Co-reference in Japanese Task-oriented Dialogues A Contribution to the Development of Langu

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山西省朔州市怀仁市第一中学2024-2025学年高三上学期摸底考试英语试题

2024~2025学年怀仁一中高三年级摸底考试英语全卷满分150分，考试时间120分钟。

注意事项：1.答题前，先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试卷和答题卡上，并将条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。

2.请按题号顺序在答题卡上各题目的答题区域内作答，写在试卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

3.选择题用2B铅笔在答题卡上把所选答案的标号涂黑；非选择题用黑色签字笔在答题卡上作答；字体工整，笔迹清楚。

4.考试结束后，请将试卷和答题卡一并上交。

5.本卷主要考查内容：高考范围。

第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A. £19.15.B. £9.18.C. £9.15.答案是C。

1. Whose birthday is it today?A. Cassie’s.B. John’s.C. Ashley’s.2. What does the man think of Allan’s paintings?A. Funny.B. Terrible.C. So- so.3. What does the woman mean?A. David often eats his words.B. Her party was a success.C. Dr. Andrew put off his lecture.4. How do the speakers sound?A. Fine.B. Relaxed.C. Worried.5. What happened to Josh’s sister yesterday?A. She served the wrong dish.B. She got lost with her brother.C. She failed to behave herself in public.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

AcadWrit学术英语写作

2
Table of Contents
Advice for modern academic writing ............................................................................................. 3 General advice for non-native writers………………………………………………………... 3 Basic Methodology I: Process writing ........................................................................................... 4 Basic Methodology II: Passive vs. active voice ........................................................................... 10 Basic Methodology III: The end-focus technique .......................................................................... 12 Article sections: overview, content, order of creation .................................................................... 16 Case reports ...............................................................

InterfacesofBilingualEducation,JapaneseSocioculture,

We’re raucous in our peer groups,
otherwise reserved.
New multicultural Japan? They’re just my cousins.
3
Buddhist-Shinto syncretism and cliffs that eat temples are antiquarian?
• 2006 book chapters on e-learning, global online education & virtual organizations
• Podcasting, Coursecasting & Web 2.0 Technologies for Research (EFL wiki)
Japan has some excellent bilingualism researchers, with some definitive works translated into Japanese
4
Socioculture - the wall and some other unfavorable
• iTunesU News and Coursecasting Research ( social bookmarking)
• Steve Illustrated (Flickr photo sharing) with e-learning screen shots for research
factors
Mutually exclusive sense of cultural allegiance: Japanese or non-Japanese, extending to language, thus no concept of developing a bicultural identity, rather a fear of being perceived as crossing over, which mitigates against foreign language fluency

商务英语阅读王艳 Chapter 4

1. Why is Japan such an outlier?
2. Why does Japan need to embrace globalization? 3. How can Japanese firms go global?
Paragraph 1-8
1. Why is Japan such an outlier? 2. Why does Japan need to embrace globalization?
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
企业重组
外包核心竞争力放宽管制私募股权投资
10. Specialization To restrict someone’s economic activities to some certain fields 专门化
Economic globalization
1. The term “economic globalization” is now being used with increasing frequency in newspapers, magazines, seminars and international conferences. 2. The basic feature is free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, and information in the global context for optimized allocation.
3.Economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive.

跨文化交际-其他要点翻译

跨文化部分要点翻译注：不是所有划出部分都翻译了。

配套的有Chapter 2的翻译。

P28The Value of Cultural Stereotypes文化角色定型的价值Culture dictates how people generally think and interact with each other in society.文化造成人们的普遍怎么认为和在社会中的互动。

A stereotype is really a composite of the cultural mores of a society and in many cases can be narrowed to a specific region.角色定型实在是一个综合的社会文化习俗，而且，在许多情况下它可以被缩小到一特定区域。

To stereotype is to formulate a standardized image of a group that assigns that group a number of characteristics that helps to simplify what would otherwise be a very complex task of identification.角色定型，是制定一个组的标准化形象，分配给该组一些特点，有助于简化原本非常复杂的鉴定任务。

By looking at the cultural components and traits, an accurate model—a stereotype, if you will—of how an individual from a certain culture is likely to act can be constructed.通过观察文化内容和特点，一个准确的模型——一个角色定型，如果你可以——可以从一个特定文化的个体可能如何行动这方面来构造。

MUST-READ Japan

Questions to consider:1.Merely depend on the contextualclues, figure out the meaning of thewords and expressions in red, andreplace them with your own wordsin English. In paragraph 3,“escalate” means _____, “escort”means _____; in paragraph 12,“animosity” means _____.2.Find in the article the Englishexpression for the followingChinese terms: 靖国神社、领土争议、慰安妇3.Why does NOT the writer thinkhighly of most-frequently-takendiplomatic actions taken by Chinaand South Korea in dealing withJapan?4.What measures should Japan takein order to build a positive bilateralrelationship with China and SouthKorea?5.What roles should China and SouthKorea play in strengthening tieswith Japan as advocated by thewriter?The Silent Treatment Won't Stop Japan Jeffrey W. Hornung/commentary/the-silent-treatment-wont-stop-japan-8496?page=1|May 22, 20131. Here we go again. Problems over history and territory are once again front and center in Northeast Asia, drawing attention to Japan’s troubled relations with China and South Korea. Despite new leadership in all three countries—and the small chance that they would steer relations in a new direction—old problems are still being dealt with by old tools. Instead of following through with scheduled meetings that provide venues for dialogue, a diplomatic boycott of Japan has ensued. A new approach to regional diplomacy is needed. While it may seem counterintuitive,leaders in Seoul and Beijing should take the lead in reaching out to Tokyo even as their disagreements over history and territory continue.2. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was not among them, but 171 Japanese cabinet ministers and lawmakers recently visited Yasukuni Shrine. The shrine honors some 2.5 million Japanese who died building modern Japan, including those who died in World War Two. Controversially, this includes fourteen convicted Class A war criminals whose souls were enshrined there in the 1970s.3. Concurrently, the ongoing territorial dispute between Japan and China escalated. The uninhabited islands, known as Senkaku in Japanese and Diaoyu in Chinese, are claimed by both countries (and Taiwan) but administered by Japan. The waters that surround the islands are rich in fish and potentially maritime gas fields. Responding to a flotilla of Japanese that entered the disputed waters, China moved to dispel them by dispatching eight Chinese patrol vessels into waters Japan claims as its own, the largest ever intrusion by Chinese ships. Thirteen Japanese coast-guard vessels, also on hand, worked to escort all of them out of the disputed waters. Responding in parliament about what he would do if Chinese landed on the islands, PM Abe said they would be forcibly removed.4. In response to the sequence of events, Beijing and Seoul condemned Japanese actions. They argued that the Yasukuni visits demonstrateJapan’s failure to acknowledge its militaristic past. As a sign of protest, South Korea canceled a scheduled visit of its foreign minister to Japan. China, also in a sign of protest, made it increasingly difficult for Japanese lawmakers scheduled to meet Xi Jinping in Beijing to the point that the lawmakers had no choice but to call off their visit. Similarly, in response to the territorial dispute, China asked South Korea to postpone the annual trilateral summit meeting scheduled this month (which Seoul would chair) for the leaders of China, South Korea and Japan.5. This is not the first time that Beijing and Seoul cancelled scheduled meetings to protest comments or actions by Japanese officials regarding issues of history or territory. Such cancellations seem to be a standard element in their diplomatic toolkits, and—with criticism of Japan dominating the headlines—no one ever seems to question these actions.6. Chinese and South Koreans consistently state that visits to Yasukuni demonstrate how unseriously Japan takes its own history. When lawmakers—and particularly cabinet members—visit the shrine, it is seen as evidence that Japan as a country and as a government feels no genuine remorse for its wartime deeds. At its most extreme, these visits are seen as evidence of Japan’s brewing nationalism.7. Regardless of whether or not this is the correct barometer of Japanese remorse, cancelling meetings is the wrong approach. It does nothing to promote Beijing or Seoul’s complaints with Japanese officials andcancelling meetings serves to reinforce negative perceptions of China and South Korea among the Japanese public.8. Furthermore, these acts of protest do little harm to Japan. While Chinese and Koreans may believe that actions by Japanese lawmakers will isolate Japan or make it difficult to win the trust of the international community, these views seem largely limited to China and South Korea. Japanese shrine visits or maritime patrols do not become agenda items at major international gatherings (unlike Chinese maritime behavior in the South China Sea). Moreover, Japan is anything but isolated—it continues to be considered as an economic and increasingly security partner by many countries, including many in Asia. Rather than being seen as an increasingly dangerous country on the cusp of remilitarization, Japanis seen as having the most positive influence in the world according to the BBC World Service’s 2012 Country Ratings Poll.9. Perhaps most importantly, Beijing and Seoul’s responses inhibit vital cooperation with Japan on regional issues. The current problem with North Korea is a perfect example. With the cancellation of South Korea’s foreign minister to Japan, the two countries miss an opportunity to discuss joint stances and possible actions to be taken along with the US. Even more unfortunate is the postponement of the trilateral summit. The postponement would have brought together South Korean president Park Geun-hye, Chinese premier Li Keqiang and Japanese prime minister Abefor the first time where, arguably, they could better understand each other’s interests and approaches and pool their ideas toward a more unified response. Instead of separating bilateral issues from regional ones, China and South Korea are effectively allowing their bilateral complaints with Japan to disturb greater regional efforts.10. Make no mistake, Japan bears plenty of responsibility for its tense relations with its neighbors. Japanese lawmakers should be more aware that their visits are responsible for disrupting relations with Japan’s neighbors. At very least, they need to understand that despite their benign intentions, paying tribute at Yasukuni is interpreted by China and South Korea as paying tribute to the past imperial order under which they were subjugated. Comments by deputy prime minister and finance minister Taro Aso—that he d oes not believe visiting Yasukuni affects Japan’s bilateral relations—demonstrate that some very high-ranking officials fail to realize this. Likewise, lawmakers need to be savvier about how to balance positive ties with both domestic constituents and Japa n’s neighbors. Knowing his reputation as a nationalist hawk in China and South Korea, PM Abe should be careful when making comments about forcefully removing people from the disputed islands. While his comments may be intended to a domestic audience to demonstrate his determination to protect Japanese interests, they are interpreted as provocative and symbolic of Japan’s return to its militaristic past by its neighbors.11. Criticism of Japan on how it handles its history or territorial disputes becomes so heated that we tend to lose sight of what responsibility—if any—other countries have in advancing future-oriented relations with Japan. It is often said that Japan should act more like Germany, meaning that Japan has not shown contrition to the same level as Germany. Yet the analogy usually stops there. If Japan should act more like Germany, then China and South Korea need to act more like France. After all, it was France that reached out to Germany with the idea of creating a European Coal and Steel Community before West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer’s 1951 acknowledgement of the “immeasurable suffering” Germany caused.12. Japanese officials have made numerous apologies, paid reparations, and made other gestures of remorse over the years in an effort to reconcile for Imperialist Japan’s deeds, but reconciliation is not a one way process. If China and Korea truly want reconciliation, they too need to reach out to Japan, not only in publically recognizing and praising its apologies and efforts, but in trying to work with Japan to deal with common concerns, even when some lawmakers do something or say something that Seoul and Beijing believe is particularly egregious. This includes even appalling comments such as Osaka mayor Toru Hashimoto’s recent though ts on the necessity of wartime comfort women. Reaching out to Japan is not rewarding it for perceived bad behavior, but embracing dialogue for better mutual understanding. If the currentpractice of snubbing Japan to protest something does not work, perhaps it is time for a new tool in the diplomatic toolkit. Breaking the cycle of historical animosity requires efforts by all parties, but only missed opportunities occur if cancelling meetings remains the chosen method of diplomacy.Jeffrey W. Hornung is an associate professor at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies in Honolulu and an adjunct fellow with the Office of the Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C. The views expressed in this article are his alone.Image: Wikimedia Commons/Kakidai. CC BY-SA 3.0.。

Japan the New Superpower

Japan: the New SuperpowerWith the breakup of the Soviet Union and the U.S. economy just coming out a recession, Japan is in line for superpower status. In the world market, even in the American domestic market, “Made in USA”has been replaced by “Made in Japan”as a mark of quality product. Japanese high-tech consumer products are able to dominate the world market because the Japanese are hard working, technological-oriented, and diligent in their efforts to improve products.First of all, we know that the Japanese work very hard, often sacrificing their free time to their jobs. According to a report, the Japanese work an average of 42 hours per week while Americans work an average of 35 hours a week. These extra hours certainly increase Japanese productivity and gain an competitive advantage. It is also hard work that contributes to the incredible growth of their industries.Secondly, the Japanese labor is technologically-oriented. For example, many Japanese work as engineers, technicians, or scientists rather than social workers. Most Japanese students choose to major in high-tech fields instead of the humanities. By contrast, the U.S. is less materialistic than Japan. A sizable percentage of Americans work in the areas of humanities and social work. Many college students pursue their dreams instead of profits, majoring in the fine arts, history, and philosophy.Finally, the Japanese attach much importance to research in an effort to improve their products. For example, well-known Japanese companies finance research work both at home and abroad. Many projects in the American universities like MIT, Stanford, and Cal Tech are funded by Japanese companies who intend to use the research to produce more high-quality products.In summary, the Japanese can dominate the world market, including the American domestic market, because of their work ethic, technological orientation, and their emphasis on research. As a result, high-quality Japanese products have taken the place of American ones to spread to every corner of the world.。

3GPP TS 36.331 V13.2.0 (2016-06)

3GPP TS 36.331 V13.2.0 (2016-06)Technical Specification3rd Generation Partnership Project;Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);Radio Resource Control (RRC);Protocol specification(Release 13)The present document has been developed within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP TM) and may be further elaborated for the purposes of 3GPP. The present document has not been subject to any approval process by the 3GPP Organizational Partners and shall not be implemented.This Specification is provided for future development work within 3GPP only. The Organizational Partners accept no liability for any use of this Specification. Specifications and reports for implementation of the 3GPP TM system should be obtained via the 3GPP Organizational Partners' Publications Offices.KeywordsUMTS, radio3GPPPostal address3GPP support office address650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia AntipolisValbonne - FRANCETel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16InternetCopyright NotificationNo part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.© 2016, 3GPP Organizational Partners (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC).All rights reserved.UMTS™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its members3GPP™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational PartnersLTE™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI currently being registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners GSM® and the GSM logo are registered and owned by the GSM AssociationBluetooth® is a Trade Mark of the Bluetooth SIG registered for the benefit of its membersContentsForeword (18)1Scope (19)2References (19)3Definitions, symbols and abbreviations (22)3.1Definitions (22)3.2Abbreviations (24)4General (27)4.1Introduction (27)4.2Architecture (28)4.2.1UE states and state transitions including inter RAT (28)4.2.2Signalling radio bearers (29)4.3Services (30)4.3.1Services provided to upper layers (30)4.3.2Services expected from lower layers (30)4.4Functions (30)5Procedures (32)5.1General (32)5.1.1Introduction (32)5.1.2General requirements (32)5.2System information (33)5.2.1Introduction (33)5.2.1.1General (33)5.2.1.2Scheduling (34)5.2.1.2a Scheduling for NB-IoT (34)5.2.1.3System information validity and notification of changes (35)5.2.1.4Indication of ETWS notification (36)5.2.1.5Indication of CMAS notification (37)5.2.1.6Notification of EAB parameters change (37)5.2.1.7Access Barring parameters change in NB-IoT (37)5.2.2System information acquisition (38)5.2.2.1General (38)5.2.2.2Initiation (38)5.2.2.3System information required by the UE (38)5.2.2.4System information acquisition by the UE (39)5.2.2.5Essential system information missing (42)5.2.2.6Actions upon reception of the MasterInformationBlock message (42)5.2.2.7Actions upon reception of the SystemInformationBlockType1 message (42)5.2.2.8Actions upon reception of SystemInformation messages (44)5.2.2.9Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType2 (44)5.2.2.10Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType3 (45)5.2.2.11Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType4 (45)5.2.2.12Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType5 (45)5.2.2.13Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType6 (45)5.2.2.14Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType7 (45)5.2.2.15Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType8 (45)5.2.2.16Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType9 (46)5.2.2.17Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType10 (46)5.2.2.18Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType11 (46)5.2.2.19Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType12 (47)5.2.2.20Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType13 (48)5.2.2.21Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType14 (48)5.2.2.22Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType15 (48)5.2.2.23Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType16 (48)5.2.2.24Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType17 (48)5.2.2.25Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType18 (48)5.2.2.26Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType19 (49)5.2.3Acquisition of an SI message (49)5.2.3a Acquisition of an SI message by BL UE or UE in CE or a NB-IoT UE (50)5.3Connection control (50)5.3.1Introduction (50)5.3.1.1RRC connection control (50)5.3.1.2Security (52)5.3.1.2a RN security (53)5.3.1.3Connected mode mobility (53)5.3.1.4Connection control in NB-IoT (54)5.3.2Paging (55)5.3.2.1General (55)5.3.2.2Initiation (55)5.3.2.3Reception of the Paging message by the UE (55)5.3.3RRC connection establishment (56)5.3.3.1General (56)5.3.3.1a Conditions for establishing RRC Connection for sidelink communication/ discovery (58)5.3.3.2Initiation (59)5.3.3.3Actions related to transmission of RRCConnectionRequest message (63)5.3.3.3a Actions related to transmission of RRCConnectionResumeRequest message (64)5.3.3.4Reception of the RRCConnectionSetup by the UE (64)5.3.3.4a Reception of the RRCConnectionResume by the UE (66)5.3.3.5Cell re-selection while T300, T302, T303, T305, T306, or T308 is running (68)5.3.3.6T300 expiry (68)5.3.3.7T302, T303, T305, T306, or T308 expiry or stop (69)5.3.3.8Reception of the RRCConnectionReject by the UE (70)5.3.3.9Abortion of RRC connection establishment (71)5.3.3.10Handling of SSAC related parameters (71)5.3.3.11Access barring check (72)5.3.3.12EAB check (73)5.3.3.13Access barring check for ACDC (73)5.3.3.14Access Barring check for NB-IoT (74)5.3.4Initial security activation (75)5.3.4.1General (75)5.3.4.2Initiation (76)5.3.4.3Reception of the SecurityModeCommand by the UE (76)5.3.5RRC connection reconfiguration (77)5.3.5.1General (77)5.3.5.2Initiation (77)5.3.5.3Reception of an RRCConnectionReconfiguration not including the mobilityControlInfo by theUE (77)5.3.5.4Reception of an RRCConnectionReconfiguration including the mobilityControlInfo by the UE(handover) (79)5.3.5.5Reconfiguration failure (83)5.3.5.6T304 expiry (handover failure) (83)5.3.5.7Void (84)5.3.5.7a T307 expiry (SCG change failure) (84)5.3.5.8Radio Configuration involving full configuration option (84)5.3.6Counter check (86)5.3.6.1General (86)5.3.6.2Initiation (86)5.3.6.3Reception of the CounterCheck message by the UE (86)5.3.7RRC connection re-establishment (87)5.3.7.1General (87)5.3.7.2Initiation (87)5.3.7.3Actions following cell selection while T311 is running (88)5.3.7.4Actions related to transmission of RRCConnectionReestablishmentRequest message (89)5.3.7.5Reception of the RRCConnectionReestablishment by the UE (89)5.3.7.6T311 expiry (91)5.3.7.7T301 expiry or selected cell no longer suitable (91)5.3.7.8Reception of RRCConnectionReestablishmentReject by the UE (91)5.3.8RRC connection release (92)5.3.8.1General (92)5.3.8.2Initiation (92)5.3.8.3Reception of the RRCConnectionRelease by the UE (92)5.3.8.4T320 expiry (93)5.3.9RRC connection release requested by upper layers (93)5.3.9.1General (93)5.3.9.2Initiation (93)5.3.10Radio resource configuration (93)5.3.10.0General (93)5.3.10.1SRB addition/ modification (94)5.3.10.2DRB release (95)5.3.10.3DRB addition/ modification (95)5.3.10.3a1DC specific DRB addition or reconfiguration (96)5.3.10.3a2LWA specific DRB addition or reconfiguration (98)5.3.10.3a3LWIP specific DRB addition or reconfiguration (98)5.3.10.3a SCell release (99)5.3.10.3b SCell addition/ modification (99)5.3.10.3c PSCell addition or modification (99)5.3.10.4MAC main reconfiguration (99)5.3.10.5Semi-persistent scheduling reconfiguration (100)5.3.10.6Physical channel reconfiguration (100)5.3.10.7Radio Link Failure Timers and Constants reconfiguration (101)5.3.10.8Time domain measurement resource restriction for serving cell (101)5.3.10.9Other configuration (102)5.3.10.10SCG reconfiguration (103)5.3.10.11SCG dedicated resource configuration (104)5.3.10.12Reconfiguration SCG or split DRB by drb-ToAddModList (105)5.3.10.13Neighbour cell information reconfiguration (105)5.3.10.14Void (105)5.3.10.15Sidelink dedicated configuration (105)5.3.10.16T370 expiry (106)5.3.11Radio link failure related actions (107)5.3.11.1Detection of physical layer problems in RRC_CONNECTED (107)5.3.11.2Recovery of physical layer problems (107)5.3.11.3Detection of radio link failure (107)5.3.12UE actions upon leaving RRC_CONNECTED (109)5.3.13UE actions upon PUCCH/ SRS release request (110)5.3.14Proximity indication (110)5.3.14.1General (110)5.3.14.2Initiation (111)5.3.14.3Actions related to transmission of ProximityIndication message (111)5.3.15Void (111)5.4Inter-RAT mobility (111)5.4.1Introduction (111)5.4.2Handover to E-UTRA (112)5.4.2.1General (112)5.4.2.2Initiation (112)5.4.2.3Reception of the RRCConnectionReconfiguration by the UE (112)5.4.2.4Reconfiguration failure (114)5.4.2.5T304 expiry (handover to E-UTRA failure) (114)5.4.3Mobility from E-UTRA (114)5.4.3.1General (114)5.4.3.2Initiation (115)5.4.3.3Reception of the MobilityFromEUTRACommand by the UE (115)5.4.3.4Successful completion of the mobility from E-UTRA (116)5.4.3.5Mobility from E-UTRA failure (117)5.4.4Handover from E-UTRA preparation request (CDMA2000) (117)5.4.4.1General (117)5.4.4.2Initiation (118)5.4.4.3Reception of the HandoverFromEUTRAPreparationRequest by the UE (118)5.4.5UL handover preparation transfer (CDMA2000) (118)5.4.5.1General (118)5.4.5.2Initiation (118)5.4.5.3Actions related to transmission of the ULHandoverPreparationTransfer message (119)5.4.5.4Failure to deliver the ULHandoverPreparationTransfer message (119)5.4.6Inter-RAT cell change order to E-UTRAN (119)5.4.6.1General (119)5.4.6.2Initiation (119)5.4.6.3UE fails to complete an inter-RAT cell change order (119)5.5Measurements (120)5.5.1Introduction (120)5.5.2Measurement configuration (121)5.5.2.1General (121)5.5.2.2Measurement identity removal (122)5.5.2.2a Measurement identity autonomous removal (122)5.5.2.3Measurement identity addition/ modification (123)5.5.2.4Measurement object removal (124)5.5.2.5Measurement object addition/ modification (124)5.5.2.6Reporting configuration removal (126)5.5.2.7Reporting configuration addition/ modification (127)5.5.2.8Quantity configuration (127)5.5.2.9Measurement gap configuration (127)5.5.2.10Discovery signals measurement timing configuration (128)5.5.2.11RSSI measurement timing configuration (128)5.5.3Performing measurements (128)5.5.3.1General (128)5.5.3.2Layer 3 filtering (131)5.5.4Measurement report triggering (131)5.5.4.1General (131)5.5.4.2Event A1 (Serving becomes better than threshold) (135)5.5.4.3Event A2 (Serving becomes worse than threshold) (136)5.5.4.4Event A3 (Neighbour becomes offset better than PCell/ PSCell) (136)5.5.4.5Event A4 (Neighbour becomes better than threshold) (137)5.5.4.6Event A5 (PCell/ PSCell becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbour becomes better thanthreshold2) (138)5.5.4.6a Event A6 (Neighbour becomes offset better than SCell) (139)5.5.4.7Event B1 (Inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold) (139)5.5.4.8Event B2 (PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and inter RAT neighbour becomes better thanthreshold2) (140)5.5.4.9Event C1 (CSI-RS resource becomes better than threshold) (141)5.5.4.10Event C2 (CSI-RS resource becomes offset better than reference CSI-RS resource) (141)5.5.4.11Event W1 (WLAN becomes better than a threshold) (142)5.5.4.12Event W2 (All WLAN inside WLAN mobility set becomes worse than threshold1 and a WLANoutside WLAN mobility set becomes better than threshold2) (142)5.5.4.13Event W3 (All WLAN inside WLAN mobility set becomes worse than a threshold) (143)5.5.5Measurement reporting (144)5.5.6Measurement related actions (148)5.5.6.1Actions upon handover and re-establishment (148)5.5.6.2Speed dependant scaling of measurement related parameters (149)5.5.7Inter-frequency RSTD measurement indication (149)5.5.7.1General (149)5.5.7.2Initiation (150)5.5.7.3Actions related to transmission of InterFreqRSTDMeasurementIndication message (150)5.6Other (150)5.6.0General (150)5.6.1DL information transfer (151)5.6.1.1General (151)5.6.1.2Initiation (151)5.6.1.3Reception of the DLInformationTransfer by the UE (151)5.6.2UL information transfer (151)5.6.2.1General (151)5.6.2.2Initiation (151)5.6.2.3Actions related to transmission of ULInformationTransfer message (152)5.6.2.4Failure to deliver ULInformationTransfer message (152)5.6.3UE capability transfer (152)5.6.3.1General (152)5.6.3.2Initiation (153)5.6.3.3Reception of the UECapabilityEnquiry by the UE (153)5.6.4CSFB to 1x Parameter transfer (157)5.6.4.1General (157)5.6.4.2Initiation (157)5.6.4.3Actions related to transmission of CSFBParametersRequestCDMA2000 message (157)5.6.4.4Reception of the CSFBParametersResponseCDMA2000 message (157)5.6.5UE Information (158)5.6.5.1General (158)5.6.5.2Initiation (158)5.6.5.3Reception of the UEInformationRequest message (158)5.6.6 Logged Measurement Configuration (159)5.6.6.1General (159)5.6.6.2Initiation (160)5.6.6.3Reception of the LoggedMeasurementConfiguration by the UE (160)5.6.6.4T330 expiry (160)5.6.7 Release of Logged Measurement Configuration (160)5.6.7.1General (160)5.6.7.2Initiation (160)5.6.8 Measurements logging (161)5.6.8.1General (161)5.6.8.2Initiation (161)5.6.9In-device coexistence indication (163)5.6.9.1General (163)5.6.9.2Initiation (164)5.6.9.3Actions related to transmission of InDeviceCoexIndication message (164)5.6.10UE Assistance Information (165)5.6.10.1General (165)5.6.10.2Initiation (166)5.6.10.3Actions related to transmission of UEAssistanceInformation message (166)5.6.11 Mobility history information (166)5.6.11.1General (166)5.6.11.2Initiation (166)5.6.12RAN-assisted WLAN interworking (167)5.6.12.1General (167)5.6.12.2Dedicated WLAN offload configuration (167)5.6.12.3WLAN offload RAN evaluation (167)5.6.12.4T350 expiry or stop (167)5.6.12.5Cell selection/ re-selection while T350 is running (168)5.6.13SCG failure information (168)5.6.13.1General (168)5.6.13.2Initiation (168)5.6.13.3Actions related to transmission of SCGFailureInformation message (168)5.6.14LTE-WLAN Aggregation (169)5.6.14.1Introduction (169)5.6.14.2Reception of LWA configuration (169)5.6.14.3Release of LWA configuration (170)5.6.15WLAN connection management (170)5.6.15.1Introduction (170)5.6.15.2WLAN connection status reporting (170)5.6.15.2.1General (170)5.6.15.2.2Initiation (171)5.6.15.2.3Actions related to transmission of WLANConnectionStatusReport message (171)5.6.15.3T351 Expiry (WLAN connection attempt timeout) (171)5.6.15.4WLAN status monitoring (171)5.6.16RAN controlled LTE-WLAN interworking (172)5.6.16.1General (172)5.6.16.2WLAN traffic steering command (172)5.6.17LTE-WLAN aggregation with IPsec tunnel (173)5.6.17.1General (173)5.7Generic error handling (174)5.7.1General (174)5.7.2ASN.1 violation or encoding error (174)5.7.3Field set to a not comprehended value (174)5.7.4Mandatory field missing (174)5.7.5Not comprehended field (176)5.8MBMS (176)5.8.1Introduction (176)5.8.1.1General (176)5.8.1.2Scheduling (176)5.8.1.3MCCH information validity and notification of changes (176)5.8.2MCCH information acquisition (178)5.8.2.1General (178)5.8.2.2Initiation (178)5.8.2.3MCCH information acquisition by the UE (178)5.8.2.4Actions upon reception of the MBSFNAreaConfiguration message (178)5.8.2.5Actions upon reception of the MBMSCountingRequest message (179)5.8.3MBMS PTM radio bearer configuration (179)5.8.3.1General (179)5.8.3.2Initiation (179)5.8.3.3MRB establishment (179)5.8.3.4MRB release (179)5.8.4MBMS Counting Procedure (179)5.8.4.1General (179)5.8.4.2Initiation (180)5.8.4.3Reception of the MBMSCountingRequest message by the UE (180)5.8.5MBMS interest indication (181)5.8.5.1General (181)5.8.5.2Initiation (181)5.8.5.3Determine MBMS frequencies of interest (182)5.8.5.4Actions related to transmission of MBMSInterestIndication message (183)5.8a SC-PTM (183)5.8a.1Introduction (183)5.8a.1.1General (183)5.8a.1.2SC-MCCH scheduling (183)5.8a.1.3SC-MCCH information validity and notification of changes (183)5.8a.1.4Procedures (184)5.8a.2SC-MCCH information acquisition (184)5.8a.2.1General (184)5.8a.2.2Initiation (184)5.8a.2.3SC-MCCH information acquisition by the UE (184)5.8a.2.4Actions upon reception of the SCPTMConfiguration message (185)5.8a.3SC-PTM radio bearer configuration (185)5.8a.3.1General (185)5.8a.3.2Initiation (185)5.8a.3.3SC-MRB establishment (185)5.8a.3.4SC-MRB release (185)5.9RN procedures (186)5.9.1RN reconfiguration (186)5.9.1.1General (186)5.9.1.2Initiation (186)5.9.1.3Reception of the RNReconfiguration by the RN (186)5.10Sidelink (186)5.10.1Introduction (186)5.10.1a Conditions for sidelink communication operation (187)5.10.2Sidelink UE information (188)5.10.2.1General (188)5.10.2.2Initiation (189)5.10.2.3Actions related to transmission of SidelinkUEInformation message (193)5.10.3Sidelink communication monitoring (195)5.10.6Sidelink discovery announcement (198)5.10.6a Sidelink discovery announcement pool selection (201)5.10.6b Sidelink discovery announcement reference carrier selection (201)5.10.7Sidelink synchronisation information transmission (202)5.10.7.1General (202)5.10.7.2Initiation (203)5.10.7.3Transmission of SLSS (204)5.10.7.4Transmission of MasterInformationBlock-SL message (205)5.10.7.5Void (206)5.10.8Sidelink synchronisation reference (206)5.10.8.1General (206)5.10.8.2Selection and reselection of synchronisation reference UE (SyncRef UE) (206)5.10.9Sidelink common control information (207)5.10.9.1General (207)5.10.9.2Actions related to reception of MasterInformationBlock-SL message (207)5.10.10Sidelink relay UE operation (207)5.10.10.1General (207)5.10.10.2AS-conditions for relay related sidelink communication transmission by sidelink relay UE (207)5.10.10.3AS-conditions for relay PS related sidelink discovery transmission by sidelink relay UE (208)5.10.10.4Sidelink relay UE threshold conditions (208)5.10.11Sidelink remote UE operation (208)5.10.11.1General (208)5.10.11.2AS-conditions for relay related sidelink communication transmission by sidelink remote UE (208)5.10.11.3AS-conditions for relay PS related sidelink discovery transmission by sidelink remote UE (209)5.10.11.4Selection and reselection of sidelink relay UE (209)5.10.11.5Sidelink remote UE threshold conditions (210)6Protocol data units, formats and parameters (tabular & ASN.1) (210)6.1General (210)6.2RRC messages (212)6.2.1General message structure (212)–EUTRA-RRC-Definitions (212)–BCCH-BCH-Message (212)–BCCH-DL-SCH-Message (212)–BCCH-DL-SCH-Message-BR (213)–MCCH-Message (213)–PCCH-Message (213)–DL-CCCH-Message (214)–DL-DCCH-Message (214)–UL-CCCH-Message (214)–UL-DCCH-Message (215)–SC-MCCH-Message (215)6.2.2Message definitions (216)–CounterCheck (216)–CounterCheckResponse (217)–CSFBParametersRequestCDMA2000 (217)–CSFBParametersResponseCDMA2000 (218)–DLInformationTransfer (218)–HandoverFromEUTRAPreparationRequest (CDMA2000) (219)–InDeviceCoexIndication (220)–InterFreqRSTDMeasurementIndication (222)–LoggedMeasurementConfiguration (223)–MasterInformationBlock (225)–MBMSCountingRequest (226)–MBMSCountingResponse (226)–MBMSInterestIndication (227)–MBSFNAreaConfiguration (228)–MeasurementReport (228)–MobilityFromEUTRACommand (229)–Paging (232)–ProximityIndication (233)–RNReconfiguration (234)–RNReconfigurationComplete (234)–RRCConnectionReconfiguration (235)–RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete (240)–RRCConnectionReestablishment (241)–RRCConnectionReestablishmentComplete (241)–RRCConnectionReestablishmentReject (242)–RRCConnectionReestablishmentRequest (243)–RRCConnectionReject (243)–RRCConnectionRelease (244)–RRCConnectionResume (248)–RRCConnectionResumeComplete (249)–RRCConnectionResumeRequest (250)–RRCConnectionRequest (250)–RRCConnectionSetup (251)–RRCConnectionSetupComplete (252)–SCGFailureInformation (253)–SCPTMConfiguration (254)–SecurityModeCommand (255)–SecurityModeComplete (255)–SecurityModeFailure (256)–SidelinkUEInformation (256)–SystemInformation (258)–SystemInformationBlockType1 (259)–UEAssistanceInformation (264)–UECapabilityEnquiry (265)–UECapabilityInformation (266)–UEInformationRequest (267)–UEInformationResponse (267)–ULHandoverPreparationTransfer (CDMA2000) (273)–ULInformationTransfer (274)–WLANConnectionStatusReport (274)6.3RRC information elements (275)6.3.1System information blocks (275)–SystemInformationBlockType2 (275)–SystemInformationBlockType3 (279)–SystemInformationBlockType4 (282)–SystemInformationBlockType5 (283)–SystemInformationBlockType6 (287)–SystemInformationBlockType7 (289)–SystemInformationBlockType8 (290)–SystemInformationBlockType9 (295)–SystemInformationBlockType10 (295)–SystemInformationBlockType11 (296)–SystemInformationBlockType12 (297)–SystemInformationBlockType13 (297)–SystemInformationBlockType14 (298)–SystemInformationBlockType15 (298)–SystemInformationBlockType16 (299)–SystemInformationBlockType17 (300)–SystemInformationBlockType18 (301)–SystemInformationBlockType19 (301)–SystemInformationBlockType20 (304)6.3.2Radio resource control information elements (304)–AntennaInfo (304)–AntennaInfoUL (306)–CQI-ReportConfig (307)–CQI-ReportPeriodicProcExtId (314)–CrossCarrierSchedulingConfig (314)–CSI-IM-Config (315)–CSI-IM-ConfigId (315)–CSI-RS-Config (317)–CSI-RS-ConfigEMIMO (318)–CSI-RS-ConfigNZP (319)–CSI-RS-ConfigNZPId (320)–CSI-RS-ConfigZP (321)–CSI-RS-ConfigZPId (321)–DMRS-Config (321)–DRB-Identity (322)–EPDCCH-Config (322)–EIMTA-MainConfig (324)–LogicalChannelConfig (325)–LWA-Configuration (326)–LWIP-Configuration (326)–RCLWI-Configuration (327)–MAC-MainConfig (327)–P-C-AndCBSR (332)–PDCCH-ConfigSCell (333)–PDCP-Config (334)–PDSCH-Config (337)–PDSCH-RE-MappingQCL-ConfigId (339)–PHICH-Config (339)–PhysicalConfigDedicated (339)–P-Max (344)–PRACH-Config (344)–PresenceAntennaPort1 (346)–PUCCH-Config (347)–PUSCH-Config (351)–RACH-ConfigCommon (355)–RACH-ConfigDedicated (357)–RadioResourceConfigCommon (358)–RadioResourceConfigDedicated (362)–RLC-Config (367)–RLF-TimersAndConstants (369)–RN-SubframeConfig (370)–SchedulingRequestConfig (371)–SoundingRS-UL-Config (372)–SPS-Config (375)–TDD-Config (376)–TimeAlignmentTimer (377)–TPC-PDCCH-Config (377)–TunnelConfigLWIP (378)–UplinkPowerControl (379)–WLAN-Id-List (382)–WLAN-MobilityConfig (382)6.3.3Security control information elements (382)–NextHopChainingCount (382)–SecurityAlgorithmConfig (383)–ShortMAC-I (383)6.3.4Mobility control information elements (383)–AdditionalSpectrumEmission (383)–ARFCN-ValueCDMA2000 (383)–ARFCN-ValueEUTRA (384)–ARFCN-ValueGERAN (384)–ARFCN-ValueUTRA (384)–BandclassCDMA2000 (384)–BandIndicatorGERAN (385)–CarrierFreqCDMA2000 (385)–CarrierFreqGERAN (385)–CellIndexList (387)–CellReselectionPriority (387)–CellSelectionInfoCE (387)–CellReselectionSubPriority (388)–CSFB-RegistrationParam1XRTT (388)–CellGlobalIdEUTRA (389)–CellGlobalIdUTRA (389)–CellGlobalIdGERAN (390)–CellGlobalIdCDMA2000 (390)–CellSelectionInfoNFreq (391)–CSG-Identity (391)–FreqBandIndicator (391)–MobilityControlInfo (391)–MobilityParametersCDMA2000 (1xRTT) (393)–MobilityStateParameters (394)–MultiBandInfoList (394)–NS-PmaxList (394)–PhysCellId (395)–PhysCellIdRange (395)–PhysCellIdRangeUTRA-FDDList (395)–PhysCellIdCDMA2000 (396)–PhysCellIdGERAN (396)–PhysCellIdUTRA-FDD (396)–PhysCellIdUTRA-TDD (396)–PLMN-Identity (397)–PLMN-IdentityList3 (397)–PreRegistrationInfoHRPD (397)–Q-QualMin (398)–Q-RxLevMin (398)–Q-OffsetRange (398)–Q-OffsetRangeInterRAT (399)–ReselectionThreshold (399)–ReselectionThresholdQ (399)–SCellIndex (399)–ServCellIndex (400)–SpeedStateScaleFactors (400)–SystemInfoListGERAN (400)–SystemTimeInfoCDMA2000 (401)–TrackingAreaCode (401)–T-Reselection (402)–T-ReselectionEUTRA-CE (402)6.3.5Measurement information elements (402)–AllowedMeasBandwidth (402)–CSI-RSRP-Range (402)–Hysteresis (402)–LocationInfo (403)–MBSFN-RSRQ-Range (403)–MeasConfig (404)–MeasDS-Config (405)–MeasGapConfig (406)–MeasId (407)–MeasIdToAddModList (407)–MeasObjectCDMA2000 (408)–MeasObjectEUTRA (408)–MeasObjectGERAN (412)–MeasObjectId (412)–MeasObjectToAddModList (412)–MeasObjectUTRA (413)–ReportConfigEUTRA (422)–ReportConfigId (425)–ReportConfigInterRAT (425)–ReportConfigToAddModList (428)–ReportInterval (429)–RSRP-Range (429)–RSRQ-Range (430)–RSRQ-Type (430)–RS-SINR-Range (430)–RSSI-Range-r13 (431)–TimeToTrigger (431)–UL-DelayConfig (431)–WLAN-CarrierInfo (431)–WLAN-RSSI-Range (432)–WLAN-Status (432)6.3.6Other information elements (433)–AbsoluteTimeInfo (433)–AreaConfiguration (433)–C-RNTI (433)–DedicatedInfoCDMA2000 (434)–DedicatedInfoNAS (434)–FilterCoefficient (434)–LoggingDuration (434)–LoggingInterval (435)–MeasSubframePattern (435)–MMEC (435)–NeighCellConfig (435)–OtherConfig (436)–RAND-CDMA2000 (1xRTT) (437)–RAT-Type (437)–ResumeIdentity (437)–RRC-TransactionIdentifier (438)–S-TMSI (438)–TraceReference (438)–UE-CapabilityRAT-ContainerList (438)–UE-EUTRA-Capability (439)–UE-RadioPagingInfo (469)–UE-TimersAndConstants (469)–VisitedCellInfoList (470)–WLAN-OffloadConfig (470)6.3.7MBMS information elements (472)–MBMS-NotificationConfig (472)–MBMS-ServiceList (473)–MBSFN-AreaId (473)–MBSFN-AreaInfoList (473)–MBSFN-SubframeConfig (474)–PMCH-InfoList (475)6.3.7a SC-PTM information elements (476)–SC-MTCH-InfoList (476)–SCPTM-NeighbourCellList (478)6.3.8Sidelink information elements (478)–SL-CommConfig (478)–SL-CommResourcePool (479)–SL-CP-Len (480)–SL-DiscConfig (481)–SL-DiscResourcePool (483)–SL-DiscTxPowerInfo (485)–SL-GapConfig (485)。

英文二战广岛长崎原子弹事件PPT课件

There was a total of more than 800 B-29 bomber in Tinian and Saipan. They can carry several tons of bombs on a flight of more than two thousand kilometers, bombing of Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, dozens of rounds down, the 65 cities have been the almost complete absence of buildings.
Page 10
BUT
However, the tragedy of Hiroshima did not make Japan agreed to accept the Potsdam ultimatum immediately, unconditional surrender. They tried to cover up the truth of Hiroshima, claiming that a meteorite fall in Hiroshima city. And that the U.S. has only one atomic bomb, also put their hopes in the Soviet Union to mediate.
Page 12
Finally...
In August 15, 1945, the emperor of Japan issued the surrender.
In September 2, 1945, in Tokyo Bay, "Missouri" on the deck of the battleship, the Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu and chief of staff Umezu Meijiro signed the surrender document. Signing time is four past nine. Then, the southwest Pacific theater commander Douglas Macarthur signature. USA, China, Britain and the Soviet Union and other countries at war with Japan accepted the Japanese surrender.

Comparing and Contrasting Cultures

Grouporiente
China
Human nature
beliefs &behaviors
Basically evil Mixture of good &evil. Neither good nor evil. Basically good
Relationship of man to nature Sense of time Activity
Man Man in subjugated by harmony with nature nature Past-oriented Being (stress on who you are) Authoritarian Presentoriented
Man the master of nature Futureoriented
Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck theory
• 1.Human nature orientation
• 2.Man-nature orientation • 3.Time orientation
• 4.Activity orientation
• 5.Social orientation
• In Middle Age, why people were crazy about buying papal indulgences? Try to illustrate it in an intercultural perspective? • After MH 370 vanished , it seemed ridiculous that Malaysian government asked a wizard to give suggestion ,try to illustrate it in an intercultural perspective?

东京介绍—英文

The Kokugikan sumo stadium in Ryogoku, Tokyo, is the site of three 15-day grand sumo tournaments each year, in January, May, and September. During these periods Ryogoku comes alive as large numbers of people descend on the town to watch the tournament, and many rikishi (sumo wrestlers) can be seen walking around the neighborhood. In the vicinities of Kokugikan there are 27 sumo stables, where wrestlers live and train together. Many stables allow visitors to watch morning practice, so getting up early and going to one of these is a good idea for those who want to see the sport at close range.
At the Japan Hotel Association' s website, visitors can check out the room availability at 29 hotels and make reservations as well.
world.
3.Areas of Tokyo
It is one of the most developed cities in the world, It is one of the most famous cities in the world. It is the International Finance Centre.

Towards_a_Community_with_a_Shared_Future_for_Manki

September/October 2023CONTEMPORARY WORLDTowards a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind: Theoretical Basis and Practical Logic of Jointly Advancing the Belt and Road InitiativeZhao KejinT he Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has embarked on adecade-long journey since its proposal in 2013 and has gone through such tough challenges as the COVID-19, the Ukraine crisis and intensifying rivalry among major countries. Rising to these challenges head-on, the BRI has shown strong resilience and vitality. On the occa-sion of the 10th anniversary of the vision of a community with a shared future for mankind, it is of strategic importance to summarize the dec-ade-long implementation of the BRI and dig into the theoretical basis and practical logic of the high-quality de-velopment of the BRI.THE BRI IS THE PATH TO A COMMUNITY WITH A SHARED FUTURE FOR MANKINDA s the world is undergoing major changes unseen in a century, human-ity is faced with such severe chal-lenges as the deficit in governance, trust, peace and development. Jointly advancing the BRI is a crucial path to building a community with a shared future for mankind.First, adhering to a correct view of history, the BRI stands at the histori-cal height of the theme of our times and the international landscape, and provides an insightful answer to where humanity is heading, an important question of the world,of history and of our times. Drivenby economic globalization and theinformation technology revolution,peace, development, cooperation andcommon progress have become thetrend of the times. A s a new round oftechnological and industrial revolu-tions is taking shape, new momentumfor innovation-driven developmentis building up. With ever profoundintegration of interests, countries areunprecedentedly inter-linked. TheBRI follows the general developmenttrend of today’s world, reflects thegrand transformation of human his-tory, represents a new vision of pur-suing common global developmentin an open world economy, differentfrom the anti-trend door-closing ap-proach to development, representedby unilateralism, protectionism andxenophobia.Second, looking at the bigger pic-ture, the BRI takes into account bothdomestic and international dynamics,advances development and securityin a coordinated way and builds aninternational cooperation platformenabling benign interaction betweenhigh-quality development and high-level security. In the face of mountingnew problems and challenges sincethe beginning of the 21st century,the US Solution centering on theWashington Consensus, the EuropeanSolution focusing on promoting re-gional integration and the JapaneseSolution depending on government-driven development have all fallenoff the pedestal and some have eventriggered more serious problems. TheBRI stands as an important attemptto build an open world economy anda community with a shared futurefor mankind. It is a new developmentstrategy and also a great vision withan eye on the common developmentof China, the region and the wholeworld. As a China-proposed solutionfor world peace and development, theBRI aims to foster a new type of in-ternational relations with win-win co-operation at the core and has becomean engine to kick off a new round ofworld economic growth; The BRI rep-resents a new development vision dif-ferent from the Washington Consen-sus, regional integration and globalhegemony, and opens up a new pathto coordinately promote global devel-opment and security.Third, adhering to the correct viewof roles, the BRI combines “viewingthe world from China” and “viewingChina from the world” to accuratelyget the new direction of the commondevelopment of China and the world.As it pursues development, Chinafaces ever more intense competitionfrom other major countries. Also asChina advances its overseas interests,it is deeply integrated with the restof the world in such fields as food,9energy, resources, technology, mar-ket, and finance, all of which have become critical factors affecting its peaceful development. In essence, the BRI focuses on global public issues and people’s needs, follows the prin-ciples of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits and leverages on bilateral, sub-regional, regional and global mechanisms to promote the orderly and free flow of economic factors, efficient allocation of resources and close integration of markets. The BRI also aims to facilitate coordination of economic policies among countries, promote closer regional cooperation at a larger scale and higher level, jointly create an open, inclusive, balanced regional economic cooperation framework that delivers benefits to all and inno-vate the actions, processes, and struc-tures of global public goods. There-fore, the BRI is essentially a global public good with extensive consulta-tion, joint contribution and shared benefits for all parties, featuring non-competition, non-exclusiveness and non-zero sum. Any country, whether it is a BRI partner or not, is welcomed to join this inclusive community with shared interests, shared future and shared responsibilities. THEORETICAL BASIS FOR HIGH-QUALITY BELT AND ROADCOOPERATIONFrom the grand perspective ofbuilding a community with a sharedfuture for mankind, the BRI, as aninternational public good, follows thebasic principles of consensus-drivendevelopment, joint contribution ofmultiple parties, equal responsibilitiesand rights, composite representation,openness and inclusiveness.I. Consensus-Driven Develop-mentAmerican scholar Robert D. Put-nam defines social capital as valuenorms of reciprocity and mutualtrust formed on the basis of trust with“features of social organization” thatfacilitate coordination and coopera-tion to improve social efficiency. A s aninitiative focusing on international co-operation and development, the BRIcannot work without social capitalbased on international exchanges anddialogues and supported by consen-sus and trust. Serving as a platformfor international exchanges, the BRIis well-positioned to foster consensusand trust in the international commu-nity, ignite mutual love and care, andbuild up social capital. Once the inter-national social capital is built up andfully unleashed, the BRI will advancelike a fire on the prairie. Within theBRI framework, the top priority of in-ternational cooperation is to promotegovernment-to-government policycommunication and cement people-to-people bond.On the one hand, policy commu-nication is the main channel for theaccumulation of government socialcapital and the key to expanding theconvergence of national interests ofthe BRI partner countries. Throughpolicy communication and diplo-matic dialogue, different countrieswork together to enhance inter-con-nectivity, seek common developmentby fully exercising complementaryadvantages, integrate and consolidateresources to achieve an effect as awhole system is greater than the sumof the parts.On the other hand, people-to-people bond is the social foundationfor the BRI development and the fun-damental foothold of the steady pro-gress of the BRI. Recent years havewitnessed the rapid growth of varioustypes of think tanks worldwide. Thesethink tanks in BRI partner countriescarry out joint studies and research,co-host fora and even host summitwhen sufficient conditions are inplace. As they pool efforts for policyresearch on the BRI, they providestrong intellectual support for thedeepening of the BRI development.II. Joint Contribution of MultiplePartiesA s a long-term plan, the BRI can-not be achieved with the efforts ofmerely one or two countries, but rath-er calls for the concerted efforts ofall BRI partner countries. In the pastdecade, different from the Organiza-tion for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) established byWestern developed countries and its On September 25, 2023, the Governor ofthe National Bank of Hungary said at aseminar on high-quality co-constructionof the Belt and Road in Budapest thatthe initiative to build the Belt and Roadoriginated in China, and the opportunitiesand results belonged to the world.(Photo/Xinhua)10September/October 2023 CONTEMPORARY WORLDinstitutional approach with empha-sis on the making of standards and norms, the BRI has created and cham-pioned a new model of international cooperation which relies on the con-certed efforts and joint contribution of all partner countries. Relevant par-ties are allowed to extensively discuss arrangements for investment returns, determine their rights and obliga-tions, and receive agreed benefits. The core of the BRI is to promote various forms of mutually beneficial coopera-tion among governments, enterprises, social organizations and civil society organizations and jointly build a new comprehensive platform with the participation of multiple parties and covering various sectors.III. Equal Responsibilities and RightsClearly-defined and equal respon-sibilities and rights are the fundamen-tal principles that ensure the success-ful operation of all the organizations. While the responsibility-power relationship is static in the OECD and other existing international or-ganizations, the rights a BRI partner assumes is equal to the responsibil-ity it shoulders. If a partner takes on more responsibility in a certain area, it enjoys a larger share of equity in the joint contribution and thus as-sumes more rights. Some rights are established by formal organizational identity, while others are authenti-cated by flexible norms. Countries might position themselves differently in terms of responsibilities and rights in different topic areas. Within the framework of cooperation among countries, sovereign countries and inter-governmental international or-ganizations, which are the primary le-gitimate representatives, enjoy equal status regardless of their sizes, wealth, and strength. Within the framework of cooperation among state and non-state actors, non-state actors are sup-ported to access equal opportunitiesfor participation with state actors, andtheir powers are defined in accord-ance with their responsibilities. Onthe BRI platform, all actors, in accord-ance with the rules of procedures andon the basis of self-determined will,mutual benefit, cooperation and inter-action, reach consensus on projects,topics, challenges and other issues ofcommon concern through equal-foot-ing consultation and take concertedactions.IV. Composite RepresentationIn accordance with the principleof equal responsibilities and powers,the BRI has established an institu-tionalized channel of composite rep-resentation and opened its door to allcountries, international organizationsand non-state actors. For example, theBelt and Road Summit for Interna-tional Cooperation held in Beijing inMay 2017 has welcomed representa-tives from countries, internationalorganizations, non-governmentalorganizations and even individualsinterested in the BRI. All representa-tives centered on certain topics, aimedto create and provide internationalpublic goods and were driven by jointcontribution and agreed norms to ad-vance the implementation of specificcooperation projects. The compositerepresentation is significant in thatit expands the means through whichcitizens, enterprises and civil societyorganizations could engage in theBRI and it mobilizes the enthusiasmand creativity of social forces thathave long been on the periphery ofinternational cooperation.V. Openness and InclusivenessOpenness and inclusiveness arethe most essential principles govern-ing the operation of the BRI. The vastmajority of international cooperationmechanisms have been so far estab-lished upon unique cultural back-grounds. Whether the well-knowninternational systems and normsdominated by Western countries, orthe cooperation mechanisms in theIslamic world, Africa, Latin Americaor other non-Western regions, theycan only be accurately interpretedwithin a framework of civilization andculture. While the OECD emphasizesmainstream European and Americanvalues, the BRI respects diverse socialcultures and never presupposes thevalues of a certain civilization. Withinthe framework of BRI cooperation,all parties reach consensus throughdialogue, exchange and consulta-tion, adopt different arrangementsLocal employeesdisplay seedlings at theChina-aided NigeriaAgricultural TechnologyDemonstration Centerin Abuja, Nigeria, onSeptember 19, 2023.(Photo/Xinhua)11on different issues, and never pursue unified solutions. Moreover, the BRI never adopts an exclusive approach towards any countries, international organizations or social organizations. The BRI is open and inclusive towards any parties with interest in engaging in the BRI cooperation, no matter in what capacity, in which topics and to what extent they wish to involve. PRACTICAL LOGIC OF HIGH-QUALITY BRI COOPERATIONIn review of the decade-long devotion to the building of a com-munity with a shared future for mankind, we will definitely come to the sober realization that the BRI co-operation means a long, complicated and undulating process. To advance the high-quality BRI development, it is imperative to set up an evalua-tion and assessment system for the overall development. In view of the closeness of the BRI regional coop-eration architecture, an evaluation system consisting of five indicators, including level of inter-connectivity, familiarity, participation, governance and recognition, can be set up to sys-tematically assess the progress of the BRI development.The first is the level of inter-con-nectivity. It calls for an integrated ap-proach to plan, implement and man-age relevant projects to push forward the BRI infrastructure inter-connec-tivity. The infrastructure construction projects should be connected withgovernment departments, enterprisesand societies of the partner countriesand a central platform integratingplanning, implementation, manage-ment and service should be set up.Efforts should also be made to forma governance system engaging mul-tiple stakeholders that focuses on theconnection and synergy of policies,technical standards, developmentplans, implementation and manage-ment of projects, social norms andcultures to promote in-depth inter-connectivity of infrastructure.The second is the level of familiar-ity. The infrastructure inter-connec-tivity ultimately serves to facilitatethe flow of elements including thatof people among countries. More fre-quent exchange of persons indicateshigher level of familiarity amongthe BRI partner countries. There-fore, it is imperative to closely assessthe familiarity among the peopleof partner countries in terms of thescope, frequency and quality of theirexchanges, as a means to evaluate theprogress of the BRI development.The third is the level of participa-tion. The BRI development is a pro-cess of wider participation and deepercooperation. The scope, scale, degree,quality, outcomes of participation (byboth institutions and individuals) canserve as critical indicators for evaluat-ing the level of participation. For aspecific project, it is easy to monitorthe participation of relevant countries,enterprises, and social organizations.For cooperation mechanisms andframeworks, we can monitor the levelof participation through the lens ofmembership, subscribed shares andfrequency of participation.The fourth is the level of govern-ance. The BRI development cannotprogress without taking into con-sideration such issues as institutionbuilding, assigning rights and respon-sibilities, standardizing collective ac-tions and fulfilling norms. Since theBRI governance is of cross-border,multi-sector and multi-actor compos-ite nature, its evaluation should focuson the level of institutionalization ofsuch multiple actors as governments,enterprises and non-governmentalorganizations in the process of ad-dressing a certain issue. The BRIdevelopment can take the WorldwideGovernance Indicators, which areinfluential composite indicators, asreferences to build up a governanceevaluation system.The fifth is the level of recogni-tion. The level of recognition refersto how people in partner countriesunderstand and evaluate the BRI. Pur-suing high-quality BRI developmentis a process of improving the level ofrecognition by partner countries. Theimportant aspects of evaluating therecognition of the BRI include wheth-er people realize that their countriesare within the scope of BRI, whetherthey recognize a sense of belonging inthe circle of BRI friends, and whetherthey recognize the BRI on the basis ofother sense of belonging (to locality,ethnicity, state and region).——————————————Zhao Kejin is Vice Dean and Professorat the School of Social Sciences,Tsinghua University(Photo/Xinhua)12。

Japanese_Enterprises_Seeking_for_Investment_Opport

30development.” said Yin Zonghua, Deputy Chairman of the CCPIT, at the China-Japan Industry Cooperation Forum.T he year 2016 is the first year of China’s “13th Five-year Development Plan”. “In the next five years, China’s import will surpass 10 trillion USD, the outbound investment will reach more than 600 billion USD and the number of tourists traveling abroad will surpass 500 million.” said Yin Zonghua.“China has approved its 13th five-year development plan and the economic policies written into the plan are attracting the world attention,” said Kasakai, director of JAPIT. China has been promoting a number of economic policies and one of the major selling points is the coordinated development of the Beijing-T ianjin-Hebei Region. Japan is also looking for cooperationfunctions to neighboring regions and priorities will be given to traffic integration, environmental protection, industrial upgrading and other sectors.“Japan has experience in the planning and construction of the capital area, such as the devolving of capital’s functions, the construction of sub-centers, industrial upgrading and re-arrangement, the priority improvement of traff ic net work, environmental protection system and disaster prevention system. T hese are very valuable experiences that we can borrow.” Yin Zonghua hopes that Japanese enterprises can actively get involved into the coordinated development of the Beijing-T ianjin-Hebei Region to work with their Chinese counterparts to promote industrial upgrading in a mutually beneficial way.structure of Beijing’s third and fourth sectors is similar to the developed countries,” said Shen Jinsheng, Deputy Director of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Commerce.As the fundamentals and service trade of Beijing’s service sector are quite open, in May 2015 the State Council officially approved to make Beijing the first comprehensive experiment unit of Chinese service sector. “This is China’s first and only city to experiment the opening up of the service sector.” Shen Jinsheng said that opening up the service sector to the world is a strategic measure of China to implement the city development strategy, devolve some of its capital functions and promote the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region.G l o b a l F DI h a s s t i l l b e e n31depressed in recent years, but the foreign capital actually used in Beijing in the past year amounted to 13 billion USD, go up by 40%.” Shen Jinsheng said that the service trade value of Beijing has surpassed 120 billion USD, accounting for about 20% of China. Beijing has maintained two-digit growth rate in terms of service sector and service trade in recent years.“Japan is one of the world’s most vibrant and competitive economies, and an important parter of Beijing municipal government in the areas of service trade.” Shen Jinsheng said that in 2015 the currency trade between Beijing and Japan reached more than 14 billion USD, and the service trade surpassed 3 billion USD. As of now the direct investments of Japanese enterprises in Beijing has accumulated to 8 billion USD.Shen thinks that as Beijing is further opening up the experiment unit of the service sectors. T he limitations to foreign direct investments will be loosened, the investment environment will continue to be improved and more investment opportunities will be created for foreign enterprises.Tianjin: R&D center for China ’s advanced manufacturingT he Outline for the Promotion of Coordinated Development of the Beijing-T ianjin-Hebei Regions has clarified the functional positioning of T ianjin as R&D center for China’s advanced manufacturing, the shipping center of North China, f inancial innovation demonstration area and reform and opening-up operation area.“In the next five years, T ianjin will comply with the functiona l positioning endorsed by the national government, and strive to create a modern economic system with modern agricultural industry as complement. The goal is uplift the GDP per capita of T ianjin to $23,000 by the year 2020,” said Li Fan, Department Director of the T ianjin Reform and Development Commission. So by far China has approved to establish 4 free trade zones, and T ianjin is the only one north to Changjiang River and it shoulders the responsibility to develop the export-oriented economy of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.T ianjin’s GDP has neared 260 billion USD in 2015 and its GDP per capita has reached 17 thousand USD. “Tianjin has always been an important manufacturing center of China, with a very comprehensive industrial system. It has special advantages and very important influences in eight industries, i nc lud i n g a e ro s p a c e , c hem ic a l petroleum, equipment manufacturing, electronic information, medical biology, new energy, new material and light industry,” said Li Fan.“T i a n j i n h a s t h e l a r g e s t comprehensive port in North China, which connects with more than 600 ports in 180 countries and regions in the world. In 2015 the handling capacity of T ianjin port reached 540 million mt, ranking 4th in the world.” Li Fan said that T ianjin Binhai International Airport has opened more than 100 flight routes. Tianjin has thus become a traffic hub featuring air and train network.“T hanks to these advantages, T ianjin has attracted a lot of global companies to establish their businesses in recent years. By the year 2015, the number of registered foreign companies in T ianjin has surpassed 26,000, among which there are 2,211 Japanese companies,” said Li Fan.Li Fan said that T ianjin would continue to improve the ser v ice mechanism to support the long-term development of Japanese companies in Tianjin. It will also provide convenience for T ianjin enterprises to invest and start businesses in Japan, to promote mutual communications between enterprises of two countries towards a win-win situation.Hebei: China ’s modern trade logistics baseT he Outline for the Promotion of Coordinated Development of the Beijing-T ianjin-Hebei Region has positioned Hebei province as China’s modern trade logistics base, the experimental area for industrial upgrading, new urbanization and urban-rural coordination demonstrate area and environmental support area for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region.Qiao Xiaolin, Associate Inspector of the Hebei Reform and DevelopmentCommission, said he hopes Japan can work with Hebei province in five areas including urban infrastructural construction, environmental protection and conser vation, new strategic industries, modern service industry and modern agricultural industry.Caofeid ia n is a n impor ta nt transportation spot that links North China with Northeast China and is the bridgehead for Northeast Asia. It is located in the central areas that surround Beijing , T ianjin and the Bohai Sea.As the demonstration area for the coordinated development of Beijing-T ianjin-Hebei Regions, Caofeidian also features China-Japan Ecological Industrial Area planned and promoted by the governments of the two countries.A s o f n o w C a o f e i d i a n h a s attracted investment of more than 400 billion y uan. About 135 key projec ts , i nc lud i ng Caofeid ia n Factory of Shougang Steel Company and China Resources Power Plant, have finished construction and started operating. T he industrial investment has reached 200 billion yuan. “Last year, the GDP of Caofeidian area has reached 35 billion yuan, and become an emerging national technological development region,” said Liu Hanyi, Deputy Director of Caofeidian area, Tangshan city.In July 2015, Beijing municipal government and Hebei provincial government co-issued the Framework Agreement on the Promotion of Coordinated Development of Caofeidian, which the aim is to turn Caofeidian into a strategic area that devolves the capital’s functions and receives transferred industries. T he Outline for the Coordinated Development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region also places Caofeidian as a functional platform and establishes Beijing ’s modern industry development experimental area in Caofeidian.As the establishment of coordinated development demonstration area is under way, Caofeidian will have more development space and potential with its rich port resources and geographic advantages. Liu Hanyi thinks that Caofeidian is committed to becoming the model of China-Japan economic cooperation and it has good technological background and bright future.。

2023-2024学年天津市和平区八年级上学期期中英语试题

2023-2024学年天津市和平区八年级上学期期中英语试题1. — Do you know how to spell ________word "nature " in English?— Yes. It begins with ________"n".A．the; a B．the; an C．a; an D．the; the 2. —________ is the population of India?—It is ________ than ________ of China.A．How large; fewer; it B．What; smaller;thatC．How much; less;itD．What; fewer;that3. Mark Twain became very famous ________.A．in the 1860 B．in 1860s C．in the 1860s' D．in the 1860s 4. It’s nice _______ you ______ me with my maths.A．for; to help B．for; helpingC．of; helping D．of; to help5. Don’t be crazy about computer games, ________ your parents will be worried.A．and B．or C．but D．so6. The ________ you are, the ________ mistakes you’ll make.A．more carefully, fewerB．more careful, fewerC．more carefully, lessD．more careful, less7. I think he is one of ________ photographers in the world.A．good B．better C．best D．the best8. She always does her homework ________ than her brother.A．more careful B．more carefully C．careful D．carefully9. —What do you usually do in the evening?—I usually ______ TV, but last night I ________ computer games.A．watch; play B．watched; play C．watch; played D．watched; played 10. This book is the same as that one. There are no ________ between them.A．ideas B．rules C．differences D．problems11. Alice doesn’t like math because she thinks it is ________.A．difficult B．fun C．useful D．interesting12. Tom is ________ about the ________ film.A．excited; exciting B．excited; excited C．exciting; exciting D．exciting; excited 13. —Did Helen go to the park with you yesterday afternoon?—No, she ________ to stay at home in the end.A．tried B．waited C．decided D．remembered 14. （2017﹒湖北宜昌）—You’d better advise him anything out of the window while driving. —I will. He has to know it’s dangerous.A． not throwing B． no throwingC． not to throw D．don’t throw15. —Hi, Zhang Li! How were your summer holiday?—________A．Don’t worry.B．Pretty good! C．Thanks a lot. D．Never mind. Almost all of us have problems in our lives. Sometimes it makes us so sad that we don’t know whatto do. Now I want to tell you one of my _______. I was 13 years old back then. One day while I wasrunning and laughing with my classmates on the playground, I _______. It was so painful that I couldn’t move. After my teacher sent me to hospital, the doctor said, “Your _______ are hurt. You have to hav e an operation.” As soon as he finished his words, I _______. At the same time, myteacher told me I had to ask for leave from school. In those days when I was in hospital, I _______talked with anyone. I felt awful. Gradually I recovered（恢复）, _______ I found two scars（伤疤）on my legs. How ugly they were! I didn’t like _______. When I got home, I didn’t want to go anywhere with anyone. I was _______ that people would laugh at me. But my father tried to cheer me up. He said, “In the world everything is beautif ul, and we should see it in different ways. Your friends understand your pain, so _______ will laugh at you.” All of a sudden, I knew it wasn’t so bad. I ________ it gradually and became outgoing again. Thanks to my father and the people who cared about me, I could face the trouble bravely and live actively.16.A．problems B．ways C．suggestions D．plans17.A．woke up B．fell away C．fell down D．shouted out18.A．hands B．head C．feet D．legs19.A．laughed B．cried C．jumped D．forgot 20.A．always B．nearly C．never D．suddenly 21.A．and B．so C．or D．but22.A．them B．it C．you D．him 23.A．excited B．lucky C．afraid D．sorry 24.A．everybody B．nobody C．somebody D．anybody 25.A．refused B．accept C．understood D．found Welcome to Happy Days Club. It is a great place to keep healthy. It has great fun and is very exciting.26. Happy Days Club is a club for people to ________.A．learn art B．enjoy music C．get together D．keep healthy27. If you want to play basketball, you can call ________.A．375-4753 B．375-4789 C．375-4766 D．375-476228. You can take the dancing class at ________.A．10:00 a.m. B．6:00 a.m. C．3:00 p.m. D．4:00 p.m.29. If a child wants to have more friends, he or she can go to ________.A．Swimming Pool B．Ball Game CenterC．Kids Club D．Skating Class30. There are ________ different parts in the club.A．three B．four C．five D．sixBrands teaming upWith a habit of drinking coffee on weekends while doing schoolwork, Wu Zibo, a17-year-old student from Beijing No 4 High School（茅台味拿铁）. "I wonder how my father’s favorite Chinese liquor（白酒）would taste with my favorite coffeeThe collaboration（合作）between Kweichow Moutai and Luckin Coffee has interested many people. It sold 5. 42 million（百万）cups and made 100 million yuan just on Sept 4, China Daily reported.Moutai has tried many ways in recent years to be more creative, such as by bringing out Moutai ice cream and canvas（帆布）bags."This creative collaboration lets Moutai make its brand（品牌）younger, "Li Honghui（市场总监）for drinks, shared with 21st Century Teens. Through collaborations, make the market bigger, and bring more innovative（创新的）, added Li.In 2023, China’s collaboration market will gro w to over 100 billion（十亿）yuan and may reach 300 billion yuan by 2025, wrong collaborations may have undesirable（不想要的）results and even hurt brands."The key to making a collaboration work is about how good the products are. The brands should not just focus on getting the public excited, "said Li.By DU AORAN, 21st Century Teens31. What do the numbers in Paragraph 2 show?A．Moutai is one of the most popular drinks among Chinese people.B．Many people have started to be interested in Luckin Coffee.C．The new coffee is too expensive to buy.D．The Moutai-flavored coffee is very popular.32. What can we learn from Li Honghui’s words in Paragraph 4?A．All brands should team up with each other.B．Moutai interests younger buyers through the new coffee.C．Moutai will get more than Luckin Coffee through their collaboration.D．All collaborations will bring a bigger market share.33. In 2023, China’s collaboration market will grow to more than ________.A．100 billion yuan B．300 billion yuan C．5. 42 millionD．500 billion yuanyuan34. How many kinds of newspapers do the passage mention?A．1 B．2 C．3 D．435. According to Li, what is most important for a successful collaboration?A．Getting people excited.B．Brand popularity.C．Good products.D．Rich buyers.Unsafe water let looseJapan started putting nuclear-contaminated water（核污染水）into the ocean on Aug24, History will never forget this day.A tsunami（海啸）hit the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant（福岛第一核电站）in Japan in 2011. It broke the nuclear reactors（核反应堆）, workers have been using a lot of water to keep them cool. The water touches the reactors, so it has a lot of radioactive materials（放射性物质）. Nuclear wastewater（核废水）is different. It’s the waste from a normal power plant. The rules on whether or not the wastewater can be put into the ocean are clear. So processed（处理过的）nuclear wastewater is often seen as safe. But nuclear-contaminated water is not.WHAT DOES JAPANESE GOVERNMENT DO?Japan tries to mix the idea of the two kinds of water. The country says that the contaminated water goes through a special purifying process（过滤程序）, and that it doesn’t hurt people’s health. However, the water has more than 60 kinds of radioactive materials. Many of them are still unprocessed. "The materials will in the end hurt people’s health, "Wang You, a Chinese ocean scientistWHAT DOES CHINESE GOVERNMENT DO?China started to stop buying seafood from Japan on Aug 24. Restaurants must not buy or use such seafood. As of Aug 28, both Russia and Thailand said that they were testing the seafood from Japan.WHERE IS THE WATER GOING?There are some of the strongest ocean currents（洋流）near Fukushima. After the discharge, the radioactive materials will go to:▲the middle of the Pacific Ocean（太平洋）in57 days;▲the other side of the Pacific Ocean in 3 years（such as the US and Canada）;▲every sea in the world in 10 years.36. How did the nuclear-contaminated water in Japan come into being?A．Japan put no rules on the waste water from normal power plants.B．Japan used water to make the nuclear reactors work.C．A tsunami brought water to Japan’s nuclear power plants.D．Japan used water to cool down nuclear reactors.37. What might happen when the nuclear-contaminated water comes into the ocean?a. We might have new kinds of seafood.b. Human DNA might be changed.c. It might be bad for human health.d. It might bring bad things for seawater.A．ab B．ac C．bc D．cd38. What does the underline phrase mean?A．The nuclear reactors.B．The water.C．The radioactive materials.D．The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.39. What is the fifth paragraph mainly about?A．Japan’s actions to sell their seafood.B．What count ries are doing after Japan’s actions.C．Which countries have stopped eating fish from Japan.D．The foods from Japan that are unsafe.40. How long will the radioactive materials take to get to America?A．About 1 year. B．About 3 year. C．About 57 days. D．About 10 year. 根据对话内容，从下面选择恰当的句子，将对话补充完整。

艺术与工艺品专业外文文献翻译

毕业设计（论文）译文及原稿译文题目一土著艺术与工艺品及其市场原稿题目一Aboriginal Art and Crafts and the Market译文题目二用于日本传统工艺的以客户为导向的评估模型的任务决策方法原稿题目二A Task-based Decision-Making Approach to Customer-oriented Evaluation Model forJapanese Traditional Crafts土著艺术和工艺品及其市场用于北环阿纳姆地区市场交换的手工艺品的结构与前景北环阿纳姆地区也可随意称为马宁里达地区；因为它包含了马宁里达镇- 该镇人口随季节波动，最少时700人，最多时将近1000人–并有大约20个更小的卫星社区或航站，约有700个土著人，向马宁里达地区提供服务。

本文的定量数据都是我在那进行人类学实地调查期间收集的，时间为1979年和1980年；更多最近的定性印象是基于我1981年和1982年对该地区进行短期访问基础之上的。

本文的重点集中于用于航站市场交换的艺术品和工艺品生产，超过80% 以上的区域产量（按价值计算而不是按物理量计算）来源于这些更小的卫星社区。

可先提出以下三个问题，再开始我们的讨论。

对于地区经济中的市场，手工艺品生产的意义是什么？生产者是哪些人？对于生产者而言，从手工艺品生产中获得的经济回报和非经济回报有哪些？基于本人在1979年和1980年积累的数据库，我尝试预测该地区未来的手工艺品生产水平。

为达到分析目的，本人对需求变量和供应变量作了区分，虽然很容易识别这些变量之间的相互依存关系。

在本文中，我专注于研究供应方面的因素：这些必要的生产要素能够确保未来的手工艺品生产吗？诸如失业救济金可用性、采矿特许权使用费和其他就业机会之类的外部力量，对生产水平有什么影响？地区经济中手工艺品生产的意义目前，马宁里达地区的经济存在着严重分歧。

一方面，马宁里达镇是1957年为土著人建立的一个政府定居点。

武汉市前年中考范文英语

武汉市前年中考范文英语1Oh my goodness! Let me tell you about the amazing characteristics and advantages of the English model essays in Wuhan's high school entrance examination the year before last. These essays are truly remarkable! First and foremost, the grammar used in them is incredibly precise and accurate. There are no mistakes or confusion in verb tenses, noun plurals, or sentence structures. For instance, in one essay, the complex sentence "Although it was raining heavily, we still went for a picnic" demonstrates a perfect understanding and application of subordinate clauses. Secondly, the vocabulary selection is so rich and diverse. Instead of using common and simple words repeatedly, they employ a wide range of synonyms and idiomatic expressions. Like in another essay, the phrase "be brimming with enthusiasm" instead of just "be very enthusiastic" makes the text more vivid and engaging. Moreover, the logical structure of these essays is extremely clear and well-organized. They have a clear introduction to present the topic, followed by detailed and coherent supporting paragraphs, and a conclusive ending that sums up the main points. This makes it easy for readers to follow the author's train of thought. How wonderful these model essays are! Don't you think so?2Oh my goodness! The English model essays from the Wuhan high school entrance examination two years ago are truly a treasure trove of wisdom and guidance for students like us! These essays offer profound insights and valuable lessons that can greatly enhance our English learning journey.For instance, they showcase diverse and sophisticated writing techniques. By studying them carefully, we can learn how to structure our paragraphs logically, employ vivid expressions, and use proper grammar and punctuation. This helps us to present our thoughts more clearly and precisely in our own writing.Moreover, they cultivate excellent language habits. The choice of words, the sentence patterns, and the overall fluency in these model essays set a high standard for us to follow. We can imitate the way they express ideas and gradually internalize these good language practices.Also, the thinking patterns demonstrated in these essays provide us with a brilliant guide to tackle various exam questions. They teach us how to analyze the topic, organize our arguments, and present a coherent and persuasive response.In conclusion, these model essays are not just pieces of text but powerful tools that can transform our English learning. So, let's embrace them and make the most of them! How wonderful it would be if we couldall master the art of English writing through them!3When I first encountered the English sample essays of the Wuhan High School Entrance Examination from two years ago, I was completely at a loss! I found the language and structures so complex and confusing. "How could I ever understand these?" I asked myself in frustration.However, I was determined not to give up. I spent hours poring over each sentence, analyzing the grammar and vocabulary. Slowly but surely, I started to make sense of them. I discovered new words and expressions, and understood how to organize paragraphs for a better flow.After countless efforts, I began to imitate the writing styles and techniques in those essays. I noticed a significant improvement in my own writing! I could express my thoughts more precisely and fluently.This experience taught me that perseverance and hard work always pay off. Isn't it amazing how a set of sample essays can lead to such great progress? I am so grateful for this journey of learning and growing through these wonderful examples.4The English composition model papers of the Wuhan High School Entrance Examination two years ago provide valuable insights into the educational trends. These model papers clearly demonstrate a shift towardsquality-oriented education. For instance, they encourage students to think innovatively. Instead of simply memorizing facts, students are prompted to come up with creative solutions to problems. This is evident in the way questions are framed and evaluated.Moreover, there is a notable emphasis on the integration of traditional culture. Stories, values, and customs from our heritage are incorporated, making students aware of their roots and the importance of preserving them. Isn't it wonderful to see such a connection between the past and the present?Also, these model papers seem to be fostering students' all-round development. Skills like critical thinking, communication, and collaboration are given equal importance as academic knowledge. How important is this for preparing students for the challenges of the future?In conclusion, the model papers of the Wuhan High School Entrance Examination two years ago are not just a test of language proficiency but a reflection of the evolving educational landscape, promoting quality education, innovative thinking, and the integration of traditional culture.5Oh, my goodness! When it comes to the English model essays of the Wuhan Middle School Entrance Examination the year before last, they are truly remarkable and have had a profound impact. You know what? These essays have spread widely throughout the city. So many students and teachers have studied them carefully. They have become an essential partof the learning materials.For instance, they have significantly enhanced the teaching quality. Teachers have used them as excellent examples to guide students in writing, helping students master the key points and skills of writing. How amazing is that?Not only in Wuhan, but these model essays also have reference value in other regions. They offer valuable experiences and inspirations. Don't you think this is a wonderful thing? They show the high standards and requirements of English writing education.In conclusion, these model essays are of great significance and quality. They have made positive contributions to the improvement of students' writing abilities and the development of English teaching. Wow, they are really extraordinary!。

无砟轨道英文

“Report about the application and the experiencewith ballastless track”Annex 3Visits to ballastless track systems in JapanReport and conclusionsContent1INTRODUCTION 3 2OBJECTIVES 3 3PROGRAM 4 4RESULTS 5 5CONCLUSIONS 7 Chapter 1 – Daily Report 7 Chapter 2 – Questionnaire for ballastless track in Japan 7Visit to the ballastless track systems in JapanReport and conclusions1 IntroductionJapanese Rail is very often seen as “the” reference in railways with the Sinkansen network being the parade horse. When defining the work program of this working group it was clear that no state of the art report for ballastless tracks could be complete if the Japanese tracks would not have been considered. JR indeed applies ballastless track systems for almost 30 years on commercial lines and on high speed lines and their reports seem very promising. Consequently it was decided from the start of the working group that the Japanese Railways should be visited in order to get a better understanding of their system and to evaluate the transferability to European railways.Figure 1 – The “parade horse” Shinkansen2 ObjectivesThe objectives of the visit were not limited to a visit of the track systems themselves, as they can not be properly understood if the whole railway system is not considered and this against the background of the Japanese society.Understanding a railway system should consider all aspects, starting from the design principles applied for both rolling stock and track. Apart from design rules it is obvious that practical aspects, such as maintenance practice, operational limitations and social, political and financial policies, have a big influence on the design and should therefore be taken into account if one wants to understand the options that are taken by the designers.This knowledge is essential to compare these track systems with the European ones.3 ProgramThe objectives being quiet large, this could not be obtained by assessing articles or with discussions with the design institute only. For this reason the experts established a complete program, which permitted them to experience the different aspects of the railway system. The program included visits on site by which the experts could experience the state of the different track systems. During these visits discussions took place with the system designers. Discussions with the researchers at the RTRI permitted to better understand the basic design rules as well as the development policies of the Japanese Railways.Figure 2 – Shinkansen visit programBut the experts also decided to have an independent view on the railway and track systems by experiencing in total 3000 km of tracks on both classic and high speed lines. Finally the experts got the opportunity to experience a nightly track renewal, and this way they feel to have had a good overview of the total system and they are confident they are able to answer to questions that are raised.4 ResultsUndoubtedly, the Japanese railway system is of a very high standard. Its reliability is with a mean delay of 20 seconds (sic) without any competition one of the best in the world. The trains are running frequently, have a high degree of quality and are very clean and comfortable. The total comfort level is very high which is not only due to the high quality trains but also to the client oriented personnel and the track quality. Design rules are such that they offer low lateral accelerations and the track quality on both ballast and ballastless track is very high. Japanese Rail can therefore be seen as one of the best, if not the best railway system on the world.From the different visits and discussions although is obvious that social politics in Japan are very different from the rest of the western world. Low qualified jobs are not so systematically automated as in Europe and manpower is not seen as to be eliminated. Maintenance poor design are not only inspired by the aim to reduce costs but mainly because the lack of train interruptions and the limited availability of workers in Japan.Figure 4 - Railways a performing and popular transport systemThe policy on railways is very different from the European one too. Mainly integrated railway systems run trains on their own lines and competition is limited to the different railway networks in the urban area of Tokyo. From the other traffic modii, only air (and not road transport) seems to be the mayor competitor for the train operators. They are able to cope with this competition through high quality and high train occupations throughout the day and week. This may not surprise if you know that Japanese Rail is responsible for about 25% of the total rail traffic in the world.Japanese railways have an intensive test program and large test facilities at which they seem to verify every new evolution in the track world; standardisation although does not seems to be an issue.Figure 5 - Test facilities at the RTRITrack designers also don’t have to take into account the high wheel loads that can be seen in Europe and the U.S.A. Both for classic and high speed traffic, the mean axle load lays about 12 to 13 tons. The dynamic factor seems to be reduced because of the high track quality obtained by intensive maintenance. Opposite to Europe, track systems in Japan are designed to be maintainable in order to make such high quality standards feasible. As an example one can see that all fastenings are adjustable to achieve a very constant gauge (and alignment) but this is achieved in such way that maintenance should be performed yearly to assure the fastening effectiveness. From this can be seen that the systems are not fool prove as most European designer presumes to be necessary.Figure 6 – Typical track situation at Shinkansen stationThe choice for ballastless systems in Japan is determined by the need to reduce maintenance but seems largely influence by other choices which are not obvious in Europe. So most of the Shinkansen lines are put on viaducts several meters above ground level. This limits the additional cost for ballastless tracks and bearing in mind that ballast mats are seen as standard on ballasted track, this may prove the small difference in investment cost between the two solutions. Therefore it seems logic for JR to limit the use of ballast tracks for new lines to situations were the settlement risk is to high, i.e. on bad soils.5 ConclusionsJapan disposes of a very performing railway system which seems to cope perfectly with competition and which is of a very high standard. Nevertheless care should be taken to select separate solutions from this railway system and transfer it without thorough reflection into Europe. The whole social and political system seems very different to Europe. This influences clearly the economic situation of the different companies as well as their maintenance policy, and the different subsystems are to be seen in relation to this situation. The basic design principals, such as the track loads, are completely different from the criteria used in Europe. Finally one can see that the quality approach is totally different from the one practised on European networks.Consequently the authors of this article are convinced that transferring the track system to Europe without proper redesign and without taking into account the different situation in Europe might be dangerous.They also feel that a comparable redesigned solution might result in a non economical system taken into account the different economical, social and organisational situation in the European railway system. In this respect, the adjustable fastenings and the multiplication of transitions between ballast zones and slabs (p.ex. near ballasted turnouts and bridges), can be seen as typical examples.Finally one can see that the use of slab track systems on earthworks have been experienced on a rather short portion so that one can conclude that the main experience on this matter is gained in Germany.The chapters are provided with the following numbers:Chapter 1 – Daily ReportChapter 2 – Questionnaire for ballastless track in Japan。

日本管理制度英文叫什么

日本管理制度英文叫什么Introduction:The management system in Japan is often regarded as unique and successful, as it has contributed significantly to the growth and development of Japanese industries and the overall economy. This system is deeply rooted in Japanese culture and values, and it is characterized by a strong emphasis on teamwork, discipline, and continuous improvement. In this article, we will explore the key features of the Japanese management system, its historical background, and its impact on the performance and competitiveness of Japanese companies.Historical Background:The modern Japanese management system has its roots in the post-World War II era when Japan was undergoing a rapid process of industrialization and economic reconstruction. During this period, the Japanese government played a crucial role in promoting and supporting the development of domestic industries through various policies and initiatives. One of the key measures was the establishment of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, which provided guidance and resources to help Japanese companies modernize and expand their operations. Additionally, the government encouraged the formation of keiretsu, which are intricate networks of interlinked companies and suppliers that collaborate closely with each other. These keiretsu played a critical role in fostering long-term relationships and mutual support among member companies, thereby strengthening the overall competitiveness of the Japanese industry.Key Features of the Japanese Management System:1. Lifetime Employment:One of the distinguishing characteristics of the Japanese management system is the practice of lifetime employment, which entails companies offering job security and long-term career prospects to their employees. In Japan, it is common for workers to join a company after graduating from university and to remain with the same employer until retirement. This commitment to lifelong employment fosters loyalty and commitment among employees, and it also incentivizes them to invest in their skills and professional development.2. Seniority-based Promotions:Japanese companies typically adhere to a seniority-based promotion system, wherein employees are rewarded based on their length of service and experience rather than their individual performance. This approach is intended to create a stable and predictable career progression for employees, and it also reflects the Japanese emphasis on respect for elders and hierarchical order in the workplace.3. Group-oriented Decision Making:Another hallmark of the Japanese management system is its emphasis on group-oriented decision making, whereby consensus-building and collaboration are highly valued. In Japanese organizations, decisions are often made through a process of collective discussion and agreement among employees, supervisors, and various stakeholders. This approach promotes cooperation and harmony within the workplace, and it also encourages employees to contribute their ideas and opinions to the decision-making process.4. Continuous Improvement (Kaizen):The concept of continuous improvement, known as kaizen in Japanese, is deeply ingrained in the management philosophy of Japanese companies. Kaizen emphasizes the need for ongoing efforts to enhance quality, productivity, and efficiency in all aspects of the business. Japanese companies are known for their relentless pursuit of excellence and their commitment to eliminating waste and inefficiency through incremental improvements in processes and operations.5. Quality Control and Total Quality Management (TQM):Japanese companies place a strong emphasis on quality control and total quality management as essential elements of their management system. This commitment to excellence is exemplified by the renowned Japanese approach to quality improvement, such as the "Five S" methodology (seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuke) and the pioneering work of quality gurus like W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran. TQM principles have been widely adopted by Japanese businesses to ensure the highest standards of product and service quality.Impact of the Japanese Management System:The Japanese management system has had a profound impact on the performance and competitiveness of Japanese companies across various industries. Notably, it has contributed to the success of leading Japanese corporations in automotive, electronics, consumer goods, and other sectors, enabling them to achieve global recognition and market leadership. The emphasis on teamwork and collaboration has helped Japanese companies to foster strong organizational cultures and high levels of employee engagement, which are essential factors in driving innovation and achieving operational excellence. Additionally, the commitment to continuous improvement has enabled Japanese companies to adapt to changing market conditions and technological advancements, remaining agile and resilient in the face of global competition.Challenges and Evolving Trends:While the Japanese management system has many strengths, it also faces challenges and evolving trends in the contemporary business environment. In recent years, demographic changes, economic pressures, and increasing globalization have posed significant challenges to the traditional practices of Japanese management. The aging population and declining birth rates in Japan have led to labor shortages and demographic imbalances, promptingcompanies to reassess their employment practices and talent management strategies. Moreover, the rise of digital technologies and the expansion of global supply chains have necessitated greater flexibility and adaptability in the way Japanese companies operate and compete.In response to these challenges, Japanese companies are embracing new approaches to management and organizational practices, such as greater emphasis on merit-based promotions, increased flexibility in employment arrangements, and the adoption of agile methodologies and digital tools to enhance productivity and innovation. Furthermore, Japanese firms are actively seeking to diversify their workforces and leadership teams to promote inclusivity and harness a wider range of talents and perspectives.Conclusion:In conclusion, the Japanese management system is a distinctive and influential model that has shaped the performance and success of Japanese companies for many decades. Its emphasis on lifetime employment, seniority-based promotions, group-oriented decision making, continuous improvement, and quality management has yielded significant benefits in terms of organizational culture, employee engagement, and operational excellence. However, in the face of evolving business dynamics and demographic shifts, Japanese companies are undergoing a process of adaptation and transformation to remain competitive and relevant in the global marketplace. As they navigate these challenges, the enduring principles of the Japanese management system, coupled with innovation and openness to change, will continue to be vital drivers of success for Japanese businesses in the years ahead.。

WinLab32

• Status panels display the status of each component at a glance. So whether it is the furnace, FIAS, FIMS, flame or the autosampler, you always know what the system is doing.
• Context-sensitive Help provides detailed information on every part of the software.
And the best part is that WinLab32 for AA has the same look and feel as WinLab32 for ICP. Even if your current needs don’t require ICP, with WinLab32 for AA you have already begun training your personnel for your future ICP needs. Even better, if you are already using both a PerkinElmer® Optima™ ICP-OES and AAnalyst™ or PinAAcle™ AA spectrometer, switching between the two techniques has never been easier.
• QC charting allows quick and easy preparation of quality control charts
WinLab32™ for AA redefines the software standard for high-performance atomic absorption (AA) instruments. Designed for the rigorous needs of today’s analytical laboratory, WinLab32 gives you all the flexibility and power you need in an easy-to-use, easy-to-learn package. WinLab32 for AA software provides you with tools and features needed to quickly start running samples your way. Only WinLab32 for AA combines flexibility and ease-of-use to bring a new level of productivity to your laboratory.

求职信英文兴趣爱好

Dear Hiring Manager,I am writing to express my interest in the [position/role] at your esteemed organization. As a [your name], I am confident in my ability to contribute to the success of your team and help achieve the company's goals.In addition to my professional experience and skills, I have a diverse range of hobbies and interests that have helped me develop important qualities such as creativity, resilience, and adaptability. I believethat these interests can also bring value to your company and make me a well-rounded and versatile candidate for the position.One of my main interests is photography. I have been passionate about photography for many years and have honed my skills through self-study and online courses. Photography has taught me to pay attention to detail, composition, and lighting, which are skills that can be transferred to many other areas of work. Additionally, I have experience in editing and retouching photos, which can be useful for tasks such as creating marketing materials or updating the company website.Another hobby of mine is playing the guitar. I have been playing guitar for over a decade and have performed in various bands and venues.Playing music has taught me the importance of teamwork, practice, and perseverance. It has also helped me develop strong communication and coordination skills, which are essential for working in a team-oriented environment.I also enjoy staying active and fit through activities such as running, hiking, and weightlifting. These activities have taught me the importance of discipline, dedication, and goal-setting. I believe that these qualities can be valuable in a professional setting, as they demonstrate my ability to stay focused and motivated towards achieving objectives.In addition to these hobbies, I am also interested in learning new languages. I have completed basic courses in Spanish and Japanese and am currently studying French. Learning new languages has helped me developstrong problem-solving and analytical skills, as well as the ability to adapt to new situations and communicate with diverse groups of people.Overall, I believe that my interests and hobbies have not only enriched my personal life but also equipped me with valuable skills and qualities that can contribute to the success of your company. I am excited about the opportunity to bring my unique perspectives and experiences to your team and help make a positive impact.Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the opportunity to discuss how my skills and interests align with the needs of your organization in more detail.Sincerely,[Your name]。

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Using this technique, our corpus is used for analyzing the relations between the CAMLs described above on an empirical basis. For the analysis of the conﬁgurations between the annotations on different layers, a special-purpose tool has been developed. This inference tool is implemented in Prolog. It allows for the inference of relations for every type of annotation unit, compared to other CAMLs or proposed VAMLs.
1. Introduction
The use of standardized markup languages and markup vocabularies offers a lot of advantages for the annotation, archiving and transfer of language data. But markup languages and vocabularies do, in addition, support the process of information modeling. The problem is that markup vocabularies are speciﬁc to certain theories and to a certain language or at least a certain language family. This leads to problems in the standardization of linguistic annotations. Ide and Romary, 2003 present the distinction of a general annotation format, a so-called Virtual Annotation Markup Language (VAML) and a (theory-, language-, domain-) speciﬁc annotation format, a Concrete Annotation Markup Language (CAML) as a solution to this problem. In this paper we show, how this division of concrete and virtual markup languages improves the process of choosing a markup vocabulary for annotating a phenomenon. The phenomenon ’co-reference’, which is expressed in different languages, i.e. English and Japanese, with different linguistic means, serves as our use case.
1Project A2/Sekimo, DFG-Forschergruppe 437/Texttechnologische Informationsmodellierung
Figure 1: Possible relations between ranges of elements within two documents containing the same data
Abstract This paper describes a corpus of Japanese task-oriented dialogues, i.e. its data, annotations, analysis methodology and preliminary results for the modeling of co-referential phenomena. Current corpus-based approaches to co-reference concentrate on textual data from English or other European languages. Hence, the emerging language-general models of co-reference miss input from dialogue data of non-European languages. We aim to ﬁll this gap and contribute to a model of co-reference on various language-speciﬁc and language-general levels.
developed within the Verbmobil project (Kawata and Bartels, 2000) and the co-reference annotation scheme developed by (Kawahara et al., 2002). This large number of concrete, existing annotation schemes is used to evaluate their usability as an input for general, virtual markup languages. All annotation schemes have been used as the basis for existing corpora, which can be used for the evaluation as well. The general idea is not to develop yet another CAML, but to integrate the existing CAMLs into the emerging VAMLs.
2. Language data and data analysis
2.1. A corpus of multipleisting annotation schemes
We use the Japanese part of the tinkertoy corpus which is described in Sasaki et al., 2002. The corpus is based upon a task-oriented dialogue scenario with two participants: The instructor has pictures of objects, which have to be explained to the constructor, who has the respective building parts. The corpus consists of six dialogues with 2160 utterances. The dialogues are tagged on the morpho-syntactic level at ﬁrst automatically (Matsumoto et al., 2000) with later manual correction. To test the methodology, one dialogue has been annotated on 25 annotation levels with about 9.000 annotation units, making use of various existing annotation schemes for Japanese morpho-syntactic and semantic categories. These schemes encompass for example the EDR-scheme (EDR, 2002) for the semantic subcategorization of lexical units, the morphosyntactic tagset
Co-reference in Japanese Task-oriented Dialogues: A Contribution to the Development of Language-speciﬁc and Language-general Annotation Schemes
and Resources
Felix Sasaki, Andreas Witt
Universita¨t Bielefeld Fakulta¨t fu¨r Linguistik und Literaturwissenschaft
– Computerlinguistik und Texttechnologie – {felix.sasaki, andreas.witt}@uni-bielefeld.de
2.2. Analysis methodology
Ide and Romary, 2003, claim that “the annotator, must choose a data architecture for the primary text and its annotations, which dictates whether annotations are interspersed throughout the document containing the primary text or stored in one or more additional documents linked to the primary text.” In our project1 we use a third data architecture: we annotate the same textual resource several times. This annotation technique results in a set of annotated XML-instances differing only in the markup, i.e. the elements, attributes and attribute-values. Because the textual content of all layers is identical, the text can serve as a link between these layers, cf. Witt, 2002. In a document annotated with this multilayer approach several relations between elements can be found, e.g. the relation identity which holds if two different elements contain the same range of text. Figure 1 depicts the possible relations (see also Bayerl et al., 2003).