美国文学史学习指南中文翻译HermanMelvill
美国文学史及选读Herman Melville
3. Social Background
• Economic boom:
Industrialism Immigration Westward expansion
optimism and hope among people
4. Features
• American Romanticism was both imitative and independent.
下令攻打“叛乱”州。此战不但改变当时美国的
政经情势，导致奴隶制度在美国南方被最终废除， 也对日后美国的民间社会产生巨大的影响。
2. Ideals:
• Ideals: Democracy and political equality became the ideals of the new nation.
Moby Dick
is hidden all the time
Mirrors（反 映） its enviorment
unknown and
inscrutable,
unknowable truths mysterious
only the surface of the ocean is available for human observation and interpretation
Some events in this period
• American Civil War (1861-1865)
• 南北战争，又称美国内战（American Civil War），是美国历史上一场大规模的内战，参战 双方为美利坚合众国（简称联邦）和美利坚联盟
国（简称邦联）。这场战争的起因为美国南部十 一州以亚伯拉罕·林肯于1861年就任总统为由而 陆续退出联邦，另成立以杰斐逊·戴维斯为“总 统”的政府，并驱逐驻扎南方的联邦军，而林肯
1 History of American Literature 美国文学史 英语简介
Brief Introduction of the American Literature History
1. The Colonial Period (1607-End of the 18th C) 2. The Romantic Period (19th C-1865) 3. The Age of Realism (1865-1918) 4. The Modern Period (1918-1945) 5. The Postwar Period (1945- )
regarded as one of the American authors writing in the Modernist tradition of the 1920s)
The Modern Period (19181945)
The 1920s African American literature (Harlem Renaissance) Langston Hughes The 1930s Left or socialist-oriented writers: John Dos Passos and John Steinbeck
Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville
The Age of Realism (18651918)
William Dean Howells Mark Twain (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn;
Frank Norris
Dreiser
(McTeagaue,
美国文学史及选读的名词解释(全) (2)
Colonial Period:1.American Puritanismit comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised.Romanticism Period:2.Romanticism: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the18th century in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death. The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography.3.Gothic tradition (哥特传统): Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a storyof terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or claustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism.4.Transcendentalism (先验说,超越论): is a philosophic and literarymovement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.5.Stream of consciousness（意识流）：It is one of the modern literarytechniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly。
HermanMelville美国文学解读精品PPT课件
Moby Dick- Themes
• symbolic work ￡ natural history. • obsession, religion, idealism, • pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, • hierarchical relationships and politics.
Moby -Dick
symbolism
Moby Dick:
❖ To the author, it symbols nature, it is complex, unfathomable and dangerous;
❖ To the captain Ahab, it is evil, is a wall. ❖ To the narrator, Ishmael, it is a mystery. ❖ As a part of the natural world, it represents the
helatersaidwhaleshipmyharvardyalemelville?smajorworkstypee1846omoo1847redburn1849mardi1849玛地政治宗教寓言whitejacket1850白外衣mobydick1851白鲸pierre1852billybudd比利手稿1891未完成
destruction of the environment
Moby -Dick
symbolism
❖ Starbuck: the prime symbol of good ❖ Ahab: with an overwhelming obsession to kill
the whale-evil, but with a baleful fire become himself an evil in his thirst to kill evil. ❖ Its whiteness: a paradoxical color, signifying death and corruption, purity, innocence, and youth.
美国文学 梅尔维尔
style of writing
主要写作风格为哥 特式的浪漫主义， 大量运用讽喻和怀 疑论，以现代主义， 荒诞主义以及存在 主义为先导。
• 梅尔维尔身前没有引起应有的重视，在20世纪二 十年代声名鹊起，被普遍认为是美国文学的巅峰 人物之一。 《白鲸》直到出版后七十年，才获得 社会大众广泛的重视。 • 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔是美国最伟大的小说家之一， 也是美国象征主义文学大师。他不仅是小说家, 而且还是一位卓越的哲学家和诗人, 他以极其敏 锐的目光关注着自己生活的时代及其社会变迁。 • 英国作家毛姆认为他的《白鲸》是世界十大文学 名著之一，其文学史地位更在马克·吐温等人之 上。梅尔维尔也被誉为美国的“莎士比亚”。
Marriage
His friendship with Hawthorne
During the summer of 1890 Melville and Hawthorne met and became good friends. They shared similar ideas and opinions on most kinds of fields. • Especially against the background of Transcendental optimism, Melville agrees with Hawthorne’s Blackness --- the evil at the core of life. • ―Evil in life and the human soul help make life and man better。 • ―To scale great heights, we must come out of the lowest depths. The way to heaven is through hell. We need fiery baptism in the fierce flame of our bosoms.（凤凰涅槃 浴 火重生）
美国文学史整理资料
Colonial Period殖民时期Background:Puritanism背景：清教主义1.features of Puritanism特征宿命论:上帝决定一切之前发生的事情(1).Predestination:God decided everything before things occurred.(2).Original sin:Human beings were born to be evil,and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.原罪论:人类生来就是邪恶,这原罪(3).Total depravity性恶说有限的赎罪:可以通过一代一代(4).Limited atonement:Only the“elect”can be saved.只有选举才能得救2.Influence影响(1).A group of good qualities–hard work,thrift,piety,sobriety(serious and thoughtful)influenced American literature.一群好的品质——努力工作、节俭、虔诚、节制(严重的和深思熟虑的)美国文学的影响。
(2).It led to the everlasting myth.All literature is based on a myth–garden of Eden.它导致了永恒的神话。
所有的文学是基于一个神话——伊甸园。
(3).Symbolism:the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.象征意义:美国清教徒的隐喻认知模式主要是在调用形成一个文学象征这是典型的美国人。
美国文学史1所学知识总结
A Review:美国文学史（1）所学知识点总结I The Colonial PeriodCaptain John SmithAmerican Puritanism(Calvinism(TULIP:⏹Total depravity (全然败坏)⏹Unconditional election （无条件的挑选）⏹Limited atonement （有限的待赎）⏹Irresistible grace （不可抗拒的恩典）⏹Perseverance of the saints （圣徒蒙保守）Protestantism, Puritanism )What did most of the early writers write mostly?: description of the natural scene of the new continent; religious zeal; record of their experiences of immigration andtheir life in the new continent.)II The Age of Enlightenment“Reason ”1. Benjamin Franklin (Deism,自然神论Deists typically reject supernaturalevents (prophecy, miracles) and tend to assert that God does not interfere with humanlife and the laws of the universe.1）Autobiography;（13 virtues:1）Temperance;2) Silence3) Order 4) Resolution 5) Frugality 6) Industry—Lose no time; be alwaysemployed in something useful7)Sincerity 8) Justice 9) Moderation10) Cleanliness11) Tranquility12) Chastity13) Humility2）Poor Richard’s Almanac(a collection of proverbs)2. Thomas Paine:Common SenseIII Romantic Period1. Washington Irving “Father of American Literature” the first belletrist in Am Lit;1)“Rip V an Winkle”2)“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”2. James Fennimore Cooper “American Scott” * Historical Novel“frontier, wilderness”Leatherstocking Tales : a series of 5 novels:The Deerslayer; The Last of the Mohicans; The Pathfinder;The Pioneers; The Prairie3. Nathaniel HawthorneHis family history; his views of sin; feature of his writing: ambiguityHis major works;E.g. The Scarlet Letter(The Scarlet Letter；Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth, Arthur Dimmesdale,Pearl,)4. Herman Melville:Moby Dick (symbols, major themes, characters: Ishmael . Ahab, Pequod)5: New England Transcendentalism:Features:1) emphasis on spirit or the Oversoul as the most important thing in the universe2) the individual as the most important element of society3) nature as symbolic of the Spirit or GodRalph Waldo Emerson: “Nature”“The American Scholar”: America’s Declaration of Intellectual IndependenceHenry David Thoreau: Walden (which chapter in Walden impresses you most?) “Civil Disobedience”: Nonviolent struggle“A Plea for Captain John Brown”: his anti-slavery attitude6. Edgar Allan PoeGothic Tales : Major featuresa short story: “The Fall of the House of Usher”;Poems: “The Raven”; “To Helen”7. Two Greatest poets in 19th century AmericaWalt Whitman : “America’s poet”; “Father of free verse”Free verse ; Leaves of Grass“O Captain! My Captain!”“Song of Myself”“I Hear America Singing”Emily Dickinson:“Because I could not stop for Death”“Wild Nights-Wild Nights ”The subjects in her poetry;Characteristics:Short lines; Lack titles; Slant rhyme; Unconventional capitalization Unconventional punctuation; full of images.IV. American Realism(Definition; fidelity, actuality, truthful depiction of life)1. William Dean Howells （focusing on the rising middle class）2. Mark Twain (focusing on the lower class) (Local Colorism)3. Henry James (focusing on the upper class)(international theme, psychological analysis)The differences among the three writers.American Naturalism: social and economic factors; natural and hereditary reasons※ American Realism and American Naturalism(3 major ideas; mood: pessimistic; objects; themes.)Stephen Crane :The Red Badge of Courage (war)Maggie, A Girl of StreetsFrank Norris: Mcteague; The Octopus Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie。
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南时间：2011年2月使用教材：《美国文学史》（第二版）常耀信著Chapter 1 Colonial America★1607 Jamestown, Virginia：the first permanent English settlement in America★1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts: the second permanent English settlement in America★Captain John Smith: the first American writer writing in English★Anne Bradstreet: the first American woman poetMajor work: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Contemplations (9) on P. 17 （熟悉这首诗歌）To My Dear and Loving Husband《致我亲爱的丈夫》★Philis Wheatley: the first black woman poet in American literature★Edward Taylor: the most famous poet in the colonial periodHuswifery on P. 19 （熟悉这首诗歌）★Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience (1644)Translated the Bible into the Indian tongue★John Winthrop: “Model of Christian Charity”（〈基督慈善之典范〉）The History of New England (two volumes, 1825, 1826)(〈新英格兰史〉) 1630 --- 1649 in diary★Thomas Paine: Common Sense, The American Crisis, The Rights of Man, The Age of Reason★Philip Freneau: Poet of the American RevolutionThe Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground, The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi★Charles Brockden Brown: the first important American novelistWieland, Edgar Huntly, Ormond, Aurthur MervynChapter 2 Edwards, Franklin, Crevecoeurthe 18th century: Age of Reason and EnlightenmentJonathan Edwards: America’s first systematic ph ilosopherThe Freedom of the Will, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac熟悉37页的引文Hector St. John de Crevecoeur: Letters from an American FarmerChapter 3 American Romanticism, Irving, CooperWashington Irving: the first American writer to win international acclaimThe Sketch Book: Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy HollowJames Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales (五个故事的题目)Natty Bumpo (人物形象)Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism, Emerson, ThoreauRalph Waldo Emerson: Nature (the Bible and manifesto of New England Transcendentalism)The American Scholar (America’s Declaration of IntellectualIndependence)Henry David Thoreau: Walden, or Life in the WoodsChapter 5 Hawthorne, MelvilleNathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, Twice-Told Tales, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun, Young Goodman BrownHerman Melville: Moby Dick, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White Jacket, PierreChapter 6 Whitman, DickinsonWalt Whitman: Leaves of Grass; free verse; Song of MyselfEmily Dickinson: Of the 1775 poems, only 7 poems were published in her lifetime.熟悉教材中98至102页所选的诗歌Chapter 7 Edgar Allan Poe★Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition, The Poetic Principle, The Raven，To Helen熟悉教材中107页所选的The Raven中的部分诗行Chapter 8 The Age of Realism, Howells, JamesWilliam Dean Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham, Criticism and FictionHenry James: important writings listed on P. 125the international themeChapter 9 Local Colorism, Mark TwainHamlin Garland: Crumbling Idols, Veritism (真实主义)Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring CampMark Twain: 主要作品, vernacular literature, colloquial styleHarriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人& her Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Louisa May Alcott 路易莎·梅·奥尔科特& her Little Women 《小妇人》Kate Chopin 凯特·肖班& her The Awakening 《觉醒》Chapter 10 American Naturalism, Crane, Norris, Dreiser, RobinsonStephen Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (the first naturalistic novel in American literature), The Red Badge of Courage (the first anti-war novel in American literature),Famous short stories: The Open Boat, The Bride Comes to the Yellow SkyFrank Norris: The Octopus, McTeagueTheodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, the Desire Trilogy, The GeniusEdwin Arlington Robinson: Richard CoryJack London: The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea Wolf, Martin EdenO. Henry (William Sidney Porter): famous for his short stories such as The Gift of the Magi Upton Sinclair: The Jungle, the Muckraking MovementChapter 11 The 1920s, Imagism, PoundThe first American Renaissance: the first half of the 19th centuryThe second Renaissance: the 1920sThe three principles of the Imagist Poetry熟悉四首意象派诗歌：In a Station of the Metro, Oread, The Red Wheelbarrow, Fog, 并会分析其中的第一和第四首Ezra Pound: The Cantos, Hugh Selwyn MauberleyChapter 12 T. S. Eliot, Stevens, WilliamsT. S. Eliot: The Waste Land （五个部分的题目）, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock其他主要作品founder of New Criticism: depersonalization, objective correlativeWilliam Carlos Williams: PatersonChapter 13 Frost, Sandburg, Cummings, Hart Crane, Moore★Robert Frost: New England poet, lyrical poet, the unofficial poet laureate, won the Pulitzer Prize four timesThe Road Not Taken (熟悉此诗), Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Wall, Apple-picking <<摘苹果>>Carl Sandburg: Fog, The Harbor (two famous Imagist poems)E. E. Cummings: the most interesting experimentalist in modern American poetryHart Crane: The BridgeChapter 14 Fitzgerald, Hemingway★F. Scott Fitzgerald: the spokesman of the Jazz AgeThe Great GatsbyErnest H emingway: Hemingway hero with “grace under pressure”, the iceberg principle“I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. ”冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为它只有八分之一在水面上。
英语专业八级美国文学中英文名称对照
英语专业八级—美国文学中英文名称对照1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明•富兰克林1706-1790A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard's Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传2、Thomas Paine托马斯•潘恩1737-1809The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason 理性时代3、Philip Freneau菲利普•弗伦诺1752-1832The Rising Glory of America 蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士——同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地4、Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文1783-1859A History of New York纽约的历史——美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说——使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉5、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀1789-1851The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者6、William Cullen Bryant威廉•柯伦•布莱恩特1794-1878The Poems1821/1932诗选:To a Waterfowl致水鸟——英语中最完美的短诗;Thanatopsis死亡随想——受墓园派影响; The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿;A Forest Hymn森林赋;The Flood of Years似水流年7、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加•爱伦•坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人——叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔•李——歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔•阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦8、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生1803-1882Essays散文集:Nature论自然——新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days 日子-首开自由诗之先河9．Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔•霍桑1804-1864Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼•布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子——心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像10、Henry David Threau亨利•大卫•梭罗1817-1862Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience 抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers11、Walt Whitman沃尔特•惠特曼1819-1892Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom'd小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌12、Herman Melville赫尔曼•梅尔维尔1819-1891Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比•迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利•巴德13、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利•沃兹沃思•朗费罗1807-1882The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌——美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事——诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Revere's Ride 保罗•里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯•斯坦迪什的求婚——叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇——反蓄奴组诗14、John Greenleaf Whittier约翰•格林里夫•惠蒂埃1807-1892Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question废奴问题;Voice of Freedom自由之声;In War Time and Other Poems内战时期所作;Snow-Bound 大雪封门;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems海滩的帐篷;Ichabod艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl冬日田园诗15、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特•比彻•斯托1811-1896Uncle Tom's Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister's Wooing牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr's Island奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人们16、Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克•道格拉斯1817-1895Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克•道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克•道格拉斯的生平与时代17、Emily Dickinson埃米莉•迪金森1830-1886The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉•迪金森诗集——"Tell all the truth and tell it slant"迂回曲折的，玄学的18、Mark Twain马克•吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）——美国文学的一大里程碑The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent's Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆•索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利•费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉•达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事——对美国早期幽默文学的总结19、Francis Bret Harte哈特1836-1902The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营的幸运儿——乡土文学作家20、William Dean Howells 威廉•狄恩•豪威尔斯1837-1920The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯•拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼——乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读21、Henry Adams享利•亚当斯1838-1918History of the United States During the Administration of Jefferson and Madison（历史著作）；The Education of Henry Adams:An Autobiography享利•亚当斯的教育22、William James威廉•詹姆斯1842-1910（首提"意识流"理论）Principles of Psychology心理学原理；The Will to Believe信仰的意志；Pragmatism:A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking实用主义：某些旧思想方法的新名称；The Meaning of Truth真理的意义23、Henry James享利•詹姆斯1843-1916小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟•米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术24、Ambrose Bierce安布罗斯•毕尔斯1842-1914?小品集：The Fiend's Deligh魔鬼的乐趣;Nuggests and Dust Panned out in California在加利福尼亚淘出的金块和金粉;Cobwebs from an Empty Skull来自空脑壳的蜘蛛网短篇小说集：Tales of Soldiers and Civilians军民故事;In the Midst of Life 在人生中间;Can Such Things Be?这种事情可能吗？The Devil's Dictionary魔鬼词典（The Applicant申请者）25、Edward Bellamy爱德华•贝拉米1850-1898Looking Backward:2000-1887回顾：从2000看1887年；Equality平等；The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay's Rebellion斯托克布里奇的公爵：雪司起义的故事;The Blindman's World and Other Stories育人的世界及其他26、Edwin Charles Markham马卡姆1852-1940The Man With the Hoe荷锄人27、Charles Waddell Chesnutt查尔斯•契斯纳特1858-1932The Conjure Woman巫女;The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line他青年时代的妻子（The Sheriff's Children警长的儿女）（the pioneer of the color line）;The Marrow of Tradition一脉相承28、Hamlin Garland汉姆林•加兰1860-1940Crumbling Idol崩溃的偶像（真实主义veritism）;Man Travelled Roads大路（The Return of a Private三等兵归来）;Rose of Ducher's Cooly荷兰人山谷中的露斯;A Son of the Middle Border 中部边地农家子29、O•Henry欧•享利（William Sidney Porter）1862-1910The Man HigherUp黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens七上八下30、Edith Wharton伊迪斯•华顿1862-1937The House of Mirth欢乐之家;Ethan Frome;Bunner Sister班纳姐妹;The Age of Innocent天真时代;The Customs of the Country乡村习俗;A Backward Glance回首往事32、George Santayana桑塔亚那1863-1952Scepticism and Animal Faith 怀疑主义与动物性信仰;The Realms Being存在诸领域（本质/物质/真理/精神领域：4卷）（Relativity of Knowledge）;Three Philosphical Poets三大哲学诗人；Poems（A Minuet:On Reaching the Age of Fifty小步舞曲：五十书怀）;The Last Puritan最后的清教徒33、William E•B Dubois威廉•艾伯•杜波依斯1868-1963Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂（Of Booker T Washington and Others）;The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲）34、Edgar Lee Masters埃德加•李•马斯特斯1868-1950A Book of Verse 诗集;Maximilian马克西米连（诗集）;Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河诗集（Lucinda Matlock鲁欣达•马物罗克）35、Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935Captain Craig克雷格上尉——诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon's Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集36、Frank Norris弗兰克•诺里斯1870-1902Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat（realistic）小麦诗史（The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所）;A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事37、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬•克莱恩1871-1900Magic:A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇38、Theodore Dreiser西奥多•德莱塞1871-1945Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic）;An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗39、Paul Laurence Dumbar保尔•劳伦斯•邓巴1872-1906We Wear the Mask我们带着面具他是美国第一个有成就的黑人诗人，被称为"黑种人的桂冠诗人"（Poet Laureate of the Negro Race）40、Jack London杰克•伦敦1876-1916The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁•伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life热爱生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下41、Upton Sinclair厄普顿•辛克莱尔1878-1968Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士顿;Dragon's Teeth龙齿42、Irving Babbitt欧文•白壁德1865-1933（新人文主义主要代表）Literature and the American College文学与美国学院（）要求恢复古典文学教学;The New Laokoon新拉奥孔;Rousseau and Romanticism卢梭与浪漫主义;Democracy and Leadership民主与领导;On being Creative论创造性43、Villa Sibert Cather维拉•凯塞1873-1947O,Pioneers啊，先驱们;My Antonia我的安东尼亚;The Professor's House教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死44、Gertrude Stein格特鲁德•斯坦因1874-1946The Autobiography of AliceB Toklas爱丽丝•托克拉斯的自传；Tender Button温柔的钮扣45、Robert Frest罗伯特•弗罗斯特1874-1963A Boy's Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北（Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后）;Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）（The Road Not taken没有选择的道路）;West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树46、Sherwood Anderson舍伍德•安德森1876-1941Windy McPherson's Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching Men前进中的人们;Mid-American Chants 美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White穷苦的白人;Many Marriages多种婚姻;Dark Laughter阴沉的笑声The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事;I Want to Know Why我想知道为什么47、Carl Sandburg卡尔•桑德堡1878-1967Always the Young Stranger永远是陌生的年轻人s;In Reckless Ecstasy肆无忌惮的狂热;The Prairie Years草原的年代一、二;The War Years战争的年代（林肯传记）;The American Songbag 美国歌袋;The People,Yes人民，好;Honey and Salt蜜与盐;Corn-huskers辗米机（Fog雾）;Smoke and Steel烟与钢48、Wallace Stevens华莱士•史蒂文斯1879-1955Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记（Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得•昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning 礼拜天早晨）;The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集49、Henry Louis Mencken孟肯1880-1956Bernard Shaw:His Plays肖伯纳的戏剧;The Philosophy of Nietzche尼采的哲学;The American Language美车语言;Happy Days幸福的日子（自传三部曲）;Newspaper Days新闻记者的岁月;Heathe Days倡导异端邪说的年代50、William Carlos Williams威廉•卡罗斯•威廉斯1883-1963收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson佩特森（5卷长诗）;Asphodal,That Green Flower常青花日光兰（长诗）名诗：Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车;The Widow's Lament in Spring寡妇的春怨;The Dead Baby;The Sparrow ,to My Father麻雀-致父亲;Proletarian Portrait无产阶级画像（from An Early Martyr先驱）;The Great American Novels伟大的美国小说;In the American Grain美国性格;Autobiography自传51、Sinclair Lewis辛克莱•刘易斯1885-1951（美国第一个获诺贝尔奖）Dur Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生;The Job求职;The Main Street大先进;Babbitt 巴比特;Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯;Elmer Gantry艾尔默•甘特里;Dodsworth多兹沃斯;It can't Happen Here事情不会发生在这里;Kingsblood Royal王孙梦52、Ezra Pound艾兹拉•庞德1885-1972The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary Essays文学论;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley;A Few Don'ts by Imagiste意像派戒条;Personage面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）53、Hilda Doolittle希尔达•杜丽特尔1886-1961Sea Garden海的花园;Collected Poems（Dread山精;Pear Tree;Orchard）;The Walls Do Not Fall 墙没在倒塌（战争诗三部曲）;Tribute to the Angels天使颂;The Flowering of the Rod柳条葳蕤;Tribute to Freud献给弗洛伊德;Hellen in Egypt海伦在伦敦（抒情长诗）54、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯•艾略特1888-1965Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）;The Waste Land荒原（The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火诫;Death by Water水边之死;What the Thunder Said雷电之言）;名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会55、Eugene Oneil尤金•奥尼尔1888-1953独幕剧：Bound East to Cardiff 东航卡迪夫;The Long Voyage Home归途迢迢;The Moon of the Carribbeans加勒比人之月; 多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon天边外（其成名作）;Anna Christie 安娜•克里斯蒂;The Emperor Jones琼斯皇;The Hairy Ape毛猿;All the God's Children Got Wings上帝的儿女都有翅膀The Great God Brown大神布朗;The Strange Interlude奇异的插曲;Mourning Becomes Electr素娥怨/悲悼a;The Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了;The Long Days Journey Into Night进入黑夜的漫长旅程/日长路远夜常深沉56、Katherine Anne Porter凯瑟琳•安•波特1890-1980Flowering Judas开花的紫荆花（Maria Conception;The Jitting of Granny Weatherall）;Pale Horse,Pale Rider;Leaning Tower and Other Stories——TheCollected Stories of K A PorterShip of Fools愚人船（唯一的一部长篇小说）;The Never Ending Wrong千古奇冤（回忆录）57、Archibald Mac Leish阿基博尔德•麦克利什1892-1982Towers of Ivory 象牙塔;The Happy Marriage幸福的婚姻;Streets in the Moon月色中的街;New Found Land新发现的大陆;Conquistador新西班牙的征服者;Poems1912-1952 广播剧：The Fall of the City城市的陷落;Airraid空袭58、Michael Gold迈克尔•戈尔德1894-1967120 Million一亿二千万;Change The World改变世界;The Hollow Man空心人;Jews Without Money 没在钱的犹太人（自传体小说）戏剧：Hoboken Blues;Fiesta节日;Battle Hymn歌;Prletarian Literature in the United States美国无产阶级文学选集（与人合编）59、E Cumings肯明斯1894-1962Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱;The Enormous Room大房间;XLI Poems诗41首;Viva万岁;No，Thanks 不，谢谢;Collected Poems诗集;Eimi爱米（访苏游记）60、Edmund Wilson埃德蒙•威尔逊1895-1972Travel in Two Democracies 在两个民主国家里旅行;To the Finland Station到芬兰站去;A Piece of My Mind:Reflection at Sixty心里话:行年六十的沉思;Axel's Castle阿克塞尔的城堡（象征主义批判的圭阜）;The Ttriple Thinkers三重思想家;The Wound and The Bow创伤与箭;The Shores of Light光明之岸;The Fruits of the MLA现代语言协会的成果61、John Dos Passos帕索斯1896-1970The Three Soldiers;Manhattan Transfer;U.S.A（The Forty-second Parallel;1919;The Big Money）;District of Columbia哥伦比亚大区（The Adventures of a Young Man一个年轻人的冒险;Number One第一号;The Grand Design伟大的计划）;Orient Express东方特别快车（游记）62、F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯•菲茨杰拉德1896-1940（迷惘的一代）The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨头短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz 爵士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号→The Ice Palace冰宫;May Days五一节;The Diamond as Big as the Ritz像里茨饭店那样大的钻石;Winter Dreams冬天的梦;The Rich Boy富家子弟;Babylon Revisted重访巴比伦敦The Crack-up崩溃（自传体文集）63、William Faulkner威廉•福克纳1897-1962The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）;Soldiers' Pay兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying当我垂死的时候;Light in August八月之光;Absalom,Absolam 押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）64、Malcolm Cowley马尔科姆•考利1898-译作：法国安德烈•纪德Andre Gide的Imaginary Interview虚构的会议诗集：Blue Juniata;The Dry Season;The Exile's Return流亡者的回归（研究"迷惘的一代"的专著）;A Second Flowering第二次繁荣（The Other War另一种战争）65、Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特•海明威1899-1961（"迷惘的一代"的代表人物）In Our Time在我们的年代里;The Torrents of Spring春潮;The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇政论：To Have and Have Not贫与富回忆录：A Moveable Feast到处逍遥66、Hart Crane哈特•克兰1899-1932My Grandfather's Love Letters祖父的情书;Praise for an Urn瓮颂;For the Marriage of Faustus and Hellen为浮士德和海伦的婚姻而作;Voyage航海;The Bridge桥（长诗）;White Buildings白色的楼房（首部诗集）67、Thomas Wolfe托马斯•沃尔夫1900-1938Look Homeward,Angel天使，望乡→（续）Of Time and the River时间与河流;The Web and the Rock蛛网与岩石;You Can't Go Home Again有家归不得;The Hills Beyond远山（未完成）短篇小说：From Death to Morning从死亡到早晨68、James Langston Hughes詹姆斯•兰斯顿•休斯1902-1969Mulatto混血儿（剧本）;The Weary Blues疲倦的歌声;Dear Lovely Death亲爱的死神;Shakespear in Harlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚;I Wonder as I Wander我漂泊我思考;The Best of Simple辛普尔精选69、John Steinbeck约翰•斯坦贝克1902-1966Cup of Gold金杯;Tortilla Flat 煎饼房;In Dubious Battle胜负未定;Of Mice and Men鼠和人;The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄;The Moon is Down月亮下去了;Cannery Row罐头厂街;The Pearl珍珠短篇小说：The Red Pony小红马（The Gift,The Great Mountains大山;The Promise许诺,The Leader of the People人们的领袖）70、Nathanael West韦斯特1903-1940The Dream Life of Balso Snell巴尔索•斯纳尔的梦幻生涯;The Day of Locust蝗灾之日;Miss Lonelyhearts寂寞小说71、James Farrel 法雷尔1904-1979Studs Lonigan斯塔兹•朗尼根（Young Lonigan少年朗尼根;The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan朗尼根的青年时代,Judgement Day末日窝审判）;Danny O'Neil丹尼•奥尼尔（五部曲）;Bernard Carr伯纳德•卡尔（三部曲）短篇小说：Calico Shoes花布鞋;Guillotine Party行刑队文艺评论：A Note on Literary Criticism文艺评论札记;Literature and Morality文学与道德72、Lillian Hellman丽莲•海尔曼1905-1983The Children's Hour孩子们的时光;The Little Foxes小狐狸;Watch on the Rhine守望莱茵河;The Searching Wind彻骨的风;The Autumn Garden秋园;Tos in the Attic阁楼里的玩具;The Days to Come未来的日子;Another Part of the Forest森林的另一处回忆录：An Unfinished Wonman一个事业尚未终了的女人;Pentimento旧画新貌;Scoundrel Time邪恶的时代73、Clifford Odets克利福德•奥德茨1906-1963Waiting for Lefty等待老左/勒夫特;Awake and Sing!醒来歌唱;Till the Day I Die直到我死的那天;Paradise Lost失乐园;Golden Boy金孩子;Clash by Night夜间冲突;The Big Knife大刀;The Country Girl乡村姑娘;The Flowering Peach开花的桃树74、Richard Wright理查德•赖特1908-1960Uncle Tom's Children汤姆叔叔的孩子们;Native Son土生子;Black Boy;黑孩子The Outsiders局外人;The Long Dream漫长的梦;Eight Men八人行75、Eudora Welty尤多拉•韦尔蒂1906-短篇小说：Death of a Travelling,Salesman巡回推销员之死;A Curtain of Green and Other Stories绿窗帘和其他;The Wide Net and Other Stories大网和其他故事;The GoldenApples金苹果;The Bridge of Innifallen英尼斯法伦的新娘长篇小说：The Robber Bridgeroom强盗新朗;Detta Wedding德尔塔的婚姻;The Ponder Heart庞德的心;The Losing Battles失败的战斗;The Optismist's Daughter乐观者的女儿76、Valdimir Nabokov弗•纳博科夫1899-1977Lolita洛莉塔;Pale Fire微暗的火;The Admiralty Sprie海军部大厦塔尖77、Anais Nin安娜伊思•宁1903-1977The Novel of Future未来的小说;Heida海达;House of Incest乱伦之家;Collages拼贴78、Issac Bashevis Singer艾萨克•辛格1904-1991Gimpel the Fool傻瓜吉姆佩尔;The Family Moskat莫斯卡特家族;Satan in Goray撒旦在戈雷;The Magician of Lublin卢布林的魔术师;The Slave奴隶;The Manor庄园;The Estate 产业;Enenemies,A Love Story仇敌们，一个爱情故事;Shosha舒莎短篇小说：The Spinoza of Market Street市场街的斯宾诺莎;A Friend of Kafka卡夫卡的朋友名篇：Neighbours邻居79、Robert Penn Warren罗伯特•沃伦1905-1989Night Rider夜间骑士;At Heaven's Gate在天堂门口;All King's Men国王的全部人马;World Enough and Time足够的世界和时间;The Cave洞穴;Band of Angels天使的队伍;A Place to Come to归宿诗集：Thirtysix Poems;Selected Poems1923-1943;Brother to Dragons;Promised:Poems1954-1956;You,Emperors and Others;Selected Poems New and Old 1923-1966;Elven Poems on the Same Themet;Incarnation Poem1966-1968显灵：1966-1968诗选;Now and Then:Poems 1976-1978此时与彼时1976-1978诗选剧作：Proud Flesh骄傲的血肉之躯;Modern Rhetoric当代修辞学；Birth of Love爱之诞生（选自与Cleanth Brooks合编的Understanding Poetry/Understanding Fiction）逃亡者集团The Fugitive的宣言书I'll Take My Stand我表明我的立场80、Tennessee William田纳西•威廉斯1911-1983American Blues美国的布鲁斯;Battle of Angels天使的战斗;The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园;The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车;Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫;The Night of The Iguana鬣蜥之夜;Summer and Smoke夏与烟;The Rose Tattoo玫瑰纹;Sweet Bird of Yout可爱的青春鸟81、John Cheever约翰•契弗1912-1982短篇小说：The Expelled开除短篇小说集：The Way Some People Live一些人的生活方式;The Enormous Radio and Other Stories巨型收音机和其他;The Housebreaker of Shaddy Hill and Other Stories绿茵山窃贼和其他;Some People,Places and Things That Will Not Appear in My Next Novel一些不会在我下一部小说中出现的人物、地点、事件;The Brigadier and the Golf Widow陆军准将和高尔夫迷寡妇;The World of Apples苹果世界→The Stories of John Cheever契弗短篇小说选长篇小说：The Wapshot Chronicle/Scandal瓦普肖特纪事/丑闻;Bullet Park 布利特公园;Falconer鹰猎者82、Irwin Shaw欧文•肖1913-1984Bury the Dead埋葬死者;Sailor off theBremen不来梅港外的水手长篇小说：The Young Lions幼狮;The Troubled Air混浊的空气;Lucy Crown 露茜•克朗;Two Weeks in Another Town；Voices of a Summer Day夏日的喁喁声;Rich Man,Poor Man;Evening in Byzantium;Nightwork认夜工;Beggarman,Thief;Bread upon the Waters83、Ralph Ellison拉尔夫•埃利林1914-长篇小说：Invisible Man看不见的人散文集：Shadow and Act影子与行动;Going to the Territory步入文学界84、Bernard Malamud伯纳德•马拉默德1914-1986长篇小说：The Natural 天生运动员;The Assistant伙计;The Fixer装配工;A New Life新生活;God's Grace上帝的恩赐短篇小说：The Magic Barrel魔桶85、Landall Jarrel兰达尔•贾维尔1914-1965诗集：Blood for a Stranger 献给一个陌生人的血;Little Friend ,Little Friend小朋友，小朋友;Losses损失;Seven-league Crutches七里格长的拐杖;The Lost World失去的世界小说：Pictures of an Institution学院小景;The Woman at the Washington Zoo华盛顿动物园的女人评论：Poetry and the Age诗歌与时代;The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner 旋转炮塔炮手之死86、John Berryman约翰•贝里曼1914-1972诗：Homage to Mrs Bradstreet 献给布拉兹特里夫人；The Dream Songs梦之歌;Poems1942;The Dispossessed被剥夺者（The Ball Poem小球诗）;77 Dream Songs;Berryman's Sonnets;Short Poems;His Toy;His Dream;His Rest;Love and Fame;Delusion,etc错觉及其他小说：Recovery复原传记：Stephen Crane斯蒂芬•克莱恩87、Saul Bellow索尔•贝娄1915-长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The Victim受害者;The Adventure of Augie March奥基•马奇历险记;Henderson the Rain King雨王汉德逊;Herzog赫索格;Mr Summlar's Planet 塞姆勒先生的行星;Humboldt's Gift洪堡的礼物中篇小说：Seize the Day且乐今朝88、Arthur Miller阿瑟•米勒1915-Situation Normal情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人;All My Sons都是我的儿子;The Death of a Salesman推销员;The Crucible严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A View from the Bridge桥头眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays两个星期一的回忆;After the Fall 堕落之后;Incident at Vichy维希事件;The Price代价;The Creation of the World and Other Business创世及其他;The Archbishop's Ceiling大主教的天花板;The American Clock美国时钟89、Robert Lowell罗伯特•洛厄尔1917-1977诗：Lord Weary's Castle威尔利老爷的城堡;Life Studies人生探索名篇：For Sale;Walking in the Blue;For the Union Dead献给联邦死难士→自白诗运动90、J D Salinger杰罗姆•大卫•塞林格1919-短篇小说：The Young Folks 年轻人短篇小说集：Nine Stories故事九篇中篇小说：Franny弗兰尼;Zooey卓埃;Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters木匠们，把屋梁升高;Seymour:An Introduction西摩其人长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者91、Betty Frieden贝蒂•弗里丹1921-The Feminine Mystique女性的奥秘;It Changed My Life它改变了我的生活;The Second Stage第二阶段（How to get the Women's Movement Moving Again）92、Alex Haley亚历克斯•哈利1921-1992The Autobiography of Malcolm X 马尔科姆•艾克斯自传Roots根;Hanning汉宁镇（自传体小说）93、Jack Kerouac杰克•凯鲁亚克1922-1966（"垮掉的一代"奠基者）The Town and the City镇和城;On the Road在路上;The Subterraneans地下居民;The Dharma Bums达摩的流浪者;Visions of Cody科迪的梦想；Doctor Sax 萨克斯医生;Maggie Cassidy麦琪•卡西迪;Mexico City Blues墨西哥城的布鲁斯;Lonesome Traveller孤独的旅行者;Desolation Angels凄凉天使;Satori in Paris巴黎参禅记;Vanity of Duluoz杜卢奥斯的偏见94、Kurt Vonnegut库特•冯尼格特长篇小说：Player Piano自动钢琴;The Sirens of Titan泰坦族的海妖;Cat's Craddle猫的摇篮;Slaughterhouse Five第五号屠场;Mother Night黑夜母亲;God Bless You,Mr Rosewater上帝保佑你，罗斯瓦特先生;Breakfast of Champions顶呱呱的早餐;Slapstick,or Lonesome No More滑稽剧,又名不再孤独;Jailbird囚犯;Deadeye Dick神枪手迪克短篇小说集：Welcome to the Monkey House欢迎到猴房来（Report on the Barnhouse Effect关于巴恩豪斯效应的报告）95、Norman Mailer诺曼•米勒1923- （垮掉的一代；文学恐怖主义者/亡命之徒）裸者与死者；Barbary Shore巴巴里海滨;The Deer Park廘苑;An American Dream一场美国梦;The White Negro白色黑人;Advertisement for Myself为自己做广告;Why Are We in Vietnam?我们为什么要去越南;The Executioner's Song 刽子手之歌;The Armies of the Night夜色幕下的大军（History as a Novel/The Novel as History）-非虚构小说;New Journalism新新闻报道96、James Dichey詹姆斯•迪基1923-诗集：Into the Stone钻入石头;Drowning With Others跟别人一起淹死（The Lifeguard救生员）;Helmets头盔;Buckdancer's Choice班克舞者的选择;Poems1957-1967;The Iodiac黄道长诗：Deliverance解脱诗论集：The Suspect in Poetry诗歌中的嫌疑犯;Babel to Byzatium从巴别尔到拜占庭97、Joseph Heller约瑟夫•海勒1923-长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规;Something Happened出了毛病;As Good as Gold像高尔德一样好剧本：We Bombed in New Haven我们轰炸纽黑文;Catch-22;Clevinger's Trial克莱文杰受审（据Catch-22第八章）98、James Baldwin詹姆斯•鲍德温1924-1987散文集：Note of a Native Son 土生子的笔记;Nobody Knows My Name;Fire Next Time下一次烈火;No Name in the Street他的名字被遗忘;The Devil Finds Work魔鬼找到工作小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain向苍天呼吁;Giovanni's Room乔万尼的房间;Another Country另一个国度;Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone告诉我火车已开多久;If Beale Street Could Talk假如比尔能说话;Just Above My Head就在我头上短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man去见这个人剧本：The Amen Corner阿门角;Blues for Mister Charley为查理先生唱布鲁斯/黑人怨;One Day When I was Lost有一天当我迷失的时候/迷路前后100、Flannery O'Connor弗兰纳里•奥康纳1925-1964长篇小说：Wise Blood慧血;The Violent Bear It Away它为强暴者所夺走短篇小说集：A Good Man Is Hard to Find好人难寻;Everything That Rises Must Converg上升的一切必然汇合e名文：Good Country People善良的乡下人;The Lame Shall Enter First跛腿者先进去;Greenleaf格林利夫;Revelation;Parker's Back派克的背101、William Styron威廉•斯泰伦1925-Lie Down in Darkness躺在黑暗中;The Long March长途行军;Set This House on Fire放火烧屋;The Confessions of Nat Turner纳特•特纳的自白;Sophie's Choice索菲的选择102、Allen Ginsburg艾伦•金斯堡1926-诗集：Howl and Other Poems嚎叫及其他（America）（The Beat Generation垮掉的一代的宣言书和代表作）;Kaddish and Other Poems卡第绪及其他;Plannet News行星消息;The Fall of America美国的衰弱103、James Wright詹姆斯•赖特1927-1980诗集：The Green Wall绿墙;Saint Judas圣徒犹大;The Tail and Eyes of a Lion狮子的尾巴和眼睛;The Branch Will Not Break树枝不会断;Shall We Gather at the River我们在河边聚会;Collected Poems;Two Citizens两位公民;Moments of the Italian Summer意大利之夏;To a Blossoming Pear Tree致盛开鲜花的梨树;This Journey;A Blessing祝福104、Edward Albee爱德华•阿尔比1928-The Zoo Story动物园的故事;The Death of Bessie Smith贝西•史密斯之死;The Sandbox沙箱;The American Dream美国梦;Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫;Tiny Alice小爱丽丝;A Delicate Balance脆弱的羊群;Seascape海景;The Lady from Dubuque来自杜布克的女人;The Man With Three Arms在臂人105、Martin Luther King Jr马丁•路德•金1929-1968I Have a Dream;Stride Toward Freedom迈向自由;Strength to Love爱的力量;Why We Can't Wait?;Where Do We Go from Here,Chaos or Community?今后我们何去何从，纷争还是团结？106、Gary Snyder加里•斯奈德1930- （ecology poet）Riprap大卵石（Piute Creek皮尤特河）;Myths Texts神话与现实;The Back Country偏僻的山村;Regarding Wave观浪（Meeting the Mountain进山）;Turtle Island龟岛;Left Out in the Rain：New Poems 1974-1985留在雨中:1974-1985新诗集文集：Six Sections from Mountains and Rivers Without End Plus One山水穷尽六章外一章;The Real Work:Interviews and Talks脚踏实地工作：访问记与演讲稿107、John Barth约翰•巴思1930-长篇小说：The Floating Opera漂浮的歌剧;The End of the Road穷途末路;The Sot-weed Factor烟草代理商;Letters书信集;Giles Goat-boy山羊孩子贾尔斯;Lost in the Funhouse迷失在开心馆里（Title题目）;Chimera客迈拉；Sabbatical学院的轮休假;The Friday Book:Essays and Other Nonfictions星期五的书：论文及其他非小说108、Tony Morrison托尼•莫里森1931-The Bluest Eye最蓝的眼睛;Sula 苏拉;Song of Solomon所罗门之歌;Tar Baby柏油娃娃;Beloved;Jazz爵士乐。
自考英美文学选读第一章浪漫主义时期（美国）（课文翻译）
自考英美文学选读第一章浪漫主义时期（美国）（课文翻译）英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第二部分：美国文学第一章浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,是美国文学史上最重要的时期。
华盛顿·欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端,惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。
浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期,所以也称为"美国的文艺复兴。
"美国社会的发展哺育了"一个伟大民族的文学"。
年轻的美国没有历史的沉重包袱,很快在政治、经济和文化方面成长为一个独立的国家。
这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期,到1860年领土已开拓到太平洋西岸。
到十九世纪中叶,美国已由原来的十三个州扩大到二十一个州,人口从1790年的四百万增至1860年的三千万。
在经济上,年轻的美国经历向工业的转化,影响所及不仅仅是城市,而且也包括农村。
蒸汽动力在工、农业生产上的运用、工厂的建立、劳动力的大量需求以及科技上的发明创造使经济生活得到了重组。
另外,大量移民促进了工业更加蓬勃的发展。
政治上,民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想,产生了两党制。
值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。
随着独立的美国政府的成立,美国人民已感到需要有美国文学,表达美国人民所特有的经历:早期清教徒的殖民,与印第安人的遭遇,边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。
这个年轻国家的文学富有想象,已产生了一种文学环境。
报刊杂志如雨后春笋,出现了一大批文学读者,形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。
外国的,尤其是英国的文学大师对美国作家产生了重大影响。
美国作家由于秉承了与英国一样的文化传统,形成了同英国一样的浪漫主义风格。
欧文(Irving)、库柏(Cooper),坡(Poe),弗伦诺(Freneau)和布雷恩特(Bryant)一一反古典主义时期的文学样式和文学思潮,开创了较新的小说和诗歌形式。
这一时期大多数美国文学作品中,普遍强调文学的想象力和情感因素,注重生动的描写、异国情调的表达、感官的体会和对超自然力的描述。
美国文学Herman Melville
Herman Melville麦尔维尔(1819—1891)Herman Melville1. Three important things in his life:Going out to seaHis experiences and adventures on the sea furnished him with abundant material for his fiction writings, especially his masterpiece Moby Dick2) His marriageIn the history of American literature there were two authors had similar marriages. Melville and Scott Fitzgerald, both married above them and had to do hackwork（纯粹为糊口而写的东西，庸俗作品）for the money they needed to keep their wives in their extravagant style.3)His friendship with HawthorneDuring the summer of 1890 Melville and Hawthorne met and became good friends.They shared similar ideas and opinions on most kinds of fields.Especially against the background of T ranscendental optimism, Melville agrees with Hawthorne’s Blackness --- the evil at the core of life.―Evil in life and the human soul help make life and man better‖―T o scale great heights, we must come out of the lowest depths. The way to heaven is through h ell. W e need fiery baptism in the fierce flame of our bosoms.‖凤凰涅槃浴火重生•The original design of Moby Dick was just a text on the whale fishery.When Melville met Hawthorne, he had completed one third of Moby Dick. Without Hawthorne, Melville would have just written it about whaling hunting.With the influence of Hawthorne, Melville rewrote it into a world classic with a mixture of:游记、航海故事、寓言、捕鲸传说、有关鲸鱼与捕鲸业的百科全书、美国史诗、莎士比亚式的悲剧、抒情散文长诗、塞万提斯式的浪漫体小说In T oken of my admiration for his genius, this book is inscribed to NATHANIEL HA WTHORNE.2. Melville’s Major Works1) Novels(1)Polynsie Trilogy ―波里尼西亚三部曲‖from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islandsTypee 1846«泰皮»Omoo1847«欧穆»Mardi1849«玛地»(2) Redburn 1849«雷得本»an account of his voyage to England(3) White Jacket 1850 «白外衣»his life on a United States man-of-war军舰(4) Pierre《皮埃尔》(1852):A darkly allegorical exploration of the nature of evil, which is psychologically complex and elaborate.(5) Israel Potter《伊斯雷尔·波特》(1855):A historical romance(6) The Confidence Man《骗子的化装表演》(1857):Satirizes the selfishness and commercialism of Melville’s time.(7) Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(1891)A novella about a young sailor, personifying innocence, doomed by the malevolent hatred of a ship’s officer, personifying evil.2) Short storiesThe Piazza Tales《广场故事》(1856):Contains some of Melville’s finest shorter works(1) Bartleby, the Scrivener书记员巴特尔比The story of Bartlebyis simply about a manlosing his will to live.Subtitled, "A Story of Wall Street‖, it is set in the business world of 19th-century New Y ork. Bartleby, a scrivener was good at the copying part of his job, but when asked to proofread aloud one day he simply replied, "I prefer not to." From that moment forward, he used the phrase "I prefer not to" for every task requested of him, eventually "preferring not to" do any work whatsoever.Bartleby chose to rebel and become an anti-hero. It is intended to show the reader a dark side in all of us when the meaning of our existence is allowed to be challenged."Bartleby, the Scrivener" reflects Melville's own pessimism at the time.(2) Benito Cereno 《贝尼托·塞莱诺》The story centers on a slave rebellion on board a Spanish merchant ship in 1799.Earlier critics regarded Benito Cereno as a tale that primarily explores human depravity .It is regarded by many as Melville's finest short story.3) Poetry:(1) Battle-Pieces and the Aspects of War《战事集》(1866)(2) Clarel 《克拉瑞尔》(1876)Melville’s Masterpiece Moby-Dick«白鲸»，«莫比•狄克»an encyclopedia of everything: history, philosophy, religion, the whaling industrya Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fates in an indifferent and hostile world. Moby-Dick---―the world’s greatest sea novel‖, compound of search, pursuit, conflict, and catastrophe.1. PlotThe novel’s plot is built on one conflict---Ahab vs. the WhaleIt is essentially the story of Ahab and his quest to defeat Moby Dick, for this white whale took Ahab’s leg.•Ishmael伊什梅尔, feeling depressed, seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Peqoud 裴廓德号.•The captain is Ahab亚哈, the man with one leg.•Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off Ahab’s leg on a previous voyage, and Ahab resolves to hunt him.•The ship makes a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he has killed his enemy.•Eventually, the whale appears, and the Peqoud begins its doomed fight with it.•On the third day, the whale carries the Peqoud along with it to its doom.•All on board the whaler get drowned, except one, Ishmael,who survives to tell the tale.2. Characters•Ishmael伊什梅尔/以实玛利•The narrator of the story•Name: the first son of Abraham (from The Bible) symbol of orphans, exiles,wanderers and social outcasts,etc.starts out feeling badhopes to find an ideal lifecomes to see the folly of Ahab seeking to conquer naturefeels the significance of love and companionshiplearns to accept,an attitude which ensures his survival2) Ahab 亚哈•Name: Ahab, King of Israel (from The Bible，a tyrant) symbol of evil•The tyrannical captain of the Pequod•Ahab has the qualities of a tragic hero – a great heart and a fatal flaw.Melville portrayed Ahab an Emersonian self-reliant individual.But he is too much of self-reliance.For him, the only law is his own will;To him the world exists for his sake;He may do what he wills:lives may be sacrificedand nature may havebeen vanquished.His too much self-reliance leads to death—physical, spiritual, emotional, at the expense of all else. His tragedy stems from his extreme individualism or solipsism(唯我论).Moby Dick– a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism3. Symbols in Moby Dick1) The ship – Pequod and the voyage2) Moby Dick3) Ahab4) Queequeg’s Coffin1) The Pequod and the voyage(1) a symbol of doom 必遭毁灭的命运named after a Native American tribe in Massachusettsdid not long survive the arrival of white men (extincted)is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones(2) the Pequod -the ship of the American soul象征执著探寻自然界秘密的美国精神the voyage - search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience/象征探索与发现的心灵历程2) Moby DickThe white whale is capable of many interpretations.For he is a mixture of evil and goodness:―paradoxically benign (kind and gentle) and malevolent (ma licious and wicked),nourishing (providing sth good) and destructive,‖―massive, brutal, monolithic(massive), but at the same time protean(changeable), erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.‖various symbolic meanings to different peopeto the pequod’s crew--一只时而平静安详,时而恐怖暴虐的海怪a concept onto which they can displace their anxiety about dangerous and frightening jobsto Ahab---A symbol of evil邪恶与恐怖、难以征服而又必须予以摧毁的仇敌a manifestation of all that is wrong with the worldTo IshmaelMoby-dick is the embodiment of the mysterious nature or universea metaphor for the human relationship with God: God is unkown and cannot be pinned down(force)Paradoxical whiteness: Death and corruption Purity and innocenceA symbol of evilA symbol of goodnessA symbol of both白鲸既代表高洁安宁,也代表恐怖死亡,它是宇宙间一切对立矛盾的结合4).Queequeg’s Coffin•Queequeg’s coffin alternately symbolizes life and death.•Queequeg has it built when he is seriously ill, but when he recovers, it becomes a chest to hold his belongings and an emblem of his will to live.•He perpetuates the knowledge tattooed on his body by carving it onto the coffin’s lid.•The coffin further comes to symbolize life when it replaces the Pequod’s life buoy.•When the Pequod sinks, the coffin becomes Ishmael’s buoy(浮标), saving not only his life but the life of the narrative that he will pass on.4. Themes of Moby Dick1)Melville's bleak view (negative attitude): the sense of futility and meaninglessness of the world.His attitude to life is ―Everlasting Nay‖•Man in this universe lives a meaningless and futile life, meaningless because futile (having no useful results徒劳的).•Man cannot overcome nature. Once he attempts to seek power over it he is doomed.•Man must place himself at the mercy of nature.•The idea that man can make the world for himself is nothing but a transcendentalist folly.the adventure of killing Moby Dick is meaningless.Ahab tries to control it, which leads to his doom.the loss of faith, the sense of futility2) alienation (far away from each other)exists between man and man, man and society, and man and nature.Ahab cuts himself off from his family, stays away from his crew, hates Moby Dick and becomes a devil rushing to his doom.He was within ―the masoned石瓦匠, walled town of a captian’s exclusiveness‖,which leads him to his doom.3) loneliness and suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death)Ahab: too much of a self-reliant individual to be a good human beinga victim of extreme individualismThe price of self-reliance is death.Moby Dick is a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism4）rejection and questVoyaging for Ishmael has become a journey in quest of knowledge and values.starts out feeling badhopes to find an ideal lifecomes to see the folly of Ahab seeking to conquer naturefeels the significance of love and companionshiplearns to accept,an attitude which ensures his survivalRevival of Moby DickBorn in the 19th century, Melville didn’t receive recognition until the 20th century.Moby-Dick best illustrates the loss of faith, and sense of futility and meaninglessness which characerize the modern life of the west so that the twentith century has found it both fascinating and great.5. Writing styles of Melville1)His works are symbolic and metaphorical.voyage- "search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience."the Pequod -the ship of the American soulMoby Dick---a symbol ofits whiteness--- paradoxical color(2)He manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.Moby Dick is portrayed for the reader from different angles.The author is unwillingness to commit himself, and the reader is thrown upon himself for judgment.(3) He tends to write periodic chapters (掉尾章的手法).掉尾句是主句在最后出现的一种复合句the last paragraph of chapter one pulling all things into one sentence is a good illustration in point.Chapter one Loomings 幻影重重/海市蜃楼。
美国文学史重点名词解释-英文版
1/11美国文学史重点名词解释-英文版The romantic periodIt started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.Historical Background:1.American Puritanism 2.New England Transcendental Movement 3.American westward Expansion.I.Washington Irving1.Works: Rip Van Winkle2.Father of the American short stories.II. Ralph Waldo EmersonWorks:Essays NatureI. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature:1.Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourishes in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.2. Emerson’s transcendentalism:The over-soul—it is all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believes in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.3. His toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It exercises a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.III. Nathaniel HawthorneHawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puritans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured and sinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and naïve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone, who is born pure and has no contact with the real world, and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the witch’s Sabbath, they become what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.IV. Walt WhitmanWorks: Leaves of Grass:1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass”and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)3/112. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse (i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme), by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.3. He uses the first person pronoun “I” to stress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader.Ⅴ Herman MelvilleThe symbolism of Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.The realistic period (1865-1914)1.background:the Civil War affected both the social and the value system(1)transformed from an agricultural one to an industrialized and commercialized one (2)stimulated technological development(3)The burgeoning economy and industry stepped up urbanization(4)people became dubious about the human nature and the charity of GodThe Gilded Age2.American Realistic Period and English Realistic Period(Victorian Period) common ground(1)a great interest in the realities of life, aim at the interpretation of the actualities of any aspect of life(2)what was brutal or filthy, the open portrayal of class struggle(3)common people mostly depicteddifferences(America)(1)native trends in the realistic portrayal of the landscape and social surfaces(2)perfect the dialect style(3)concern about "local colorism" ,a unique variation of American literary realism 3.American Naturalism: influenced by Darwin’s evolutionary theory(1)accept the more negative implications of it and use it to explain the behavior of those characters in literary works(2)inherited qualities, and habits confined by social forces are depicted(3)theme: human "bestiality”, especially the sexual desire(4)unpolished language(5)philosophically, the truth is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual, or beyond his control(6)material source from the lower ranks of society portray misery and poverty(7)naturalism is evolved from realism. Author’s tone in writing is less serious and sympathetic, more ironic and pessimisticI.Mark Twain1.works: Life on the Mississippi; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(trilogy of Mississippi)2.features:(1) paid more attention to the "life" of the Americans(2) preferred to have his own region and people in his stories, i.e. "local colorism"5/11(3) concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people(4) nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their eyes(5) Skillfully used the colloquialism, the language is simple, direct, and faithful. protagonists spoke in vernacular, both realistically and symbolically(6)his humor is remarkable, his humor is not only funny elements making people laugh, but a kind of artistic style to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism3.The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn in Adventure of Huckleberry FinnHuck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in essence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell. And when the “King”sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master. After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decides to rescue Jim. And Huck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing.Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization.II. Henry James1.evaluation: influenced by Freud, pioneer of "stream-of-consciousness”, founder of psychological realism2.works: The Portrait of A Lady (masterpiece): international themes3.Daisy Miller1. Theme: The novel is a story about American innocence defeated by the stiff, traditional values of Europe. James condemns the American failure to adopt expressive manners intelligently and point out the false believing that a good heart is readily visible to all. The death of Daisy results from the misunderstanding between people with different cultural backgrounds.2. The character analysis of Daisy: She represents typical American girl, who is uninformed and without the mature guidance. Ignorance and parental indulgence combine to foster he assertive self-confidence and fierce willfulness. She behaves in the same daring naive way in Europe as she does at home. When someone is against her, she becomes more contrary. She knows that she means no harm and is amazed that anyone should think she does. She does not compromise to the European manners.3. The character analysis of Winterbourne: He is a Europeanized American, who has live too long in foreign parts. He is very experience and has a problem understanding Daisy. He endeavors to put her in sort of formula, i.e. to classify her.Ⅲ. Emily Dickinson1.works features:(1)she uses a particular rhyme pattern, dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis(2)laconic brevity, simplicity and plainness7/11(3)focus on a single image or symbol and centered on one subject matter.(4)poems are personal and meditative(5)personification to vivify some abstract ideas.2. Idea:Skeptical about the relationship between man and nature, concerns religion, death, immortality, love, nature3.Works: This is my letter to the World; I heard a Fly buzz-when I died; becauseI could not stop for DeathⅣ. Theodore DreiserNaturalism(1)heredity and environment are the forces determining man’s destiny, under what life was ironic, even tragic(2)human beings’ life was trapped into ‘a welter of inscrutable forces’(3)Darwin’s idea of "survival of the fittest" is embodied as "kill or to be killed" in Dreiser’s works(4)explain the insignificance of life and attack the conventional moral standards(5)materialism is the core. man has a meaningless, endless search for satisfaction of his desires, desires for money(6)sex is another human desire. Sexual beauty symbolizes the social status Sister Carrie1. Theme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.2. The character analysis of Carrie: She follows the right direction to a pursuit of the American dream, and the circumstances and her desire for a better life direct to the successful goal. But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely. She is a product of the society, a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest.3. The character analysis of Hurstwood: He is a negative evidence of the theory of the survival of the fittest. Because he is still conventional and can not throw away the social morals, he is not fitted to live in New York.The Modern Period1.background:second half of the 19th century to early of the 20th decades(1)natural and social sciences enormously advanced(2)capitalism came into its monopoly stage(3)the gap between the rich and the poor was further deepened(4)World War 1 2 broke2.what ideas influence this period: all kinds of philosophical ideas(1)Karl Marx: scientific socialism(2)Darwin’s theory of evolution,” survival of the fittest"(3)Freud’s analytical psychology(4)The irrationalist philosophers give immense influence3.ideas:Modernism originated from skepticism and disillusion of capitalism(2)The French symbolism announced modernism(3)takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The major themes are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships4.difference between Modernism and Realism9/11Modernism is a reaction against realism in many aspects(1)Modernism rejects rationalism, which is the theoretical base of Realism(2)Modernism reflects the source of Realism ,i.e. the external, objective, material world(3)Modernism rejects almost all the traditional elements in literatureI. Ezra PoundWorks: In a Station of the Metro, The River Merchant's Wife: A Letter, A PactA leading spokesman of the Imagist MovementEzra Pound and his theory of Imagism1. The principles: direct treatment of poetic subjects, elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, and rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.2. Imagism is to present an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. An imagistic poem must present the object exactly the way the thing is seen. And the reader can form the image of the object through the process of reading the abstract and concrete words.II. Robert Lee FrostWorks: After Apple Picking, The Road Not TakenFrost and his poetry on nature:Frost is deeply interested in nature and in men’s relationship to nature. Nature appears as an explicator and a mediator for man and serves as the center of reference of his behavior. Peace and order can be found in Frost’s poetical natural world.With surface simplicity of his poems, the thematic concerns are always presented in rich symbols. Therefore his work resists easy interpretation.III. Eugene O’NeillWorks:The Hairy ApeFounder of the American dramaⅣ F. Scott FitzgeraldF. Scott Fitzgerald and hisThe Great Gatsby1. Theme: Gatsby is American Everyman. His extraordinary energy and wealth make him pursue the dream. His death in the end points at the truth about the withering of the American Dream. The spiritual and moral sterility that has resulted from the withered American Dream is fully revealed in the article. However, although he is defeated, the dream has given Gatsby a dignity and a set of qualities. His hope and belief in the promise of future makes him the embodiment of the values of the incorruptible American Dream.2. The character analysis of Gatsby: Gatsby is great, because he is dignified and ennobled by his dream and his mythic vision of life. He has the desire to repeat the past, the desire for money, and the desire for incarnation of unutterable vision on this material earth. For Gatsby, Daisy is the soul of his dreams. He believes he can regain Daisy and romantically rebels of time. Although he has the wealth that can match with the leisured class, he does not have their manners. His tragedy lies in his possession of a naive sense and chivalry.V. Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway’s artistic features:They have seen the cold world, and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They have an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever is the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevailing because of their indestructible spirit and courage.2. The iceberg technique:Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth the is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.Ⅵ.William FaulknerThe character analysis of Emily in A Rose for Emily:Emily is a symbol of old values, standing for tradition, duty and past glory. But she is also a victim to all those she cares and embrace. The source of Emily’s strangeness is from her born pride and self-esteem, the domineering behavior of her father and the betrayal of her lover. Barricaded in her house, she has frozen the past to protect her dreams. Her life is tragic because the defiance of the community, her refusal to accept the change and her extreme pride have pushed her to abnormality and insanity。
美国文学Herman Melville
Themes
Quest (of truth, knowledge, of identity, etc.) The limits of knowledge; alienation Fate Exploitation Religion
Symbols:
The whaling journey—quest of experience, knowledge and truth Pequod—1) symbol of doom and death; 2) symbol of American society or human world White or whiteness: 1) symbol of threat; 2) to some people, esp. to Ahab, symbol of evil; 3) symbol of death or corruption; 4) symbol of mystery (or mysterious, unnatural power)
Major works
Typee(1846) 《泰皮》(描写了他在马克萨斯岛上的食人部落泰
比人中的惊险经历，揭示了资本主义文明给当地土著人的淳 朴生活带来的破坏，因此受到教会的谴责)
Mardi(1849) 《玛地》 Omoo(1847) 《欧穆》 Each of these books drew from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands.
Symbolically, it is concerned with the hunt for absolute truth, and self-discovery.
美国文学简史完全笔记
美国文学简史完全笔记2008-11-26 13:42页面功能【字体：大中小】【打印】【关闭】A Concise History of American LiteratureWhat is literature?Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages.Chapter 1 Colonial Period I. Background: Puritanism1.features of Puritanism（1）Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.（2）Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.（3）Total depravity（4）Limited atonement: Only the ※elect§ can be saved.2.Influence（1）A group of good qualities 每 hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety （serious and thoughtful） influenced American literature.（2）It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth 每garden of Eden.（3）Symbolism: the American puritan＊s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.（4）With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.II. Overview of the literature1.types of writingdiaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons2.writers of colonial period（1）Anne Bradstreet（2）Edward Taylor（3）Roger Williams（4）John Woolman（5）Thomas Paine（6）Philip FreneauIII. Jonathan Edwards1.life2.works（1）The Freedom of the Will（2）The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended（3）The Nature of True Virtue3.ideas 每 pioneer of transcendentalism（1）The spirit of revivalism（2）Regeneration of man（3）God＊s presence（4）Puritan idealismIV. Benjamin Franklin1.life2.works（1）Poor Richard＊s Almanac（2）Autobiography3.contribution（1）He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.（2）He was called ※the new Prometheus who had stolen fire （electricity in this case）from heaven§.（3）Everything seems to meet in this one man 每※Jack of all trades§. Herman Melville thus described him ※master of each and mastered by none§.Chapter 2 American RomanticismSection 1 Early Romantic Period What is Romanticism?lAn approach from ancient Greek: PlatolA literary trend: 18c in Britain （1798~1832）lSchlegel Bros.I. Preview: Characteristics of romanticism1.subjectivity（1）feeling and emotions, finding truth（2）emphasis on imagination（3）emphasis on individualism 每 personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodness of human beings2.back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature（1）unrestrained by classical rules（2）full of imagination（3）colloquial language（4）freedom of imagination（5）genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics3.back to naturenature is ※breathing living thing§ （Rousseau）II. American Romanticism1.Background（1）Political background and economic development（2）Romantic movement in European countriesDerivative 每 foreign influence2.features（1）American romanticism was in essence the expression of ※a real new experience and contained ※an alien quality§ for the simple reason that ※the spirit of the place§ was radically new and alien.（2）There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.（3）The ※newness§ of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.（4）As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.III. Washington Irving1.several names attached to Irving（1）first American writer（2）the messenger sent from the new world to the old world（3）father of American literature2.life3.works（1）A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty（2）The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. （He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.）（3）The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus（4）A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada（5）The Alhambra4.Literary career: two parts（1）1809~1832a. Subjects are either English or Europeanb. Conservative love for the antique（2）1832~1859: back to US5.style 每 beautiful（1）gentility, urbanity, pleasantness（2）avoiding moralizing 每 amusing and entertaining（3）enveloping stories in an atmosphere（4）vivid and true characters（5）humour 每 smiling while reading（6）musical languageIV. James Fenimore Cooper1.life2.works（1）Precaution （1820, his first novel, imitating Austen＊s Pride andPrejudice）（2）The Spy （his second novel and great success）（3）Leatherstocking Tales （his masterpiece, a series of five novels）The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3.point of view he theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights4.style（1）highly imaginative（2）good at inventing tales（3）good at landscape description（4）conservative（5）characterization wooden and lacking in probability（6）language and use of dialect not authentic5.literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper＊s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.Section 2 Summit of Romanticism 每 American Transcendentalism I. Background: four sources1.Unitarianism（1）Fatherhood of God（2）Brotherhood of men（3）Leadership of Jesus（4）Salvation by character （perfection of one＊s character）（5）Continued progress of mankind（6）Divinity of mankind（7）Depravity of mankind2.Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit （Kant）3.Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is ※oversoul§4.PuritanismEloquent expression in transcendentalismII. Appearance1836, ※Nature§ by EmersonIII. Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importance of individualism3.nature 每 symbol of spirit/Godgarment of the oversoul4.focus in intuition （irrationalism and subconsciousness）IV. Influence1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.2.It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to ※get on§ obscuredthe moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.3.It helped to create the first American renaissance 每 one of the most prolific period in American literature.V. Ralph Waldo Emerson1.life2.works（1）Nature（2）Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet3.point of view（1）One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the ※oversoul§.（2）He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.（3）If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by ※the infinitude of man§.（4）Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.4.aesthetic ideas（1）He is a complete man, an eternal man.（2）True poetry and true art should ennoble.（3）The poet should express his thought in symbols.（4）As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.5.his influenceVI. Henry David Thoreau1.life2.works（1）A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River（2）Walden（3）A Plea for John Brown （an essay）3.point of view（1）He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point.（2）He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.（3）Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man＊s spiritual well-being.（4）He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.（5）He was very critical of modern civilization.（6）※Simplicity＃simplify!§（7）He was sorely disgusted with ※the inundations of the dirty institutions of men＊s odd-fellow society§.（8）He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.Section 3 Late Romanticism I. Nathaniel Hawthorne1.life2.works（1）Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from and Old Manse（2）The Scarlet Letter（3）The House of the Seven Gables（4）The Marble Faun3.point of view（1）Evil is at the core of human life, ※that blackness in Hawthorne§（2）Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation （causality）.（3）He is of the opinion that evil educates.（4）He has disgust in science.4.aesthetic ideas（1）He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.（2）He was convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative. To tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.5.style 每 typical romantic writer（1）the use of symbols（2）revelation of characters＊ psychology（3）the use of supernatural mixed with the actual（4）his stories are parable （parable inform）每 to teach a lesson（5）use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty 每multiple point of viewII. Herman Melville1.life2.works（1）Typee（2）Omio（3）Mardi（4）Redburn（5）White Jacket（6）Moby Dick（7）Pierre（8）Billy Budd3.point of view（1）He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of ※Everlasting Nay§ （negative attitude towards life）.（2）One of the major themes of his is alienation （far away from each other）.Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism （individualism causing disaster and death）, rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19c idea of progress4.style（1）Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.（2）He tends to write periodic chapters.（3）His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised.（4）His works are symbolic and metaphorical.（5）He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or on the route （Moby Dick）Romantic Poets I. Walt Whitman1.life2.work: Leaves of Grass （9 editions）（1）Song of Myself（2）There Was a Child Went Forth（3）Crossing Brooklyn Ferry（4）Democratic Vistas（5）Passage to India（6）Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking3.themes 每※Catalogue of American and European thought§He had been influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment, idealism, transcendentalism, science, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits, Jefferson＊s individualism, Civil War Unionism, Orientalism.Major themes in his poems （almost everything）:lequality of things and beingsldivinity of everythinglimmanence of Godldemocracylevolution of cosmoslmultiplicity of naturelself-reliant spiritldeath, beauty of deathlexpansion of Americalbrotherhood and social solidarity （unity of nations in the world）lpursuit of love and happiness4.style: ※free verse§（1）no fixed rhyme or scheme（2）parallelism, a rhythm of thought（3）phonetic recurrence（4）the habit of using snapshots（5）the use of a certain pronoun ※I§（6）a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure（7）use of conventional image（8）strong tendency to use oral English（9）vocabulary powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some even wrong（10） sentences catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines5.influence（1）His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.（2）He took over Whitman＊s vision of the poet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast it in a more sophisticated and Europeanized mood.（3）He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.（4）Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to his great influence.II. Emily Dickenson1.life2.works（1）My Life Closed Twice before Its Close（2）Because I Can＊t Stop for Death（3）I Heard a Fly Buzz 每 When I died（4）Mine 每 by the Right of the White Election（5）Wild Nights 每 Wild Nights3.themes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows（1）religion 每 doubt and belief about religious subjects（2）death and immortality（3）love 每 suffering and frustration caused by love（4）physical aspect of desire（5）nature 每 kind and cruel（6）free will and human responsibility4.style（1）poems without titles（2）severe economy of expression（3）directness, brevity（4）musical device to create cadence （rhythm）（5）capital letters 每 emphasis（6）short poems, mainly two stanzas（7）rhetoric techniques: personification 每 make some of abstract ideas vividIII. Comparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1.Similarities:（1）Thematically, they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of ※American Renaissance§.（2）Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.2.differences:（1）Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson exploresthe inner life of the individual.（2）Whereas Whitman is ※national§ in his outlook, Dickinson is※regional§.（3）Dickinson has the ※catalogue technique§ （direct, simple style） which Whitman doesn＊t have.Edgar Allen PoeI. LifeII. Works1.short stories（1）ratiocinative storiesa. Ms Found in a Bottleb. The Murders in the Rue Morguec. The Purloined Letter（2）Revenge, death and rebirtha. The Fall of the House of Usherb. Ligeiac. The Masque of the Red Death（3）Literary theorya. The Philosophy of Compositionb. The Poetic Principlec. Review of Hawthorne＊s Twice-told TalesIII. Themes1.death 每 predominant theme in Poe＊s writing※Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe＊s writings isdead.§2.disintegration （separation） of life3.horror4.negative thoughts of scienceIV. Aesthetic ideas1.The short stories should be of brevity, totality, single effect, compression and finality.2.The poems should be short, and the aim should be beauty, the tone melancholy. Poems should not be of moralizing. He calls for pure poetry and stresses rhythm.V. Style 每 traditional, but not easy to readVI. Reputation: ※the jingle man§ （Emerson）VII. His influences。
美国文学史学习指南中文翻译HermanMelvill
白鲸赫尔曼·梅尔维尔美国文学简史有些十九世纪伟大作家的创作生涯在他谈论起了是相当有趣的;梭罗和迪金森在当时没有读者,坡和惠特曼被人误解,麦尔维尔由于忠于自己的风格,当时也没有受到重视;他不像梭罗和迪金森那样对此满不在乎,而是常常因此痛苦万分,与惠特曼相比,他有生之年甚至完全没有得到人们的肯定;赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的童年是快乐的,但在他11岁时,父亲去世,留下了一大笔债;麦尔维尔很早就开始工作了,没有受过什么教育;他做过银行职员、商人、老师,还在叔叔的农场帮过忙;这些日子都没有让他过上好日子;在20岁左右的时候他做了海员;麦尔维尔的人生中有三件事应当引起我们的特别注意,出海就是其中一件事,另外两件事分别是他的婚姻和与霍桑的友谊;但是普通的水手是工人阶级的最底层,而麦尔维尔不过是个捕鲸手,而捕鲸手有事水手里地位最低的;但和马克·吐温一样,麦尔维尔由此了解到最底层人民的生活;麦尔维尔去过英国的利物浦和南太平洋,他的青年时光所经历的事情对普通人来说是相当严酷,但是他在海上的经历却使他受益匪浅,为他的小说提供了丰富的素材;麦尔维尔的婚姻生活与马克·吐温稍有不同,倒是与菲茨杰拉德更为相似;这是三位作家区的太太的地位都比自己高,但只有马克·吐温一人获得了太太的理解与支持;麦尔维尔和菲茨杰拉德都为了挣钱满足太太奢华的生活而写了很多粗罗德文学作品;麦尔维尔区的市一位有钱的法官的女儿,伊丽莎白·肖;为了供养太太和人数不断增多的家庭,麦尔维尔不得不靠写作为生,在当时的情况下,靠写作谋生是极其不易的,更何况麦尔维尔又是一位醉心文学的艺术家;麦尔维尔曾经经济上非常窘迫,直到年迈塔菜不为这个问题操心;1850年的夏天,麦尔维尔与霍桑相识了;当时麦尔维尔住在马萨诸塞州的皮茨菲尔德,霍桑住在勒诺克斯;他们成为了好朋友,相互拜访至少九次以上,并且经常通信,尽管后来霍桑这边的消息中断了;麦尔维尔看过霍桑的书并深有感悟;他对霍桑十分认同;他的文章霍桑和他的青苔就讲述了古屋青苔对自己的世界观和生活态度的影响;尽管当时流行的而是新英格兰超验主义者对人类与世界的乐观主义,而麦尔维尔还是从霍桑的作品里认识到美国的罪恶;麦尔维尔对霍桑的罪恶的理解以及黑暗场面的描写十分着迷;当两人相遇的时候,白鲸已经完成了差不多三分之一,但在遇到霍桑之后,麦尔维尔就白鲸的原来的构想做了重要的改变;这个故事很有可能成为麦尔维尔又一部奇异的捕鲸传奇,而现在变成了我们今天人在阅读的世界名着,这都得益于霍桑;麦尔维尔写给霍桑的一封信里谈到了他与这位老作家相处时那么富有“激情”的秘密：他继续有人能够理解和欣赏自己的文学作品,因为他的家庭并没有理解和支持他;尽管后来两个人的友谊慢慢淡去,但两个人的哲学观去始终相似;他们代表了当时的悲剧式人文主义;霍桑于1851年秋天搬走,他们此次没有再见过面,直到1856年他们最后一次相见;据说自那以后的二十年,麦尔维尔就再也没有写过小说而转写诗歌;克拉莱尔就是他最着名的诗歌作品;麦尔维尔非常喜欢阅读;爱默生、霍桑、克莱尔、雪莱、托马斯布朗、莱尔德地理学和莎士比亚都在他的书单之列;麦尔维尔读书态度十分严肃,他在做阅读时总是做批注和评论;阅读莎士比亚是他的人生有了深度,克莱尔和霍桑的象征主义也唐塔着迷;对爱默生,麦尔维尔则是既尊敬又排斥;从海上回来的八年时间,麦尔维尔写了很多作品,出版的书如潮涌一般充斥着市场;1846年泰比最先出版,紧接着陆续出版了奥莫1847、马迪1849、雷德伯恩1849、白夹克衫1850白鲸1851皮埃尔1852;前三本书是麦尔维尔根据自己在南太平洋岛屿的历险改编而成,雷德伯恩是依据他去英格兰的经历写的;白夹克衫则是根据在美国的一艘军舰上的生活改编的;因此麦尔维尔一度被认为是着名的传奇故事作家;但是,出来泰比和奥莫比较畅销之外,其他的作品既没有使他名声大噪,也没有给他带来所需要的丰厚收入;白鲸出版后读者的冷淡度几乎使麦尔维尔从40岁末开始放弃了小说创作;后来他留下了自信的人和比利巴德的手稿,另外还有几篇长篇故事,如书记员巴特勒比和贝尼托赛莱诺;从这些作品看来,麦尔维尔似乎还是黑白分明,不像还是那样已经向现实妥协;直到创作比利巴德,麦尔维尔似乎才平静下来;结束了多年以来的痛苦和挣扎,内心获得了平静,并试图接受这样一个事实,即人必须依据世界的规则而生存;世界的确是一个陷阱,上帝所制定的标准人类无论如何都达不到;在麦尔维尔看来,世界史谜图,人类无法解开这个谜团；麦尔维尔决定放弃这个探索,向命运妥协;所以在比利巴德里年轻的水手没有异议的接受了审判,平静的死去了：“比利面向船尾站着,在最后的时刻,他的话,唯一的话,被清楚地传达——‘上帝保佑威尔船长’谁都没有想到脖子上绕着不光彩的绳索的他会说出这样的话——一个罪人向着船尾表达出对荣誉的祝福,谁都没有想过用树上飞走的鸟儿歌唱的旋律说出的话的含义；经过如此痛苦的经历而磨练出来的罕有的人格魅力使他的话具有这样强烈的效果;”死去的比利闪耀着“上帝的羔羊的神圣的使命”之荣光,他升起的身体“被黎明的光笼罩着”;这里的描写是对麦尔维尔生活的一个概括,也是对自己将来历史上和子孙眼中的地位的预测;因此比利巴德被认为是作者的遗嘱;麦尔维尔接受了命运,停止了与上帝的争辩;在生命的最后20年,麦尔维尔在纽约的海关工作,每天早出晚晚归;甚至当他还在世的时候,大家却已经我忘了他还是个作家;麦尔维尔为读者写作;他们却对此并不欣赏,双方都失望透顶;麦尔维尔的问题在于他不愿意牺牲自己对艺术的标准去迎合读者的感觉和要求;他的故事往往以“一碟面包和一杯牛奶开头,然后是花一般的语言,最后却是一个莎士比亚式的悲剧结局,所以他慢慢被人们遗忘;当麦尔维尔72岁逝世时,居然有一个评论家奇怪他居然活到了那个时候;霍桑比任何人都清楚他的两男的境地;他们最后一次碰面后,霍桑在他的英语笔记里写道：”只有他拥有一个确却的信念,他才会安息;很奇怪他居然这样坚持......没有得到这样的信念,他会继续怀疑,也不安心；他是如此的勇敢和诚实,不会随便迁就......他有着高尚的品格;”麦尔维尔最着名的作品是白鲸;评论家一致认为这是世界上最伟大的巨着之一,想要了解十九世纪的美国及美国历史,就必须阅读这本书;这是一本百科全书,包括历史、哲学、宗教,还有对捕鲸产业的详细描述,但是首先这是一本莎士比亚式的悲剧,是人类在漠然甚至是充满敌意的宇宙里向命运抗争的故事;在马迪里,麦尔维尔暗示我们应该知道生活中的罪恶,人类的灵魂应该帮助人们生活的更好;就像他所说的：“通往天堂的道路是地狱;”麦尔维尔把他认为对自己观点有用的东西全部放进了白鲸这部作品里;故事的情节大致是这样的：伊斯梅尔心情沮丧,希望通过登上捕鲸船皮廓德号出海来逃避现实;船长亚哈只有一条腿,因为上次出海时白鲸莫比迪克咬断了他的一条腿;亚哈发誓要杀掉白鲸,他在桅杆上悬上金币,奖励最先看到白鲸的人;皮廓德号捕到了很多鲸鱼,但是亚哈执意要捕到白鲸,才能返航;。
美国文学简史名词解释定义[管理资料]
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American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace).American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness.Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism.Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore CooperAmerican Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized b y a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the CivilWar. It was an age of great westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the South, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the North. In literature it was America 's first great creative period. A full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil. Although foreign influences were strong, American romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own. First, American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience " and contained " an alien quality " for the simple reason that " the spirit of the place " was radically new and alien. Second, Puritan influence over American romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. Emerging as new writers of strength and creative power were the novelists Hawthorne, Simms, and Melville; the poets Poe, Whittier, Holmes, Longfellow, Lowell. Dickinson, and Whitman; the essayists Thoreau, Emerson, and Holmes. These American writers had made a great literary period by capturing on their pages the enthusiasm and the optimism of that dream.Transcendentalism:Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to 1860. In originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle, Coleridge, and Wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings. Although transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents, The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority. The ideas of Transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature, and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden.American Renaissance:American Renaissance the name sometimes is given to a flourishing of distinctively American literature in the period before the Civil War. This renaissance is represented by the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson, H.D. Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman. Its major works are Hawthorne 's The Scarlet Letter, Melville's Moby-Dick, and Whitman's Leaves of Grass. The American Renaissance may be regarded as a delayed manifestation of Romanticism, especially in Emerson's philosophy of Transcendentalism. Unitarianism:Unitarianism as, in general, the form of Christianity that denies the doctrine of the Trinity, believing that God exists only in one person. While there were previous anti-Trinitarian movements in the early Christian Church, like Arianism andMonarchianism, modern Unitarianism originated in the period of the Protestant Reformation.Realism:It is, in literature, am approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity. In part, Realism was a reaction against the Romantic emphasis on the strange, idealistic, and long-ago and far-away. Although realism is not limited to any one century or group of writers, it is most often associated with the literary movement in 19th-century France, specifically with the French novelists Flaubert and Balzac. George Eliot introduced realism into England, and William Dean Howells introduced it into the United States, Realism has been chiefly concerned with the commonplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes, where character is a product of social factors and environment is the integral element in the dramatic complications. Later writers felt that realism laid too much emphasis on ecternalteality. Many, notably Henry James, turned to a psychological realism that closely examined the com plex working of th e mind.。
美国文学史与选读复习笔记(1-2册)
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico andother Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
最全美国文学史笔记英文版(按时间顺序)
LouisaMay Alcott(1832-1888>(布朗森地第二个女儿>
Little Women小妇人。Little Men小绅士。Good Wives好妻子。Jo’s Boys乔地孩子
William Dean Howells威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920
Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862
Walden, or Life in the Woods。瓦尔登湖“ Civil Disobedience”。“A Plea for John Brown”。A Week on theConcordandMerrimackRivers。
Edward Taylor(1642-1729>爱德华泰勒
“Huswifery”, “Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”
Roger Williams(1603-1683>罗杰威廉斯
The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience
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“My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close”。“Because I could not stop for death”。” Wild Nights-Wild Nights”
Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849<以诗为诗；永为世人共赏地伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）
The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆地发迹。Their Wedding Journey他们地蜜月之旅。A Modern Instance现代婚姻。A Chance Acquaintance。A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转。A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来地旅客。Criticism and Fiction。A World of Chance。Annie Kilburn。
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美国文学史学习指南中文
翻译H e r m a n M e l v i l l Last revision on 21 December 2020
《白鲸》赫尔曼·梅尔维尔
美国文学简史
有些十九世纪伟大作家的创作生涯在他谈论起了是相当有趣的。
梭罗和迪金森在当时没有读者，坡和惠特曼被人误解，麦尔维尔由于忠于自己的风格，当时也没有受到重视。
他不像梭罗和迪金森那样对此满不在乎，而是常常因此痛苦万分，与惠特曼相比，他有生之年甚至完全没有得到人们的肯定。
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的童年是快乐的，但在他11岁时，父亲去世，留下了一大笔债。
麦尔维尔很早就开始工作了，没有受过什么教育。
他做过银行职员、商人、老师，还在叔叔的农场帮过忙。
这些日子都没有让他过上好日子。
在20岁左右的时候他做了海员。
麦尔维尔的人生中有三件事应当引起我们的特别注意，出海就是其中一件事，另外两件事分别是他的婚姻和与霍桑的友谊。
但是普通的水手是工人阶级的最底层，而麦尔维尔不过是个捕鲸手，而捕鲸手有事水手里地位最低的。
但和马克·吐温一样，麦尔维尔由此了解到最底层人民的生活。
麦尔维尔去过英国的利物浦和南太平洋，他的青年时光所经历的事情对普通人来说是相当严酷，但是他在海上的经历却使他受益匪浅，为他的小说提供了丰富的素材。
麦尔维尔的婚姻生活与马克·吐温稍有不同，倒是与菲茨杰拉德更为相似。
这是三位作家区的太太的地位都比自己高，但只有马克·吐温一人获得了太太的理解与支持。
麦尔维尔和菲茨杰拉德都为了挣钱满足太太奢华的生活而写了很多粗罗德文学作品。
麦尔维尔区的市一位有钱的法官的女儿，伊丽莎白·肖。
为了供养太太和人数不断增多的家庭，麦尔维尔不得不靠写作为生，在当时的情况下，靠写作谋生是极其不易的，更何况麦尔维尔又是一位醉心文学的艺术家。
麦尔维尔曾经经济上非常窘迫，直到年迈塔菜不为这个问题操心。
1850年的夏天，麦尔维尔与霍桑相识了。
当时麦尔维尔住在马萨诸塞州的皮茨菲尔德，霍桑住在勒诺克斯。
他们成为了好朋友，相互拜访至少九次以上，并且经常通信，尽管后来霍桑这边的消息中断了。
麦尔维尔看过霍桑的书并深有感悟。
他对霍桑十分认同。
他的文章《霍桑和他的青苔》就讲述了《古屋青苔》对自己的世界观和生活态度的影响。
尽管当时流行的而是新英格兰超验主义者对人类与世界的乐观主义，而麦尔维尔还是从霍桑的作品里认识到美国的罪恶。
麦尔维尔对霍桑的罪恶的理解以及黑暗场面的描写十分着迷。
当两人相遇的时候，《白鲸》已经完成了差不多三分之一，但在遇到霍桑之后，麦尔维尔就《白鲸》的原来的构想做了重要的改变。
这个故事很有可能成为麦尔维尔又一部奇异的捕鲸传奇，而现在变成了我们今天人在阅读的世界名着，这都得益于霍桑。
麦尔维尔写给霍桑的一封信里谈到了他与这位老作家相处时那么富有“激情”的秘密：他继续有人能够理解和欣赏自己的文学作品，因为他的家庭并没有理解和支持他。
尽管后来两个人的友谊慢慢淡去，但两个人的哲学观去始终相似。
他们代表了当时的悲剧式人文主义。
霍桑于1851年秋天搬走，他们此次没有再见过面，直到1856年他们最后一次相见。
据说自那以后的二十年，麦尔维尔就再也没有写过小说而转写诗歌。
《克拉莱尔》就是他最着名的诗歌作品。
麦尔维尔非常喜欢阅读。
爱默生、霍桑、克莱尔、雪莱、托马斯布朗、莱尔德地理学和莎士比亚都在他的书单之列。
麦尔维尔读书态度十分严肃，他在做阅读时总是做批注和评论。
阅读莎士比亚是他的人生有了深度，克莱尔和霍桑的象征主义也唐塔着迷。
对爱默生，麦尔维尔则是既尊敬又排斥。
从海上回来的八年时间，麦尔维尔写了很多作品，出版的书如潮涌一般充斥着市场。
1846年《泰比》最先出版，紧接着陆续出版了《奥莫》（1847）、《马迪》（1849）、《雷德伯恩》（1849）、《白夹克衫》（1850）《白鲸》（1851）《皮埃尔》（1852）。
前三本书是麦尔维尔根据自己在南太
平洋岛屿的历险改编而成，《雷德伯恩》是依据他去英格兰的经历写的。
《白夹克衫》则是根据在美国的一艘军舰上的生活改编的。
因此麦尔维尔一度被认为是着名的传奇故事作家。
但是，出来《泰比》和《奥莫》比较畅销之外，其他的作品既没有使他名声大噪，也没有给他带来所需要的丰厚收入。
《白鲸》出版后读者的冷淡度几乎使麦尔维尔从40岁末开始放弃了小说创作。
后来他留下了《自信的人》和《比利巴德》的手稿，另外还有几篇长篇故事，如《书记员巴特勒比》和《贝尼托赛莱诺》。
从这些作品看来，麦尔维尔似乎还是黑白分明，不像还是那样已经向现实妥协。
直到创作《比利巴德》，麦尔维尔似乎才平静下来。
结束了多年以来的痛苦和挣扎，内心获得了平静，并试图接受这样一个事实，即人必须依据世界的规则而生存。
世界的确是一个陷阱，上帝所制定的标准人类无论如何都达不到。
在麦尔维尔看来，世界史谜图，人类无法解开这个谜团；麦尔维尔决定放弃这个探索，向命运妥协。
所以在《比利巴德》里年轻的水手没有异议的接受了审判，平静的死去了：“比利面向船尾站着，在最后的时刻，他的话，唯一的话，被清楚地传达——‘上帝保佑威尔船长！’谁都没有想到脖子上绕着不光彩的绳索的他会说出这样的话——一个罪人向着船尾表达出对荣誉的祝福，谁都没有想过用树上飞走的鸟儿歌唱的旋律说出的话的含义；经过如此痛苦的经历而磨练出来的罕有的人格魅力使他的话具有这样强烈的效果。
”死去的比利闪耀着“上帝的羔羊的神圣的使命”之荣光，他升起的身体“被黎明的光笼罩着”。
这里的描写是对麦尔维尔生活的一个概括，也是对自己将来历史上和子孙眼中的地位的预测。
因此《比利巴德》被认为是作者的遗嘱。
麦尔维尔接受了命运，停止了与上帝的争辩。
在生命的最后20年，麦尔维尔在纽约的海关工作，每天早出晚晚归。
甚至当他还在世的时候，大家却已经我忘了他还是个作家。
麦尔维尔为读者写作。
他们却对此并不欣赏，双方都失望透顶。
麦尔维尔的问题在于他不愿意牺牲自己对艺术的标准去迎合读者
的感觉和要求。
他的故事往往以“一碟面包和一杯牛奶开头，然后是花一般的语言，最后却是一个莎士比亚式的悲剧结局，所以他慢慢被人们遗忘。
当麦尔维尔72岁逝世时，居然有一个评论家奇怪他居然活到了那个时候。
霍桑比任何人都清楚他的两男的境地。
他们最后一次碰面后，霍桑在他的《英语笔记》里写道：”只有他拥有一个确却的信念，他才会安息。
很奇怪他居然这样坚持......没有得到这样的信念，他会继续怀疑，也不安心；他是如此的勇敢和诚实，不会随便迁就......他有着高尚的品格。
”
麦尔维尔最着名的作品是《白鲸》。
评论家一致认为这是世界上最伟大的巨着之一，想要了解十九世纪的美国及美国历史，就必须阅读这本书。
这是一本百科全书，包括历史、哲学、宗教，还有对捕鲸产业的详细描述，但是首先这是一本莎士比亚式的悲剧，是人类在漠然甚至是充满敌意的宇宙里向命运抗争的故事。
在《马迪》里，麦尔维尔暗示我们应该知道生活中的罪恶，人类的灵魂应该帮助人们生活的更好。
就像他所说的：“通往天堂的道路是地狱。
”
麦尔维尔把他认为对自己观点有用的东西全部放进了《白鲸》这部作品里。
故事的情节大致是这样的：伊斯梅尔心情沮丧，希望通过登上捕鲸船皮廓德号出海来逃避现实。
船长亚哈只有一条腿，因为上次出海时白鲸莫比迪克咬断了他的一条腿。
亚哈发誓要杀掉白鲸，他在桅杆上悬上金币，奖励最先看到白鲸的人。
皮廓德号捕到了很多鲸鱼，但是亚哈执意要捕到白鲸，才能返航。