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2用英语怎么写

2用英语怎么写

1.2用英文怎么写2的英文是two。

词汇分析音标:英[tuː] 美 [tu]释义:n. 两个adj. 两个的num. 二短语Two Whatevers 两个凡是Two Women 烽火母女泪;两个女人;战地两女性;两女Two Cops 特警冤家;两个警察;锄暴特警;两个刑警Two Soldiers 两个士兵;两名士兵;同胞兄弟;幽默英语故事两名士兵Two Lamps 两盏巨灯Perfect Two 新天生一对;天生一对;咸菜贤才大贤永才例句1、They teamed Class One with Class Two.他们将一班和二班编成一队。

我们用两个师包围了这座城市。

3、We talked about two hours, but he hedged over my questions.我们用两个师包围了这座城市。

4、Working together for two months welded them into a group.在一起工作两个月使他们形成了一个团体。

5、He died two months ago.他两个月前去世了。

2.2的英文怎么写2的英文是two。

two英 [tu:] 美 [tu]n. 两个;两个东西;两点钟;一对;adj. 两个的;我同;num. 两个;第二;二;双语例句1. It's a long way to go for two people in their seventies.对于两个七十几岁的人来说,这段路太远了。

他在那儿的时候体重下降了2英石。

3. I undid the bottom two buttons of my yellow and grey shirt.我解开了自己黄灰相间的衬衫上最下面的两个纽扣。

4. It would be difficult to find two men who were more dissimilar.很难找到彼此间差异更大的人了。

语言学练习Exercise2

语言学练习Exercise2

Chapter 2 5
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks. 11. _____ is the smallest linguistic unit. Phoneme 12. According to _____, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. the maximal onset principle

Chapter 2 7
Exercises
II. Choose the best answer. 15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _____ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones D 16. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _____. A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula A
Chapter 2 14
Exercises
III. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. __ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T __ 30. [p] is voiced bilabial stop. F

我的揪痧瘾(2020、2)

我的揪痧瘾(2020、2)

我的揪痧瘾(2020、2)我的揪痧瘾医⽣在线⽹2008/12/1709:22来源:我叫⼩美,⼩时侯经常看见⼈们揪痧,但从没体验过,是在我⾼中后,有⼀次重感冒,吃药也不见好,晚上妈妈说我给你揪揪痧吧,我没说什么,妈妈就在我脖⼦后边揪开了,刚开始还不是很疼,但随着吧吧的揪痧声,妈妈的⼿劲越来越⼤,我疼的乱叫,妈妈说痧很重,必须得揪透了才⾏,不管我怎么喊叫,妈妈就是不停⼿,⽽且我越动她就越⽤⼒,我只好咬着⽛强忍着,妈妈从脖⼦⼀直连着揪到肩膀,⼜把整个后背都揪了个遍.我以为终于揪完了,可妈妈⼜在我前胸揪了起来,特别疼,我眼泪都出来了,可妈妈就是不⼿软,揪了⼀个多⼩时,只到把我上⾝揪的紫⿊紫⿊的没⼀块好地⽅才罢⼿,揪出我⼀⾝汗,可别说,揪完我就特轻松舒服了.从此以后我⼀感冒发烧的就让妈妈给揪,我还真喜欢上了这种痛并很快乐的感觉.隔⼀段时间不舒服了就让⽼妈给揪揪全⾝.后来结婚了,我很希望⽼公能给我好好揪⼀次,可他不喜欢揪,总也不给我揪,⽽且他不舒服也不让我给他揪.有⼀次我发烧,晚上实在难受的不⾏,让⽼公给揪揪他怎么也不肯,后来看我不⾏就给我在后背刮了刮痧,可我总觉的没有揪痧的过瘾.⽣完孩⼦后我落下了腰疼的⽑病,去诊所拔了⼏次罐后,感觉挺管⽤,⽼公看我腰疼的直不起来也很着急,后来我治我的腰学会了拔罐,经常在我腰疼的时候给我拔罐、⾛罐、按摩、揪痧等,现在⽼公拔罐揪痧的技术很⾼,不光给我整治腰,在我感冒的时候也会给我揪痧、拔罐,现在我⼜可以感受揪痧拔罐了。

在⽼公的经常拔罐按摩下我的腰疼的次数少多了。

在我的影响下⽼公也爱上了揪痧拔罐,在他不舒服的时候,我也会很体贴的为他揪痧拔罐,他也没那么怕疼了。

现在⽼公⼀不舒服就主动让我给他揪痧。

我们两经常是旧痕未去⼜添新伤,但我们都很快乐!⽼公有⼀次在外地感冒了给我打电话说:“⽼婆我越来越离不开你了,你要在我⾝边就可以给我揪痧了,我真的好难受。

”我说:“你以前不是怕疼⽼不让揪吗?现在想起我的好了?你到外边诊所拔拔罐吧!回来我给你揪。

周边地面 2

周边地面 2

周边地面——对没有地下室的建筑指底层房间外墙内侧两米范围内的地面。

对有地下室埋墙的建筑,指从室外地面和埋墙的交线算起向下两米内为周边地面。

非周边地面——对没有地下室的房间指底层地面中周边地面以外的部分。

有地下室埋墙的建筑,非周边地面指埋墙和地面面积的和减去从室外地面和埋墙交线算起向下两米的面积。

关于周边地面和非周边地面的几点说明1.周边地面和非周边地面的定义周边地面指距外墙内表面2m以内的地面,其余部分划为非周边地面。

位于室外地面以下的外墙(地下室外墙)应从与室外地面相平的墙壁算起,往下2m范围内为周边地面,其余部分划为非周边地面。

2.节能标准中对周边地面和非周边地面传热阻的计算《民用建筑节能设计标准》(采暖居住部分)JGJ26-95和《公共建筑节能设计标准》GB50189-2005对周边地面和非周边地面热阻采用了不同的计算方法,应分别对待。

A) 居住建筑:换热阻计算依据来源于《供热工程》(贺平孙刚编著)。

由于室内热量通过地面传到室外的路程长短不同,即热阻值不同,靠近外墙的室内地面,距离室外路程短,热阻值小,传热量大,反之远离外墙的地面热阻值大,传热量小,离外墙8m以远的地面,传热量基本不变。

基于上述情况,在工程上一般采用近似方法计算,把地面沿外墙平行的方向分成四个计算地带(每2m为一个地带,8m以外地面按第四地带考虑),如图1示。

1) 对于贴土非保温地面(组成地面的各层材料导热系数λ都大于1.16W/m?℃),各地带的传热系数和换热阻如下:周边地面传热系数限值为0.52 W / m2·℃地区,考虑到非保温地面第一地带(周边地面)的传热系数为0.47 W / m2·℃,小于限值0.5 2W / m2·℃,可不做保温;非周边地面(第二、三、四地带)不做保温时传热系数最大值为0.23 W / m2·℃,小于限值0.3 W / m2·℃,同样也能满足非周边地面限值的要求。

托福TPO42阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析

托福TPO42阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福,为大家带来托福TPO42阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析,希望对大家备考有所帮助。

Explaining Dinosaur Extinction Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event,because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary,usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world(K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous,derived from the German name Kreidezeit).Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct.For example,some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants,which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous,about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.In fact,several scientists have suggested that the duckbill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs,with their complex battery of grinding teeth,evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals,which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic,about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence Some explanations(such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases)fail because there is no way to scientifically test them,and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork. This focus on explaining dinosaur extinction misses an important point the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous was a global event that killed off organisms up and down the food chain.It wiped out many kinds of plankton in the ocean and many marine organisms that lived on the plankton at the base of the food chain.These included a variety of clams and snails,and especially the ammonites,a group of shelled squidlike creatures that dominated the Mesozoic seas and had survived many previous mass extinctions.The K-T event marked the end of the marine reptiles,such as the mosasaurs and the plesiosaurs,which were the largest creatures that had ever lived in the seas and which ruled the seas long before whales evolved.On land,there was also a crisis among the land plants,in addition to the disappearance of dinosaurs.So any event that can explain the destruction of the base of the food chain(plankton in the ocean,plants on land)can better explain what happened to organisms at the top of the food chain,such as the dinosaurs.By contrast,any explanation that focuses strictly on the dinosaurs completely misses the point The Cretaceous extinctions were a global phenomenon,and dinosaurs were just a part of a bigger picture. According to one theory,the Age of Dinosaurs ended suddenly 65 million years ago when a giant rock from space plummeted to Earth.Estimated to be ten to fifteen kilometers in diameter,this bolide(either a comet or an asteroid)was traveling at cosmic speeds of 20-70 kilometers per second,or 45,000-156,000 miles per hour.Sucha huge mass traveling at such tremendous speeds carries an enormous amount of energy.When the bolide struck this energy was released and generated a huge shock wave that leveled everything for thousands of kilometers around the impact and caused most of the landscape to burst into flames.The bolide struck an area of the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico known as Chicxulub,excavating a crater 15-20 kilometers deep and at least 170 kilometers in diameter.The impact displaced huge volumes of seawater,causing much flood damage in the Caribbean.Meanwhile,the bolide itself excavated 100 cubic kilometers of rock and debris from the site,which rose to an altitude of 100 kilometers.Most of it fell back immediately,but some of it remained as dust in the atmosphere for months.This material,along with the smoke from the fires,shrouded Earth,creating a form of nuclear winter.According to computerized climate models,global temperatures fell to near the freezing point,photosynthesis halted,and most plants on land and in the sea died.With the bottom of the food chain destroyed,dinosaurs could not survive. paragraph 1 Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event,because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary,usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world(K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous,derived from the German name Kreidezeit).Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct.For example,some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants,which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous,about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.In fact,several scientists have suggested that the duckbill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs,with their complex battery of grinding teeth,evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals,which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic,about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence Some explanations(such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases)fail because there is no way to scientifically test them,and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork. 1.In paragraph 1,why does the author include a discussion of when flowering plants evolved? 【事实信息题】 A.To help explain why some scientists believe that the development of flowering plants led to dinosaur extinction。

2的书写方法

2的书写方法

2的书写方法在日常生活中,我们经常会涉及到数字2的书写。

无论是在学习、工作还是生活中,正确的书写方法都是非常重要的。

下面,我们就来详细了解一下数字2的书写方法。

首先,我们要明确数字2的基本形态。

数字2是阿拉伯数字中的一个,它的基本形态是一个弯曲的弧线,上面有一个小圆圈。

这是我们最常见的数字2的书写形式,也是最标准的书写形式。

在书写时,我们需要注意保持数字2的整体形状,保持圆润、匀称,不要出现歪斜、变形等情况。

其次,我们要注意数字2的书写顺序。

在书写数字2时,一般是从上到下、从左到右的书写顺序。

首先画出数字2的上半部分的曲线,然后再画下半部分的曲线,最后在上半部分的曲线上方画一个小圆圈。

这样的书写顺序可以帮助我们更好地掌握数字2的书写方法,保持数字的整体形状和美观度。

除了基本形态和书写顺序外,我们还需要了解数字2的书写规范。

在正式的文件、文书、报告中,数字2的书写需要符合一定的规范。

一般来说,数字2要与其他数字保持一致的字体、大小和风格,以保持整个文档的统一性和美观度。

在手写时,我们也需要注意字迹工整、规范,避免出现潦草、模糊的情况。

此外,数字2的书写还需要注意与其他数字的区分。

在一些情况下,数字2可能会与字母z混淆,因此在书写时要特别小心,确保数字2的书写清晰可辨,不会引起误解。

总的来说,正确的数字2的书写方法对我们的学习、工作和生活都是非常重要的。

通过掌握数字2的基本形态、书写顺序和书写规范,我们能够更好地书写出整洁、规范的数字2,提高书写质量,避免出现错误和混淆。

希望大家能够重视数字2的书写方法,不断提升自己的书写水平,为自己的学习和工作增添亮点。

新标准大学英语视听说教程2(听力材料文本及答案)

新标准大学英语视听说教程2(听力材料文本及答案)

新标准⼤学英语视听说教程2(听⼒材料⽂本及答案)College culture Unit 1Unit 1 College cultureInside viewConversation1Janet :So this is the Cherwell Boathouse –it’s lovely! And look at those people punting! It looks quite easy.Mark :I’m not so sure about that! Janet, there’s something Kate an d I wanted to discuss with you. Some people in college are organizing charity events this term. We’ve decided to get involved.Janet :Raising money for charity? Right. In China, people raise money for charity but students don’t usually do that.Mark :Stu dents often do that here. Anyway, we’re thinking of doing sponsored punting.Janet :Sponsored punting! What’s that?Kate :Sponsoring is when people pay you to do something –like run a long distance. So people would be sponsoring students to punt.Janet :What a great idea! I’d love to join you!Mark :That’s why we’re telling you about it. So that’s decided then. Let’s make a list of things we need to do.Kate :I’ll do that. One of the first things we should do is choose the charity. Mark :Yes. And choose a day for the event. And we need to design the sponsorship form. I’ve got one here.Kate :That looks fine, but we must change the wording. Who wants to do that? Mark :I’ll do that. What have we got so far? Kate :Choose a charity. Also a day for the event. Change the wording on the sponsorship form…Um … We have to decide where the punt will start from.Mark :Cherwell Boathouse, no question! It's a very beautiful route from here, apparently.Kate :I’m with you on that.Janet :Me too …Conversation2Janet :I’m not used to boats – Woah!Mark :Whoops!Kate :Watch out! You nearly hit me with that thing!Mark :Sorry! I didn’t mean to. … OK, we’re off!Kate :Maybe I should do the punting.Mark :It’s fine. I’ve got the hang of it now – give me a chance.Kate :Well, I’d like to have a go.Mark :Supposing I do the first hour. Then you can take over for a while, if youwant to.Kate :Yes, great.Janet :You’re really good at it, Mark! This is fantastic! It’s exactly how I imagined lifehere! Look over there –isn’t it lovely!Kate :Yes, it is.…Janet :Kate, everything’s organized, isn’t it, for8 collecting the sponsorship money?Kate :Yes, I’ve arranged for people to get the money to me by next Friday – if they haven’t paid online. I’ll coun t it all up. Janet :Good. We’d better have a meeting soon after that, don’t you think? How much have weraised?Kate :About 600.Janet:Fantastic! I’m so enjoying this!Mark :Hey guys, I’ve got a suggestion – how about moving over to the bank and we can have ourpicnic! Hey, look, there’s Louise and Sophie!Mark :Whoo …Girls Mark!Janet :Are you all right?Mark :Er … Of course I’m all right. Kate, I think it’s your turn to punt!Outside viewV/OHarvard University in Cambridge is one of the best universities in the world. We spoke to Alex Jude, the university’s Head of Communications. He explained that Harvard looks for the best and most talented students from around the world.AlexHarvard actually seeks students from around the world, the best students that we can find, to study chemistry, or study literature, or study government, or business. Our business school is particularly well-known around the world, as is the medical school and law school, so, um, and, and the Kennedy School of government, for the John F. Kennedy School of Government, so, er, we do seek very, very talented students and we have open doors for them.V/OWe asked five students at Harvard to tell us what kind of social life they have. AshleyUm, well relaxing is a little hard to do around here, but basically, I mean, I still, I, I live nearby anyway, so I see a lot of my friends, and … Um, there’s a good social life here if you look for it. I go to the gym, run. So that’s what I do.AdamIt is whatever you want it to be. It’s good. If you wanna go out party, do anything you can. If you wanna sit in your room and study all night like my friend over here, you can also do that.BrianSocially, like you said, it’s, it’s a lot of what you make it. Um, we don’t have fra ternities here, and so, you know, that’s, it’s obviously not as social. There’s not as many parties as there would be on another campus. Um, but on a Friday or Saturday night, there, there, there will be a party. Usually we end up studying until about 10 o’clock. And then we, and then we’ll go out and have fun maybe, or just watch a movie with friends, or, you know, whatever is going on for the night. JodieNot everyone would agree with me, obviously, but it’s, I think it’s a fun place to be.Int.Have you made a lot of friends?JodieOh, definitely.Int. :Mm.JodieMany.Int.What, what do you do with your friends?JodieUm, well, I like to go to concerts. I’m in three music groups, so I have lots of rehearsals during the week for that. Um, just do, you know, some fun things, on the weekend.V/OWe asked the Harvard students if they use theInternet.AshleyUm, I, I use it a fairly good amount. Um, our library system is online, so I use that a lot. And a lot of my classes, you know, have to do research papers. You can find a lot of information on there, so.Int.So how often do you use it, a week, a day?AshleyUm, I use it probably on more of a weekly basis. Maybe three or four times a week. BrianOh yes, definitely. We live through the Internet actually. Well, I do a lot of research through the Internet, follow my stocks on the Internet. Um, well, even though e-mail is not officially Internet, we, that’s how we communicate a lot at college, so, through the e-mail.JohnUm, I use the internet mostly for, er, I’d say, sort of leisure purposes. I mean, I play, um, I use it for a lot of, I don’t, we don’t have TV in my room, so I use it, uh, uh, go to the CNN website, keep up on current events, things like that. Uh, I also, uh, you know, there’s some little games to play over the Internet. Um, just um, I go to /doc/7b7573332.htmlto see what’s happening, follow the Boston Red Sox, things like that. Um, I think a lot of courses use it to post things, but I, I don’t usually use it that much for research, or things. I tend to use the libraries for such things, so.Listening inPassage1V/OHi, I’m Nick Carter, and this is SUR, your university radio station. This morning we went around campus to ask freshers –now half-way through their first year –the question, “How are you finding uni?” Here are some of the answers we got. Speaker 1It’s cool. It’s everything I hoped it would be. I’m very ambitious, I want to be a journalist and I want to get to the top of the profession. I’ve started writing f or the university newspaper so I’ve got my foot on the ladder already. Speaker 2I’m working hard and the teaching is as good as I expected. And I’ve made some good friends. But I’m very homesick. I’m Nigerian and my family’s so far away.I went home at Christmas for a month – that really helped, but man, I miss my family so much.Speaker 3“How am I finding uni?” It’s great. It’s not perfect, nothing is, but, like, I’ve got a brilliant social life, just brilliant, and I’ve made lots of friends. For the first few months I just didn’t do, really enough work. But I – I talked about it with my parents and I’m working harder now and getting good grades. Speaker 4Actually, I’ve been quite lonely to be honest. I’m a bit shy … everyone else seemed to find it so easy to make friends straight away. But things have been better recently –yeah, they have. I’ve joined a couple of clubs and like, it really helps to get to know people when you have shared interests. So, yeah –I’m feeling a lot happier now.Speaker 5Uni’s great, I love it. My only problem –and it’s quite a big problem –is money. My parents are both unemployed so, you know, they can’t help me financially. My grant just isn’t –it’s just not enough for me to live on, so I’ve taken a part-time job as a waitress – a lot of people I know, like a lot, have had to do the same. I don’t want to have huge debts at the end.Speaker 6I love my subject, History, and I’m, I’m getting fantastic teaching here. I want to be a university lecturer and that means I have to get a first. I have a good social life but work definitely comes first for me.Passage2Oxford and Cambridge – two universities so similar that they are often spoken of together as“Oxbridge”. They’re both in the UK, fairly near London, and both regularly come top in any ranking of the world’s best universities.The two universities began within a century of each other. Oxford University, now 900 years old,was founded towards the end of the 11th century. In 1209 there was a dispute between the university and the townspeople of Oxford. As a result, some of the Oxford teachers left and founded a university in the town of Cambridge, some 84 miles away. Ever since then, the two institutions have been very competitive.Unlike most modern universities, both Oxford and Cambridge consist of a large number of colleges. Oxford has 39 and Cambridge 31. Many of these colleges have old and very beautiful architecture, and large numbers of tourists visit them.In all UK universities, you need good grades in the national exams taken at 18. But to get into Oxford and Cambridge, it’s not enough to get A grades in your exams. You also have to go for a long interview. In these interviews, students need to show that they are creative and capable of original thinking.Through the centuries, both universities have made huge contributions to British cultural life.They have produced great writers, world leaders and politicians. Cambridge, in particular, has produced scientists whose discoveries and inventions have changed our lives.Among the great university institutions is the world’s most famous debating society, the Oxford Union, where undergraduates get a chance to practise speaking in public. Cambridge’s comedy club Footlights has produced many first-class comedians, while some of the UK’s most famous actors and actresses began their careers at The Oxford University Dramatic Society, known as OUDS. Then there’s the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, which takes place every year in March or April, and is watched on television all over the UK.So with all this excellence in so many fields, it’s not surprising that the ambition of clever students all over the world is to attend either one of these great universities.Unit 2Inside viewConversation1Kate :Come in. Hey, Janet.Janet :Hi Kate, are you busy?Kate :Yes, I’m just doing an essay. But it’s great to see you. So what’s new? Janet :Well, nothing much.Kate :You look a bit fed up. What’s bugging you?Janet :Well, I had a phone call from my parents and it made me feel homesick. It happens everytime they call, and it gets me down.Kate :I’m sorry to hear that. I know how you feel. I love speaking to my mum and dad, but Ialways feel miserable after the call.Janet :My dad doesn’t say muc h, and I want to speak to him, but I wish I knew what to say.Kate :Don’t let it get to you. My dad doesn’t say much on the phone either. I call, he answersthe phone, and says, “Hi, I’ll pass you to your mother.” It’s really irritating. Janet :But I miss him and my mother a lot, and I like to hear his voice.Kate :Just tell him what you’re up to.Janet :Sometimes I feel as if I made a mistake leaving home and coming to Oxford. Sometimes I feel like a moody teenager. Kate :Try not to worry about it, Janet. It’s normal to feel like that. I understand how you feel, butI bet everything will be fine next term. You’ll get used to it. Hey, why don’t you do what I do?Janet :What’s that?Kate :When my dad calls, I ask him for more money! He usually says no, but at least I getto hear his voice!Janet :Maybe. I’m sorry to take up your time, Kate, but I must go now. Bye! Kate :Wait a minute …!Conversation2Kate :I think I may have upset Janet last night.Mark :What happened?Kate :She came to see me. I was busy doing an essay but I was really pleased to see her. She’d had a call from home, and said she was feeling homesick.Mark :Poor kid! It must be tough on you guys, living so far away from home.Kate :I tried to make her laugh, told her not to worry about it, and that it was normal to feel miserable. Suddenly she looked miserable, and then she got up and said, “I must go now” and left my room. It was really sudden. I felt as if I’d said something wrong.Mark :Maybe she was just being polite. It was probably because she realized you were working and didn’t want to disturb you.Kate :I just wonder if she found it difficult to talk about her feelings with me. Maybe I shouldn’thave tried to make her laugh? Perhaps she thought I wasn’t taking her seriously. Mark :I wouldn’t worry about it. Put yourself in her shoes. How would you feel if you were a student at college in China?Kate :I know. That’s why I feel bad. If only she had stayed longer! I wish I could have helped her more.Janet :Hey, everyone!Mark :Hi Janet, you look cheerful!Janet :Yes, I’ve just got my essay back. I got an alpha minus!Kate :What an amazing grade! Well done.Mark :I’m really happy for you, Janet.Janet :I feel on top of the world!Outside viewSebastienHi. I’m Sebastien. I’m from Germany. Um, the idea of IQ of a measure of your brain power has been around for a while, but recently there’s been this new idea of the EQ –your emotional quotient. And by now, it’s actually almost being regarded as more importan t. If you look at it, businesses will … Well, they will prefer employing people with great EQ. Well, of course, IQ cannot be disregarded, but um, EQ does have its importance as well. Uh, I believe that, um, … I mean, people, most people will have, um, their basic means of communicating with other people. Most people are somewhat socially adept, and just like most people have, you know, a basic general knowledge. But then, what I think really is the difference betweenIQ and EQ, I mean, you can have a “brainiac”, and they will be great at most things they do, but if you just can’t get along with him, if you just can’t communicate with him, I mean, you know, he’s not really that useful.KimHi. This is Kim. I’m originally from Korea, and I was raised in Ca lifornia. And today, we are going to talk about the differences between IQ and EQ – IQ meaning your intelligence, EQ meaning your emotions. Now, in … When I was, when I was a little, little boy in Korea, I had to take … I think I’d taken like two or three IQ tests before the age of ten, which is when I moved to California. So, I guess we stress a lot of importance on intelligence, on having great IQ scores. But after I moved to the States, I learnt how to associate with people, and along the linesthat this word EQ came up, you know, emotional, caring about … It’s basically how you deal with people, howyou make people feel, and how people make you feel.I think they’re equally as, as important, but it seems that in the Eastern world they kind of stress on that a lot more back in the days. But I think again, you know, now that with Internet and people are communicating so much faster, there’s a better mixture of the two I think. There’s a stress on EQ in Korea as well, and a stress on IQ in the States. Thank you.TedHello. My name is Ted, and I’m from the United States of America. Today, I’m going to talk a little bit about IQ or EQ – which is most important, or which is more important. Now, for a long time when I was growing up, people said, “IQ. What’s your IQ? Take an IQ test.” But then EQ, your emotions, how you interact with people, that became very important. And I think they’re …that people might be onto something with that, because your EQ – how you deal with people, how you interact with people –is important. Now, a big part of this, in my opinion, is listening.I know I’m talking a lot right now, but if you want to get along well with people, you have to listen to them, so just take a minute, maybe shut your mouth for a minute, and listen to others, and then you can understand and communicate with them in a better way. So, part of EQ, I think, is listening – listening to others – and it can be more important than IQ.Listening inPassage1PresenterWe’re fortunate to have as our guest to day Dr Jenna Hudson, who has just written a book about how colours affect us in our surroundings, especially in the world of advertising. It’s called Market Colours. Dr Hudson, which are the most common colours in advertising and marketing?Dr HudsonWell, of course, it depends what image the marketing team wish to project with their products. So for example, we often think of blue as a cold colour, but it also makes you feel peaceful, quiet, and it doesn’t suggest strong emotions. So it’s a favourite for banks and insurance companies, who wish to suggest the image that they are trustworthy. And for selling products, it’s often used tosuggest something is pure and fresh.What about red?You can sell almost anything with red. It’s a hot colour, which su ggests a feeling of energy and even passion. It grabs your attention, and can make people buy almost anything. You often see red on magazine covers. But if you use it too much, it lookscheap and may make people tired. And orange has a similar effect to re d, it’s upbeat and happy, it suggests pleasant feelings and images. Most people react well to orange, and it’s especially popular in advertising and on packaging for baked food. What about yellow, for instance?Yellow is the colour of sunshine and it’s a positive, happy colour, so it’s used a lot in advertising. But it’s also often used for warning signs, direction signs, and so on, where you have to read the message quickly and at a distance.What about less popular colours for advertising?Surprisingl y, green isn’t used much in advertising except for garden products. It’s friendly and restful. It can be cool and soothing, the colour of apples and mint, but it can also be quite strong and many people associate it with unpleasant ideas of decay or slimy creatures. But most colours are not primary colours, they’re a combination. Absolutely. So yellow-orange is common, and often used to give an impression of style and class, it looks like gold. But it’s not often used in letters because it’s not very strong. And yellow-green reminds people of feeling sick.Blue-green works well as a cool colour, suggesting freshness, and is sometimes used for toothpaste products, bathroom products, food and household cleaning products. It has many of the advantages of blue without the disadvantages of green. Fascinating.Thank you very much, DrScriptsHudson. Market Colours by Dr JennaHudson is on sale from next week,priced £15.99 …Passage2Presenter :What makes you embarrassed, Sally?Sally :Oh, I’m easily embarra ssed. If anybody notices me or looks at me, I get very embarrassed. When people sing me Happy Birthday on my birthday, I get very embarrassed.Presenter :And what makes you upset?Sally :When people are selfish, people who think only of themselves. And cruelty –I can’t bear people who are cruel, especially to animals or children. Presenter :Jake, what makes you depressed?Jake :I hate it when it rains, and I don’t like people who look down on me, who think they’re superior to me without any reason.Presenter :And what makes you angry?Jake :When people don’t behave properly in public, bad behaviour like dropping litter or people pushing each other on the bus or the train.Presenter :Andrew, what makes you cheerful?Andrew :I like to see everyone around me being happy and having a positive attitude towards the future, optimistic people. Presenter :And what makes you jealous?Andrew :Well, to be honest, I just never feel jealous. I can’t see the point of it.Presenter :Monica, what makes you proud?Monica :I’m proud when I’m successful, especially in my work. Being recognized by my boss for what I can do makes me feel really proud. Oh, and my family. I’m very proud of them.Presenter :And what makes you nervous?Monica :Every time I teach a new c lass. The night before I’m very nervous. You don’t know what the kids are going to be like and how they might behave, or if they’re going to like you.Presenter :Anything else?Monica :Doing interviews like this.Unit 3 Crime watchInside viewConversation1Kate :So, what did you think of the movie?Mark :It was good but I thought it was too long.Kate :Yes, me too.Kate :Hey, where’s my bike? I don’t believe it! It’s gone!Mark :It was next to mine, you chained it up!Kate :Someone’s stolen it! Oh, how could they!Mark :Oh, Kate!Kate :How could someone have done this! The creep!Mark :It’s a really mean thing to do, steal a bike.Kate :It was a mountain bike and it cost a fortune –I don’t have the money to buy another one. Mark :Listen, I’ll go down the street and see if I can see anyone with it. Why don’t you go into that shop and see if they’ve seen anything suspicious? I’ll be back in a minute. Kate :OK.…Kate :Well?Mark :No luck. What did they say in the shop?Kate :I asked th e shopkeeper if she’d seen anything –Mark :And?Kate :She said she hadn’t. I guess it was a long shot. She advised me to report it to the police. But according to her, bikes get stolen all the time around here.Mark :Listen, let’s get back so you can report it.Kate :I’ve got no bike. I’m just so upset!Mark :It’s not far to college. Come on!。

商务英语阅读教程Unit 2

商务英语阅读教程Unit 2

Unit 2 Multinational CorporationPart I Pre-reading Questions1.Multinational corporations are business entities that operate in more than one country. One typical function is located in one country, while other facilities are located in other countries. In some circles, this type of corporation refers to a multinational enterprise or a transnational corporation.2. Multinational corporations have many branches at home and abroad, and their strategic objectives are oriented to the international market, aiming at maximizing global profits and controlling foreign companies through holdings.3. Corporate social responsibility refers to the responsibility for consumers, the community and the environment while creating profits for shareholders and the staff. The social responsibility of the enterprise requires taking the profit as the goal, emphasizing the concern of the human value in the production process and the contribution to the environment, consumers and society.Part II Extensive ReadingText A Going Global1.主旨归纳:The function of CSR has become more and more important in the world. Manycompanies begin to focus on the establishment of CSR. We are aware of the significance that CSR takes a part in obtaining certification and establishing the brand of a corporation. CSR will continue to expand across the globe if the market remains to open up.2.结构分析Part I The rich countries like Britain, America and Japan focus on different aspects of CSR. (Paras. 1-2)Part II The lead on CSR shifts from the rich world to the big emerging markets. (Paras. 3-13)A.India wants to improve basic services like schools and health care.B.China begins to redefine CSR to gain acceptability and build the brand.C.NGOs make great efforts to manage their reputation.Part III The conclusion: CSR has influenced the emerging countries, which will continue if markets stay open. (Paras. 14-18)3. 难句解析(1) Such differences in priorities are bound to grow in importance as the BRIC countries — Brazil, Russia, India and China — and other emerging markets gain in economic clout and confidence. (Para. 3)随着金砖四国(巴西、俄罗斯、印度和中国)以及其他新兴市场的经济影响力和自信的不断增强,发展优先性方面的差异一定会变得越来越重要。

三全中,三中二,二中二,计算公式

三全中,三中二,二中二,计算公式

号码复式三中三,三中二计算方法:n(n-1)---------=二中二的组数,如10个号是(10×9÷2)=45组!2n(n-1)(n-2)---------------- =三中二(或三中三)的组数,如10个号(10×9×8÷6)=120组!3*2 *1n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)----------------------- =四中四(或四中二)的组数,如10个号(10×9×8×7÷24)=210组!4* 3*2 *1n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)(n-4)---------------------------- =五中五(或五中二)的组数,如10个号(10×9×8×7×6÷120)=252组!5* 4* 3*2 *1n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)(n-4)(n-5)--------------------------------- =六中六(或六中二)的组数,如10个号(10×9×8×7×6×5÷720)=210组! 6* 5* 4* 3* 2 * 1复式连(三中三)(三中二)赔率表:===============================================组合个数‖ 组数‖ 中二个‖ 中三个‖ 中四个‖ 中五个 ‖ 中六个 ‖===============================================4 ‖ 4 ‖ 2组 ‖ 3组+1 ‖ 0组+4 ‖===============================================5 ‖ 10 ‖ 3组 ‖ 6组+1 ‖ 6组+4 ‖ 0组+10‖===============================================6 ‖ 20 ‖ 4组 ‖ 9组+1 ‖ 12组+4‖ 10组+10 ‖ 0组+20‖===============================================7 ‖ 35 ‖ 5组 ‖ 12组+1‖ 18组+4‖ 20组+10‖ 15组+20‖===============================================8 ‖ 56 ‖ 6组 ‖ 15组+1‖ 24组+4‖ 30组+10‖ 30组+20‖===============================================9 ‖ 84 ‖ 7组 ‖ 18组+1‖ 30组+4‖ 40组+10‖ 45组+20‖===============================================10 ‖ 120 ‖ 8组 ‖ 21组+1‖ 36组+4‖ 50组+10‖ 60组+20‖===============================================11 ‖ 165 ‖ 9组 ‖ 24组+1 ‖ 42组+4‖ 60组+10‖ 75组+20‖===============================================12 ‖ 220 ‖ 10组 ‖ 27组+1‖ 48组+4‖ 70组+10‖ 90组+20‖===============================================13 ‖ 286 ‖ 11组 ‖ 30组+1‖ 54组+4‖ 80组+10‖ 105组+20‖===============================================14 ‖ 364 ‖ 12组 ‖ 33组+1‖ 60组+4‖ 90组+10‖ 120组+20‖===============================================15 ‖ 455 ‖ 13组 ‖ 36组+1‖ 66组+4‖ 100组+10‖ 135组+20‖===============================================组合个数‖ 组数‖ 中二个‖ 中三个‖ 中四个‖ 中五个 ‖ 中六个 ‖===============================================2中2复式计算公式2个码=2*1/2=1组2中2复式计算公式3个码=3*2/2=3组3中3复式计算公式3个码=3*2*1/6=1组3中3复式计算公式4个码=4*3*2/6=4组4中4复式计算公式4个码=4*3*2*1/24=1组4中4复式计算公式5个码=5*4*3*2/24=5组5中5复式计算公式5个码=5*4*3*2*1/120=1组5中5复式计算公式6个码=6*5*4*3*2/120=6组6中6复式计算公式6个码=6*5*4*3*2*1/720=1组6中6复式计算公式7个码=7*6*5*4*3*2/720=7组7中7复式计算公式7个码=7*6*5*4*3*2*1/5040=1组7中7复式计算公式8个码=8*7*6*5*4*3*2/5040=8组注:其实很简单,所有的复式都有公式可算的,全有关连,细看一定能看出的。

2是什么意思

2是什么意思

2是什么意思
2是一个网络用语,通常有多种理解意思,可以理解为“爱”,理解为“笨”、“傻”的意思,也可以形容一个人很活泼开朗、幽默并且个性,还可以用来形容人呆住、无语。

众所周知,在网络中,2通常有多种理解意思,一种理解为“爱”,如数字串“520”=我爱你,数字串“5201314”=我爱你一生一世,数字串“258”=爱我吧,数字串“7758258”=亲亲我吧爱我吧,数字串“52410”=我爱死你了。

其他一种理解为“笨”、“傻”的意思。

例如250,2货。

这种意思的2来源于"62",近似于杭州方言“盒子”,用来形容人脑袋空空比较笨。

另一种意思就是形容一个人很活泼开朗,很幽默并且个性,比如说:“很2很光芒”。

还有一种用来形容人呆住、无语的意思,如:看到这个成绩我瞬间就2了。

同时,在北京方言里,2也表示一种傻,脑子不灵活的意思。

职场实用英语交际教程初级教师用书_Unit 2

职场实用英语交际教程初级教师用书_Unit 2

Teacher’s Book for Unit 2Unit 2 Write a hotel reservation emailStarting upAbout the unitOrgansing meetings is a common daily task in any workplace. In order to organise meetings, we need to be able to write hotel reservation emails. This unit presents what needs to be included in a hotel reservation email, and offers some strategies to develop Ss’ abilities in structuring and writing a well-organised reservation email. After completing this unit, Ss will be able to write a hotel reservation email at work.Teaching objectivesWhen teaching this unit, the T should enable Ss to•note down specific information about a hotel, including room types, facilities, etc. (Set the task & Prepare for the task);•list key requests for reserving a hotel (Prepare for the task);•list two to three key points they need to consider when writing a hotel reservation email (Develop the strategies);•write a hotel reservation email (Fulfil the task & To extend).Teaching suggestionsThe T can start this unit by showing Ss a picture of a hotel meeting room and asking them questions about the functions of the room. Ask Ss about how they would go about booking the meeting room if they were going to have a meeting there. Role-play is a suitable teaching method for this unit. Ask some Ss to act as meeting organisers and others as the hotel staff. In this way, the T introduces Ss to the task of writing hotel reservation emails.MotivatingAsk Ss to think about what a hotel reservation email contains.EnablingScenario•Introduce the “Scenario” and help Ss to get background information about the task, e.g. the location and time of the annual meeting, etc.•Ask Ss to discuss in pairs what information should be included in a hotel reservation email. •Explain the language tip.Set the task•Ask Ss to listen to the conversation and ask them what the task is for Margaret.•Listen again and ask Ss to finish the tasks in “Understand the text”.•Explain the vocabulary.•Check Ss’ answers to the task in “Language in focus”.Prepare for the task•By “Listening” & “Reading”, ask Ss to note down Zhang Ming’s requirements and the Holloway Hotel’s features.•Enable Ss to develop their skills in identifying key information while reading and listening by finishing the tasks in “Understand the text”.•Explain the vocabulary.•Check Ss’ answers to the tasks in “Language in focus”.•Explain the structure and career tip where necessary.Develop the strategies•Ask Ss to discuss how to organise the information in a hotel reservation email.•Ask Ss to read the email in the textbook.•Guide Ss to write some sentences containing “Useful expressions of a reservation email”. •Ask Ss to write down more useful sentences or expressions for a reservation email.AssessingFulfil the task•Encourage Ss to complete the task by explaining the steps in the Student Book.•Ask Ss to write the email by themselves.•Invite Ss to share their writing with the rest of the class. Ask Ss to give feedback on each other’s work and give your comments or feedback.To extend•Ask Ss to do the comprehension work in Task 1 & Task 2 by reading the passage.•Ask Ss to discuss the question in Task 3.Detailed Procedures & KeyScenarioDiscussionWork in pairs and discuss the following question:Imagine you are Margaret. What information will you include in the reservation email? ProceduresBreak up the topic by asking detailed questions such as:•Have you ever organised a meeting at a hotel?•What preparations would you make if you were going to have a meeting at a hotel?•How do you reserve a hotel?•What information will you need for the reservation?Vocabulary1.Guangdong Cross-Border E-Commerce Association is planning to have its annual businessmeeting in Shenzhen this yearassociation /әˌsәʊsiˈeɪʃәn/ n.协会e.g. The trade association aims to promote regional economy.这个贸易协会旨在促进当地经济发展。

含有“二”的成语大全

含有“二”的成语大全

含有“二”的成语大全成语在古代汉语与现代汉语的传承上占有重要的地位,它是汉语词汇系统中重要而又极富特色的组成部分。

是小编给大家精心整理的含有“二”的成语,欢迎大家阅读,供您参考。

含有“二”的成语1:不擒二毛[bù qín èr máo] 擒:捉拿,捕获。

二毛:指头发斑白,引申为上年纪的人。

不捕获年长的人。

失死不二[shī sǐ bù èr] 发誓在死时也不会改变自己的意志。

国无二君[guó wú èr jūn] 一个国家不能有两个皇帝。

连二赶三[lián èr gǎn sān] 急忙;赶快。

二话没说[èr huà méi shuō] 犹言再没有说别的话。

表示决心采取某种行动。

心无二用[xīn wú èr yòng] 指做事必须专心,注意力不能分散。

二竖为灾[èr shù wéi zāi] 竖:小子;二竖:指病魔。

比喻疾病缠身。

二姓之好[èr xìng zhī hǎo] 指两家因婚姻关系而成为亲戚。

一高二低[yī gāo èr dī] 1.高低强弱或胜负输赢。

不管一二[bù guǎn yī èr] 不论是非情由,不顾后果。

一家无二[yī jiā wú èr] 指一家之人没有两样。

二郎作相[èr láng zuò xiāng] 宋王祐事太祖为知制诰,太祖遣使魏州,许以使还为相。

及还而未果,祐笑谓亲宾曰:“某不做,儿子二郎必做。

”二郎,其仲子旦,后果为真宗相。

事见宋邵伯温《闻见前录》卷六。

后因以为子侄为相的典故。

二八年华[èr bā nián huá] 暂无释义二十四友[èr shí sì yǒu] 指晋惠帝时以文才而屈节出入于秘书监贾谧之门的石崇、欧阳建、陆机、陆云、刘琨、左思、潘岳等二十四人。

FutaHoneymoonSurpriseCollection2(futa-on…

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汉字二的正确写法

汉字二的正确写法

汉字二的正确写法汉字是中国人民的文字和文化传承的重要组成部分。

其中,汉字二作为一个常见的汉字,其正确的写法具有重要意义。

本文将探讨汉字"二"的正确写法,并提供一些书写规范和技巧。

一、笔画顺序汉字二是一个非常简单的汉字,只包含一笔,其笔画顺序非常重要。

正确的笔画顺序可以帮助书写者提高书写速度和书写准确度。

在书写汉字二时,我们应该先写横折笔画,再写竖直笔画。

二、横折笔画横折笔画是汉字二的主要组成部分。

横折笔画应该从左上角开始,向右下方倾斜,形成一个较长的横线。

横线的长度可以根据个人喜好和书写空间的限制来调整,但是要保持横线的平直和统一。

三、竖直笔画竖直笔画是汉字二的另一个组成部分。

竖直笔画应该从横折笔画的右下方开始,向下方延伸,长度与横折笔画保持一致或稍长一些。

竖直笔画要直立且与横线相交。

四、书写规范除了正确的笔画顺序外,书写汉字二还应该遵循一些书写规范,以保证字形的美观和整齐。

以下是一些常见的书写规范:1. 字形比例:汉字二的字形应该保持适当的比例,横线和竖线的长度应该相对平衡,不宜过长或过短。

2. 笔画粗细:汉字二在书写时,横线和竖线的笔画宽度应该保持相对一致,不要出现明显的粗细不均。

3. 书写速度:书写汉字二时应尽量提高书写速度,以便提高书写效率和准确度。

可以通过反复练习和多次书写来提高书写速度。

五、书写技巧除了正确的笔画顺序和书写规范外,我们还可以采用一些书写技巧来提高汉字二的书写质量。

1. 练习常用字:汉字二作为一个常见字,我们可以通过多次书写和模仿来提高书写的技巧和速度。

2. 视频教学:现在网络上有许多提供汉字书写视频教学的资源,通过观看这些视频,我们可以学习到正确的字形和书写方法。

3. 使用规范字帖:规范字帖是一种专门用来练习书写汉字的工具。

使用规范字帖可以帮助我们掌握正确的字形和书写技巧。

六、总结正确书写汉字二是每个中国人都应该掌握的基本技能之一。

通过遵循正确的笔画顺序、书写规范和使用书写技巧,我们可以提高汉字二的书写质量和美观度。

高英 2 资料

高英 2 资料
--What the Australian said was meaningful to a certain degree.
6.Para 17: I have an unending love affair with dictionaries.
--I have always had an intense and eager interest in dictionaries..
2.That’s only for show.
That’s only for pretense. The Jews only pretend to work as a poor laborer. He is in reality very rich.
3.Par. 20: though they had registered themselves on my eyeballs I cannot truly say that I had seen them.
5. 他关于医疗改革的提议引起了议会的注意。Sit up
His proposal on medical reform made the parliament
sit up .
6, 他所说的不无道理。Something
Money is something, but it is not everything
4、民众要求他辞职的呼声越来越高。(clamor)
The clamor for her resignation grew louder.
5、山里有盗贼出没。
The mountains are infested with robbers.
1. In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act.
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环境科学动态2005年第1期ENV IRONMEN TAL SCIENCE TRENDS No11,2005数据挖掘在环境信息管理中的应用田阳光1 张世忠1 白 山1 刘 强1 潘 瑜1 范治国2(11吉林省环境信息中心,吉林长春,130012 21吉林省环境辐射监督站,吉林长春,130021)【摘要】本文在介绍数据挖掘的基本概念和体系结构的基础上,分析了其技术在环境信息管理中应用的可行性,并结合环境信息管理的特点,探讨了数据挖掘技术在环境信息管理中的应用前景。

【关键词】数据库;数据挖掘;环境信息管理中图分类号:TP31111/X32|029 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1003-2347(2005)01-0001-03 在环境监测及环境信息管理过程中每天都有大量的数据产生,采用传统方法处理,不易对其进行深层次分析,从中提取有价值的信息,不利于环境的管理水平的提高;另一方面决策者虽明知这些数据中蕴藏着重要信息,但由于缺乏时间和从数据库中提取有价值信息的工具,许多关于环境保护方面的重要决策通常不是根据数据库中信息丰富的数据,而是凭借自身工作经验的长期积累做出的。

数据和信息之间的鸿沟要求我们必须找到对数据自动分析、分类汇总、发现描述趋势、标记异常的方法,在多种需求的驱动下,数据挖掘(Data Mining)应运而生〔1〕。

1 数据挖掘概述数据挖掘是数据库研究、开发和应用最活跃的分支之一。

数据挖掘出现于20世纪80年代后期,是在数据库、人工智能、数理统计以及数据可视化等多学科基础上发展起来的一门新兴交叉学科。

它利用机器学习的方法从数据库中发现知识,揭示事件之间的关系,预测未来趋势并为决策提供依据。

111 数据库和数据挖掘传统的数据库技术实现了对数据的收集和管理工作,基本满足了数据的一致性、准确性等要求。

数据库系统可以实现数据的录入、查询、统计等功能,但无法发现数据中存在的关系和规则,无法根据现有的数据预测未来的发展趋势,缺乏挖掘数据中知识的手段。

数据挖掘是对传统数据库技术进行研究和开发的结果,它是从现实世界中存在的具体数据中识别出有效的、新颖的、潜在有效的以及最终可理解模式的非平常过程〔2〕。

它使数据库技术进入了一个更高级的阶段,不仅能对历史数据进行查询,并且能够找出历史数据之间的潜在联系,从数据中发现与建立模式,从而找到内在的未被发现的知识,让数据真正成为对生产、生活有价值、有用的信息。

112 数据挖掘的工作流程数据挖掘的基本原则是为算法配置数据接口,处理数据并把发现的结果以可理解的方式提交。

通常可以分为数据准备、数据发掘和解释评价三个阶段,其中数据准备阶段可以完成对数据的筛选、变换和预处理;数据发掘阶段可以根据任务的自身特点建立模型,选取有效算法对数据进行挖掘;解释评价阶段可以对发现的模式进行解释评价。

图1 典型的数据挖掘系统结构113 数据挖掘的任务和方法11311 数据挖掘的任务(1)关联分析。

关联分析用来显示数据项之间的关系。

若2个或多个数据项的取值重复出现且概率很高时,其中间就存在着某种关联,关联分析的目的是找出数据库中隐藏的关联。

(2)分类和预测。

分类是数据挖掘中应用最广泛的方法,用来找出描述并区分数据类或概念的模型,以便能使用模型预测类标记未知的数据类。

分类也可以用来预测未知数据值,此功能通常称为预测。

尽管预・2・环境科学动态 2005年第1期测对象可以是类标记或数据值,但通常预测限于数据值预测,并因此不同于分类。

(3)聚类分析。

聚类可用于将数据分割成多个类或子集。

与分类问题不同,在聚类分析中类的数量是未知的,因此聚类通常分为3步:发现合适的类,形成每个类的模型和对所有数据项进行聚类。

(4)演化分析。

演化分析描述对象的行为随时间变化的规律或趋势,并建立相应的模型。

演化分析包括了与时间相关的数据的特征化、关联、分类或聚类,按其特点可以分为时间序列数据分析,序列或周期模式匹配和基于类似性的数据分析等。

(5)偏差检测。

偏差检测是聚类分析的特例。

数据库中常有一些异常数据项,大部分的数据挖掘方法将其视为噪声而丢弃,但某些情况下(如欺诈检测),从数据库中检测出这些偏差很有意义。

11312 数据挖掘的方法〔3,4〕(1)机器学习方法。

包括基于范例学习和归纳学习方法(如决策树规则归纳等)。

(2)统计方法。

包括回归分析(如多元及自回归等)、判别分析(如贝叶斯、费歇尔、非参数等判别)、聚类分析(如系统、动态和模糊聚类等等)和探索性分析(如主组元分析法、相关分析法等)。

(3)数据库方法。

包括多维数据分析或在线分析处理(OLAP )方法、面向属性的归纳方法等。

(4)神经网络方法。

包括前向神经网络及自组织神经网络等。

(5)其他方法。

包括遗传算法、近似推理和不确定性推理方法、基于证据理论和元模式的方法、现代数学分析方法和粗糙集方法等。

114 数据挖掘工具(1)SKICA T 。

由美国加州理工学院喷气推进实验室与天文学家合作开发,用于帮助天文工作者发现类星体以及更好地研究早期宇宙的结构。

SKICA T 是第一个获得成功的数据挖掘软件,天文学家已经通过它发现了16个新的类星体〔5〕。

(2)Intelligent Miner 。

由IBM 公司开发,采用了分类、时间序列、聚类、关联以及顺序模式等技术,还能联合使用这些技术,同时还集成了OLAP 技术和可视化工具,大大提高了工作效率。

(3)SAS/EM 。

由SAS 公司推出,集成了数据获取、筛选、转换以及数据挖掘等功能,具有界面良好、功能强大等优点。

SAS/EM 采用模块化策略,能帮助没有数据统计经验的用户进行数据挖掘,它的特色是能直接生成ht ml 格式,通过浏览器浏览结果〔6〕。

(4)DBMiner 。

是由加拿大Simon Fraser 大学开发的一个多任务数据挖掘系统。

该系统设计的目的是把关系数据库和数据挖掘集成,以面向属性的多级概念为基础发现各种知识与信息。

(5)其他常用的工具还有Agrawal 为IBM 公司的Almaden 研究中心开发的Quest 、SGI 公司和Stanford 大学联合开发的MineSet 以及SPSS 的Snob 等。

2 数据挖掘在环境信息管理中的应用前景211 应用数据挖掘技术的必要性信息是决策者进行成功规划与决策的基础。

目前在经济生活和社会生活中每天产生大量数据,但综合、及时、高质量的环境信息依然非常稀缺,获取合适的信息不仅十分困难,而且代价也很大。

现在由于受技术水平和挖掘工具限制,不能获得数据项之间的关联规则及其隐含的信息,还不能为环境管理的重大决策和优化运行提供科学的、有前瞻性的科学依据。

可见采用数据挖掘技术来研究环境监测与环境信息管理中产生的实时数据,揭示其中蕴藏的深层次信息,必将获得良好的经济效益和社会效益。

212 应用数据挖掘技术的方向21211 实现环境信息资源共享根据吉林省环境信息资源的现状和对未来环境信息管理的需求,利用数据挖掘和元数据管理、XML 数据交换等技术相结合,集中政务信息、业务数据(环境监测、环境统计、排污收费、排污申报、污染源监控等)和遥感地理信息、环境科研、环保产业以及相关基础资料数据等信息资源,实现全省环境信息资源共享。

基本实现对全省环境信息的统一管理和查询,为各级环境管理部门提供环境信息共享支持和服务。

21212 规范环境信息资源管理特别是对已有的基础资料以及政务信息、环境质量监测和污染源管理重点业务应用系统积累的数据进行整理,转化成可开发利用的环境信息资源;改造、整合和集成各种环境数据,初步建成集中-分布式省级环境数据库体系,其中包括环境法规与标准信息数据库、环境政务信息数据库、环境统计信息数据库、环境质量监测信息数据库、排污申报信息数据库、辐射环境管理信息数据库、环境科技情报信息数据库、重点污染源数据库、生态环境数据库、自然保护和生物多样性数据库、重大污染事故数据库、城市环境综合整治数据库、环境地理信息数据库、环境遥感数据库等等。

采用数据挖掘技术,通过神经网络和近似推理等手段,建立非线性预测、分类模型研究分析各种环境数据之间的联系与规律,并且把通过分析得来的规律和环境管理决策结合起来,从而提高环境管理的科学性、客观性和准确性。

21213 提供环境信息管理决策支持通过数据挖掘分析、整合、加工各类环境信息资源,为全省环境信息管理工作和辅助决策提供所需的各环境科学动态2005年第1期ENV IRONMEN TAL SCIENCE TRENDS No11,2005造纸综合废水的混凝处理研究邹东雷 宋宝华 徐立群 谭 明 张文静(吉林大学环境与资源学院环境工程系,吉林长春,130026)【摘要】选用硫酸铝、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)分别作为混凝剂和助凝剂联合作用,处理造纸厂综合废水。

经研究分析确定了其最佳投药量以及PH值等影响因素。

并在中试实验中取得满意的处理效果。

投加硫酸铝1800mg/L、PAM2mg/L时,COD Cr去除率为6819%,浊度(N TU)去除率为98169%,SS去除率为97144%。

处理后出水无色透明,BOD/COD值由0121增到0164,可生化处理。

【关键词】混凝;混凝剂;造纸综合废水中图分类号:X793 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1003-2347(2005)01-0003-03 造纸废水因造纸工艺的不同,水质有较大差别,但大多具有成分复杂、色度大、悬浮物浓度高且可生化性差的特点,我国目前多采用活性污泥法和混凝沉淀法对它进行处理〔1~3〕。

本研究主要根据造纸综合废水的特点,本着低能耗、高效率、见效快的原则,采用混凝技术处理造纸厂综合废水。

1 实验部分111 水质概况造纸综合废水呈棕红色,p H值在715~9之间, BOD/COD值为0121。

同时,因为造纸生产过程的开停车以及生产能力的调整,导致产生各种废水的量不同,综合废水的N TU、SS和COD Cr分别在416~747、2832~3942mg/L、314416~4301144mg/L之间波动,给污水处理带来一定的困难。

112 实验方法取1L综合废水水样放置于烧杯中,按要求调节p H值,快速搅拌并投加混凝剂,搅拌1min后,投加助凝剂,逐渐减低搅拌速度,控制混合反应时间在3min以内,然后静止沉淀,取上清液检测N TU、SS、COD Cr等指标。

113 药剂与仪器浓度为20%的活化硅酸,复合铝铁、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、硫酸铝、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)均为工业制品。

SC556实验搅拌器,PHS-2C型精密酸度计(上海雷磁仪器厂),T G-328A分析天平,WGZ-200浊度仪。

类信息资源,对各级环境管理部门的管理者和决策者提供有效信息资源,建立可伸缩的知识分类引擎、实现智能的知识发现功能。

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