碍和死亡。

肉毒中毒的平均潜伏期为18-36小时，最短潜伏期为6小时，最长潜伏期为10天。

因为肉毒中毒罕见，许多临床医生不熟悉肉毒中毒的临床表现，因此会被误诊（例如脑卒中、重症肌无力、格林巴利综合征）而延迟治疗，使死亡率上升。

进一步调查发现两例病人是同一家公共汽车公司的驾驶员，且在同一条线路上行驶，因此卫生部调查了公司的所有雇员，了解是否还有其他雇员出现了肉毒中毒的症状；要求2例病例发生地的医院报告可能是肉毒中毒的急性神经系统疾病的病人；调查病人家庭成员是否出现了症状。

(通用版)高考英语一轮复习考点十八科普研究类练习(含解析)-人教版高三全册英语试题

考点十八科普研究类A限时8分钟Could the device, smartphone or PC, which you're using affect the moral decisions you make when using it? To test it, researchers presented multiple dilemmas to a sample set of 1,010 people. The participants were assigned a device at random.One case of the questions participants were asked is the classic “trolley (有轨电车) problem〞： A runaway trolley is headed towards five people tied up on a set of train tracks. You can do nothing, resulting in the deaths of five people, or push a man off a bridge, which will stop the trolley. The practical response is to kill one man to save five lives, which 33.5 percent of smartphone users chose, compared to 22.3 percent of PC users.“What we found in our stu dy is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems, they were more likely to make more unemotional, reasonable decisions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma，〞Dr Albert BarqueDuran, the lead author of the study, told City U niversity of London. “This could be due to the increased time pressure often present with smartphones and also the increased psychological distance which can occur when we use such devices compared to PCs.〞As for why the researchers started this study, D r BarqueDuran noted, “Due to the fact that our social lives, work and even shopping take place online, it is important to think about how the contexts where we typically face moral decisions and are asked to engage in moral behavior have changed, and the impact this could have on the hundreds of millions of people who use such devices daily.〞 It's clear that we need more research on how our devices affect our moral decisionmaking because we're using screens at an everincreasing rate.篇章导读：本文是一篇科普说明文。

2021年12月大学英语CET四级预测押题卷一和答案解析

2021年12月四级考试预测押题卷（一）Part I Writing(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a letter to offer your suggestions to your cousin who sought your advice on how to make his resume distinctive.You should write at least120words but no more than 180words.Part II Listening Comprehension(25minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear three news reports.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions1and2are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A)Two.B)Three.C)Four.D)Five.2.A)He called the police after the accident.B)He broke his arm in the accident.C)He was caught taking drugs.D)He was arrested by the police.Questions3and4are based on the news report you have just heard.3.A)A cure to brain cancer.B)A new surgical instrument.C)A pen that can identify cancerous tissue.D)A new drug that can eliminate cancerous tissue.4.A)Finding the border between the cancerous and normal tissue.B)Identifying the accuracy rate of the new device.C)Improving their speed of removing a tumour.D)Using the new device in brain surgery.Questions5to7are based on the news report you have just heard.5.A)To collect scientific data on it.C)To take photos of the storm on it.B)To monitor the storm on it.D)To investigate its environment.6.A)It has lasted for nearly350years.B)It has lasted for more that350months.C)It seems to be getting smaller.D)It seems to be getting larger.7.A)What initially caused the storm.C)What is the impact of the storm.B)What is underneath the storm.D)What makes the storm last for so long.Section BDirections：In this section,you will hear two long conversations.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C),and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions8to11are based on the conversation you have just heard.8.A)It’s for disabled adults.B)It’s in a sports centre.C)It’s rewarding and challenging.D)It’s compulsive in her community.9.A)The skills they need.B)The products they have.C)The market they target.D)The language they require.10.A)Diversify markets and sales strategies.B)Reduce costs and jobs.C)Learn from other companies.D)Listen to the opinions of experts.11.A)The salary and the workload.B)The office hour and the penalty system.C)The welfare and the holiday system.D)The ethical policy and the carbon footprint.Questions12to15are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A)Double-decker buses.B)The traffic in London.C)Bus routes.D)Travels in Britain.13.A)It has no windows.B)People get onto it at the front.C)It has two carriages.D)It is open at the back.14.A)Uncomfortable.B)Noisy.C)Dangerous.D)Shabby.15.A)Bendy buses can help reduce the traffic jam.B)Bendy buses are more environmentally friendly.C)Bendy buses are convenient for people in wheelchairs.D)Bendy buses are more popular among tourists.Section CDirections:In this section,you will hear three passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1 with a single line through the centre.Questions16to18are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A)They had four toes.B)They were not as big as dogs.C)They lived in South America.D)They lived in thick forests.17.A)They had long legs and a long tail.B)They were smaller and had front eyes.C)They began to eat grass as well as fruit.D)They were bigger and had long legs.18.A)They evolved into donkeys in Asia and Africa.B)They used their long legs to run south to South Africa.C)They began to eat apples on the North American plains.D)They preferred grass to fruit and vegetables.Questions19to21are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A)Being rejected by friends and teachers.B)Staying away from his native land.C)Adapting to new study expectations.D)Keeping a balance between study and job.20.A)Talking with older brothers or sisters.C)Starting a conversation with close friends.B)Having a casual talk with a college student.D)Playing with friends on the same sports team.21.A)Follow traditions of with a college student.C)Respect the customs of different colleges.B)Take part in as many activities as possible.D)Take others’advice as reference only.Questions22to25are based on the passage you have just heard.22.A)They tend to harm wildlife.C)They are thrown away everywhere.B)They are hardly recyclable.D)They are made from useless materials.23.A)It is fatal.B)It is weird.C)It is very serious.D)It is complicated.24.A)The sea creatures that have taken in then are consumed by humans.B)The ocean’s ecology has been polluted and affected humans.C)Humans eat the seabirds that have swallowed plastic particles.D)Humans consume the fish that have eaten sea creatures with them.25.A)Its use has been drastically reduced.C)Most products use natural materials.B)It is still an indispensable material.D)The use of plastic items will be charged.PartⅢReading Comprehension(40minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions26to35are based on the following passage.A third of the planet’s land is severely degraded and fertile soil is being lost at the rate of24bn tonnes a year, according to a new United Nations-backed study that calls for a shift away from destructively intensive agriculture, The alarming____26____,which is forecast to continue as demand for food and productive land increases,will ass to the risks of conflicts unless____27____actions are implemented,warns the institution behind the report.“As the ready supply of healthy and productive land dries up and the population grows,competition is ___28___for land within countries and globally,”said executive secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD)at the launch of the Global Land Outlook.“To___29____the losses,the outlook suggests it is in all our interests to step back and rethink how we are managing the pressures and the competition.”The Global Land Outlook is____30____as the most comprehensive study of its type,mapping the interlinked impacts of urbanization,climate change,erosion and forest loss.But the biggest factor is the___31___of industrial farming.Heavy tilling,multiple harvests ans___32____use of agrochemicals have increased yields at the____33____of long-term sustainability.If the past20years,agricultural production has increased threefold and the amount of irrigated land has doubled,notes a paper in the outlook by the Joint Research Centre(JRC)of the European commission.Over time,however,this___34___fertility and can lead to abandonment of land and ___35___desertification.A)absorb I)limitedB)abundant J)minimizeC)billed K)occasionallyD)decline L)optimizesE)diminishes M)rateF)expansion N)remedialG)expense O)ultimatelyH)intensifyingSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.Take Naps at Work.Apologize to No One[A]In the past two weeks I’ve taken three naps at work,a total of an hour or so of shut-eye while on the clock.And I have no shame or uncertainty about doing it.I couldn’t feel better about it,and my productivity reflects it,too.[B]Sleeping on the job is one of those workplace taboos-like leaving your desk for lunch or taking an afternoon walk-that we’re taught to look down on.If someone naps at2p.m.while the rest of us furiously write memos and respond to emails,surely it must mean they’re slacking off(偷懒).Or so the assumption goes.[C]Restfulness and recharging can take a back seat to the perception and appearance of productivity.It’s easier to stay on a virtual hamster(仓鼠)wheel of activity by immediately responding to every email than it is to measure aggregate productivity over a greater period of time.But a growing field of occupational and psychological research is building the case for restfulness in pursuit of greater productivity.[D]Companies are suffering from tremendous productivity problems because people are stressed out and not recovering from the workday,said Josh Bersin,Principal and Founder of Bersin by Deloitte.“They’re beginning to realize that this is their problem,and they can’t just say to people,‘Here’s a work-life balance course,go teach yourself how to manage your inbox,’”Mr.Bersin said.“It’s way more complicated than that.”[E]To be sure,the ability to nap at work is far from widespread,experts said.Few among us have the luxury of being able to step away for a half-hour snoozefest.But lunch hours and coffee breaks can be great times to duck out,and your increased productivity and alertness will be all the evidence you need to make your case to inquiring bosses.[F]In an ideal world,we’d all solve this problem by unplugging early and getting a good night’s sleep. Here’s our guide on how to do just that.But the next best thing is stealing away for a quick power nap when you’re dragging after lunch.[G]In a study published in Nature Neuroscience,researchers tested subjects on their perceptual performance four times throughout the day.Performance deteriorated with each test,but subjects who took a30-minute nap between tests stopped the deterioration in performance,and those who took a60-minute nap even reversed it.[H]“Naps had the same magnitude of benefits as full nights of sleep if they had a quality of nap.”said Sara Mednick,a co-author of the study and associate professor of psychology at the University of California,Riverside.[I]Dr.Mednick,a sleep researcher and the author of Take a Nap!Change Your Life,said daytime napping can have many of the benefits of overnight sleep,and different types of naps offer specific benefits.[J]For example,Dr.Mednick said a20-to60-minute nap might help with memorization and learning specific bits of information.It’s just long enough to enter stage-two sleep,or non-rapid eye movement(R.E.M.)sleep.[K]After60minutes,you start getting into R.E.M.sleep,most often associated with that deep,dreaming state we all enjoy at night R.E.M.sleep can improve creativity,perceptual processing and highly associativethinking,which allows you to make connections between disparate ideas,Dr.Mednick said.Beyond that,your best bet is a90-minute nap,which will give you a full sleep cycle.[L]Any nap,however,can help with alertness and perception and cut through the general fog that creeps in during the day,experts said.[M]So how did we even arrive at this point where aptitude is inextricably tied(紧密相连)to working long, concentrated hours?Blame technology,but think broader than smartphones and laptops;the real issue is that tech has enabled us to be available at all times.[N]“We went through a period where people were in denial and business leaders were ignoring it,”Mr. Bersin said.“They were assuming that if we give people more tools,more emails,more Slack,more chatter,and we’ll just assume they can figure out how to deal with it all.And I think they’ve woken up to the fact that this is a big problem,and it is affecting productivity,engagement,health,safety,wellness and all sorts of things.”[O]It isn’t just office workers who can benefit from an afternoon siesta(午睡).A2015study published in Current Biology looked at the at the sleeping habits of three hunter-gatherer preindustrial societies in Tanzania, Namibia and Bolivia.[P]“They’re active in the morning,then they get in the shade under the trees and have a sort of quiet time, but they’re not generally napping,”said Jerome Siegel,professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences,and director of the U.C.L.A.Center for Sleep Research,a co-author of the study.“Then they do some work and go to sleep,and they sleep through the night.”[Q]Still,Mr.Siegel said,“the only genuine way to solve daytime sleepiness and fatigue starts the night before with a solid night’s sleep.”The real Holy Grail of restfulness is a regular sleep schedule with ideally seven or eight hours of sleep each night,which experts say is optimal.[R]“Daytime napping certainly does increase alertness,”Mr.Siegel said.“But it’s not as simple as going to the gas station and filling the tank.”[S]He also advises avoiding caffeine late in the day and waking around the same time every morning,even if you can’t get to sleep at the same time every night,This helps acclimate(使适应)your body to your regular wake-up time,regardless of how much sleep you got the night before.[T]So if you’ve made it this far and you’re interested in giving workday naps a try(or just starting to nod off),here’s a quick guide to the perfect nap;Find a quiet,unoccupied space where you won’t be disturbed.Try to make your area as dim as possible(or invest in a sleep mask you can keep in the office).Earplugs might help.too.Aim for around20minutes.Any longer than that and you’re likely to wake up with sleep inertia(睡眠惰性)，which will leave you even groggier(头脑昏沉的)than before.36.Participants’perceptual performance became better after sleeping one hour between tests in an article inNature Neuroscience.37.Jerome Siegel found that only by sleeping soundly through the previous night could people tackle theirweariness during the day.38.Our talent is closely bound to working with concentration for long periods of time because technologymakes us accessible24/7.39.Taking a nap at work is normally regarded as laziness that should be held in contempt and avoided inworkplace.40.Between20to60minutes,people can get into non-REM sleep which may improve memory and learningability according to Dr.Mednick.41.People can doze off at lunch and coffee breaks and defended themselves by saying their improvedproductivity and alertness when bosses investigated their whereabouts.42.The author’s tips on taking a perfect nap involve sleeping place,environment and duration.43.The author believes business leaders are aware that availability at any time due to technology has negativeeffects on every aspect of people’s life.44.The optimal length of a nap was an hour and a half so that people could go through a complete sleep cycle.45.Josh Bersin mentioned the cause of companies’big productivity problems and the solution which needsmore that just employees’efforts.Section CDirections:There are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions46to50are based on the following passage.Every office worker hates meetings.But it’s a strange sort of hate,similar to the hatred of Londoners for the Northern Line,or New Yorkers for tourists who walk too slowly:the dislike is real,yet if the despised thing were to vanish,it’d be like surrendering a piece of your soul.When researchers probed into why people put up with the strain that meetings place on their time and sanity, they found something-those who resent and dread meetings the moat also defend them as a“necessary evil”, sometimes with great passion.True,research suggests that meetings take up vastly more of the average manager’s time than they used to.True,done badly,they’re associated with lower levels of innovation and employee wellbeing(幸福).But that’s just office life,right?It’s not supposed to be fun.That’s why they call it work.Underlying(引起)this attitude is an assumption that’s drummed into us not just as workers but as children, parents and romantic partners;that more communication is always a good thing.So suggestions abound for(大量存在)communicating better in meetings-for example,hold them standing up,so speakers will come to the point more quickly.But even when some companies consider abolishing meetings entirely,the principle that more communication is better isn’t questioned.If anything,it’s reinforced when such firms introduce“flat”management structures,with bosses always available to everyone,plus plenty of electronic distraction.In fact,constant connectivity is disastrous for both job satisfaction and the bottom line.And anyway,once you give it three seconds’thought,isn’t it cleat that more communication frequently isn’t a good thing?Often,the difference between a successful marriage and a second-rate one consists of leaving about three or four things a day unsaid.At work,it’s surely many more than four,though for a different reason;office communication comes at the cost of precisely the kind of focus that’s essential to good work.Yet we’re so accustomed to seeing talking as a source of solutions-for resolving conflicts or finding new ideas-that it’s hard to see when it is the problem.46.What does the author say about meetings?A)Londoners hate them as well as the Northern Line.B)They can help to keep workers’physical and spiritual health.C)Workers might be reluctant to give up them completely.D)New Yorkers dislike meetings more than Londoners.47.What did researchers find about people’s attitude towards meeting?A.Their attitude and behavior are paradoxical.B)People who hate meetings the most are senior insane.C)Those who like meetings might be considered insane.D)More meetings are regarded as a sign of less innovation.48.Why do people think that more communication is always a good thing?A)Because the concept is firmly believed by workers.B)Because everyone loves to communicate with others.C)Because the idea has been instilled into people’s mind.D)Because communication is vital for building relationships.49.What does the author think of the“flat”management structure?A)It forces bosses to frequently contact their employees.B)It helps to soften employees’bottom line of work.C)It is definitely a disaster to employees’job satisfaction.D)It strengthens people’s deeply-rooted notion of communication.50.What is the author’s argument about office communication?A)It is an effective way to solve office conflicts.B)It affects work efficiency in a negative way.C)It should come to a halt at intervals.D)It is useful for workers to find new ideas.Passage TwoQuestions51to55are based on the following passage.The Internet has enabled the spread of information at lightning speed.This information revolution has created tremendous business opportunities for online publishers,but not all of them maintain proper quality-control mechanisms to ensure that only good information is being shared.Instead,many publishers aim simply to make money by whatever means possible,with no regard for the implications for society at large.When selfish publishers set up shops online,the primary goal is to publish as much as possible,often at the cost of quality.In this respect,many publishers start numerous online journals focused on overlapping(重叠的)disciplines—to increase their total number of published papers—and hire young business managers who do not have any experience in either science or publishing.In some cases,online publishers even give up peer review, while still presenting themselves as scientific journals—deception designed to take advantage of scientists who simply want to share their research.If publishers structure their business to make more revenue,it often does harm to their products.When publishers start journals with overlapping domains,in combination with the pressure to publish more studies,this could promote the publication of marginal or even questionable articles.Moreover,publishers with multiple overlapping journals and journals with very narrow specialties(专业)increase the demands on the time and efforts of willing reviewers.With the fact that reviewers are generally not compensated for their time and effort,journal editors are often unable to find enough reviewers to keep up with the increased publication rate.To improve the situation and increase the trust in scientific community,the pressure to publish must be reduced.Funding and promotion decisions should not be based on the number of publications,but on the quality of those publications and a researcher’s long-term productivity and instructions.And that’s just the start.We need additional mechanisms,such as Beall’s list of predatory(掠夺的)publishers, to alert scientists to fake journals and fake articles.In addition,the price for online publication must be controlled and a mechanism must be put in place to honor and reward hard-working reviewers.51.What does the author think of online publishers?A)A small proportion of them can guarantee their publishing quality.B)They have lots of opportunities to renovate their business models.C)Many of them tend to try every means to make a buck.D)Social impact is their first priority when publishing books.52.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that______.A)peer review generally is a criterion to identify academic journalsB)researchers focus their research on the combination of disciplinesC)scientists care about their publications rather than researchD)young business managers are willing to face new challenges53.Why can’t publishers find enough reviewers to review papers?A)Reviewers are pressed for time when reviewing articles.B)Reviewers’gains can’t make up for what they have done.C)Publishers may compel reviewers to accept marginal articles.D)Publishers urge reviewers to increase publication rate rapidly.54.What is the author’s suggestion for online publication?A)More weight should be put on the quantity of publications.B)It is worthwhile to reward diligent reviewers for their effort.C)Fake journals should be reported to a regulatory organization.D)The price of online publication should be lowered greatly.55.What is the main idea of this passage?A)Online publishers should take measures to fight against fake scientific journals.B)Online publishers are pursuing their work efficiency at the cost of quality.C)Online publishers business models are quite likely to harm their publications.D)Online publishers are sacrificing the quality of research articles to make money.PartⅣTranslation(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet2.春节是中国的传统节日，相当于美国的圣诞节。

专业英语四级(阅读)模拟试卷175(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语四级（阅读）模拟试卷175(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.正确答案：C解析：细节题。

由原文第一段第一句可知，美国将在今年成为世界上首个对所有纳入渔业管理的物种施以捕捞限制的国家，故[C]为正确答案。

由第一段第二句可知，这一政策并未引起美国渔业及渔业监管机构以外的广泛关注，故排除[A]；由第二段第二句可知，不同于最近以党派划分立场的环境政策辩论，该政策先后分别得到了来自共和党和民主党的两任总统的支持，故排除[B]；由第四段第一句可知，限捕计划并未在2011年12月31目前全部确定，还有几项计划将在2012年捕鱼季开始前确定，故排除[D]“所有的限捕计划已在2011年截止前完成”。

知识模块：阅读8．It can be inferred from the passage that______.A．the U. S. is an innovator in fishery regulation for it has set a universal catch limitB．the Magnuson-Stevens Act is invalid for the time beingC．the U. S. has precedents in the process of formulating fishery limitsD．the regional management councils were ignoring the sustainability of fishery before正确答案：D解析：推断题。

由原文第五段第一句可知，地方管理委员会直至近期还经常无视科学建议，为超出可供持续捕捞数量的捕鱼行为大开绿灯，故[D]为正确答案。

由第二段第一句可知，美国将为528种鱼类设置捕捞限制，同时由第四段可知，目前根据鱼类的种类不同，限捕数量尚未逐一确定，故排除[A]“美国是设定通用的渔业捕捞规定的改革者”；由第三段第一句可知，布什总统签署了自20世纪70年代中期以来一直掌管美国所有水域渔业活动的《麦格努森．史蒂文森法案》的重新授权，故排除[B]；由第二段第三句可知，美国实行渔业限捕措施开创了世纪之先河，因此可推断美国在此做法上没有先例，故排除[C]。

IEC-61854架空线.隔离层的要求和检验

NORMEINTERNATIONALECEI IEC INTERNATIONALSTANDARD 61854Première éditionFirst edition1998-09Lignes aériennes –Exigences et essais applicables aux entretoisesOverhead lines –Requirements and tests for spacersCommission Electrotechnique InternationaleInternational Electrotechnical Commission Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueurFor price, see current catalogue© IEC 1998 Droits de reproduction réservés Copyright - all rights reservedAucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite niutilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucunprocédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photo-copie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur.No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.International Electrotechnical Commission 3, rue de Varembé Geneva, SwitzerlandTelefax: +41 22 919 0300e-mail: inmail@iec.ch IEC web site http: //www.iec.chCODE PRIX PRICE CODE X– 2 –61854 © CEI:1998SOMMAIREPages AVANT-PROPOS (6)Articles1Domaine d'application (8)2Références normatives (8)3Définitions (12)4Exigences générales (12)4.1Conception (12)4.2Matériaux (14)4.2.1Généralités (14)4.2.2Matériaux non métalliques (14)4.3Masse, dimensions et tolérances (14)4.4Protection contre la corrosion (14)4.5Aspect et finition de fabrication (14)4.6Marquage (14)4.7Consignes d'installation (14)5Assurance de la qualité (16)6Classification des essais (16)6.1Essais de type (16)6.1.1Généralités (16)6.1.2Application (16)6.2Essais sur échantillon (16)6.2.1Généralités (16)6.2.2Application (16)6.2.3Echantillonnage et critères de réception (18)6.3Essais individuels de série (18)6.3.1Généralités (18)6.3.2Application et critères de réception (18)6.4Tableau des essais à effectuer (18)7Méthodes d'essai (22)7.1Contrôle visuel (22)7.2Vérification des dimensions, des matériaux et de la masse (22)7.3Essai de protection contre la corrosion (22)7.3.1Composants revêtus par galvanisation à chaud (autres queles fils d'acier galvanisés toronnés) (22)7.3.2Produits en fer protégés contre la corrosion par des méthodes autresque la galvanisation à chaud (24)7.3.3Fils d'acier galvanisé toronnés (24)7.3.4Corrosion causée par des composants non métalliques (24)7.4Essais non destructifs (24)61854 © IEC:1998– 3 –CONTENTSPage FOREWORD (7)Clause1Scope (9)2Normative references (9)3Definitions (13)4General requirements (13)4.1Design (13)4.2Materials (15)4.2.1General (15)4.2.2Non-metallic materials (15)4.3Mass, dimensions and tolerances (15)4.4Protection against corrosion (15)4.5Manufacturing appearance and finish (15)4.6Marking (15)4.7Installation instructions (15)5Quality assurance (17)6Classification of tests (17)6.1Type tests (17)6.1.1General (17)6.1.2Application (17)6.2Sample tests (17)6.2.1General (17)6.2.2Application (17)6.2.3Sampling and acceptance criteria (19)6.3Routine tests (19)6.3.1General (19)6.3.2Application and acceptance criteria (19)6.4Table of tests to be applied (19)7Test methods (23)7.1Visual examination (23)7.2Verification of dimensions, materials and mass (23)7.3Corrosion protection test (23)7.3.1Hot dip galvanized components (other than stranded galvanizedsteel wires) (23)7.3.2Ferrous components protected from corrosion by methods other thanhot dip galvanizing (25)7.3.3Stranded galvanized steel wires (25)7.3.4Corrosion caused by non-metallic components (25)7.4Non-destructive tests (25)– 4 –61854 © CEI:1998 Articles Pages7.5Essais mécaniques (26)7.5.1Essais de glissement des pinces (26)7.5.1.1Essai de glissement longitudinal (26)7.5.1.2Essai de glissement en torsion (28)7.5.2Essai de boulon fusible (28)7.5.3Essai de serrage des boulons de pince (30)7.5.4Essais de courant de court-circuit simulé et essais de compressionet de traction (30)7.5.4.1Essai de courant de court-circuit simulé (30)7.5.4.2Essai de compression et de traction (32)7.5.5Caractérisation des propriétés élastiques et d'amortissement (32)7.5.6Essais de flexibilité (38)7.5.7Essais de fatigue (38)7.5.7.1Généralités (38)7.5.7.2Oscillation de sous-portée (40)7.5.7.3Vibrations éoliennes (40)7.6Essais de caractérisation des élastomères (42)7.6.1Généralités (42)7.6.2Essais (42)7.6.3Essai de résistance à l'ozone (46)7.7Essais électriques (46)7.7.1Essais d'effet couronne et de tension de perturbations radioélectriques..467.7.2Essai de résistance électrique (46)7.8Vérification du comportement vibratoire du système faisceau/entretoise (48)Annexe A (normative) Informations techniques minimales à convenirentre acheteur et fournisseur (64)Annexe B (informative) Forces de compression dans l'essai de courantde court-circuit simulé (66)Annexe C (informative) Caractérisation des propriétés élastiques et d'amortissementMéthode de détermination de la rigidité et de l'amortissement (70)Annexe D (informative) Contrôle du comportement vibratoire du systèmefaisceau/entretoise (74)Bibliographie (80)Figures (50)Tableau 1 – Essais sur les entretoises (20)Tableau 2 – Essais sur les élastomères (44)61854 © IEC:1998– 5 –Clause Page7.5Mechanical tests (27)7.5.1Clamp slip tests (27)7.5.1.1Longitudinal slip test (27)7.5.1.2Torsional slip test (29)7.5.2Breakaway bolt test (29)7.5.3Clamp bolt tightening test (31)7.5.4Simulated short-circuit current test and compression and tension tests (31)7.5.4.1Simulated short-circuit current test (31)7.5.4.2Compression and tension test (33)7.5.5Characterisation of the elastic and damping properties (33)7.5.6Flexibility tests (39)7.5.7Fatigue tests (39)7.5.7.1General (39)7.5.7.2Subspan oscillation (41)7.5.7.3Aeolian vibration (41)7.6Tests to characterise elastomers (43)7.6.1General (43)7.6.2Tests (43)7.6.3Ozone resistance test (47)7.7Electrical tests (47)7.7.1Corona and radio interference voltage (RIV) tests (47)7.7.2Electrical resistance test (47)7.8Verification of vibration behaviour of the bundle-spacer system (49)Annex A (normative) Minimum technical details to be agreed betweenpurchaser and supplier (65)Annex B (informative) Compressive forces in the simulated short-circuit current test (67)Annex C (informative) Characterisation of the elastic and damping propertiesStiffness-Damping Method (71)Annex D (informative) Verification of vibration behaviour of the bundle/spacer system (75)Bibliography (81)Figures (51)Table 1 – Tests on spacers (21)Table 2 – Tests on elastomers (45)– 6 –61854 © CEI:1998 COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE––––––––––LIGNES AÉRIENNES –EXIGENCES ET ESSAIS APPLICABLES AUX ENTRETOISESAVANT-PROPOS1)La CEI (Commission Electrotechnique Internationale) est une organisation mondiale de normalisation composéede l'ensemble des comités électrotechniques nationaux (Comités nationaux de la CEI). La CEI a pour objet de favoriser la coopération internationale pour toutes les questions de normalisation dans les domaines de l'électricité et de l'électronique. A cet effet, la CEI, entre autres activités, publie des Normes internationales.Leur élaboration est confiée à des comités d'études, aux travaux desquels tout Comité national intéressé par le sujet traité peut participer. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec la CEI, participent également aux travaux. La CEI collabore étroitement avec l'Organisation Internationale de Normalisation (ISO), selon des conditions fixées par accord entre les deux organisations.2)Les décisions ou accords officiels de la CEI concernant les questions techniques représentent, dans la mesuredu possible un accord international sur les sujets étudiés, étant donné que les Comités nationaux intéressés sont représentés dans chaque comité d’études.3)Les documents produits se présentent sous la forme de recommandations internationales. Ils sont publiéscomme normes, rapports techniques ou guides et agréés comme tels par les Comités nationaux.4)Dans le but d'encourager l'unification internationale, les Comités nationaux de la CEI s'engagent à appliquer defaçon transparente, dans toute la mesure possible, les Normes internationales de la CEI dans leurs normes nationales et régionales. Toute divergence entre la norme de la CEI et la norme nationale ou régionale correspondante doit être indiquée en termes clairs dans cette dernière.5)La CEI n’a fixé aucune procédure concernant le marquage comme indication d’approbation et sa responsabilitén’est pas engagée quand un matériel est déclaré conforme à l’une de ses normes.6) L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente Norme internationale peuvent fairel’objet de droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. La CEI ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et de ne pas avoir signalé leur existence.La Norme internationale CEI 61854 a été établie par le comité d'études 11 de la CEI: Lignes aériennes.Le texte de cette norme est issu des documents suivants:FDIS Rapport de vote11/141/FDIS11/143/RVDLe rapport de vote indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessus donne toute information sur le vote ayant abouti à l'approbation de cette norme.L’annexe A fait partie intégrante de cette norme.Les annexes B, C et D sont données uniquement à titre d’information.61854 © IEC:1998– 7 –INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION––––––––––OVERHEAD LINES –REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS FOR SPACERSFOREWORD1)The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprisingall national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.2)The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, aninternational consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested National Committees.3)The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the formof standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.4)In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC InternationalStandards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly indicated in the latter.5)The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for anyequipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subjectof patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 61854 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 11: Overhead lines.The text of this standard is based on the following documents:FDIS Report on voting11/141/FDIS11/143/RVDFull information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table.Annex A forms an integral part of this standard.Annexes B, C and D are for information only.– 8 –61854 © CEI:1998LIGNES AÉRIENNES –EXIGENCES ET ESSAIS APPLICABLES AUX ENTRETOISES1 Domaine d'applicationLa présente Norme internationale s'applique aux entretoises destinées aux faisceaux de conducteurs de lignes aériennes. Elle recouvre les entretoises rigides, les entretoises flexibles et les entretoises amortissantes.Elle ne s'applique pas aux espaceurs, aux écarteurs à anneaux et aux entretoises de mise à la terre.NOTE – La présente norme est applicable aux pratiques de conception de lignes et aux entretoises les plus couramment utilisées au moment de sa rédaction. Il peut exister d'autres entretoises auxquelles les essais spécifiques décrits dans la présente norme ne s'appliquent pas.Dans de nombreux cas, les procédures d'essai et les valeurs d'essai sont convenues entre l'acheteur et le fournisseur et sont énoncées dans le contrat d'approvisionnement. L'acheteur est le mieux à même d'évaluer les conditions de service prévues, qu'il convient d'utiliser comme base à la définition de la sévérité des essais.La liste des informations techniques minimales à convenir entre acheteur et fournisseur est fournie en annexe A.2 Références normativesLes documents normatifs suivants contiennent des dispositions qui, par suite de la référence qui y est faite, constituent des dispositions valables pour la présente Norme internationale. Au moment de la publication, les éditions indiquées étaient en vigueur. Tout document normatif est sujet à révision et les parties prenantes aux accords fondés sur la présente Norme internationale sont invitées à rechercher la possibilité d'appliquer les éditions les plus récentes des documents normatifs indiqués ci-après. Les membres de la CEI et de l'ISO possèdent le registre des Normes internationales en vigueur.CEI 60050(466):1990, Vocabulaire Electrotechnique International (VEI) – Chapitre 466: Lignes aériennesCEI 61284:1997, Lignes aériennes – Exigences et essais pour le matériel d'équipementCEI 60888:1987, Fils en acier zingué pour conducteurs câblésISO 34-1:1994, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la résistance au déchirement – Partie 1: Eprouvettes pantalon, angulaire et croissantISO 34-2:1996, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la résistance au déchirement – Partie 2: Petites éprouvettes (éprouvettes de Delft)ISO 37:1994, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination des caractéristiques de contrainte-déformation en traction61854 © IEC:1998– 9 –OVERHEAD LINES –REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS FOR SPACERS1 ScopeThis International Standard applies to spacers for conductor bundles of overhead lines. It covers rigid spacers, flexible spacers and spacer dampers.It does not apply to interphase spacers, hoop spacers and bonding spacers.NOTE – This standard is written to cover the line design practices and spacers most commonly used at the time of writing. There may be other spacers available for which the specific tests reported in this standard may not be applicable.In many cases, test procedures and test values are left to agreement between purchaser and supplier and are stated in the procurement contract. The purchaser is best able to evaluate the intended service conditions, which should be the basis for establishing the test severity.In annex A, the minimum technical details to be agreed between purchaser and supplier are listed.2 Normative referencesThe following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication of this standard, the editions indicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.IEC 60050(466):1990, International Electrotechnical vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 466: Overhead linesIEC 61284:1997, Overhead lines – Requirements and tests for fittingsIEC 60888:1987, Zinc-coated steel wires for stranded conductorsISO 34-1:1994, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tear strength – Part 1: Trouser, angle and crescent test piecesISO 34-2:1996, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tear strength – Part 2: Small (Delft) test piecesISO 37:1994, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tensile stress-strain properties– 10 –61854 © CEI:1998 ISO 188:1982, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Essais de résistance au vieillissement accéléré ou à la chaleurISO 812:1991, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de la fragilité à basse températureISO 815:1991, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la déformation rémanente après compression aux températures ambiantes, élevées ou bassesISO 868:1985, Plastiques et ébonite – Détermination de la dureté par pénétration au moyen d'un duromètre (dureté Shore)ISO 1183:1987, Plastiques – Méthodes pour déterminer la masse volumique et la densitérelative des plastiques non alvéolairesISO 1431-1:1989, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Résistance au craquelage par l'ozone – Partie 1: Essai sous allongement statiqueISO 1461,— Revêtements de galvanisation à chaud sur produits finis ferreux – Spécifications1) ISO 1817:1985, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de l'action des liquidesISO 2781:1988, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de la masse volumiqueISO 2859-1:1989, Règles d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par attributs – Partie 1: Plans d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles lot par lot, indexés d'après le niveau de qualité acceptable (NQA)ISO 2859-2:1985, Règles d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par attributs – Partie 2: Plans d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles de lots isolés, indexés d'après la qualité limite (QL)ISO 2921:1982, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination des caractéristiques à basse température – Méthode température-retrait (essai TR)ISO 3417:1991, Caoutchouc – Détermination des caractéristiques de vulcanisation à l'aide du rhéomètre à disque oscillantISO 3951:1989, Règles et tables d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par mesures des pourcentages de non conformesISO 4649:1985, Caoutchouc – Détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion à l'aide d'un dispositif à tambour tournantISO 4662:1986, Caoutchouc – Détermination de la résilience de rebondissement des vulcanisats––––––––––1) A publierThis is a preview - click here to buy the full publication61854 © IEC:1998– 11 –ISO 188:1982, Rubber, vulcanized – Accelerated ageing or heat-resistance testsISO 812:1991, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of low temperature brittlenessISO 815:1991, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of compression set at ambient, elevated or low temperaturesISO 868:1985, Plastics and ebonite – Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness)ISO 1183:1987, Plastics – Methods for determining the density and relative density of non-cellular plasticsISO 1431-1:1989, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Resistance to ozone cracking –Part 1: static strain testISO 1461, — Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated ferrous products – Specifications1)ISO 1817:1985, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of the effect of liquidsISO 2781:1988, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of densityISO 2859-1:1989, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes – Part 1: Sampling plans indexed by acceptable quality level (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspectionISO 2859-2:1985, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes – Part 2: Sampling plans indexed by limiting quality level (LQ) for isolated lot inspectionISO 2921:1982, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of low temperature characteristics –Temperature-retraction procedure (TR test)ISO 3417:1991, Rubber – Measurement of vulcanization characteristics with the oscillating disc curemeterISO 3951:1989, Sampling procedures and charts for inspection by variables for percent nonconformingISO 4649:1985, Rubber – Determination of abrasion resistance using a rotating cylindrical drum deviceISO 4662:1986, Rubber – Determination of rebound resilience of vulcanizates–––––––––1) To be published.。

2021年6月大学英语六级仔细阅读练习题附答案及解析(3)

2021年6月大学英语六级仔细阅读练习题附答案及解析(3)Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Caught in a squeeze between the health needs of aging populations on one hand and the financial crisis on the other, governments everywhere are looking for ways to slow the growth in health-care spending. Increasingly, they are looking to the generic-drugs (普通药物) industry as a savior. In November Japan's finance ministry issued a report complaining that the country's use of generics was less than a third of that in America or Britain. In the same month Canada's competition watchdog criticized the country's pharmacies for failing to pass on the savings made possible by the use of generic drugs. That greed, it reckoned, costs taxpayers nearly C$1 billion a year.Then on November 28th the European Commission issued the preliminary results of its year-long probe into drug giants in the European Union. The report reached a damning~, though provisional, conclusion: the drugs firms use a variety of unfair strategies to protect their expensive drugs by delayingthe entry of cheaper generic opponents. Though this initial report does not carry the force of law (a final report is due early next year), it has caused much controversy. Neelie Kroes, the EU's competition commissioner, says she is ready to take legal action if the evidence allows.One strategy the investigators criticize is the use of the "patent duster( 专利群)". A firm keen to defend its drug due to go off-patent may file dozens or hundreds of new patents, often of dubious merit, to confuse and terrify potential copycats and maintain its monopoly. An unnamed drugs firm once took out 1,300 patents across the EU on a single drug. The report also suggests that out-of-court settlements between makers of patented drags and generics firms may be a strategy used by the former to delay market entry by the latter.According to EU officials, such misdeeds -have delayed the arrival of generic competition and the accompanying savings. On average, rite report estimates, generics arrived seven months after a patented drug lost its protection, though where the drug was a big seller the lag was four months. The report says taxpayers paid about q 3 billion more than they would have-had the generics gone on sale immediately.But hang on a minute, Though many of the charges of badbehavior leveled at the patented-drugs industry by EU investigators may well be true, the report seems to let the generics industry off the hook(钩子) too lightly. After all, if the drugs giants stand accused, in effect, of bribing opponents to delay the launch of cheap generics, shouldn't the companies that accepted those "bribes" also share the blame?56. Why are governments around the world seeking ways to reduce their health-care spending?A) They consider the generic-drugs industry as a savior.B) They are under the double pressure of aging group and financial crisis.C) Health-care spending has accounted too large proportion.D) Health-care spending has cost taxpayers too much income.57. What can we learn from the report issued by the European Commission?A) Drug firm will use just ways to protect their drags.B) Cheaper generic drugs are easy to enter market,C) The report has come to an ultimate conclusion.D) The final report may lead to commissioner's legal action.58. The investigators seriously condemned the drug firms for__________.A) they do not let their opponents to resort to the cometB) they use clusters of patents to protect their productsC) they bribe the cheaper generic opponentsD) trey do not pass on the savings made by use of generic drugs59. On average, the genetics will be delayed to enter the market by __________.A) seven monthsB) three monthsC) four monthsD) eleven months60. Which of the following accords with the author's view?A) Charges on patented-drug industry are anything but true.B) Generics industry is a sheer victim in the competition.C) Only drug giants are to blame.D) Exclusion of generics industry from taking responsibility is questionable.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Yet with economies in free fail, managers also need up-to-date information about what is happening to their businesses, so that they can change course rapidly if necessary. Cisco, an American network-equipment giant, hasinvested over many years in the technology needed to generate such data .Frank Caideroni, the firm's CFO, says that every day its senior executives can track exactly what orders are coming in from sales teams around the world, and identify emerging trends in each region and market segment. And at the end of each month, the firm can get reliable financial results within four hours of closing its books. Most firms have to wait days or even weeks for such certainty.Admittedly, Cisco's financial results have not made happy reading recently because, in common with many other large technology companies, it has seen demand for its products decline in the downturn. In early February it announced that its fiscal second-quarter revenues of $ 9.1 billion were 7.5% lower than the same period in 2021 and that its profit had fallen by 27%, to $1.5 billion.In response to hard times, Cisco plans to cut $1 billion of costs this year by, among other things, making use of its own video-conferencing and other communications technologies to reduce the amount its executives travel. It is also using these facilities to relay information from employees on the ground to its senior managers, and to get instructions from Cisco's leaders back out to its 67,000 staff. A rapid exchangeof information and instructions is especially valuable if the company wants to alter course in stormy times.If everybody in a company can rapidly grasp what they have to do and how it is changing, they are more likely to get the job done. But some firms are reluctant to share their goals with the wider world. Unilever, a big Anglo-Dutch consumer-goods group, has decided against issuing a 2021 financial forecast to investors, arguing that it is difficult to predict what is going to happen, given the dangerous state of the world economy. "We're not just going to provide numbers for the sake of it," explains James Allison, the company's head of investor relations. Other companies that have decided not to provide annual earnings estimates for 2021 include Costco, a big American retailer, and Union Pacific, an American railway company.Some firms, such as Intel, seem to have chosen to take things quarter by quarter. The giant chipmaker(芯片制造商) said in January that it would not issue an official forecast for the first quarter of 2021 after its fourth-quarter 2021 profit decreased by 90%. Several retail chains have also stopped providing monthly sales estimates because they cannot see what the future holds. Retailers, chipmakers and firms inmany other industries may have a long wait before the economic fog finally lifts.61. What can we learn about Cisco from the passage?A) It will keep a record of the orders from sales teams.B) It cuts $1 billion cost by solely relying on its own technologies.C) Unlike other technology companies, its financial reports are encouraging.D) Only employees can use the video-conferencing to pass information.62. According to the author, the staff can perform better by__________.A) getting instructions from their senior managersB) seizing what to do at hand and what to do nextC) having a financial forecast as a goalD) sharing their goals with others63. What is important in the unstable time ff a company wants to change strategies?A) To issue company's financial reports faster.B) To obtain the up-to-date information of company's business.C) To predict what is going to happen in the future.D) To wait until the economic fog finally lifts.64. The reason Unilever plans not to issue financial forecast in 2021 lies in__________.A) its reluctance to share its goal with othersB) its rapid grasp of changes in the marketsC) the unstable economic situationD) its reduction in the cost of prediction65. What can we know about the giant chipmaker, Intel in the passage?A) It did not issue first-quarter forecast for great decrease in January.B) Inters chain store used to report sales estimates by year.C) Only retailers and chipmakers are greatly influenced.D) Intel's profit was greatly decreased in 2021's last quarter.答案解析：56．B)。

【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO18-2阅读文本

【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO 18-2阅读文本TPO 18TPO18-2 The mystery of yawning1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information .A. It is the conventional theory that when people are bored or sleepy, they often experience a drop in blood oxygen levels due to their shallow breathing.B. The conventional theory is that people yawn when bored or sleepy because yawning raises blood oxygen levels, which in turn raises alertness.C. According to conventional theory, yawning is more likely to occur when people are bored or sleepy than when they are alert and breathing deeply.D. Yawning, according to the conventional theory, is caused by boredom or lack of sleep and can be avoided through deeper breathing.2.In paragragh1, what point does the author make about the evidence for the tiredness theory of yawning? A.There is no scientific evidence linking yawning with tiredness.B. The evidence is wide-ranging because it covers multiple age-groups.C. The evidence is reliable because it was collected over a long period of time.D. The evidence is questionable because the yawning patterns of children and adults should be different.According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom. Unfortunately, the few scientific investigations of yawning have failed to find any connection between how often someone yawns and how much sleep they have had or how tired they are. About the closest any research has come to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten.3. The word “flaw” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. faultB. aspectC. confusionD. mystery4.In the paragraph 2, why does the author note that there were physiological changes when subjects opened their mouths or breathed deeply?A. To present an argument in support of the tiredness theoryB. To cast doubt on the reliability of the tests that measured heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductanceC. To argue against the hypothesis that yawning provides a special way to improve alertness or raise physiological activityD. To support the idea that opening the mouth or breathing deeply can affect blood oxygen levels5. The word “triggered”meaning to A.removedB. followedC. increasedD. causedin the passage is closest inAnother flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning does not raise alertness or physiological activity, as the theory would predict. When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity. However, similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths or to breathe deeply. Yawning did nothing special to their state of physiological activity. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. Volunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide. If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. In fact, neither condition made any difference to the frequency of yawning, which remained constant at about 24 yawns per hour. Another experiment demonstrated that physical exercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning. Again the implication is that yawning has little or nothing to do with oxygen.6. Paragraph 2 answers all of the following questions about yawning EXCEPTA. Does yawning increase alertness or physiological activity?B. Does thinking about yawning increase yawning over not thinking about yawning?C. Does the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air affect the rate at which people yawn?D. Does the rate of breathing affect the rate at which people yawn?7. The word "periodically” in the pas sage is closest in the meaning toA.continuouslyB. quicklyC. regularlyD. carefully8. According to the developmental theory of yawning presented in paragraph 3, what is the role of yawning?A. It caused hiccups, which aid in the development of the lungs.B. It controls the amount of pressure the lungs place on other developing organs.C. It prevents amniotic fluid from entering the lungs.D. It removes a potentially harmful fluid from the lungs.9. According to the developmental theory of yawning presented in paragraph 3, what is the role of yawning?A. It caused hiccups, which aid in the development of the lungs.B. It controls the amount of pressure the lungs place on other developing organs.C. It prevents amniotic fluid from entering the lungs.D. It removes a potentially harmful fluid from the lungs.A completely different theory holds that yawning assists in the physical development of the lungs early in life, but has no remaining biological function in adults. It has been suggested that yawning and hiccupping might serve to clear out the fetuses airways. The lungs of a fetus secrete a liquid that mixes with its mother's amniotic fluid. Babies with congenital blockages that prevent this fluid from escaping from their lungs are sometimes born withdeformed lungs. It might be that yawning helps to clear out the lungs by periodically owering the pressure in them. According to this theory, yawning in adults is just a developmental fossil with no biological function. But, while accepting that not everything in life can be explained by Darwinian evolution, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of theories like this one, which avoid the issue of what yawning does for adults. Yawning is distracting, consumes energy and takes time. It is almost certainly doing something significant in adults as well as in fetuses. What could itbe?10. The word “empirical” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. reliableB. based on common senseC. relevantD. based on observation11. The study of yawning behavior discussed in paragraph 4 supports which of the following conclusions?A. Yawning is associated with an expectation of increased physical activity.B. Yawning occurs more frequently when people are asked to record their yawning.C. People tend to yawn about fifteen minutes before they become tired or bored.D. 12.Why does the author mention“soldiersyawningbefore combat, musiciansyawningbeforeperforming, and athletesyawningbeforesical activityMental or physical stress tends to make people yawn.competing”?A. To argue that just the expectation of physica can make some people feel tiredB. To explain how the view that people yawn because they are tired accounts for yawning before stressful situationsC. To support the view that yawning helps prepare a person for mental or physical exertionD. To provide anecdotal evidence that conflicts with the experience of the volunteers in the studyThe empirical evidence, such as it is, suggests an altogether different function for yawning—namely, that yawning prepares us for a change in activity level. Support for this theory came from a study of yawning behavior in everyday life. Volunteers wore wrist-mounted devices that automatically recorded their physical activity for up to two weeks: the volunteers also recorded their yawns by pressing a button on the device each time they yawned. The data showed that yawning tended to occur about 15 minutes before a period of increased behavioral activity. Yawning bore no relationship to sleep patterns, however. This accords with anecdotal evidence that people often yawn in situations where they are neither tired nor bored, but are preparing for impending mental and physical activity. Such yawning is often referred to as "incongruous" because it seems out of place, at least on the tiredness view: soldiers yawning before combat, musicians yawning before performing, and athletes yawning before competing. Their yawning seems to have nothing to do with sleepiness or boredom—quite the reverse—but it does precede a change in activity level.physiological activity, as the theory would predict. When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity. However, similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths or to breathe deeply. Yawning did nothing special to their stateof physiological activity. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by adrop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. (Volunteers were told to think about yawning while theybreathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide._ If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. _In fact, neither condition made any difference to the frequency ofyawning, which remained constant at about 24 yawns per hour. (Another experiment demonstrated that physicalexercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning. Again the implication is that yawning has little or nothing to do with oxygen.13. Look at the four squares ( that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERR answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The tiredness theory of yawning does not seem to explain why yawning occurs.A. Although earlier scientific studies strongly supported the tiredness theory, new evidence has cast doubt on these findings.B. Some have proposed that yawning plays a role in the development if lungs before birth but that it serves no purpose in adults.C. New studies, along with anecdotal evidence, have shown that the frequency of yawning increases during extended periods of inactivity.D. Evidence has shown that yawning is almost completely unrelated to amount of oxygen in the blood and is unrelated to sleep behavior.E. Fluids in the lungs of the prevent yawning from occurring, which disproves the developmental theory of yawning.F. There is some evidence that suggests that yawning prepares the body and mind for a change in activity level.。

OSHA现场作业手册说明书

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

新视野读写(第三版)(3)课本练习及答案Unit 7

Language focus Words in Use III. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary. Each word can be used only once reclaim spiral termination layoff subsistence comply donate originate expire spectrum
generosity and 10. We thank donors for their __________, ask them to keep this accelerated pace of donating money, clothes, shoes, blankets and water to the flood. maturity with his 11. He’s starting to reach _________, voice changing and a little beard growing on his chin and jawline.
corruption -ity generous formal local mature peculiar liable
→
→ → → → → →
corrupt ____________ generosity ____________ formality ____________ locality _____________ maturity _____________ peculiarity ____________ liability ____________
Examples Words learned Add –ion New words formed react → reaction expand → expansion transmit contribute → → transmission contribution

No. 248 Intelligence-led Policing

No. 248Intelligence-led PolicingJerry H. RatcliffeAdam GraycarDirectorThis paper is timely, given that policing is currently going through a period of significant change in both operational tactics and organisational structures. New ideas in crime reduction and changes to short- and long-term policing strategies are underway. Intelligence-led policing represents a recent approach and is one of the more prevalent of the current “shifts in crime control philosophy and policing practice” (Maguire 2000).Surprisingly, given the wide distribution of the term “intelligence-led policing”, considerable confusion remains in regard to its actual meaning to both front-line officers and police management. This paper provides an introduction to intelligence-led policing and discusses some of the related limitations and opportunities.Since the 1990s, “intelligence-led policing” (also known asintelligence-driven policing”) has entered the lexicon of modern policing, especially in the UK and more recently Australia. Yet even with the ability of new ideas and innovation to spread throughout the policing world at the click of a mouse, there is still a lack of clarity among many in law enforcement as to what intelligence-led policing is, what it aims to achieve, and how it is supposed to operate. This can be seen in recent inspectionreports of Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) in the UK (HMIC 2001, 2002), and in the lack of clarity regarding intelligence-led policing in the United States. A recent summit in March 2002 of over 120 criminal intelligence experts from across the US, funded by the US government and organised by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, may become a turning point in policing within the US. The participants called for a National Intelligence Plan, with one of the corerecommendations being to “promote intelligence-led policing through a common understanding of criminal intelligence and its usefulness” (IACP 2002, p. v). The aspirations of the summit are considerable, but what is unclear from the summit report is a sound understanding of the aims of intelligence-led policing and its relationship to crime reduction.As intelligence-led policing is now a term in common usage within Australian law enforcement (a search of web pages and media releases found the term “intelligence-led” in allAustralian police sites and the web site of the new Australian Crime Commission), it is timely to consider the origins of intelligence-led policing, the crime reduction levers it aims to pull, and the limitations and possibilities for this type of operational practice.Origins of Intelligence-led PolicingIntelligence-led policing entered the police lexicon at some time around the early 1990s. As Gill (1998) has noted, the origins of intelligence-led policing are a little indistinct, but the earliest references to it originate in the UK where a seemingly inexorablerise in crime during the late 1980s and early 1990s coincided with increasing calls for police to be more effective and to be more cost-efficient. The driving forces for this move to a new strategy were both external and internal to policing.External drivers included an inability of the traditional, reactive model of policing to cope with the rapid changes in globalisation which have increased opportunities for transnational organised crime and removed physical and technological barriers across the policing domain. In the new “risk society” (Ericson & Haggerty 1997) the police were seen as the source of risk management data for a range of external institutions. With such an influence beyond the boundaries of law enforcement, it was never going to be long before the “new public management” drive to increase efficiency in public agencies reached the police.At the same time there was an internal recognition that changes were taking place in the dynamic relationship between the private security industry and the public police. The police were losing the battle on the streets, and public confidence with it. The rapid growth of private sector security saw police marginalised in some areas of public safety.The search for a new strategy was helped by the 1993 Audit Commission report into police effectiveness (Audit Commission 1993). This “landmark report” (Heaton 2000, p. 337) was the first foray of the Audit Commission (an independent body with responsibility for the economic and effective use of public money) into the machinations of operational policing. There were three central tenets to “helping with enquiries—tackling crimeeffectively”:•existing roles and the level ofaccountability lackedintegration and efficiency;•the police were failing to makethe best use of resources; and•greater emphasis on tacklingcriminals would be moreeffective than focusing oncrimes.This report was followed upfairly quickly by further officialpublications that provided aroad map to intelligence-ledpolicing, including an HMICpublication Policing WithIntelligence (1997) and a HomeOffice report on the integrationof different intelligence sources,complete with case studies(Maguire & John 1995).Intelligence-led policing wasbeginning to appear in Australiain the late 1990s, driven by anumber of policecommissioners. The localadoption included newaccountability structures at alocal level, a greater integrationof intelligence and investigation,and improved targeting of dailypolice efforts throughintelligence dissemination.Performance outcome reviewsincluding more dynamicfeatures were incorporated in anumber of Australianjurisdictions in various formats,such as the Operations andCrime Reviews (OCRs)conducted in New South Walesand modelled on the successfulCompStat process of the NewYork City Police Department.OCRs were found to beinstrumental as a mechanism indriving police-centred crimereduction (Chilvers &Weatherburn 2001).While there are alwaysproblems implementing changein police services, there isgeneral support for the explicitcrime reduction focus ofintelligence-led policing: crimereduction and especially crimeprevention have been themainstay and core business ofpolicing since the formation ofthe Metropolitan Police in theUK in 1829. So what isintelligence-led policing?Definition of Intelligence-ledPolicingAlthough there is a growingliterature on intelligence-ledpolicing (see the reference list ofthis paper as a starting point) ithas been generally assumed thatthe term speaks for itself, anddefinitions are rare.The aim of intelligence-ledpolicing can be interpreted fromthe tactical tasking priorities ofthe UK National IntelligenceModel, as disseminated by theNational Criminal IntelligenceService (NCIS). The fourelements concentrate on:•targeting offenders (especiallythe targeting of activecriminals through overt andcovert means);•the management of crime anddisorder hotspots;•the investigation of linkedseries of crimes and incidents;and•the application of preventativemeasures, including workingwith local partnerships toreduce crime and disorder(NCIS 2000).This focus within the UKNational Intelligence Modelemphsises that crime is notrandomly distributed, with thecorollary that identification ofhotspots of criminal activity is aworthwhile pursuit. Itrecognises the importance ofworking with partnerships toachieve crime prevention, andfinally that there should be aspotlight on targeting thecriminal and not a focus on thecrime. This latter principle is, toa large extent, based on researchthat shows a small percentage ofactive and repeat offenders(recidivists) commit adisproportionately large amount of crime (Audit Commission 1993).While the National Intelligence Model provides one definition of intelligence-led policing, this paper will explore the process of crime reduction through intelligence-led policing. Good intelligence analysis is vital, but research is also essential to identify crime reduction strategies that actually work and have solid evidential support. For the purposes of this paper, the following definition isemployed:Intelligence-led policing is theapplication of criminalintelligence analysis as anobjective decision-making toolin order to facilitate crimereduction and preventionthrough effective policingstrategies and externalpartnership projects drawnfrom an evidential base.How Should it Work?As Pawson and Tilley (1997) have pointed out, it is important to be clear on the “mechanism”for any crime reduction or prevention initiative, as this helps to understand why it works. Figure 1 shows a model for crime reduction through an intelligence-led process.In this intelligence-led policing model, we shall assume that the criminal environment is a permanent feature of the operating environment for police services. Although it is dynamic and fluid, constantly changing in shape, composition and size, it remains a reality that there will always be a criminal environment that the police will need to understand for subsequent operations to be effective.To be truly intelligence-led, the first stage of the model is to be able to interpret the criminal environment. This is usually performed by an intelligence section or unit, and relies on arange of information sourcesboth within and external to thepolice service. The informationthat this unit obtains should, inan intelligence-led environment,be passed as some form ofintelligence to people who canactually impact in a positivemanner on the criminalenvironment (stage 2 of themodel).This second stage requiresthe intelligence structure to beable to identify and influence thedecision-makers. It should benoted that this requires both anability to identify the decision-makers, as well as to influencetheir thinking regarding thetypes of reduction strategies thatare implemented.Finally, the model requiresthe decision-makers to have theenthusiasm and skills to exploreways to reduce crime and tohave a positive impact on thecriminal environment. Themodel therefore has threestructures, and three processes,each of which are discussed inturn below.The Criminal EnvironmentFor different levels of policing,the criminal environment to bestudied may be different. Forexample, a local rural policestation will have a differentcriminal environment tocompete with compared to anational strategic drugs unit.However the principle remainsthe same: although there aresignificant differences (but alsosome overlaps) in the type ofcriminal environment to beunderstood, each level is facedwith a challenging criminalsituation that is dynamic, hasdifferent memberships andstructures, and it is hoped canbe changed and influenced bypolice strategies.IntelligenceIntelligence can be defined as “avalue-added product, derivedfrom the collection andprocessing of all relevantinformation relating to clientneeds, which is immediately orpotentially significant to clientdecision-making” (ACS 2000).A broader view ofintelligence could incorporatethe view that intelligence is astructure, a process and aproduct. In most police services,the intelligence unit or section isa recognised internalorganisation with people, skills,methods and an organisationalstructure.Intelligence is also a process,incorporating a continuous cycleof tasking, data collection,collation, analysis,dissemination and feedback,prior to the next or a refinedtask. This continuous process isresponsible for the generation of Figure 1: An intelligence-led policing and crime reduction processan intelligence product, which is designed to shape the thinking of decision-makers.Within the model shown at Figure 1, intelligence therefore requires a number of organisational structures to work effectively in both the interpretation of the criminal environment and the dissemination of a product that can shape the thinking of decision-makers.Interpreting the Criminal Environment How capable are the systems, people, analytical tools and collective understanding to be able to interpret the criminal environment? An effective system requires investment in people, tools and systems, but also an understanding of the functions and limitations of an intelligence system.This is especially the case with a policing style that emphasises the criminal and not the crime as the focal point for intelligence. Often unrealistic expectations can dampen enthusiasm for intelligence-led operations when, for example, an intelligence analyst is unable to precisely predict the next date, time and place of a burglary. In a recent review of Northamptonshire Police in the UK, HMIC found that the National Intelligence Model definition of intelligence-led policing was not widely known amongst intelligence staff (HMIC 2001, p. 9). When the people that are tasked with being the hub of intelligence-led policing are not familiar with what intelligence-led policing is, it draws into question the value that they can add to information they receive. Even when clear direction is given, this component of the model requires coordination of sources, data storage and retrieval, analytical tools and training to enable the maximum benefit to be derived.At more strategic levels thisalso requires the ability of staffto have systems in place to shareintelligence within and outsideof the force, a notable problemin the United States (IACP 2002).The Decision-makersAll operational and leadershipranks have the capability toimpact on the criminalenvironment. Commanderscontrol resources, but the newestprobationers often spend themost time on the streets in anoperational capacity. Accuratetargeting of police activities tothe “hot spots” and “hot times”of crime has substantial supportas a crime reduction technique(Sherman et al. 1998), but itrequires the necessaryintelligence (in this example, thehot places and hot times) to findits way to the decision-makersand for those decision-makers toproperly understand andrespond to the information.Influencing the Decision-makersAs the Australian CustomsService’s definition shows,“intelligence” is a product thatis “immediately or potentiallysignificant to client decision-making” (ACS 2000).Dissemination is the method ofinforming the client, yetconveying the significance ofeven the most stimulatingintelligence is a fine art. It isprobably impossible to count thenumber of intelligence failuresthat have occurred due to aninability of the intelligenceorganisation to “sell” itsproduct, or the failing of thedecision-maker (the intelligenceclient) to recognise the value ofthe product.Intelligence also has tocompete with other pressures onthe decision-maker. Forexample, a police commandermay have an objectiveintelligence product thatrecommends targeting aparticular group of criminals butmay be constrained by thecovert nature of the group or bycompeting demands, such as apossible adverse communityreaction, pressures from themedia, or financial constraints.Even good intelligence has tocompete to influence decision-makers.The model in Figure 1 isdescribed as a policing and crimereduction process, because it isnot necessarily the case that adecision-maker works for thepolice. Increasingly, throughlocal partnerships, it is beingrecognised that decision-makersfor crime reduction also existoutside of the police service. Acomprehensive intelligencesystem can recognise this andinfluence a broad range ofinternal and external decision-makers.Impacting on the Criminal EnvironmentThe whole process has littlevalue if at the last stage thedecision-maker, be theycommissioner or probationer,cannot influence the criminalenvironment and effect crimereduction.There are limitations to theability of police to significantlychange crime rates, but this doesnot mean that the police cannotachieve any reductions, and thatthey cannot achieve maximumefficiency in the process. Anumber of policing-focusedtactics have been positivelyevaluated as having recognisedcrime prevention benefits,including increased directedpatrols in street-corner hot spotsof crime and the proactive arrestof serious repeat offenders(Sherman et al. 1998).There is a tendency,however, for what really worksin policing to be overshadowedby schemes that have significantpublic appeal, but for which thecrime reduction evidence isdisputed. These schemes includeNeighbourhood Watch, DARE(Drug Abuse Resistance Education), and community policing that has no clear crime risk-factor focus—all of which have been evaluated overseas as not appearing to significantly reduce crime (Sherman et al. 1998).Integration of Intelligence-ledPolicing into the PolicingParadigm Intelligence-led policing can be closely associated with problem-oriented policing (Goldstein 1990) in that they are both tactics that can support a broader policing paradigm such as community policing. Some intelligence units use a problem-solving methodology, such as SARA—scan, analyse, respond and assess (Eck & Spelman 1987)—as the framework for prioritisation. An evidential base is therefore significant to both problem-oriented policing in the analysis and response stage, and to intelligence-led policing in the selection of crime reduction plans. Problem-oriented policing and SARA provide a case management orientated focus for intelligence-led targeting, where the “case” may be an individual, organised crime group, or high crime location. This compartmentalisation of problems into manageable “chunks” is more in line with the case orientation of other professions, and potentially provides for greater managerial accountability.The broader policing philosophy, such as community policing, will be important in providing the “context”(Laycock 2001) for the success or failure of the intelligence-led policing mechanism. This is an important point, because while the mechanism for intelligence-led policing may be sound, it can be introduced to situations where the context is notappropriate for that style ofpolicing. For example, acommunity policing objectivemay be to reduce fear of crime.As such, a NeighbourhoodWatch arrangement maysucceed in the chosen objective,but might not be selected froman intelligence-led policingregime that strives for an actualreduction in crime.Threats and OpportunitiesA review of a burglary reductionprogram in the ACT (Ratcliffe2001, 2002a) found strongevidence for an intelligence-driven short-term policy; a morethorough evaluation of the long-term impact is planned.Generally, however, there is apaucity of explicit evaluations ofintelligence-led policing (Heaton2000). As time passes the newstrategy should receive moreattention from evaluators, if theycan avoid the tendency toconcentrate on the policingapproach on the street, ratherthan the managerial systemsthat create, fuel and drive theapproach.Intelligence-led policingstrives for greater efficiency inpolicing, but it has also beenaccompanied by other efficiencymethods, some of which conflictwith intelligence-led policing.There is a performance culturein many police services whichstrives to measure everythingpossible, and it is a concern thatthe benefits of intelligence-ledpolicing will be lost in aquagmire of operationalstatistics and micro-management. As Albert Einsteinsaid, “not everything that can becounted counts, and noteverything that counts can becounted”. A case in point isresponse times. Many policeservices now record theresponse time of officers gettingto priority and routine calls forservice, and they buildimprovements of response timeinto performance agreements formanagement and front-lineofficers. Unfortunately theresearch evidence is fairlyconclusive: improving responsetimes to calls for service doesnot reduce crime (Sherman et al.1998).The expansion of aperformance culture can drivepolice from the hard-to-quantifyareas such as communitypolicing and crime prevention tosimply concentrate on whateverthey are being measuredagainst. Scott (1998) expressedthese concerns when sherecognised the impact of theperformance culture on twopolice divisions in London,finding that the mechanisms ofthe new public managementwere focusing policingobjectives on the measurableand the quantifiable, and as aresult were driving a return toreactive policing.Another potential problem isthe use of a strategy thatemphasises the deployment oftactics once reserved for serious“high impact, low volume”criminals against high volume,more mundane, offenders. This“principle of proportionality” isan area that will have to bemanaged to maintain publicconfidence in police tactics thatare more focused and targeted,but also potentially moreinvasive (Ratcliffe 2002b).Concerns have been raisedregarding both the financialbenefits, and the implicationsfor police legitimacy with astrategy that includes increasingthe use of criminal informants(Dunnighan & Norris 1999;Ratcliffe 2002b). All of this said,there is a real opportunity toengage the public and gathertheir support for a policingpractice that is objective,General Editor, Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice series:Dr Adam Graycar, DirectorAustralian Institute of Criminology GPO Box 2944Canberra ACT 2601 AustraliaNote: Trends and Issues in Crime andCriminal Justice are refereed papers.focused and cost-effective. It is difficult to argue againstefficiency and value-for-money,as these factors were the driving forces behind intelligence-led policing in the first place.The drive towardsintelligence-led policing has to be tempered by realisticexpectations. A review of the literature indicates that theability of the police to impact on the level of crime in society is limited, though there areindications that some gains in crime reduction can be made (Heaton 2000, p. 344). This may sound like back-peddling, but an examination of the broad swathe of potential causes of crime (for an excellent review see Weatherburn 2001) would suggest that there are a very restricted number of thesecausal factors that are within the power of the police to influence.However, more of the causal mechanisms for crime in society can be influenced by the police through collaboration with outside agencies. There is a growing recognition within policing that external agencies may hold the key to long-term crime reduction. These agencies,such as local councils, housing authorities, and health and education departments, have a greater potential to impact on a wider range of causal factors,and the police are well placed as the “gatekeepers” to much crime information (Ericson & Haggerty 1997). Increased sharing ofintelligence beyond the limits of law enforcement may see a more substantial reduction in crime. If employed in this more effective manner, intelligence-led policing is really a misnomer: a better term would be “intelligence-led crime reduction”.ReferencesAustralian Customs Service (ACS)2000, Intelligence Doctrine ,Australian Customs Service,Canberra, p. 15.Audit Commission 1993, Helping WithEnquiries: Tackling Crime Effectively , HMSO, London.Chilvers, M. & Weatherburn, D. 2001,“Operation and Crime Review panels: Their impact on break and enter”, Crime and Justice Statistics Bureau Brief , April, NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research,Sydney.Dunnighan, C. & Norris, C. 1999, “Thedetective, the snout, and theAudit Commission: The real costs in using informants”, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice , vol. 38,pp. 67–86.Eck, J.E. & Spelman, W. 1987, ProblemSolving: Problem-oriented Policing in Newport News , Police Executive Research Forum, Washington DC.Ericson, R.V . & Haggerty, K.D. 1997,Policing the Risk Society ,Clarendon Press, Oxford.Gill, P. 1998, “Making sense of policeintelligence? The use of acybernetic model in analysing information and power in police intelligence processes”, Policing and Society , vol. 8, pp. 289–314.Goldstein, H. 1990, Problem-orientatedPolicing , McGraw-Hill, New York.Heaton, R. 2000, “The prospects forintelligence-led policing: Some historical and quantitative considerations”, Policing and Society , vol. 9, pp. 337–56.Her Majesty’s Inspectorate ofConstabulary (HMIC) 1997,Policing with Intelligence , Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary, London.——— 2001, Northamptonshire Police:Intelligence-led Policing and Proactive Investigation of Crime ,Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary, London.——— 2002, Bedfordshire Police: CrimeIntelligence , Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary,London.International Association of Chiefs ofPolice (IACP) 2002, “Criminal intelligence sharing: A national plan for intelligence-led policing at the local, state and federal levels”, IACP Intelligence Summit ,COPS and InternationalAssociation of Chiefs of Police,Alexandria, Virginia, p. 51.Laycock, G. 2001, “Research for police:Who needs it?” Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice ,no. 211, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.Maguire, M. 2000, “Policing by risksand targets: Some dimensions and implications of intelligence-led crime control”, Policing and Society , vol. 9, pp. 315–36.Maguire, M. & John, T. 1995,“Intelligence, surveillance and informants: Integratedapproaches”, Police Research Group: Crime Detection and Prevention Series , no. 64, p. 58.National Criminal Intelligence Service(NCIS) 2000, The National Intelligence Model , National Criminal Intelligence Service,London.Pawson, R. & Tilley, N. 1997, RealisticEvaluation , Sage, London.Ratcliffe, J.H. 2001, “Policing urbanburglary”, Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice , no. 213,Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.——— 2002a, “Burglary reduction andthe myth of displacement”, Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice , no. 232, Australian Institute of Criminology,Canberra.——— 2002b, “Intelligence-led policingand the problems of turning rhetoric into practice”, Policing and Society , vol. 12, pp. 53–66.Scott, J. 1998, “‘Performance culture’:The return of reactive policing”,Policing and Society , vol. 8,pp. 269–88.Sherman, L.W., Gottfredson, D.,MacKenzie, D., Eck, J., Reuter, P .& Bushway, S. 1998, Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t,What’s Promising , National Institute of Justice,Washington DC.Weatherburn, D. 2001, “What causescrime?” Crime and Justice Bulletin ,no. 54, NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, Sydney.AcknowledgmentThe author is grateful for consent from Glen Fisher (of the Australian Federal Police) to adapt the model shown inFigure 1.。

“从人到案”侦查模式在电信网络诈骗犯罪侦查中的应用

中国人民公安大学学报(自然科学版)2020年第4期No.42020Journal of Peopled Public Security University of China(Science and Technology)总第106期Sum106“从人到案冶侦查模式在电信网络诈骗犯罪侦查中的应用王海林，井晓龙，魏慧雯（中国人民公安大学，北京100038）摘要当前电信网络诈骗犯罪侦查存在案件发现难、后期取证难、追脏减损难、侦查串并案难、追捕打击效果不佳等困境。

为突破侦查困境,从提前收集情报工作和侦查活动介入时间点的角度岀发，在犯罪预备、犯罪实施、犯罪完成的3个时间阶段寻找与电信网络诈骗犯罪相关的线索，追溯犯罪嫌疑人信息。

建立犯罪情报数据库，挖掘其他相关成员和犯罪产业链信息，扩大“从人到案”侦查模式在电信网络诈骗犯罪侦查中的应用范围。

关键词从人到案；电信网络诈骗；警务协作；犯罪预警中图分类号D918.2文献标志码AApplication of“From Suspect to Case冶Investigation Modein the Investigation of Telecommunications Network FraudWANG Hailin,JING Xiaolong,WEI Huiwen(Peopled Public Security University of China,Beijing100038,China)Abstract：At present，there are many difficulties in the investigation of telecommunications network fraud，such as difficult to discover the case，difficult to obtain evidence，difficult to take back the mon-ey，difficult to combine the cases，and poor effect of hunting and striking.In order to break through the dilemma of investigation，from the perspectives of intelligence gathering in advance and the time point of the intervention of investigation activities，clues related to the crime of telecommunications network fraud are sought in the three stages of crime preparation，crime implementation and crime completion，to track down the suspects.Establishing a criminal intelligence database,mining other crime-related members and criminal industry chain information,and expanding the application scope of the“from suspect to case”investigation mode in the investigation of telecommunications network fraud.Key words：from suspect to case；telecommunications network fraud；police cooperation；Early warning of crime0引言2019年，公安部“净网2019”专项行动工作侦破电信网络诈骗案件&5万起，同比上升3.0%，抓获犯罪嫌疑人5.14万人，同比上升32.28%。

湖南省长沙市芙蓉区高考英语完形填空和阅读理解一轮练习(11)

湖南省长沙市芙蓉区2016高考英语完形填空和阅读理解一轮练习（11）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A.B.C和D项中，选出最佳选项。

Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self-respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized(把…归类) as "honor" help you create this life of good feelings.Here's an example to show how honorable actions create happiness.Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerk's mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky(卑鄙的) excitement. Later we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. On the other hand, if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item, the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.Then, what is it to do with our sense of happiness?In the first case, where we don't tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. In the process, we would lose some peace of mind and self-respect. We would also demonstrate(演示) that we cannot be trusted, since we advertise our dishonor by telling our family and friends. We damage our own reputations by telling others. In contrast, bringing the error to the clerk's attention causes different things to happen. Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable. Upon leaving the store, we feel honorable and our self-respect is increased. Whenever we take honorable action we gain the deep internal rewards of goodness and a sense of nobility.There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. And it's easy to think and act honorably again when we're happy. While the positive cycle can be difficult to start, once it's started, it's easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind, which is important for our happiness.1. According to the passage, the positive action in the example contributes toour_______.A. self-respectB. financial rewardsC. advertising abilityD. friendly relationship2. The author thinks that keeping silent about the uncharged item is equal to_______.A. lyingB. stealingC. cheatingD. advertising3. The underlined phrase "bringing the error to the clerk's attention" means_______.A. telling the truth to the clerkB. offering advice to the clerkC. asking the clerk to be more attentiveD. reminding the clerk of the charged item4. How will we feel if we let the clerk know her mistake?A. We'll be very excited.B. We'll feel unfortunate.C. We'll have a sense of honor.D. We'll feel sorry for the clerk.5 Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?A. How to Live TruthfullyB. Importance of PeacefulnessC. Ways of Gaining Self-respectD. Happiness through Honorable Actions 【参考答案】1—5、ABACD【2015高考复习】阅读理解The h ottest“green”toy in Germany isn't made of organic or recycled materials.This one has a solar panel and only runs if kids remember to insert bright red “energy stones”that power the space station.Germany，a pioneer in many renewable energy initiatives，is als o at the forefront of creating environmentfriendly toys aimed at making kids think about where energy comes from and how much of it they can use，raising awareness through play.A number of hightech green toys are on display at this year's Nuremberg toy fair，which runs through Sunday.Among them，there are hydroelectricpowered(水电动力的)toy cars，and doll houses with wind turbines and rainwater catchers.The bright green “Future Planet”space station features an inner atrium(中庭)with a fan that is powered by a functioning solar cell.Its aim is to get kids to use their imagination about how energy will be created in the future.Makers and retailers believe such toys will play an increasingly important role in their future—and that of our kids.“Energy is the questio n of the future and we are definitely thinking about this as we move ahead，”said Judith Schweinitz，a spokeswoman for Playmobil，maker of the solar panelfitted space station.“It is increasingly being brought into our play concept.”Green toys—which range from those made of sustainablematerials to ones like the space station that just raise environmental awareness—make up only a sliver of the $ 84 billion international toy market，but their share is growing，studies indicate.Environmental research firm Earthsense，based in Syracuse，New York，predicts that green toys will account for about $ 1 billion，or 5 percent of U．S.toy sales in the next five years.Parents are smart and they want information about what's in the product.That's what's really driving the market.【语篇解读】本文向我们介绍了德国研制的“环保”玩具的最新情况，该研究的目的是提高儿童节能环保的意识。

电大《开放英语3》unit18阶段性综合测评3

Don’t be sorry for that. We all___mistakes.正确答案是：makeHave the police looked into the bank ____.正确答案是：robberyHe is doing some research on the ____ system of animals.正确答案是：auditoryThe boat went___on the rough sea.正确答案是：up and downThe delay was ____ heavy traffic.正确答案是：due to18. First you should switch the machine ___ before you stop your work.正确答案是：offWe sell 32 different____of ice cream.正确答案是：flavoursThe sound outside distracted him ____ his homework.正确答案是：fromWhy did you choose that one ___?正确答案是：in particularThey were convicted ___ having killed 20 persons.正确答案是：ofShe is a girl____at knitting.正确答案是：skilledHe never sticks ___ anything for very long.正确答案是：toI am not guilty ____ this crime.正确答案是：of2. Many are finding it difficult to make ___ meet, especially whose with young children.正确答案是：endsIf you drive your car in that way, you’ll end__ in hospital.正确答案是：upThese old housed are to be knocked_____.正确答案是：offOh, time is up and we must go _______.正确答案是：straight awayThe book had a great impact ___ its readers.正确答案是：onHe ____ conversation.正确答案是：was engaged inYou can’t use the bike at once-you have to ______.正确答案是：take turnsShe said that, ________, she still loves him.正确答案是：in a senseThere are many differences ____ the two languages.正确答案是：betweenIf you are doctor, you must have a doctor's_____.正确答案是：certificateThe boat went___on the rough sea.正确答案是：up and downWe sell 32 different____of ice cream.正确答案是：flavours18. First you should switch the machine ___ before you stop your work.正确答案是：offThe sound outside distracted him ____ his homework.正确答案是：fromHe never sticks ___ anything for very long.正确答案是：toThe book had a great impact ___ its readers.正确答案是：onWhy did you choose that one ___?正确答案是：in particularYou can’t use the bike at once-you have to ______.正确答案是：take turnsIf you drive your car in that way, you’ll end__ in hospital.正确答案是：upShe is a girl____at knitting.正确答案是：skilledThere are many differences ____ the two languages.正确答案是：betweenHave the police looked into the bank ____.正确答案是：robberyI am not guilty ____ this crime.正确答案是：ofThese old housed are to be knocked_____.正确答案是：offDon’t be sorry for that. We all___mistakes.正确答案是：makeOh, time is up and we must go _______.正确答案是：straight away2. Many are finding it difficult to make ___ meet, especially whose with young children.正确答案是：endsThe delay was ____ heavy traffic.正确答案是：due toHe is doing some research on the ____ system of animals.正确答案是：auditoryIf you are doctor, you must have a doctor's_____.正确答案是：certificateThey were convicted ___ having killed 20 persons.正确答案是：ofShe said that, ________, she still loves him.正确答案是：in a senseHe ____ conversation.正确答案是：was engaged inThere are many differences ____ the two languages.正确答案是：betweenHave the police looked into the bank ____.正确答案是：robberyHe never sticks ___ anything for very long.正确答案是：to18. First you should switch the machine ___ before you stop your work.正确答案是：offShe said that, ________, she still loves him.正确答案是：in a senseHe ____ conversation.正确答案是：was engaged inOh, time is up and we must go _______.正确答案是：straight awayWhy did you choose that one ___?正确答案是：in particularThey were convicted ___ having killed 20 persons.正确答案是：ofWe sell 32 different____of ice cream.正确答案是：flavoursThe delay was ____ heavy traffic.正确答案是：due toDon’t be sorry for that. We all___mistakes.正确答案是：makeIf you drive your car in that way, you’ll end__ in hospital.正确答案是：upHe is doing some research on the ____ system of animals.正确答案是：auditoryA lecture hall is _________ where students attend lectures.正确答案是：oneGiven the high price, _______ it’s not surprising they didn’t buy it.正确答案是：-3. When we were having a meeting, the director _________ the bad news by telephone.正确答案是：was toldYou like playing football, _______ you?正确答案是：don’tYou _______ to lock the door at night.正确答案是：oughtThe problem is_______by pollution.正确答案是：caused5. You _______ to lock the door at night.正确答案是：oughtThe patient acted on the doctor’s _________ and finally recovered.正确答案是：adviceSilk __________ by Chinese for thousands of years now.正确答案是：has been usedA new hotel _______ in the centre of town at the moment.正确答案是：is being built2. All the team members tried their best. We lost the game, _________.正确答案是：howeverI’m tired. I ________ working very hard.正确答案是：have beenYou _______ to exercise more.正确答案是：oughtAll the team members tried their best. We lost the game, _________.正确答案是：howeverBefore I got to the cinema, the film _________.正确答案是：had begunWhen we were having a meeting, the director _________ the bad news by telephone.正确答案是：was toldI _______ her to marry me and she agreed.正确答案是：askedI stopped _______ last year.正确答案是：smokingI prefer tea _______coffee.正确答案是：toIf I get the new job, I _______ buy a better car.正确答案是：will4. Silk __________ by Chinese for thousands of years now.正确答案是：has been usedLet me _________ the case carefully before I draw a conclusion.正确答案是：look intoShe was convicted _______ murder.正确答案是：ofI have _______finished the report.正确答案是：alreadyBy the end of this year, I _______enough money for a holiday.正确答案是：will have savedI prefer classic music __________ pop music.正确答案是：to1. I prefer classic music __________ pop music.正确答案是：toWhen I was a child, we _______wear a uniform for school.正确答案是：had toShe comes from _______People’s Republic of China.正确答案是：theIf you go by car, you’ll get there _______40 minutes.正确答案是：withinA new hotel _______ in the centre of town at the moment.正确答案是：is being builtWhen we were having a meeting, the director _________ the bad news by telephone.正确答案是：was toldYou _______ to lock the door at night.正确答案是：oughtI’m tired. I ________ working very hard.正确答案是：have beenThe problem is_______by pollution.正确答案是：causedYou like playing football, _______ you?正确答案是：don’tI stopped _______ last year.正确答案是：smokingI _______ her to marry me and she agreed.正确答案是：askedShe was convicted _______ murder.正确答案是：ofI prefer tea _______coffee.正确答案是：toI prefer classic music __________ pop music.正确答案是：toBy the end of this year, I _______enough money for a holiday.正确答案是：will have saved5. You _______ to lock the door at night.正确答案是：oughtIf you go by car, you’ll get there _______40 minutes.正确答案是：withinGiven the high price, _______ it’s not surprising they didn’t buy it.正确答案是：-I have _______finished the report.正确答案是：alreadyYou _______ to exercise more.正确答案是：oughtA lecture hall is _________ where students attend lectures.正确答案是：one4. Silk __________ by Chinese for thousands of years now.正确答案是：has been used1. I prefer classic music __________ pop music.正确答案是：toSilk __________ by Chinese for thousands of years now.正确答案是：has been usedLet me _________ the case carefully before I draw a conclusion.正确答案是：look intoWhen I was a child, we _______wear a uniform for school.正确答案是：had to2. All the team members tried their best. We lost the game, _________.正确答案是：howeverBefore I got to the cinema, the film _________.正确答案是：had begunIf I get the new job, I _______ buy a better car.正确答案是：willThe patient acted on the doctor’s _________ and finally recovered.正确答案是：adviceShe comes from _______People’s Republic of China.正确答案是：theAll the team members tried their best. We lost the game, _________.正确答案是：however3. When we were having a meeting, the director _________ the bad news by telephone.正确答案是：was told阅读理解1More and more people to install burglar alarms in their houses if they want to get insurance. Insurance companies (2)1) B. have2) A. have been asking3) C. Due 4) B. who 5) A. -6) C. which7) B. estimated 8)A. to have them installed 9) C. yet10)B. to install阅读理解2In the UK, in business situations, when you meet someone for the first time you shake hands and say,1．The first paragraph tells us _________.C．how to greet someone in business situations2．If you are invited to someone’s house for dinner, it’s better to _________.C．bid a farewell before the last guest leaves if you don’t know them quite well3．English people like to talk about the following EXCEPT _________.A．income and marriage4．In the last paragraph. the sentence “…, it’s usual to take turns to buy a drink for everyone in your group…” means _________.B．it’s usual to pay for a drink one after the other in a group5．The subject matter of the passage is_________.A．British social customs阅读理解3A 15-year-old boy, who was first found guilty of theft at the age of 12, was convicted of stealing 221．The boy was caught stealing while he was _________.B．doing shopping in the local shops2．Which of the following is NOT true according to the second Para.2?C．He had been arrested and thrown into a reform school for 8 times3．Why did one of the shop owners call the police?A．Because the boy answered the call in a rude way. 4．According to the judge, why did the boy become a criminal?B．Because he came from a single-parent family （单亲家庭）.5．What does the title of the passage suggest?B．The boy who pretended to a woman charity worker was spotted（认出）while he was swearing over the phone.阅读理解4In the UK, in business situations, when you meet someone (1)1． B. for 2． C. to3． B. pleased 4． A. shake l5．B. to 6． A. or 7． B. the 8． C. avoid9． A. especially10． C. turns阅读理解5Benjamin Disraeli, the famous nineteenth century prime minister, said, “London is not a city, - it is a nation.”1．Why does the writer think that Benjamin Disraeli’s statement is an understatement? Because he thinks London is _________.A．a miniature world thanks to its great cultural diversity2．Why does the writer think new arrivals are an advantage (好处) to London?A．Because they have regularly increased its character and prosperity.3．Ethnic minority groups will make up _________ of the London population in the future.B．40%4．The last paragraph mainly tells us in London _________.A．young people feel at ease with a large number of diversified cultures5．The passage mainly deals with _________.C．the cultural diversity in London阅读理解6Do you want to improve your skills and boost your job prospects?1．The passage is written for the purpose of ________A．informing the reader of Direct Courses2．Which of the following is NOT true about the Direct?C．It requires you to be skilled in computer.3．Bases on the passage, we can infer that if we learn with Direct, we can________.A．meet the tutors on line4．We can infer from the passage that if we want to learn with Direct, ________.B．we needn’t have our own computers 5．According to the passage, if we want to register for Direct, we’d better ________.C．go simply to the Direct centre during their opening hours阅读理解7Traffic in India means a mixture of all kinds of vehicles on the road. About 700,000 new cars (1)1．A. have been sold 2．C. in3．B. vehicles 4．C. with5． B. on 6．A. pulled7 C. watch out8．C. are recommended9．B. by 10．A. that阅读理解8People all over the world today are beginning to hear and learn more and more about the problem of pollution.1．The main cause of pollution is __________.A．the release of artificial or natural substances into the environment 2．Much of the pollution could be controlled if only __________.C．all sides concerned would make more efforts3．Food packages, bottles and tins for drinks can cause __________.B．both a litter problem and a waster of resources 4．Which of the following can not help solving the problem of pollution?C．Eating.5．What does the underlined word “litter” mean in paragraph 2?A．Bits of waste things阅读理解9The chances that you will be a victim of violent crime are low. But you can avoid risk in the following ways.1．This passage mainly focuses on ________.A．how to avoid the crimes both at home and in the street2．If you want to guarantee you are secure at home, you should _________.B．never leave the keys to workmen since they can easily make copies3．Based on the passage, if you notice someone following you, it’s better for you to _________.B．go to public places 4．Why should you have a telephone in the bedroom?C．Because it’s convenient for us to report to the police in case there is a burglary.5．From the passage, we can infer that we might be victims if _________.A．we cannot part with the money when being attacked作文题目：Living In A Big CitySome people prefer to live in a small town,Others prefer to live in a big city.Which place would you prefer to live in?Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.I grew up in a small town and then moved to a big city,so I have experienced the good and bad sides of both.I never thought that I wouldlike living in a big city,but I was wrong.After ten years of living in one,I can’t imagine ever livingin a small town again.Small towns and big cities both have some problems in terms of transportation.In a small town,you have to own a car to ensure a comfortable living.you can’t get around withoutone because there isn’t any kind of public transportation.Big cities generally have heavy traffic and expensive parking,but there you have a choice of taking public transportation.It’s not free,butit’s often cheaper than driving when you consider gas and time,especially if you don’t have a car,you’re better off in the city.I love the excitement of big cities.Small towns have a slow pace. Large cities mean you have to adapt to a variety of situations,like finding a new route to work or trvine a new restaurant.I enjoy that challenge very much.Another part of the excitement of city living is the variety of cultural activities available.There is a wild assortment of theatre music and dance performances availablein big cities.These things are rare in small ones.The final thing I think about large cities is the diversity of the people.the United States is made up of people of different races,religions,abilities,and interests. However,you seldom find such a variety of people in a small town.I think that living in an area where everyone was just like me would quickly become boring.Of course,security is a concern,and that one area where small towns2/5are superior to big cities.Still,I would rather be a bit more cautions and live a large city than to feel secure but bored作文题目：My TV University LifeI am engaged in long distance education. My web-based courses are English, Chinese, Computer, Maths, Politics, etc. I like English best. We can join online discussion forums, but it's very difficult for me to understand what the speaker says. Every day we complete our home work on the computer and send our homework to the tutor, though sometimes he or she is not online. He or she will solve the difficulties and puzzles in tutorial. I love my TV University life.作文题目：High School Life and College LifeBefore graduation,I feel an urge to talk about my regrets for the senior high school and the plan for my college goals.The main task of my past three years has always been study.As a result,I almost had no time for social activities,physical exercises,and so on.I sometimes felt bored and regretful.To make up for my regrets,I plan to live a different life.Firstly,I’m going to do something meaningful during thesummer holiday,such as helping a pupil with his study or helping an old neighbor with the housework.I also want to be an active volunteer to take part in public interest activities.During my college,I’ll certainly spare no effort to study hard,but I’ll also learn to deal with problems independently and get on well with my classmates and teachers.In all,no matter what happens,I will try to make my future life more meaningful and colorful with an positive attitude。

这些标志以道路规则的形式受法律制约eBusiness

operation of critical safety systems
(e.g., brakes,
steering wheel), warning the driver when conditions exceed
nominal values.
Unit 3
Communications and computers also will aid the movement of trucks and other commercial vehicles in urban areas. Drivers on long-distance inter-city trips can be warned of coming bad weather. They also can receive warnings if they are entering a curve too quickly or an intersection too fast. Road safety should be greatly enhanced by such systems. Maximum flows are expected to increase from 2,000 vehicles per hour per lane to as many as 10,000 to 20,000. The increased flows will mean substantial reductions in congestion and, because vehicles are automatically controlled, road safety will improve enormously through the elimination of accidents due to driver error.

Ca2MgTeO6∶Bi3+,Mn4+材料的发光性能和温度探测

第 3 期郭海洁，等： Mg 3Y 2Ge 3O 12∶Pr 3+材料的多色发光及余辉性能图5（b ）、（c ）分别给出了Mg 3Y 2Ge 3O 12∶0.015Pr 3+样品在不同衰减时间下的余辉光谱和余辉衰减曲线。

可以看出，该材料的余辉衰减过程相对较快，在衰减1 200 s 后其强度仍然要比背底强度高，说明余辉的持续时间要比1 200 s 更长。

此外，如图5（c ）插图所示，由于I -1与时间t 的函数关系可以拟合为一条直线，我们认为室温下余辉衰减较快的原因是由于电子从浅陷阱释放并且浅陷阱的浓度较低[28-29]。

为进一步研究不同激发波长对于余辉的充能效果，我们测试了Mg 3Y 2Ge 3O 12∶0.015Pr 3+的余辉激发光谱。

从图5（d ）中可知，余辉的有效激发波长范围为215～320 nm ，最佳激发波长为 ~235 nm 。

与光致发光的激发波长相比，余辉的有效激发波长对应的能量更高。

因此，在Mg 3Y 2Ge 3O 12∶Pr 3+材料中余辉充能的主要过程是电子吸收更高的能量从基态跃迁到导带，然后通过导带被陷阱捕获。

而光致发光的激发过程是电子在相对较低的能量激发下从基态跃迁到激发态能级，随后大部分激发态电子直接返回到基态产生发光现象。

3.5　热释光曲线分析为了进一步分析材料中的陷阱分布，我们进行了一系列热释光（TL ）曲线测试。

TL 峰的强度代表了陷阱的浓度，TL 峰的位置表明了陷阱深度，TL峰的宽度反映了陷阱深度的分布[30-32]。

图6（a ）给出了Mg 3Y 2Ge 3O 12以及Mg 3Y 2Ge 3O 12∶0.015Pr 3+的TL 曲线，插图为放大500倍后基质的TL 曲线。

可以看出，在Pr 3+掺入之后，TL 峰强度在高温区域有大幅度的提升，峰值温度为189 ℃，通过计算其对应的陷阱深度为~0.924 eV [33]。

图6（b ）测试了系列样品Mg 3Y 2Ge 3O 12∶x Pr 3+经过254 nm 紫外光照射15 min 之后的TL 曲线。

[推荐学习]高考英语二轮复习阅读理解选练(3)

江苏海门市2016高考英语（二轮）阅读理解选练（3）For as long as they can remember Jynne Martin and April Surgent had both dreamed of going to Antarctica．This winter，they each made it to the icy continent as guests of the National Science Foundation(NSF)．Bm they didn’t go as scientists．Martin is a poet and Surgent is an artist．They went to Antarctica as participants．in the NSF’s Artists and Writers program．The NSF is thegovernment agency that funds scientific research in Antarctica．But it also makes it possible for artists，including filmmakers and musicians，to experience Antarctica and contribute their own points of view to our understanding of the continent.The mixing of science and art in Antarctica isn’t new．Some of the earliest explorersbrought along painters and photographers．Edward Wilson was a British painter，doctor，and bird expert who journeyed with RobertFalcon Soott on two separate Antamtic expeditionsmore than 100 years ago．Herbert Ponting was a photographer who also accompanied Scott on one of those expeditions．In hundreds of photos，Pontingcaptured the beauty of the continentand recorded the daily lives and heroic struggles of the explorers．Today’s scientists write articles forscientificjournals．Unlike theearly explorers’journals，scientific papers can now be very difficult for non-scientists to understand．Writers in Antarctica workto explain the research to the public．Peter Rejcek is editor，writer，and photographer for the Antarctic Sun，an onlinemagazine devoted to news about the U．S．Antarctic Program．Rejeck began his career in the Antarctic in 2003 by spending a year at the South Pole．He has returned everyyear since，interviewing，scientists about research at Palmer，McMurdo，and South Pole stations．There are also scientists in Antarctica who work hardto explain their research to the public．Scientist Diane McKnight wrote The Lost Seal，a children’s book that explains the research she and others are doing in an unusual ice-free area in Antarctica called the Dry Valleys．Antarctica is full of stories and wonders that are scientific，historic．andpersonal. People such as Martin，Surgent，Rejcek，and McKnight are devoted to bringing those storiesto asmany peopleare they can.“Some people are going to be scientists，some people are goingto be journalists，some people are going to be artists，but we can all work together，’saysSurgent,“tocelebrate，thisextraordinary place．”【小题1】What do we know about the NSF?A．It is a government agency．B．It only funds scientists in Antarctica．C．It encourages the understanding of human nature．D．It enables the mixing of science and art for the first time．【小题2】Why didn’t some earliest explorers bring writers along?A．Writers were not funded at that time．B．Writing can’t capture the beauty of the continent．C．Writers were not interested in popularizing science．D．Early explorers’journals can be easily understood by the public．【小题3】By mentioning Diane McKnight，the author may try to suggest that_____．A．scientists should explain their research to childrenB．writers are not necessary since scientists can tell stories as wellC．telling stories to children is more important than knowing the truthD．no matter what role we play，we can work together to appreciate Antarctica 【小题4】What would be the best title for this article?A．Antarctica：A Land for AllB．The NSF：A Program for AllC．Antarctica：A Land of Beauty and StoriesD．The NSF：A Program for Artists and Scientists【2015高考复习】阅读理解“The U．S.Food and Drug Administration(FDA)is considering to put stricter limits over tanning salons(晒黑廊)and wants to ban anyone younger than 18 years of age from using a tanning bed，”an advisory panel(专家团)announced last week.The panel is calling for tighter controls on the industry such as requiring teenagers to get the approval from their parents before using tanning beds or limiting the use of artificial tanning to a certain age.“Given the absence of any demonstrated benefits，I think it is an obligation for us to ban artificial tanning for those under 18，”said panelist Dr.Michael Olding.Along with a possible ban for teenagers，the panel also recommended that visible warning labels should be placed either on the tanning machines or in the salons in order to caution tanners of the possible dangers.In addition，the committee decided that stricter regulations and classifications were critical to make the machines safer.At this time the machines are categorized as FDA Class 1 devices，the ones that are least likely to cause harm.In case the FDA decided to change their classification from Class 1 to Class 2，as advised by the panel，the FDA could limit the levels of radiation the machines emit.Class 2 devices include Xray machines and powered wheelchairs.Getting a tan，whether from a tanning bed or the sun，increases the risk of developing skin st year，the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)declared tanning beds as “carcinogenic(致癌的)to humans”．It was discovered that young individuals in their teens and 20s who use tanning beds on a regular basis have a 75 per cent higher risk of suffering from melanoma(黑素瘤)，the deadliest form of skin cancer.According to the American Cancer Society，melanoma accounted for nearly 69,000 cases of skin cancer in 2009 and will account for most (about 8,650)of the 11,590 mortality cases due to skin cancer each year.【语篇解读】随着人们审美观的变化，越来越多的人希望自己拥有健康的古铜色皮肤。

英语专业四级听力考试提倡检测试题

英语专业四级听力考试提倡检测试题2018年英语专业四级听力考试提倡检测试题A great man once said it is necessary to drill as much as possible, and the more you apply it in real situations, the more natural it will become.以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的2018年英语专业四级听力考试提倡检测试题，希望能给大家带来帮助!Next, an editoral reflecting the views of the United States government.接下来，是一篇反映美国政府观点的社论。

Human trafficking is a heinous crime that happens almost everywhere and affects virtually everyone. According to the International Labor Organization, more than 20 million people around the world are victims of human trafficking, which has also been called “modern slavery.”人口贩卖罪大恶极，却在世界各地发生着，几乎影响着我们每一个人。

据国际劳工组织报道，世界上有2000多万人是人口贩卖的受害者，这一罪恶行径也被称之为“现代奴隶制”。

Human trafficking is the exploitation of someone for the purposes of compelled labor or commercial sex through the use of force, fraud, or coercion.Forms of human trafficking include sex trafficking, forced labor, debt bondage and domestic servitude. When a person younger than 18 is subjected to prostitution,it is considered child sex trafficking even without any demonstration of force, fraud, or coercion.人口贩卖是对人的一种剥削，主要目的是强迫受害人劳动或者进行性交易，主要手段是武力、欺骗、威胁等。

2025届人教版(2019)高中英语一轮话题复习高考题型通关练课件：话题23 对社会有突出贡献的人

From more extreme weather to changing coastlines，climate change has always brought unexpected and sometimes dramatic changes to societies.In this instance，the consequence of the Holocene Event 3 in northern China proved， eventually，delicious. 【语篇解读】本文是说明文。文章主要说明了小麦开始作为农作物的历史以及小麦成为主要农作物这种转变的原因。
On top of this，the late Neolithic period was also a time of rapid population growth around the world.With an ever－increasing population and unsteady crop production，it is reasonable to assume that Neolithic farmers in northern China were struggling.
高考题型通关
As well as providing an enjoyable pastime，modern beekeeping is becoming increasingly critical.According to the British Beekeepers Association (BBKA)， 70 different UK crops depend on bees for pollination (授粉).Without bees to provide pollination，one－third of all our food wouldn’t survive.During the Second World War，Winston Churchill was a firm supporter of bees and made sure they got extra supplies to carry on with their pollination work，even as the German army dropped their bombs.

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·110·IMP&HIRFL Annual Report2014
3-18Investigations of Latent Track and Vibrational Spectra of Muscovite Mica Irradiated by Swift Heavy Ions
Zhang Shengxia,Liu Jie,Zeng Jian Mo Dan,Yao Huijun,
Duan Jinglai,Sun Youmei and Hou Mingdong
Muscovite mica sheets with a thickness of12µm were irradiated by swift heavy ions Kr and Bi from Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL).Theﬂuences range from1×1010to1×1012ions/cm2.The electronic energy loss(d E/d x)e increases from5.9to31.5keV/nm.The vibrational modiﬁcations in irradiated mica were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and the latent tracks were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM).The infrared spectrum shows that motions from all atom types in the muscovite mica structure could be found in modes for all vibrations.As shown in Fig.1,the intensity of all vibrational modes in mica,including the
.The similar tendency is found in samples OH stretch motion at3621cm−1,decreased with the increasing(d E/d x)
e
irradiated by swift heavy ions with increasing ionﬂuence.It is indicated that defects and structural modiﬁcations generated during swift heavy ion irradiation,and more defects are introduced by irradiation with higher ionﬂuence.
Fig.1(color online)IR spectra of mica irradiated by SHIs with aﬂuence of5×1010ions/cm2at diﬀerent
(d E/d x)e(a)and with a(d E/d x)e of6keV/nm at diﬀerentﬂuences(b).
Fig.2shows TEM images of latent tracks in mica irradiated by Bi ions with a(d E/d x)e of31.5keV/nm. According to Fig.2(a),the track core represents an amorphous zone with a sharp boundary.The latent track in mica irradiated by Bi ions has a nearly circular shape.As shown in Figs.2(b)and(c),the track expanded outwards obviously during the testing process,which indicates that the structure of the track halo is sensitive to electron bombardments.The undisturbed area around the latent track caused by swift heavy ion irradiation turns to be amorphous due to the electron bombardments.
Fig.2Varition of latent tracks induced by pre-irradiated by Bi ions with a(d E/d x)e of31.5keV/nm.(a) TEM image of latent track induced by SHI irradiation.(b)Image of a single latent track and the diﬀraction
patterns in and around the track core.(c)Track after electron bombardment and the diﬀraction patterns.。