Discriminatory
discrimination形容词
discrimination形容词discrimination (形容词)：discriminatory。
意思：表示对某一群体或个体的不公平对待或偏见的行为或态度。
双语例句：1. The company has been accused of discriminatory hiring practices based on gender.这家公司被指控因性别而进行了歧视性的招聘做法。
2. Discriminatory policies in education limitopportunities for marginalized communities.教育中的歧视性政策限制了边缘化社群的机会。
3. The country has made significant progress inaddressing discriminatory practices against ethnic minorities.该国在解决对少数民族的歧视性行为方面取得了重大进展。
4. They faced discriminatory treatment when trying to access public services.他们在尝试获取公共服务时遭受了歧视待遇。
5. The organization is committed to fighting against discriminatory practices in the workplace.该组织致力于反对工作场所中的歧视行为。
6. It is important to recognize and challenge any discriminatory behavior or language.识别并挑战任何歧视行为或语言非常重要。
7. The government has implemented stricter laws to combat discriminatory housing practices.政府已经实施了更严格的法律来打击住房中的歧视行为。
反垄断法英语词汇表
反垄断法英语词汇表AAbuse of monopoly power 滥用垄断支配力Abuse theory 滥用理论Abusive conduct 滥用行为Acquired firm 被收购的企业,被收购方Acquiring firm 收购企业,收购方Acquisition of asset 资产的收购Act of state doctrine 国家行为理论Actual damage 实际损失Additional suit 附加诉讼Administrative adjudication 行政裁决Administrative process 行政诉讼程序Adverse competitive effect 反竞争影响,反竞争效果Affirmative duty 积极的义务Aftermarket 下游市场Aggravating circumstance 从重处罚情节Aggressive pricing 超高定价Agreement to divide market 分割市场的协议Agreement with mixed competitive consequence 带有混合竞争后果的协议Allocate market geographically 从地域方面分割市场Allocative efficiency 资源配置效率Amicus brief 为协助法庭而对案情所提出的意见书，法庭之友意见概要Ancillary restraint/ partial restraint 附属的/部分的限制Annual sale 年销售额Anti-competitive effect 反竞争效果Anticompetitive stock acquisition 反竞争性的股份收购Anticompetitive 限制竞争的，反竞争的Anti-merger 合并控制Antitrust 反垄断，反托拉斯Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International Operations 国际经营的反垄断执法指南Antitrust felony 反垄断重罪Antitrust immunity 反垄断法的除外Antitrust litigation 反垄断诉讼Antitrust procedures and penalties act of 1974 反垄断程序和处罚法Antitrust scrutiny 反垄断审查Assign customer 划分客户Assistant Attorney General 美国联邦司法部长助理Assured source of supply 稳定的供货渠道Attempt to monopolize 企图独占Attempted monopolization 企图独占Attenuating circumstance 从轻处罚情节Attorney General 司法部部长Automatic adjustment mechanism 自动调节机制Average revenue平均收益Average total cost 平均总成本Average variable cost 平均可变成本BBackward integration 上游合并（与供应商的合并）Bad faith 恶意Bar association 律师协会Barrier to entry 进入壁垒，进入障碍Beleaguered small business 处于困境中的小企业Below-cost pricing 低于成本的定价Benchmarking 制定基准点Bid 出价Bid-rigging 串通投标Bilateral cooperation agreement 双边合作协议Blanket license arrangement 一揽子许可协议Blanket license 一揽子许可Block patent 封锁专利Bona fide 善意Bottleneck doctrine 瓶颈理论Bright-line test 可明确适用的标准Burden of proof 举证负担Bureau of competition 竞争局Business behavior交易行为Business pattern 经营方式Business reputation 商业信誉Buyer-lever competition 买方竞争CCartel participant/ cartelist 卡特尔参加者Cartel price 卡特尔价格Cartel 卡特尔Case-by-case evaluation 个案分析，个案评估Casual connection 因果关系Cause of action 诉因Celler-Kefauver Act 塞勒-克福弗反合并法Chain operation连锁经营Chain store 连锁店Characterization process 认定程序Charter of freedom 自由宪章Chicago school 芝加哥学派Chief Justice 首席法官Circumstantial evidence 环境证据Class action 集团诉讼Classic conspiracy 典型的共谋行为Coercion 强制Collaboration 协作/联合Collateral offense 附带性的违法Collateral restraint 附带限制Collateral 从属于Collective action 集体行为，多方行为Collective conduct 集体行为Collective power 联合力量Collusion 共谋Collusion 共谋行为Commercial Clause宪法中的商业条款Committed entry 不自由的市场进入，市场进入有较高的门槛Competing bid 竞争性的出价Competition policy 竞争政策Competitive variable 竞争性变量Competitiveness 竞争力Compromise 和解Compulsory licensing 强制许可Concentration in the relevant market 相关市场的集中度Concentration 集中Concerted efforts by competitors 竞争者之间的协同行为Concerted horizontal refusal to deal横向联合抵制交易Concerted refusal to deal 联合抵制交易Conglomerate merger 混合合并Conscious parallelism 有意识的协调Consciously parallel pricing conduct 有意识的协调价格行为Consent order 同意令Consignment agreement 寄售协议Consignment arrangement 寄售协议(安排）Consolidation 联合Conspiracy to monopolize 通过共谋行为实现独占Conspiracy 共谋Conspiratorial conduct 共谋行为Consumer welfare 消费者福利Continuum model 一体分析方法Contractor 承包商Contributory infringement 共同侵权Control natural monopoly 管制自然垄断Convicted antitrust defendant 被判决违反反垄断法的被告Copyright infringement suit 版权侵权诉讼Corporate entity 法人实体Corporate Leniency Policy 对公司的宽大处理政策Corporate merger 公司合并Corroborating evidence 佐证，确证的证据（也是一种附加的证据，这种证据使得提供的证据更为有利）Cost consumer 使消费者受到损失Cost justification 成本抗辩，成本辩护Cost saving 成本节约Cost-based school 以成本为基础的学派Coverage 专利的有效范围Criminal indictment 刑事控告Criminal investigation 刑事调查Criminal prosecution刑事追诉/起诉/公诉Criminal sanction 刑事制裁Cross-elasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性Cross-examination 交叉盘问Cross-licensing agreement 相互许可协议Cross-licensing 相互许可DDamage claim 损害赔偿之诉Damage settlement 损害赔偿和解Dealer-imposed price restraint 销售商强加的价格限制Declaratory judgment 宣告（式）判决，确认判决（法院只宣告确认当事人某项权利）Deconcentration分散Defense 辩护Degree of industry concentration 产业集中度Delineating the relevant market 界定相关市场Delivered price 交付价格Demand curve/schedule 需求曲线Demand elasticity 需求弹性Demand substitution需求替代Denying access 拒绝进入Depression-era 经济大萧条时期Deregulation of industry 对产业的放松管制Dichotomy model 二分法Dictum 法官判决的附带意见Direct infringer 直接的侵权行为人Direct victim 直接受害人Directness of the injury 损害的直接性Discretion 自由裁量权Discriminatory allowance 歧视性的折让Dismiss 驳回（案件）Distribution channel 销售渠道Distribution cost 销售成本Distribution pattern 销售方式Diversified producer 多样化产品的制造商Divestiture decree 拆散的判决Divestiture or compulsory licensing of intellectual property 剥夺或者强制许可知识产权Doctrine of comity 礼让原则Dominant firm占市场支配地位的企业Dominant position 市场支配地位Downstream market 下游市场Drawing of the market boundary 界定市场范围Due process 正当程序Duplicative recovery 双重补偿/追偿Duration of waiting period等待期间Duration 持续期间Economy of scale 规模经济Effective competition 有效竞争Efficiency defense 效率抗辩Dlasticity of supply 供给弹性EEnd user 最终消费者End-use 终端使用Enforcement agency 执行机构Enforcement guideline 执行指南Entrench dominance 加强市场支配地位Entry barrier 市场进入障碍/壁垒Entry condition进入市场的条件Entry fee 入会费，进入费Entry of the market 市场进入Equitable decree 衡平法上的判决Equitable relief 衡平法上的救济Equitable servitude on chattel 衡平法上的在动产上设定的地役权Essential facility 关键设施Bottleneck doctrine瓶颈理论Evade price control 规避价格管制Evidentiary burden 举证责任Ex ante 事先Ex post 事后Excess capacity 过剩的生产能力Exchange assurance 交换承诺Exclude rival 排除竞争者Exclusionary act排他行为，排斥竞争行为Exclusionary conduct 排他行为Exclusionary purpose 排斥竞争的目的Exclusionary排他性的，排斥竞争性的Exclusive authority 专有权Exclusive dealing agreement 独家经销协议Exclusive dealing contract 独家经销合同Exclusive dealing 排他性交易，独家交易Exclusive right 独占权Exclusive territorial arrangement 排他性的地域划分Exclusive territory 独占地域Exculpate 宣告无罪Exemption 豁免Exit of the market市场退出Explicit agreement / Express agreement 明示协议Express or tacit collusion 明示或默示的合谋Extension of the waiting period 等待期的延长Extraterritorial reach 域外效力FFailing division defense 垂危部门抗辩Failing firm defense 垂危公司抗辩Federal merger guideline联邦合并指南Federal Trade Commission Act 联邦贸易委员会法Felony 重罪Field of use 应用范围Finding 事实认定Fix price 固定价格Fix the price of patented goods on resale 固定专利产品的转售价格Fixed cost 固定成本Fixing of maximum resale price 固定最高转售价格Foreign sovereign act 外国政府行为Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 外国主权豁免法Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act 对外贸易反垄断改进法Forestalling 买断Forfeit asset 没收财产Forward integration 下游合并（与客户的合并）Fragmented industry 集中度很低的行业Franchise agreement 特许经营协议Franchised agent 有特许权的代理人Franchised agreement 特许经营协议Fraudulent procurement of a patent 通过欺骗取得专利权Free-ride 搭便车Fringe supplier 潜在供货商Functional discount 功能折扣Future competition 潜在竞争GGame theory 博弈论Game-theoretic school 博弈论学派Generality 一般原则Geographic extension merger 地域扩大型合并Geographic market 地域市场Giant corporation 巨型企业Good faith 善意Good faith agency 善意的代理关系Grand jury 大陪审团（12-25名陪审员）Group boycott 集体抵制/联合抵制Grouping buyer 集团化的买方Guideline 指南Guild customs 行会习惯HHart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvement Act 哈特-斯科特-罗迪诺反垄断修订法Height of entry barrier 进入市场的障碍程度Herfindahl-Hirschman index 赫尔芬达-赫尔斯曼指数，赫氏指数Heterogeneous不同质的，异质的Huge barrier to entry and exit 进入和退出市场方面存在很大障碍Hobsons choice 无选择余地Holder of a legal monopoly 合法垄断权人Holding company 控股公司Homogeneous同质的Horizontal alliance 横向联合Horizontal allocation of territory 横向地域分割Horizontal collaboration 横向联合Horizontal collusion横向合谋Horizontal market division 横向市场划分Horizontal merger guideline 横向合并指南Horizontal merger 横向合并Horizontal output restraint 横向产量限制Horizontal price-fixing arrangement 横向固定价格安排horizontal price-fixing conspiracy 横向固定价格的共谋Horizontal price-fixing 横向固定价格Horizontal restraint 横向限制Horizontal territorial division 横向地域划分House of Lords 上议院IIllegal per se 本身违法Illegal purpose 非法目的Illicit cooperation 不正当合作Impair competition 损害竞争Impairment of primary line competition 对第一级的损害Impediment to competition 妨碍竞争Imperative 命令，规则Implicit agreement 默示协议Implied contract 默示合同Impose a tie-in 强加附加协议Incompetence 无行为能力Individual license 个别许可Industrial concentration 产业集中Industrial organization economics 产业组织经济学Industrial Organization Theory 产业组织理论Inference of monopoly power 垄断力量的干预Information exchange 信息交换Information sharing 信息分享Injunction 禁令Injunctive relief 禁令性救济Insurance coverage 保险范围Intangible property rights 无形财产权Intellectual property rights 知识产权Intended victim 预期的受害人Intent to monopolize 垄断意图Interbrand competition 品牌之间的竞争interchangeability 可替代性Interfirm coordination 企业间的协调行为Interlocking director 连锁董事/共同董事Interlocking directorate 连锁董事Internal expansion 内部扩张Interstate commerce 州际贸易Intrabrand competition 品牌内的竞争/同一商标销售商之间的竞争Investment return投资回报Invitation to collude 引诱进行共同犯罪行为Invitation to withhold immunity 请求撤销豁免Ipso facto 根据事实本身Issue of security 证券发行JJoint arrangement 联合安排Joint horizontal action横向联合行为Joint venture 合营企业Judicial construction 司法解释Judicial discretion 法官的自由裁量权Jurisdictional holes 管辖权漏洞Jurisdictional reach 管辖范围Jurisdictional restriction 管辖权的限制Jury 陪审团Jury verdict 陪审团的裁决Justice Department 美国联邦司法部Justice Department’s Antitrust Division 联邦司法部的反垄断局KKnow-how 专有技术Knowing 明知LLaissez faize 自由放任（的经济政策）Legal viability 法律上的根据Legitimate end 合法的目的Less demanding liability test 非强制性责任标准Lessee 承租人Lessor 出租人Letters patent 专利许可证，专利特权许可证Leverage theory 杠杆理论Leveraging 杠杆作用Licensee 被许可人License-prescribed price 专利许可协议中规定的价格Limitation period 时效期限Limited antitrust dispensation 有限的反垄断豁免Listed price 目录价格Litigant 诉讼（参与）人Litigation outcome 诉讼结果Local price-cutting 地方性价格折让Location clause 限定地域的条款Lock-in buyer 现有的买方MMake restitution 恢复原状Managerial compensation管理人员的报酬Managerial displacement 管理层的更换Mandated 强制性的Mandatory 强制性的Marginal cost 边际成本Marginal revenue 边际收益Marginal utility 边际效用Market allocation agreement /covenant /scheme 分割市场的协议Market allocation 市场分割Market behavior市场行为Market characterized by interdependence 以竞争者之间的相互依赖为特征的市场Market concentration 市场集中Market control 市场支配力Market definition市场界定Market failure 市场失灵Market performance 市场行为Market power measurement 市场支配力的测量market power市场支配力Market share 市场份额Market structure 市场结构Market trend 市场趋势Marketing arrangement 营销协议Marketing strategy 营销策略Market-rigging practice 操纵市场的做法Maximum price-fixing 固定最高价格Maximum resale price maintenance 维持最高转售价格Measure of cost 成本测量Measurement and assignment of cost 成本的测定和分摊Measurement yardstick衡量标准Menace to competition 对竞争的威胁Mephistophelean pact 恶魔的协议，指对任何一方均无好处的协议Merger and acquisition 合并和收购Merger guideline 合并指南Mergers to Monopoly 垄断性兼并Microeconomics 微观经济学Middleman profit 中间人利润Minimum price clause 最低价格条款Minimum resale price 最低转售价格Minimum Sherman Act fine 违反谢尔曼法的最低罚款额度Minimum threshold 最低标准Misallocation of resource 资源错误配置Misrepresentation 虚假陈述Misuse of private economic power 滥用私人经济势力Misuse of resource 资源的滥用Monetary relief 金钱救济Monopolist 独占者Monopolistic competition垄断竞争Monopolization 垄断化Monopoly power 垄断力Monopoly pricing 垄断性定价Monopoly 垄断Monopsony 买主独家垄断/买方垄断Most favored nation clause 最惠国条款Motivation 动机Moving party 动议方，提出请求的一方Multicount indictment 数罪并告Multi-factored reasonableness test 考虑多种因素的合理原则Multiple patent 多重专利权Mutually accommodating behavior 相互协调行为NNaked price fixing 赤裸裸的固定价格行为Naked restraint 赤裸裸的限制National Association of Attorney General （NAAG）全国检察长协会Natural monopoly 自然垄断Net revenue 净利润No rule school 无规则学派No-fault monopolization 无过失的垄断化Non-binding 无法律约束力的Non-binding guideline 没有法律约束力的指南Noncontractual restraint 非合同的限制Non-efficiency aim 非效率目标Nonexclusive license 非独占许可Nonexclusive 非独占性的Non-horizontal meger 非横向合并Nonpatented product 非专利的产品Nonprice competition 非价格竞争Nonprice distribution restraint 非价格方面的分销限制Nonprice restriction 非价格限制Nonprice vertical restraints 非价格的纵向限制Nonstatutory exemption 非法定的豁免Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 1932年诺里斯-拉格尔迪阿法Notify 申报OOligopolistic interdependence 垄断寡头间的相互依赖Oligopolistic market structure 寡头垄断的市场结构Oligopoly 寡头垄断卖方垄断Open competition 公开竞争Operating cost 交易成本Opportunity cost 机会成本Outlaw 宣布…为非法Output 产出Overt cartel 公开的卡特尔PPackage of service 一揽子服务Parallel behavior 协同的行为Parallel pricing 协同定价Parens patriae 政府监护Partial per se standard 不完全的本身违法原则Patented product 专利产品Patentee 专利权人Pecuniary gain 金钱收益Pecuniary loss 金钱损失Pecuniary reward 金钱报酬Per se illegality 本身违法Per se rule 本身违法规则Per se rule of nonliability 本身无责任的原则Perfect competition 完全竞争Perfectly contestable market 完善的竞争市场Performance test 行为标准Permissive test 任意性标准Personal jurisdiction 属人管辖权Pertinent information 有关的信息Plant specialization 生产专业化Plea 辩解Plea agreement （经法庭批准，被告为避免受到较重的处罚与控诉人达成的）认罪协议Plus factor 附加因素Point-of-sale 销售点pool the patent 共享专利权Pooled patent 同源专利Positive trait 好处Post-acquisition收购之后的Post-acquisition market share 收购后的市场份额Post-merger market 兼并之后市场Post-merger market share 兼并后市场份额Potential competition doctrine 潜在竞争理论Potential entrant 潜在的市场进入者Precedent 判例Predation claim 涉及掠夺性定价的请求Predatory conduct 掠夺性行为Predatory price 掠夺性价格Predatory pricing 掠夺性定价Predatory tactics 掠夺性的经营策略Predictability 可预期性Preemption 优先权Preferential rate 优惠价Premerger notification 合并前的申报Prevail 胜诉Price and non-price restraint 价格限制与非价格限制Price concession 价格折让Price discrimination 价格歧视Price fixing 固定价格Price offer 报价Price structure 价格结构Price uniformity 价格联盟Price verification 价格核查Price-fixing cartel 固定价格的卡特尔price-fixing license 固定价格的许可price-sensitive buyer 对价格敏感的购买者Price-setting arrangement 确定价格的安排Price-shading firm 产品价格不明朗的企业Price-taker 价格接受者Pricing agreement价格协议pricing behavior定价行为Prima facie 初步印象，初步证据，表面证据Prima facie case of illegality 初步推定违法的案件Prima facie violation 以初步证据可认定违法Primary line injury 第一级损害（对卖方的竞争者的损害）Primary line liability 第一级损害的责任Prison term 监禁期限Private antitrust action 私人反垄断诉讼Private attorney general 私人检察长（出庭为每个公民实施公共权力的个人）Private monopoly 私人垄断Private treble damage claim 私人三倍损害赔偿请求Private treble damage action私人三倍损害赔偿之诉Probation 缓刑Procompetitive consequence 支持竞争的后果product differentiation 产品区分，产品差异Product extension merger 生产扩大型合并Product heterogeneity 产品的异质性Product homogeneity 产品的同质性Product innovation产品革新Product market 产品市场Production quota 生产配额Productive efficiency 生产效率Profit margin利润幅度Profit-maximization 利润最大化Profit-maximizing price可以实现最大利润的价格Profit-pooling agreement 分享利润的协议Proviso 但书Public interest 公共利益Public policy 公共政策Public price announcement 公开报价Public utility 公用事业Pure conglomerate transaction 纯混合合并QQuality control 质量控制Quasi-public monopoly 准国家垄断RRadical price cut 大幅度削价Reasonable and prudent person 理性人Reasonable interchangeability 合理的可替代性Reasonableness test 合理性标准Reciprocal dealing 互惠性交易Recoupment test 赔偿标准Recover damage 追偿损害赔偿，得到补偿Redeeming virtue 可弥补其不足之处的功能Refusal to deal 拒绝交易Regrating 囤积居奇Reimburse 补偿Relaxation of antimerger standard 反合并标准的松动Relevant geographic market 相关地理市场Relevant market 相关市场Relevant product market 相关产品市场Remand the case for further finding 将案件发回下级法院要求进一步的审查Remand to the trial court 将案件送回下级法院Remedy 救济Rent-seeking 寻租Resale margin 转售商品中的赚头Resale price maintenance 维持转售价格Rescission of completed transaction撤销已完成的交易Resource allocation 资源配置Resource misallocation资源的错误配置Restrict output限制产量Restrictive agreement/ covenant 限制竞争协议Restrictive distribution contract 限制销售协议Restrictive leasing 限制性的租赁Restrictive provision 限制性条款Retail market 零售市场Retail price 零售价格Retail price-fixing clause 固定零售价格的条款Revenue 收益Rival 竞争对手rivalry test 竞争行为标准Robinson-Patman Act 罗宾逊-帕特曼法Royalty 专利使用费RPM(Resale price maintenance)转售价格维持Rule of per se legality 本身合法的原则Rule of reason criteria 合理原则的标准Rule of reason 合理原则Rule of reason/a reasonableness test 合理性原则SScale economy 规模经济Scrutiny 审查Seal of approval 认证标准Secondary line injury 第二级损害（对买方的竞争者的损害）Selective price concession 选择性的价格优惠Selective price cut 选择性削价Self-correct market abuse 可通过市场自行纠正的滥用行为Self-interest 自身利益Seller concentration 卖方集中Separate entity 相互独立的实体Set aside 撤销Severe liability rule 严格责任原则sham conduct 欺骗性行为Sherman Act 谢尔曼法Spillover of cost 成本的溢出Spoken assurance 口头承诺Stabilize price 固定价格Standard contract 标准合同Standardization 生产标准化Standing （起诉）资格State attorney general 州检察长Status quo 现状Statutory combination 法定的联合Statutory defense 法定的抗辩Stock ownership 股份所有权structural approach 市场结构标准Structural criteria/approach 结构标准Structural filter school 结构过滤学派Structural model 结构模式Structural rule 结构性规则，即根据市场结构认定合法性Structural School 结构主义Structural screen 市场结构的审查Structuralist school市场结构学派Structure of an industry产业结构Structure-conduct-performance model 结构-行为-绩效模型，按照市场结构、市场行为和市场运行状况认定市场是否具有竞争性的方式Structured rule of reason standard 结构性的合理原则Subcontractor 分包商Subdue rival 排挤竞争对手Submarket 亚市场/子市场Substantive merger standard 有关合并的实体标准Substantive provision 实体性的规范Substantive 实体性的Substitutable可替代的Substitute替代Summarily condemned 当即就可以认定违法Summary condemnation 当即宣告有罪Summary dismissal 当场驳回Summary procedure 简易程序Sunk cost 沉没成本Supply and demand elasticity 供给和需求弹性Supply substitution 供给方面的可替代性Supracompetitive pricing 较竞争条件下更为有利的定价Supernormal returns 超额利润TTacit agreement 秘密协议Tacit collusion 心照不宣的协调Tacit coordination 秘密协调/默示协调Takeover 兼并Target firm 目标企业Territorial division 地区划分Territorial or customer restriction 地域或客户的限制Tertiary line injury 第三级损害（对买方的顾客的损害）Testimony of a participant-turned-informer 由参加人变为揭发人而揭发的证据Threatened loss or damage 可能会引起的损失或损害Tied product 搭售的产品（强迫购买的产品）Tie-in condition 附加条件Tie-ins搭售Toehold firm 有一定优势的微型企业Total cost 全部成本Trade association 贸易协会Trade restraint 贸易限制Transaction cost economics 交易成本经济学Transaction cost交易成本Transaction frequency 交易频率transportation barrier 交通障碍Treble damage 三倍损害赔偿Trial attorney 专门出庭办理诉讼案件的律师Trial court 初审法院Truncated or “quick look”version of the rule of reason简化了的或者快速的合理原则Trust 托拉斯，即达到可以操纵一个行业的组合Tying arrangement 搭售协议/搭售安排Tying clause 搭售条款Tying market 搭售市场（被搭售产品所在的市场）Tying product 被搭售产品Tying 搭售UUnauthorized use 未经授权的使用，擅自使用Uncommitted entrant 可自由进入的企业Unfair practice 不正当行为Uniform price cut 统一削价Unilateral conduct 单方行为Unilateral refusal to deal 单方拒绝交易Universal service 基本服务Unlawful per se 本身违法Unreasonable restraints of trade/ Undue restraint 不合理的贸易限制Upstream market 上游市场VVerdict 陪审团裁决，正式判决Verification and exchange of price by direct rival 直接竞争者之间关于价格信息的核查与交换Vertical conspiracy 纵向合谋Vertical integration 纵向联合Vertical merger 纵向合并Vertical price-fixing 纵向限价，即固定转售价格Vertical relationship 纵向关系Vertical restraint 纵向限制Vertical territorial allocation 纵向市场划分Vertical territorial restriction 纵向地域限制Vertically-related firm 有纵向关系的企业V oluntary pre-merger disclosure compact 自愿性合并前申报协定WWaiting period 等待期间Warrant a trial 成为诉讼的根据Watered stocks 实际价值低于面值的股票，掺水股Wave of corporate acquisition 企业收购浪潮Weak case 无权威性的案例Webb-Pomerence Export Trade Act of 1918 1918年韦伯-波莫雷内出口贸易法Wholesale price 批发价格Wholesaler 批发商Willful 故意Writ 批准向最高法院上诉的令状XX-year statute of limitation x年的诉讼时效。
考研单词
考研单词Evident 明显的Untapped 未利用的，未开发的demographically 在人口方面Attainment 获得，实现Cohort n 一群（人）Dab v 轻敷，轻涂Complexion 面色，肤色Erase v 清除Freckle 雀斑Wasp 黄蜂Adornment 装饰Encompass v 包括，包含Confer v赋予，带来Genetic 遗传的Fertility 生育力Log v记录Mating n婚姻Fungible 可代替的Ethical 道德的Soil v败坏，玷污Deceit n 欺骗行为Controversy n争议Misdeed n不端行为，违法Plagiarize v 剽窃，抄袭Wrestler 摔跤手Breach v违反Perception 认识，观念Sully v玷污，弄脏Integrity 诚实，正直Breathe hot flames atGo to pot 堕落，毁灭Albeit 尽管，即使Rally n恢复，重新振作Imminent 临近的，即将发生的Rebound n回升，回复Validate 证实，使生效Tantalizing 逗引性的，令人心驰神往的Seduction n诱惑Fiscal 财政的Stimulus n刺激Assume v想当然地认为Pull of 成功地完成Burgeon v繁荣发展，迅速生长Charlatanism n骗术Impoverished 贫乏的，贫困的Lure v吸引，诱惑n吸引力，诱惑力Fascination 强烈的爱好，迷恋Extinct 灭绝的Demimonde 风流社会Dime 10分硬币Deception 欺骗Melodrama 传奇剧，情节剧Dupe v欺骗，愚弄Perpetrate v施行（欺骗，谋杀），犯罪Fraud n欺骗，骗局Authentic 真正的，逼真的Concoct v编造，调制（汤，饮料）Marvel v感到惊讶，好奇Appraise v评价，评估Audacity 创造性，大胆，无畏Marginal 不重要的，微小的，边缘的Humbug n虚伪，骗局Reckon v 认为Allege v（作为理由，接口等）提出Altruisim 利他主义Unrest n动荡Inclination n习性，爱好Chagrin n懊恼，苦恼Stigmatize v给带来耻辱Vigilance 警戒，警觉Insidious 有毒而诱人的Disenchanted 不再着迷的，不抱幻想的Rate 把看作，认为Rife 充满的Stark 严格的，刻板的Turf 地盘，草皮Lightweight 轻便的Redundant 多余的Arterial 干线的，动脉的Hazardous 有危险的Discriminatory 歧视的，不公平的Wage v进行，展开Legislature n立法机关Pedestrian 行人，步行者Municipality 市政当局Tortuous 复杂的，曲折的Cursive 草体字Revision 修正Loopy 一圈一圈的Slanted 斜的Legibility n清楚易读Effigy 肖像Interrogation 审问，讯问Attorney 律师Violate 违反Hearing 审讯，听训Custody n拘留Deter v制止Confession 坦白Inmate 监犯Amendment 修正案Devotee 爱好者Analog 模拟数据的Shed v去除，摆脱Encode 把编码Recipe 方法，处方Overshadow 给蒙上阴影，使相形见绌Robust 旺盛的Catch on 流行起来Profanity 亵渎语言Misogynistic 厌恶女人的Counter v反驳Consolidate v巩固，加强Messy 杂乱的Perpetuate 使长存，永恒Burglary 夜盗行为Prank 恶作剧Malicious 恶意的Grid 系统网络Perilous 危险的Curb v约束Deterrent 威慑力量Prosecute v对发起公诉Prosecutor 检察官Broker 经纪人Peril 危险Freewheeling 不受约束的，自由放纵的Proponent 支持者Deregulation 撤销Envision 想象，展望Skyrocket v猛升Guouge v诈骗Generator 发电厂Wholesale 批发的Shirk v逃避Withhold v拒给，阻挡Scarcity 缺乏供不应求Astronomically 及巨大的Exotic 外来的Hostage 人质Flip 轻弹Macho a男子的，大男子气的Slob n 衣冠不整,举止祖鲁的人Feminist n 女权主义Feminine aParadoxically自相矛盾地Coin v 创造，杜撰Embrace v （欣然)接受Mock v 嘲弄，讥讽Consumerism n 消费主义Toll n （遭受的）损失，(付出的）代价Masculinity n 男子气概Glossy a 用有光纸印刷的，光洁的groom v 使整洁，打扮，穿戴Metrosexuality n 城市玉男风度Icon 偶像Braid v 把（头发）编成辫子Manly a 具有男子气概的Profile n 侧面，侧影Pitch n 足球场Care-free a 无忧无虑的Pursuit n 爱好，追求Load up on 买得太多Reimbursement n 补偿，偿还Reimburse vUnconditional a 无条件的Dedication n 奉献Expendable a 消耗性的，通常不再使用的Concrete a 具体的，实在的Turnover n(货物，人员等）流动，人员调动Sophisticated a 成熟老练的，富有经验的More often than not 往往，多半Treat n 乐事，乐趣French fries 薯条Norm n 标准，准则Induce v 引诱Joint n 公共场所（夜总会，饭店，旅馆等）Streamline v 使呈流线型Imperative n 必要的事，必要性Slash v 大幅削减Creep v 缓慢或悄悄地进行To the bone 到极点Pretty much 几乎，差不多Ubiquitous a 普遍存在的，无所不在的Exact v 索取，强求Pernicious a 恶劣的，有害的Resentment n 忿恨，怨恨Contaminate v 毒害，污染Undermine v 逐渐损害Exalt v 兴奋，得意Consensus n 一致意见Dissent v 不同意Legitimacy n 正确，合理Aural 听觉的Rime n 韵，谐韵Connotation n 内在意义Counterpoint n（音乐）对违法，（文学）对比法，韵格变异Orchestration n 配器法Chant v 吟唱Harpist n 弹竖琴的人Episode n 插曲，片段Aesthetics n 美学Criteria n 标准，尺度，criterion的复数Prerequisite n 先决条件，前提Acclaim n 陈赞，喝彩Derivative a 缺乏独创性的，派生的Trivial a 不重要的，无价值的，琐碎的Originality n 独创性Servile a 屈从的，奴颜卑膝的Compliance n 顺从，遵从On pain of 冒，，，风险Para-linguistic n 辅助语言学Stereotyping n 成见Semanic a 语义的Trigger v 引起，促使Subconsciously 下意识地Arbitrarily 随心所欲地，武断地Decipher v 解释，破译Incorporated a 和为一体的Calamity n 巨大的不幸，灾难Conceive v 设想，想出Desolating a 带来痛苦的Epidemic n 马前卒，工具Ingenuity n 善于创造发明Barbarism n 未开化状态Maternal 人本主义的Expulsive a 驱逐的，逐出的Wholesale a大规模的Exploitation n剥削，利用Escalate v 迅速上涨Mythologize v使成为神话Denigrate v 贬低Agrarian a农业的，农民的Yeoman n自耕农Exacerbate v 使加深，使加剧，使恶化Contradiction n 矛盾Zealously 狂热地Non-edible a 不可食用的Repel v 排斥Germicidal 杀菌的Buoyant a 能浮起的，有浮力的Circulatory a 循环的Hydrate v 使吸收水，水合Flake n 小薄片Grime n 污垢Rinse v 用清水冲洗Tub 浴缸Microbe n 微生物Armpit n 腋窝engage v 与，，，交战Address v 对付Trillion 万亿Entrench v 处于牢固地位Transition n 过度，转变Infrastructure n 基础设施At one's disposal 由某人支配Make a case for 证明。
法律英语词汇
Aabsolute proof绝对证明absolute property绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序）accusatorial sy stem 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书)acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act f or the preention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administratie law 行政法administratie law judge 行政法法官administratie procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad alorem property tax 从价财产税adersarial hearing 对抗式听证会adersarial process 对抗式程序adersary对手adersary trial sy stem 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度adocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理adocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidait 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判）affirmation 保证书；证词affirmatie 确保的agency（行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-f act 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of aff ection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称；指控allege 诉称；指控alleged off ense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy类推Anglo-American Legal Sy stem英美法系anony mous accusation匿名控告appeal上诉appear出庭appellant上诉人appellate action上诉行为appellate court上诉法院appellee被上诉人appealer上诉人appropriate拨款appurtenant附属物arbiter仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array陪审员名单arrest逮捕arrest warrant逮捕令（证）arrestee被捕人article条款，文章article of authority授权条款articles of conf ederation《联帮条例》articles of incorporation公司组织章程artif icial person法人Asian American legal def ense and education f und亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault意图或威胁伤害assert主张，宣称asset资产assistant attorney助理法官associate judge副法官associate justice副**官assumption违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt意图，企图attempted escape逃脱未遂attestation证词attorney代理人，律师attorney at law律师attorney general检察长authentication鉴定authority权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance机动车保险automobile tort机动车侵权行为autonomy自治（权）Bban禁令，禁止banishment流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge破产债务解除bankruptcy judge破产法官bar律师职业bar association律师协会barrister出庭律师battery殴打bench trial法官审benef iciary受益人benef it收益，福得bigamy重婚罪bill of lading提单bill of right《人权法案》bind oer具保，具结binder临时保险单binding有约束力binding contract有约束力的合同binding f orce约束力binding interpretation有约束力的解释black-letter law（普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法black nation bar association全美黑人律师协会blue sky law蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Goernors（ABA）（美国律师协会的）董事会body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage f ee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going f orward with the eidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing eidence 举证责任burden of proof证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy-sell agreement（股权）买卖协议by laws（内部）章程CCalif ornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary职业法官case brief ing 案情摘要case-in-chief主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certif icate 证书certif icate of existence 实体存在证明（书）challenge 置疑；挑战challenge f or cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则）chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席**官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial eidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civ il court 民事法civ il f orf eiture 民事罚没civ il law 民法Civ il Law Legal Sy stem 民法体系civ il liability民事责任civ il Liberty民事自由civ il Litigation民事诉讼civ il procedure 民事诉讼程序civ il suit民事诉讼Civ il trial 民事审判Civ il right 民权Civ il right law 民权法Civ il War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classif ication of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-f elon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯（罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of f inancing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal sy stem(f amily) 普通法法系Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property共同财产Comparatie law 比较法Comparatie negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensie Drug Abuse Preention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Conf er 授与Conf erence 协商会议Conf idential inf ormation 保密信息Conf iscation 没收Conf lict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Conention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal Sy stem(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent f ee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract f ormation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract perf ormance 合同履行contractor 承包商contraence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conersion 非法占有coney转让coney ance 转让conertible bond 可转换债券coniction 有罪判决conincing eidence 使人信服的证据copy right 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor (法律)顾问;律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court f ee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coerage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice sy stem 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulatie eidence 累计证据curatie 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury僵局陪审团death penalty死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券)debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编def amation 诽谤def ault 不履行;违约def endant 被告人def ence 辩护def ence attorney 辩护律师def ense's case-in-chief辩护方主讼def iciency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder (恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstratie eidence 示意证据depriation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用) designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低deeloper (土地)开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity尊严direct eidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disa bility insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇;释放discount 贴现;折扣discoery 要求告知discrete risk transf er product 离散性风险转移(保险)产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议;纠纷disposition 处置(权)dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney地区检查官database right 数据权diidend 股息diision of title 产权分割diorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则;原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy宪法至上原则doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件;文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的"贸易条款"domicile 住所地double jeopardy一罪二审draf t 起草;草拟draf tman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug traff icking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务;关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money定金easy ment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法eff ectie date 生效日期eff ectie time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件)empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enf orce 实施；执行enf orceable 可强制执行的enf orceability可执行性enf orcement of Law 执法English-American Legal Sy stem (or Family) 英吉利法系enjoin(衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity实体enironmental impact statement 环境影响报告enironmental Law 环境保护法Enironmental protection Agency(EPA) 环境保护局enironmental quality环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief衡平救济equity衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirectie 欧盟指令ealuate 评价eict 逐出（租户）eidence 证据eidentiary presumption 证据推定eidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusie listing 读家上市exclusie right 排他性权利exclusie tax situs 唯一征税地点excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executie acts 行政条例executie branch 行政部门executie order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory proision 法律明文规定express warranty 明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发f ace amount 面颊f ace alue 面植f acilitate 促使：利于f act 事实f act in issue 争议事实f actor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判f alse imprisonment 非法拘禁f amily law 家庭法f ault 过错f ault principle 过错原则f easibility study可行性研究Federal Administratie Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》f ederal conention 联邦制宪会议f ederal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》f ederal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of ciil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Federal rules of eidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》f ederal supremacy联邦至上（原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》f elon 重罪犯f elony重罪f elony-murder 重罪杀人f iduciary 受托人f ile 档案；注册f ile a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求f ine 罚金f ingerprint 手印f ire insurance 火灾保险f ire protection 消防f irst degree murder 一级谋杀f irst instance 一审f ixture （不动产）附属物f logging 烙印f orce of law 法律效力f orcible f elony 暴力性重罪f oreign exchange risk 外汇风险f orf eiture 没收；罚没f orm contract 格式合同f orm of eidence 证据的形式f ormal adjudication 正式裁决f ormal rulemaking 正式规则制定f ormation 构成；鉴定f ranchise tax 特许经营税f raud 诈欺f ree enterprise system 自由企业制度f ree moement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通f reedom of choice 选择自由f rustrate 使受挫折f undamental law 基本法f undamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard (科学证据的)公认标准general partnership 一般合伙general property一般财产（权）general proisions 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tax 赠予税goernment tort 政府侵权（行为）grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过失group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines f or sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪答辩Hhabitual off ender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证（会）hearing of jury陪审团听审hearsay传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定；裁定holding 认定；裁定holding deice 拥有手段（形式）homicide 杀人（罪）homosexuality 同性恋house counsel （公司）专职法律顾问husband-wif e relationship 夫妻关系husband-wif e tort 夫妻侵权（行为）IId. 同上identif ication 认定；确认身份；身份证ignore 忽视；驳回illegal 非法的；违法的immaterial 无实质性的immigration law 移民法immoable property不动产immunity豁免（权）impair 损害；削弱impeachment 弹劾；质疑implementation 实施；执行implied contract 默认合同implied warranty默认保证（保修）imprisonment 监禁imputable 可归罪于……的imputation 归罪in re 关于；案由in recess 休庭in rem 对物的（诉讼）in session 开庭inadmissible eidence 不可采证据incarceration 禁闭；监禁incest 乱伦income tax 所得税Income Tax Act 《所得税条例》income tax on corporations 公司所得税income tax on indiiduals 个人所得税incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的incorporation 法人；公司；组成公司incorporator 公司创办人independent regulatory agency独立规制机构indicatie list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect eidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税indiidual choice 个人选择（权）indiidual f reedom 个人自由indiidual omni competence 个人全权indiidual proprietorship 个体业主indiidual right 个人权利ineff ectie 失效的inequality不平等inf amous 罪恶的；丑恶的inf erence 推理;推论inf liction 处罚inf ormal adjudication 非正式裁决inf ormal rulemaking 非正式规则制定inf ormation 信息; 控告书inf omer 耳目;情报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctie relief强制救济injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner def ense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry调查inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insane 精神失常insanity def ense 精神失常辩护inspection 检查;审查installment land endor 分期付款的土地出售人installment plan agreement 分期付款购物协议instruction 指示instrument 文件insurable interest 可保利益insurable loss 可保损失insurance agent 保险代理商insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡insurance coerage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费insurance proceeds 保险收益insurance product 保险项目insured 被保险人insurer 保险人intangible 无形的intangible damage 无形损害intangible property无形财产intangible personal property无形的人身财产(权) inter alia 除了别的以外interf ere 干涉;侵犯interlocutory injunction 临时强制令;(诉讼)中间的强制令intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院intermetional business 调解interrogation 国际商务intentional 故意的intentional tort 故意侵权行为interest 利息;权益;利益interest rate risk 利率风险interiew 询问inalid 无效的;不合法的inalidate 使无效inasion of priacy 侵犯隐私权inestigation 侦查;调查inestment 投资inestment portf olio risk 投资风险组合inestment securities 投资证券irreleancy无相关性irreleant 不相关的irreleant eidence 无相关性证据irreocable 不可撤销的irreocable lif e insurance trust 不可撤销的人寿保险信托itinerant judge 巡回法官Jjoint tenancy 共同租借(权)joint enture 合资企业joint enture corporation合资公司joint enture with Chinese and f oreign inestment中外合资企业judge法官judge-made law法官立法judge's chamber法官室judge's charge to jury法官对陪审团的指令judge's instruction to jury法官对陪审团的指示judgment判决，裁定judicial branch司法部门judicial clerkship法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district司法区judicial interpretation司法解释judicial notice司法任职judicial opinion法官判决意见judicial reiew司法审查judicial scrutiny司法检查judicial subjectiity审判主观性judicial system法院系统judiciary法官jurisdiction司法管辖区jurisprudence法理学juror陪审员jury陪审团jury charge法官对陪审团的指令jury pool待选陪审员库jury selection挑选陪审员jury trial陪审团制justice公正，**官justice of the peace治安法官justif iable homicide正当杀人juenile court未成年人法庭juenile delinquency未成年人违法行为ＫKey man assurance关键人保险Key person insurance关键人保险Kickbacks回扣Kill杀人Killer杀人者Know-how技术秘密，商业秘密Ｌland use law土地使用法last clear chance doctrine最后明显机会法则law 法，法律law f irm律师事务所law merchant商业习惯法law of eidence证据法law ref orm法律改革lawsuit诉讼，官司lawy er律师lawy er in goernment政府律师；官方律师lawy er in priate practice私人开业律师lawy erette律师娘lawman外行人lay witness普通证人；非专家证人lease租赁lease agreement租赁协议legacy遗产legacy tax遗产税legal合法的legal adice法律咨询legal commentary法律评论legal education法律教育legal eff ect法律教育legal enf orcement法律效力legal English法律英语legal f amily法系legal history法律史legal instrument 法律文件legal mechanism法律机制legal memorandum 法律备忘录legal methodology法律方法论legal order 法律秩序legal problem 法律问题legal prof ession 法律职业legal protection 法律保护legal relationship 法律关系legal representatie 法律代表legal saf eguard 法律保障（措施）legal system 法律体系；法律制度legal theorist 法学理论家legal writing 法律文书写作legalese 法律涩语legality法制legislation 立法legislatie branch 立法部门legislatie history 立法史legislature 立法机关legitimate 合法的ley征收（税）liability责任；债务liability insurance 责任保险liberty自由license plate （车）执照牌license tax 执照税lien 留置（权）lif e estate 终生财（遗）产lif e insurance 人寿保险limited partnership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk 流动资金风险literary property著作产权litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼；打官司liestock insurance 家畜保险loan 贷款lord chancellor (英国)**官loss of rights 丧失权利。
Tim Cook的出柜声明中英文对照翻译
为什么每个人都应该读库克的出柜文章？2014-11-01 北美留学生日报苹果公司CEO蒂姆·库克(Tim Cook)今天在《彭博商业周刊》上的专栏文章里公开表示自己是同志。
其实他的性取向早就是公开的秘密，早在2011年初美国杂志Out就把他评为全美最有权势的50名同志之一，今天只是正式向外界声明而已。
不管是不是同志，不管你如何看待同志议题，他的这篇文章其实都很值得每一个人看一看，里面的很多观念，在美国已经是大众普遍接受的主流观点，但在国内还是非常稀缺的声音。
关心同志议题，并不仅仅是关心这个群体本身，而是关注我们所有人共同的命运。
因为我们的社会还充斥着各种各样的歧视，歧视就像是潜伏在我们生活中无处不在的幽灵，一不留神，我们都可能成为被主流群体排斥的少数群体和弱势群体。
你不是同性恋者，但你可能是在公司里遭受职场歧视的女性，你可能是在大城市里被歧视的外地人，你可能是被强权欺凌房子面临强拆而底层百姓，你可能因为不标准的口音而在公交车上被人翻了白眼，你可能仅仅因为是个左撇子而遭受嘲笑。
因为我们同气连枝，都是期望在这块土地上不遭受任何不公正对待、平等而有尊严地生活的普通人。
所以我特别喜欢库克文章里的这段话：“身为一名同性恋者让我能够更深地理解成为人群中的少数意味着什么，同时也给我提供了一扇窗口来了解其他少数群体每天都要面临的困难。
这让我更加能够感同身受，也丰富了我的人生。
” 以下翻译大部分出自新浪科技，翻译并不完美，有很多错漏，我做了一些细微调整，同时补充了新浪遗漏的部分。
但是因为时间关系，我没法全文校对，如果你有能力，建议你直接阅读英文。
Throughout my professional life, I‟ve tried to maintain a basic level of privac y. I come from humble roots, and I don‟t seek to draw attention to myself. Apple is already one of the most closely watched companies in the world, and I like keeping the focus on our products and the incredible things our customers achieve with them.在我的职业生涯中，我一直努力维持最基本的隐私。
心理学专业英语词汇（D2）
心理学专业英语词汇(D2)disability 失能disability 无能disability glare 失能眩光disadvantage 不利disadvantaged 社会地位低下的disadvantaged children 生活条件差的儿童disadvantaged children in schooldisaffect 使疏远disagreeableness 不愉快disallow 拒绝承认disappearance of conditional reflex 条件反射的消失disappearing difference 渐退差别disappearing differences method 差别渐减法disappointing 失望disappointment 失望disapprobation 非难disarming 消除敌意disarranged sentence testdisarranged sentence test 词句重组测验disassimilation 异化作用disassociation 分裂disaster 灾难disaster psychology 灾害心理学disavow 不承认disbelief 不相信disbelieve 不相信discard 抛弃discarded variable 抛弃变量抛变项discern 辨出discerning 有辨别力的discernment 辨出discharge 放射discharge 释放discharge of affect 情感释放情感释放dischronation 时间觉障碍时间觉障碍disciplinary measure 纪律措施纪律措施disciplinary method 维纪方法维纪方法disciplinary problem 纪律问题纪律问题discipline 纪律discipline 学科disclaim 放弃disclosure of self 内心表露discombobulate 扰乱discombobulating theory 困乱论困乱论discomfort 不舒适discomfort glare 不舒适眩光discomfort glare rating 不舒适眩光等级评定discomfort index 不舒适指数discomposure 不安disconfirmed expectancy 预期落空disconjunctive concept 选言概念disconnection syndrome 分离综合症disconnection theory 分离说disconsolate 忧郁的discontinuity 间断性discontinuity condition 不连续条件discontinuity hypothesis 非连续假说discontinuity theory 非连续论非连续论discontinuity theory of learning 非连续学习论discontinuous variable 离散型随机变量discontinuous volume 非连续容量discord 不和谐discordance 不一致性discounting principle 折扣原则discounting rule of attribution 归因折扣原则discouragement 沮丧discouraging 令人沮丧的令人沮丧的discourse 话语discourse analysis 话语分析话语分析discourteous 不礼貌的discourtesy 粗鲁行为discover 发现discovery learning 启发式学习discovery method 发现法discovery method of teaching 启发式教学法discovery procedure 发现程序发现程序discovery teaching method 启发式教学法discredit 怀疑discrepancy 不符合discrepancy 差距discrepancy score 差异分数discrete 不连续的discrete measure 间断量数discrete probability distribution 间断机率分布discrete stimulus 间断刺激discrete trial 个别试验discrete variable 分散变量discrete variable 间断变量discretization 离散化discrimeter 辨别计discriminability 辨别力discriminability index 辨别力指标discriminable 可辨别的discriminal dispersion 辨别离散discriminal process 辨别过程辨别过程discriminance 辨别法discriminant 判别式discriminant analysis discriminant function discriminant function discriminant validity 区分效度区分效度discriminate 区别discriminate against 歧视discriminated operant 辨别操作discriminating 辨别的discriminating power 鉴别力discrimination 辨别discrimination 歧视discrimination box 辨别箱discrimination examination 甄别考试discrimination factor 区别因素区别因子discrimination index 辨别指数辨别指数discrimination learning 辨别学习discrimination method 辨别法discrimination reaction 辨别反应discrimination time 辨别时间辨别时间discrimination training 辨别训练discriminational 歧视的discriminative cues 辨别线索辨别索discriminative power 辨别力discriminative reaction time 辨别反应时discriminative stimulus 辨别刺激discriminator 辨别者discriminatory 差别对待discriminatory analysis 识别分析discuss 讨论discussion 讨论discussion leader 议事领袖discussion method 讨论法discussion with pictures 看图谈话disdain 轻视disease 疾病disembosom 倾吐disengagement theory of aging 老年减少参与论disequilibration 不平衡disequilibrium 失衡disesteem 轻视disesthesia 感觉迟钝disexuality 双重性特征disfunction 机能失常disgnosia 认知障碍disguise 假装disguised test 蒙蔽测验disgust 厌恶dishabituation 习惯化解除习惯化解除disharmonious 不和谐的disharmony 不和谐dishearten 失去勇气dishonesty 不诚实disillusion 醒悟disillusionment 醒悟disincentive 不利诱因disinhibition 去抑效应disinhibition 抑制解除disinhibition theory 抑制解除说disintegrate typedisintegrated personality 分裂性人格disintegrated type 分裂型disintegration 分裂disintegration 解体disintegration of consciousness 意识解体disintegrative method of learning 分解学习法disjunction 析取disjunction type 析取型disjunctive concept 析取概念选言概念disjunctive set 不连接的组集disk file 磁盘存储器dislike 厌恶dismal 忧郁的dismay 惊愕disobey 不服从disorder 失调disorder 障碍disorder behavior 失常行为disorder of affective tone 情调变态disorder of body schema 身体图式障碍disorder of memory 记忆障碍记忆障碍disorder of sleep wake scheduledisorder of thought stream 思流障碍disorganization 错乱disorganized schizophrenia 错乱型精神分裂症disorientation 定向障碍disorientation 迷向disowning projection 否认投射否认投射disparage 轻视disparate 不同的disparate point 不相称点disparate retinal point 网膜不相称点disparate sensation 不同感官感觉disparity 差异dispassionate 平心静气的平心静气的dispatch 调度dispersed learning 分散学习分散学习dispersion 分散度dispersion 离中趋势dispersion of liability for guilt 罪责扩散dispersive 分散的dispersive process 分散过程分散过程dispersivity 分散性dispirited 没有精神的displace 移置displaced aggression 移置攻击移置攻击displaced aggression 转向攻击转向攻击displaced speech 移位言语displacement 移置作用displacement 转移displacement activitydisplacement behaviordisplacement of affectdisplacement of goal 目标换置目标换置displacement of role 角色代替角色代替displacement of visual movement 视动移位displacement threshold 运动距离阈display control compatibilitydisplay 显示display luminance 显示器亮度display model 显示模型display panel 显示仪表板显示仪表板display unit 显示器displays 显示器disposition 气质disposition 性情dispositional 素质上的dispositional attribution 素质归因disproportion 不相称disquietude 不安disregard 不理disrelish 不喜爱disrespect 无礼disruption 分裂disruptive behavior 破坏行为破坏行为disruptive behavior disorder 破坏行为疾病disruptive camouflage 破坏性伪装dissatisfaction 不满足dissatisfactory 令人不满的令人不满的dissatisfied 不满的dissatisfied factors 非满足因素dissected sentence testdissemble 掩饰dissent 异议disservice 危害dissimilarity coefficient 异化系数dissimilation 异化dissimulation 虚饰dissociated anesthesia 分离性感觉缺失dissociated learning 孤立学习孤立学习dissociated personality dissociation 分裂dissociation 离解dissociation anesthesia 分离性感觉缺失dissociation hysteria 分离性癔症dissociation theory 分离说dissociative 分裂的dissociative amnesia 离解失忆症dissociative disorder 解离性障碍dissociative histeria 解离性歇斯底里dissociative neurosis 解离型神经官能症dissociative pattern 解离模式解离模式dissociative reaction 解离反应解离反应dissociative type 解离型dissolute 无节制的dissolution 退化dissonance 不协调dissonance arousaldissonance reduction 失谐消减dissonance theory 失谐论dissonant information dissuasion 劝阻dissymmetry 不相称distal 末梢的distal 远的distal color 远色distal receptor 远距感受器远距感受器distal response 远反应distal stimulus 远刺激distal variable 远变量distance 距离distance assimilation 非邻近同化distance constancy 距离常性距离常性distance cues 距离线索distance depth cue 距离深度线索distance estimation 距离估计距离估计distance judgment 距离判断距离判断distance method 距离法distance of visual cognition 视认距离distance paradox 距离的矛盾distance perception 距离知觉距离知觉distance receptor 远距感受器distance sense 远距感觉distance vision 远距视觉distance zone 亲疏空间distant control 遥控distaste 厌恶distinction 差别distinctive competencies 独特资能distinctive feature 辨别属性辨别属性distinctive information 独特性信息distinctiveness 特殊性distinguish 区别distort 曲解distorted room 视物变形小屋distorted view 偏见distorted vision 斜视distortion 变相distortion 曲解distortion 失真distortion of reality 现实曲解现实曲解distortion of stimulus condition 刺激条件的改变distracter 误选项distractibility 分心作用distractibility 注意力分散注意力分散distractible 分心的distraction 分心distraction 扰乱distraction in communication 沟通的误解distraction item 扰乱项目distraction task 扰乱任务distraction technique 分心技术distractor 扰乱项目distractor 误选项distractor technique 扰乱项目法distress 苦恼distress call 苦难喊叫distressful 令人苦恼的distribute 分配distributed learning 分配学习分配学习distributed practice 分配练习分配练习distributed repetition 分配复习distributed thinking 分配思维分配思考distribution freedistribution free tests distribution 分布distribution curve 分配曲线distribution method 分布法distribution of attention 注意分配distribution of illumination 照明分布distribution of practice 练习分布distribution on curve distributional analysis distributive 分配的distributive education 职业教育distributive justice 分配公平分配公正distributive lattice 分配点阵分配点阵distributively 分配上地distributivitydistributor 分配者distributor 经销商distributor 配置器distrust 不信任disturb 困扰disturbance 障碍disturbance of association 联想障碍disturbance of consciousness 意识障碍disturbance of light sense 光觉障碍disturbance of memory disturbance of visual field 视野障碍disturbed children 失调儿童失调儿童disuse 失用disuse principle 失用原则disvolution 退化dither 发抖diurnal 昼夜的divergence 分散性divergence tendency 离中趋势离中趋势divergent association 发散联想divergent lines illusion 分散线条错觉divergent phenomenadivergent production 发散性生产divergent question 扩散性问题divergent thinking 扩散性思考diversiondiversion 导离diversion hypothesis 导离假设导离假设diversity 差异性diversity 多种性divertive play 娱乐性游戏娱乐性戏divided attention 分散注意divided attention method 分散注意法divided brain 分脑divided self 分裂自我divination 预言divination 占卜divine cure 心灵治疗diving accident 潜水事故division 分配division 1. general psychology 普通心理学division 10. psychology and the arts 心理学和艺术division 12. clinical psychology 临床心理学division 13. consulting psychology 顾问心理学division 14. society for industrial and organizational psychology 工业和组织心理学division 15. educational psychology 教育心理学division 16. school psychology 学校心理学division 17. counseling psychology 咨询心理学division 18. psychologists in public service 公共服务心理学者division 19. military psychology 军事心理学division 2. society for the teaching of psychology 心理学教学division 20. adult development and aging 成人发展和老年division 21. applied experimental and engineering psychologists 应用实验和工程心理学division 22. rehabilitation psychology 康复心理学division 23. society for consumer psychology 消费心理学division 24. theoretical and philosophical psychology 理论和哲学心理学division 25. experimental analysis of behavior 行为的实验分析division 26. history of psychology 心理学史division 27. society for community research and action 社区研究与活动division 28. psychopharmacology and substance abuse 心理药理学及药物滥用心理药理学及药物滥用division 29. psychotherapy 心理治疗division 3. experimental psychology 实验心理学division 30. psychological hypnosis 心理催眠division 31. state psychology association affairs 州心理学会事务division 32. humanistic psychology 人本心理学division 33. mental retardation and developmental disabilities 智力落后发育性伤残division 34. population and environmental psychology 人口和环境心理学division 35. psychology of women 妇女心理学division 36. psychology of religion 宗教心理学division 38. health psychology 健康心理学division 39. psychoanalysis 心理分析division 40. clinical neuropsychology 临床神经心理学division 41. american psychology law society 法律心理学division 42. psychologists in independent practice 独立开业者division 43. family psychology 家庭心理学division 44. society for the psychology study of gay issues 同性恋心理学研究同性恋心理学研究division 45. society for the psychological study of ethnic minority issues 少数民族心理学研究division 46. media psychology 媒介心理学division 47. exercise and sport psychology 运动心理学division 48. peace psychology 和平心理学division 49. group psychology and group psychotherapy 团体心理学及团体心理治疗division 50. addictions 癖心理学division 51. society for the psychological study of men and masculinity 男性心理学研究division 52. international psychology 国际心理学division 6. behavior neuroscience and comparative psychology 行为神经科学和比较心理学division 7. developmental psychology 发展心理学division 8. society of personality and social psychology 个性和社会心理学division 9. society for psychological study of social issues 社会问题心理学研究division of function 机能分工机能分工division of labor 劳动分工divisional system 事业部制divorce 离婚divorcee 离了婚的人dizygotic twins 异卵孪生子卵孪生子dizziness 眩晕dizzy 头晕目眩dl 差别阈限dna 合成dna 合成酶dna 模板dna 脱氧核糖核酸dna evolution dna 进化dna ligasedna 合成酶dna replicationdna 复制dna synthesisdna 合成dna templatedna 模板dnase 脱氧核糖核酸酶do well 进展情况良好进展情况良好docility 可塑性doctrinaire 空谈理论者doctrinairism 教条主义doctrinairism 空谈理论doctrine 学说doctrine of acquirable knowledge 学知说doctrine of autogenesis 自然发生说doctrine of correspondence 符合说doctrine of descent 世代延续说doctrine of evil human nature 性恶论doctrine of formal discipline 形式训练说doctrine of good human nature 性善论doctrine of interest 兴趣主义兴趣主义doctrine of maximum satisfaction 最大满足学说doctrine of no good and no evil human nature 性无善无恶论doctrine of prescience 先知论doctrine of signatures 信号说doctrine of specific nerve energy 神经特殊能量说doctrine of the bipolarity of affections 情二端说doctrine of the same origin of mind and body 一本论doctrine of three classes of human nature 性三品论doctrine of two origin of mind and body 二本论doctrinism 教义至上论dof 直接观察式dogma 教条dogmatism 教条主义dogmatism scale 教条主义量表dol 多尔doldrums 忧郁dolichocephalic 长头的doll s eye responsedoll play 洋娃娃游戏dollard millerdolor 悲哀dolorimeter 测痛仪dolour 悲哀doltish 愚笨的domain referenced testingdomain 范围domain of variables 变量范围变数范畴domain sampling 范畴内抽样domal sampling 按户抽样domestic 驯养的domestic problem 家庭问题domestic relation 家庭关系domestication 驯养dominance submissiondominance subordinate relationship dominance 优势dominance 支配dominance aggression 支配攻击dominance behavior 支配行为支配行为dominance hierarchy 统治阶层dominance hierarchy 支配等级dominance hierarchy in animals 动物统治等级dominant 显性的dominant 优势的dominant activity 主导活动dominant age class 优势年龄组dominant character 显性dominant cue 显性线索dominant culture 主文化dominant eye 优势眼dominant foot 优势足dominant gene 显性基因dominant hand 优势手dominant hemispheredominant inheritance 显性遗传dominant personality 支配性人格dominant response 主要反应主要反应dominant role 主要角色dominant trait 显性特质dominant trait 支配性dominant type 支配型dominant value orientation 显著价值取向dominant wave length 主波长dominantive motives in learning 主导性学习动机domination 支配dominator 优势神经元domoor s signdonder s lawdoodah 激动doodle 欺骗door indoor indopa 多巴dopa oxidase 多巴氧化酶dopamine 多巴胺dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia 精神分裂症的多巴胺假说dopamine receptor 多巴胺受体dopaminergic 多巴胺能的多巴胺能的dopase 多巴氧化酶dopey 麻醉状态的doppler effect 多普勒声光效应doppler shift 多普勒转移多普勒转移dormancy callus 固定胼胝体dormant state 静态dormifacient 促睡眠的dormitive 安眠的dorsal 背侧的dorsal chord 脊索dorsal column 脊柱dorsal column nucleus 脊柱核dorsal column tract 脊柱束dorsal horn 背角dorsal root 背根dorsal root ganglion 背根神经节dorsal spinocerebellar tract 脊髓小脑束dosage 剂量doso visual systemdossier 病历表册dot 职业分类典dotage 老年记忆衰退dote 昏愦dotted substance 点状物质dotting test 打点测验double aspect theorydouble blinddouble blind crossoverdouble blind experimentdouble blind interactiondouble blind proceduredouble blind researchdouble blind techniquedouble entry tabledouble frequency tabledouble loop learningdouble point aesthesiometerdouble 双重的double alternate method 双交替法double alternation problem 双次交替问题double approach avoidance conflict double bind child 双重约束儿童double bind interaction 双困互动double bind theory 双重约束理论double blind 双盲double blind experiment 双盲实验double blind procedure 双盲程序double characters of performer 演员的双重性格double consciousness 双重意识double depletion hypothesis 双重减液说double dissociation 双重分离双重分离double hermeneutics 双重释义双重诠释double image 双像double inheritance 双重遗传性double innervation 双重神经支配double interpretation illusion 双重译释错觉double pain 双重痛觉double personality 双重人格双重人格double reciprocal innervation 双重相反神经支配double representation 双重代表double sampling 双重抽样double self 双重自我double standard 双重标准double technique 双重技术double thinking 双重思维double vision 复视doubt 怀疑doubter 持怀疑态度者持怀疑态度者douce 文雅的doughtydower 天赋down s syndromedowney will temperament test 道内意志气质测验downward looking horizontal situation d downward communication 下行沟通downward mobility 趋下流动趋下流动dpadq 发展商数dq 衰退商数drama psychology 戏剧心理学drama therapy 戏剧治疗法戏剧治疗法dramatic 戏剧的dramatic conflicts 戏剧冲突dramatic entanglement 戏剧纠纷dramatic expression 戏剧表情戏剧表情dramatic feeling 戏剧感情dramatic play 表演游戏dramatic properties 戏剧性dramatic rhythm 戏剧节奏dramatic situation 戏剧性情境dramatic therapy 表演疗法dramatical 戏剧的dramaticism 戏剧性dramatization 戏剧化draw oneself up 控制自己drawing 绘画drawing apparatus 绘画器drawing completion test 绘画完成测验绘画完成测验drawing scale 绘画量表draw a horse test 画马测验draw a house test 绘屋测验draw a man test 画人测验draw a person test 画人测验draw a tree test 绘树测验dread 恐怖dreadful 可怕的dream series methoddream statedream 梦dream analysis 析梦dream association 忆梦联想dream censorship 梦的监察dream consciousness 梦的意识dream content 梦境dream content 梦之内容dream deprivation 梦境剥夺梦境剥夺dream determinant 梦之成因梦之成因dream ego 梦中自我dream instigator 梦之缘起dream interpretation 梦的解释梦之解析dream interpretation 释梦dream recall 梦境回忆dream symbol 梦的象征dream symbolism 析梦象征主义dream wish fulfillmentdream wish 梦愿dream work 梦工作dream world 梦想世界dreamboat 理想人物dreamer 梦想家dreamful 多梦的dreaming sleepdreamland 梦境dreamless 无梦的dreamless sleep 无梦睡眠dreamlife 醉生dreamlike 梦幻的dreamscape 梦幻景象dreamy 恍惚的dreamy state 梦样状态dressing apraxia 衣着运用不能drift 演变drill 训练drinker 嗜酒者drinking 饮drinking drive behavior 酒后驾驶行为drive inducing operationdrive oriented behaviordrive reduction hypothesis drive reduction theorydrive 内驱力drive arousal 驱力激发状态drive arousal stimulus 驱力激发刺激drive conversion 驱力转向drive descending theory 内驱力降低说drive displacement 驱力移置驱力移置drive primary 原始驱欲drive psychology 内驱力心理学drive reduction 驱力减低drive reduction hypothesis 驱力减低假说drive secondary 次级驱欲drive simulator 驾驶模拟器驾驶模拟器drive specificity 驱力定向drive state 驱力状态drive stimulus 驱力刺激driver 驾驶员driver characteristics 驾驶员特性driver education 驾驶员教育driver judgment 驾驶员判断driver license testing 司机执照考试driving behavior 驾驶行为driving environment 驾驶环境驾驶环境driving force 驱动力drl 延迟反应学习dromitropic 影响传导的dromitropic action 影响传导作用dromogram 血流速度描记图dromomania 漫游狂dromophobia 恐奔跑症droop 衰颓drop outdrop quizzesdrop recorder 记滴器dropouts 退学drowse 打瞌睡drowsiness 困倦drowsy wave 欲睡波drug dependent insomniadrug rehabilitationdrug takingdrug 药物drug abuse 药物滥用drug addiction 药物成瘾drug dependence 药物依赖drug education 反吸毒教育反吸毒教育drug habituation 服药习惯化drug holiday 药物假期drug induced hallucination 药致幻觉drug influence 药物效应drug intoxication 药物中毒drug overdose 服药过量drug problem 吸毒问题drug psychosis 药物中毒性精神病drug synergism 药物合并效果drug therapy 药物疗法drug tolerance 耐药性drug withdrawal 停药drugs 毒品drumhead 鼓膜drunken 酒醉的dry bulb temperancedry climate 乾燥气候ds 驱力刺激驱力刺激ds 去同步睡眠dtps 弥散性丘脑皮层投射系统dual code hypothesisdual leadership therapydual memory theorydual sex therapydual 双的dual aspectism 双相论dual career couples 双职工dual coding hypothesis 双重编码说dual coding model of reading 阅读的双通道模式dual coding theory 双重编码论dual descent 双重遗传dual function 双重作用dual impression 双重印象dual loyalty 二重忠心dual memory hypothesis 二重记忆说dual personality 双重人格dual phenomenon 双重现象dual psychology 二重心理学dual role 双重角色dualism 二元论dualistic theory of human nature 性二元论duality 两重性duality of aesthetic feeling 美感的两重性duality of structure 结构二元性duality of the innermost being 内心两重性dubini s chorea diseasedubious 犹豫的dubitation 迟疑ductus semicircular 半规管dudgeon 愤恨due 适当的dulcet 令人舒服的dull 迟钝的dull children 迟钝儿童dull pain 钝痛dullness 迟钝dumbness 哑dummy 模拟人dummy 哑巴dummy head 模拟头dump 信息转储duncan s new multipleduncan multiple range test dunfermline 登弗姆林营养指标dunlap chronoscope 丹拉普计时器dunn multiple comparisons 邓恩多重比较法dunnett s proceduredunnett s td testdupe 欺骗duplex 双的duplex theory 二元学说duplex theory in vision 视觉双功能说duplicate test 替换测验duplication 复份duplicity theory 双重作用说duplicity theory of vision 双视觉说duration 持续时间duration 久暂duration of diapause 滞育时间滞育时间duration of impulse 脉冲宽度脉宽度duration of sunshine 日照时间日照时间duration of vision 视觉持续时间duration sampling 时限抽样duress 强迫duret s lesiondurrell analysis of reading difficulty 杜雷尔阅读困难分析durrell listening reading series 杜雷尔听读系列dusky 忧郁的dust 灰尘duteous 忠实的duty 责任dv 因变量dvorine color vision test 德氏颜色视觉测验dwarf 侏儒dwarfism 侏儒症dyad 双方dyadic conflict 双方冲突dyadic interaction 双方相互作用dyadic interorganizational relationship 双方组织间关系dynameter 肌力计dynamic 动力的dynamic action of food 食物的动力作用dynamic analysis 动力分析dynamic balance 动态平衡dynamic behavior 能动行为dynamic crossroads 动力抉择点dynamic data 动态资料dynamic display 动态显示器dynamic effect 动态影响dynamic equilibriumdynamic graphic display 动态图示显示器dynamic lattice 动力方格dynamic logic 动力逻辑dynamic material 活动教材dynamic model 动态模型dynamic network 动态网络dynamic organization 动态组织dynamic perception 动力知觉动力知觉dynamic programming 动态规划dynamic psychiatry 动力精神病学dynamic psychology 动力心理学dynamic resignation 主动型退避dynamic roadway displays 动态路面显示器dynamic selection 动态选择dynamic situation principle 动态情境原则dynamic sociology 动态社会学dynamic state 动态dynamic stereotype 动力定型动力定型dynamic strength 动态性力量dynamic teaching program 活力教学计划dynamic theory 动力论dynamic trait 动力特性dynamic type 动型dynamic visual acuity 动态视敏度dynamic visual field 动视野dynamics 动力学dynamics of vocational adjustment 职业适应动力学dynamism 精神动学dynamite 精力充沛者dynamo 精力充沛者dynamogenesis 动力发生dynamograph 肌力描记器肌力描记器dynamometer 握力计dynamometry 肌力测定法肌力测定法dynamopathic 机能性的dynamoscope 动力测验器动力测验器dynamoscopy 动力测验法动力测验法dysacousis 听力减退dysadaptation 眼调节障碍眼调节障碍dysadrenia 肾上腺机能障碍dysanagnosia 诵读障碍dysantigraphia 抄写障碍dysaphia 触觉障碍dysarthria 发音困难dysarthria literalis 口吃dysarthrosis 构语障碍dysaudia 听力障碍dysautonomia 自主运动不能dysbasia 步行困难dysbulia 丧志症dyscalculia 计算失能dyschiasia 定位觉障碍dyschiria 左右感觉障碍左右感觉障碍dyschromasia 色觉障碍dyschromatopsia 色觉障碍dyschronism 定时障碍dyscinesia 运动障碍dyscoimesis 睡眠困难dyscorticism 肾上腺皮质机能障碍dysdiadochokinesia 轮替运动障碍dysecoia 听力减退dysembryoplasia 胚胎发育不良dysendocriniadysendocrinism 内分泌障碍dysequilibrium 平衡失调dyserethesia 感受性不良dyserethism 应激性不良dysergasia 脑控制不良dysergia 传出性运动失调dysesthesia 感觉迟钝dysfunction 机能障碍dysfunctional behavior dysfunctional conflictdysfunctional expectancies 功能不良的预期dysfunctional self evaluation dysgenesis 发育不全dysgenic 非优生的dysgenic 种族退化的dysgenics 劣生学dysgenopathy 发育障碍dysgeusia 味觉倒错dysglandular 腺机能障碍的dysgnosia 认知不全dysgnosia 智力障碍dysgrammatisum 语法错乱dysgraphia 书写障碍dyshormonia 内分泌障碍dyshormonism 内分泌障碍内分泌障碍dyshypophysismus 垂体机能障碍dyskinesia 运动障碍dyskoimesis 睡眠困难dyslalia 构音困难dyslexia 诵读障碍dyslogia 推理困难dysmenorrhea 月经失调dysmetria 测距不准dysmetropsia 视物大小不对称症dysmimia 表情障碍dysmnesia 记忆障碍dysmorphophobia 恐畸形症dysmorphopsia 曲影症dysmyotonia 肌紧张异常dysneuria 神经机能障碍dysontogenesis 发育不良dysopia 视觉障碍dysorexia 食欲障碍dysosmia 嗅觉障碍dyspathy 情感冷淡dyspepsia 消化不良dysphagia 吞咽困难dysphasia 言语困难dysphemia 口吃dysphonia 发音困难dysphoria 烦躁不安dysphrenia 精神失调dysphylaxia 早醒性失眠dyspituitarism 垂体机能障碍dyspituitarismus 垂体机能障碍dysplasia 发育异常dysplastic 发育异常的dysplastic type 变态型dyspnea 呼吸困难dyspneal 呼吸困难的dyspnic 呼吸困难的dyspnoea 呼吸困难dysponesis 皮层运动区活动障碍dyspraxia 运用障碍dysprosody 言语声律障碍dysrhythmia 节律障碍dyssocial behavior 异社会行为dyssomnia 睡眠障碍dysstasia 起立困难dyssymbolia 概念构思障碍dyssynergia 协同失调dystaxia 协调障碍dysteleology 无用器官学dysthymia 精神抑郁症dysthymia 情绪不良dysthymiac 心境恶劣者dysthymic disorder情绪障碍情绪障碍dysthyroidism 甲状腺机能障碍dystrophia 营养不良dystrophy 营养不良dystropy 行为异常。
统计学专业英语词汇
概率论与数理统计词汇英汉对照表Aabsolute value 绝对值accept 接受acceptable region 接受域additivity 可加性adjusted 调整的alternative hypothesis 对立假设analysis 分析analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析arithmetic mean 算术平均值association 相关性assumption 假设assumption checking 假设检验availability 有效度average 均值Bbalanced 平衡的band 带宽bar chart 条形图beta-distribution 贝塔分布between groups 组间的bias 偏倚binomial distribution 二项分布binomial test 二项检验Ccalculate 计算case 个案category 类别center of gravity 重心central tendency 中心趋势chi-square distribution 卡方分布chi-square test 卡方检验classify 分类cluster analysis 聚类分析coefficient 系数coefficient of correlation 相关系数collinearity 共线性column 列compare 比较comparison 对照components 构成，分量compound 复合的confidence interval 置信区间consistency 一致性constant 常数continuous variable 连续变量control charts 控制图correlation 相关covariance 协方差covariance matrix 协方差矩阵critical point 临界点critical value 临界值crosstab 列联表cubic 三次的，立方的cubic term 三次项cumulative distribution function 累加分布函数curve estimation 曲线估计Ddata 数据default 默认的definition 定义deleted residual 剔除残差density function 密度函数dependent variable 因变量description 描述design of experiment 试验设计deviations 差异df.(degree of freedom) 自由度diagnostic 诊断dimension 维discrete variable 离散变量discriminant function 判别函数discriminatory analysis 判别分析distance 距离distribution 分布D-optimal design D-优化设计Eeaqual 相等effects of interaction 交互效应efficiency 有效性eigenvalue 特征值equal size 等含量equation 方程error 误差estimate 估计estimation of parameters 参数估计estimations 估计量evaluate 衡量exact value 精确值expectation 期望expected value 期望值exponential 指数的exponential distributon 指数分布extreme value 极值Ffactor 因素，因子factor analysis 因子分析factor score 因子得分factorial designs 析因设计factorial experiment 析因试验fit 拟合fitted line 拟合线fitted value 拟合值fixed model 固定模型fixed variable 固定变量fractional factorial design 部分析因设计frequency 频数F-test F检验full factorial design 完全析因设计function 函数Ggamma distribution 伽玛分布geometric mean 几何均值group 组Hharmomic mean 调和均值heterogeneity 不齐性histogram 直方图homogeneity 齐性homogeneity of variance 方差齐性hypothesis 假设hypothesis test 假设检验Iindependence 独立independent variable 自变量independent-samples 独立样本index 指数index of correlation 相关指数interaction 交互作用interclass correlation 组内相关interval estimate 区间估计intraclass correlation 组间相关inverse 倒数的iterate 迭代Kkernal 核Kolmogorov-Smirnov test柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米诺夫检验kurtosis 峰度Llarge sample problem 大样本问题layer 层least-significant difference 最小显著差数least-square estimation 最小二乘估计least-square method 最小二乘法level 水平level of significance 显著性水平leverage value 中心化杠杆值life 寿命life test 寿命试验likelihood function 似然函数likelihood ratio test 似然比检验linear 线性的linear estimator 线性估计linear model 线性模型linear regression 线性回归linear relation 线性关系linear term 线性项logarithmic 对数的logarithms 对数logistic 逻辑的lost function 损失函数Mmain effect 主效应matrix 矩阵maximum 最大值maximum likelihood estimation 极大似然估计mean squared deviation(MSD) 均方差mean sum of square 均方和measure 衡量media 中位数M-estimator M估计minimum 最小值missing values 缺失值mixed model 混合模型mode 众数model 模型Monte Carle method 蒙特卡罗法moving average 移动平均值multicollinearity 多元共线性multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多重相关multiple correlation coefficient 复相关系数multiple correlation coefficient 多元相关系数multiple regression analysis 多元回归分析multiple regression equation 多元回归方程multiple response 多响应multivariate analysis 多元分析Nnegative relationship 负相关nonadditively 不可加性nonlinear 非线性nonlinear regression 非线性回归noparametric tests 非参数检验normal distribution 正态分布null hypothesis 零假设number of cases 个案数Oone-sample 单样本one-tailed test 单侧检验one-way ANOVA 单向方差分析one-way classification 单向分类optimal 优化的optimum allocation 最优配制order 排序order statistics 次序统计量origin 原点orthogonal 正交的outliers 异常值Ppaired observations 成对观测数据paired-sample 成对样本parameter 参数parameter estimation 参数估计partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial regression coefficient 偏回归系数percent 百分数percentiles 百分位数pie chart 饼图point estimate 点估计poisson distribution 泊松分布polynomial curve 多项式曲线polynomial regression 多项式回归polynomials 多项式positive relationship 正相关power 幂P-P plot P-P概率图predict 预测predicted value 预测值prediction intervals 预测区间principal component analysis 主成分分析proability 概率probability density function 概率密度函数probit analysis 概率分析proportion 比例Qqadratic 二次的Q-Q plot Q-Q概率图quadratic term 二次项quality control 质量控制quantitative 数量的，度量的quartiles 四分位数Rrandom 随机的random number 随机数random number 随机数random sampling 随机取样random seed 随机数种子random variable 随机变量randomization 随机化range 极差rank 秩rank correlation 秩相关rank statistic 秩统计量regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficient 回归系数regression line 回归线reject 拒绝rejection region 拒绝域relationship 关系reliability 可靠性repeated 重复的report 报告，报表residual 残差residual sum of squares 剩余平方和response 响应risk function 风险函数robustness 稳健性root mean square 标准差row 行run 游程run test 游程检验Ssample 样本sample size 样本容量sample space 样本空间sampling 取样sampling inspection 抽样检验scatter chart 散点图S-curve S形曲线separately 单独地sets 集合sign test 符号检验significance 显著性significance level 显著性水平significance testing 显著性检验significant 显著的，有效的significant digits 有效数字skewed distribution 偏态分布skewness 偏度small sample problem 小样本问题smooth 平滑sort 排序soruces of variation 方差来源space 空间spread 扩展square 平方standard deviation 标准离差standard error of mean 均值的标准误差standardization 标准化standardize 标准化statistic 统计量statistical quality control 统计质量控制std. residual 标准残差stepwise regression analysis 逐步回归stimulus 刺激strong assumption 强假设stud. deleted residual 学生化剔除残差stud. residual 学生化残差subsamples 次级样本sufficient statistic 充分统计量sum 和sum of squares 平方和summary 概括，综述Ttable 表t-distribution t分布test 检验test criterion 检验判据test for linearity 线性检验test of goodness of fit 拟合优度检验test of homogeneity 齐性检验test of independence 独立性检验test rules 检验法则test statistics 检验统计量testing function 检验函数time series 时间序列tolerance limits 容许限total 总共，和transformation 转换treatment 处理trimmed mean 截尾均值true value 真值t-test t检验two-tailed test 双侧检验Uunbalanced 不平衡的unbiased estimation 无偏估计unbiasedness 无偏性uniform distribution 均匀分布Vvalue of estimator 估计值variable 变量variance 方差variance components 方差分量variance ratio 方差比various 不同的vector 向量Wweight 加权，权重weighted average 加权平均值within groups 组内的ZZ score Z分数最优化方法词汇英汉对照表Aactive constraint 活动约束active set method 活动集法analytic gradient 解析梯度approximate 近似arbitrary 强制性的argument 变量attainment factor 达到因子Bbandwidth 带宽be equivalent to 等价于best-fit 最佳拟合bound 边界Ccoefficient 系数complex-value 复数值component 分量constant 常数constrained 有约束的constraint 约束constraint function 约束函数continuous 连续的converge 收敛cubic polynomial interpolation method 三次多项式插值法curve-fitting 曲线拟合Ddata-fitting 数据拟合default 默认的，默认的define 定义diagonal 对角的direct search method 直接搜索法direction of search 搜索方向discontinuous 不连续Eeigenvalue 特征值empty matrix 空矩阵equality 等式exceeded 溢出的Ffeasible 可行的feasible solution 可行解finite-difference 有限差分first-order 一阶GGauss-Newton method 高斯-牛顿法goal attainment problem 目标达到问题gradient 梯度gradient method 梯度法Hhandle 句柄Hessian matrix 海色矩阵Iindependent variables 独立变量inequality 不等式infeasibility 不可行性infeasible 不可行的initial feasible solution 初始可行解initialize 初始化inverse 逆invoke 激活iteration 迭代iteration 迭代JJacobian 雅可比矩阵LLagrange multiplier 拉格朗日乘子large-scale 大型的least square 最小二乘least squares sense 最小二乘意义上的Levenberg-Marquardt method列文伯格-马夸尔特法line search 一维搜索linear 线性的linear equality constraints 线性等式约束linear programming problem 线性规划问题local solution 局部解Mmedium-scale 中型的minimize 最小化mixed quadratic and cubic polynomial interpolation and extrapolation method 混合二次、三次多项式内插、外插法multiobjective 多目标的Nnonlinear 非线性的norm 范数Oobjective function 目标函数observed data 测量数据optimization routine 优化过程optimize 优化optimizer 求解器over-determined system 超定系统Pparameter 参数partial derivatives 偏导数polynomial interpolation method多项式插值法Qquadratic 二次的quadratic interpolation method 二次内插法quadratic programming 二次规划Rreal-value 实数值residuals 残差robust 稳健的robustness 稳健性，鲁棒性Sscalar 标量semi-infinitely problem 半无限问题Sequential Quadratic Programming method序列二次规划法simplex search method 单纯形法solution 解sparse matrix 稀疏矩阵sparsity pattern 稀疏模式sparsity structure 稀疏结构starting point 初始点step length 步长subspace trust region method 子空间置信域法sum-of-squares 平方和symmetric matrix 对称矩阵Ttermination message 终止信息termination tolerance 终止容限the exit condition 退出条件the method of steepest descent 最速下降法transpose 转置Uunconstrained 无约束的under-determined system 负定系统Vvariable 变量vector 矢量Wweighting matrix 加权矩阵样条词汇英汉对照表Aapproximation 逼近array 数组a spline in b-form/b-spline b样条a spline of polynomial piece /ppform spline分段多项式样条Bbivariate spline function 二元样条函数break/breaks 断点coefficient/coefficients 系数cubic interpolation 三次插值/三次内插cubic polynomial 三次多项式cubic smoothing spline 三次平滑样条cubic spline 三次样条cubic spline interpolation三次样条插值/三次样条内插curve 曲线Ddegree of freedom 自由度dimension 维数Eend conditions 约束条件Iinput argument 输入参数interpolation 插值/内插interval 取值区间Kknot/knots 节点Lleast-squares approximation 最小二乘拟合Mmultiplicity 重次multivariate function 多元函数Ooptional argument 可选参数order 阶次output argument 输出参数Ppoint/points 数据点Rrational spline 有理样条rounding error 舍入误差（相对误差）Sscalar 标量sequence 数列（数组）spline 样条spline approximation 样条逼近/样条拟合spline function 样条函数spline curve 样条曲线spline interpolation 样条插值/样条内插spline surface 样条曲面smoothing spline 平滑样条Ttolerance 允许精度Uunivariate function 一元函数Vvector 向量Wweight/weights 权重4 偏微分方程数值解词汇英汉对照表Aabsolute error 绝对误差absolute tolerance 绝对容限adaptive mesh 适应性网格Bboundary condition 边界条件Ccontour plot 等值线图converge 收敛coordinate 坐标系Ddecomposed 分解的decomposed geometry matrix 分解几何矩阵diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Dirichlet boundary conditionsDirichlet边界条件Eeigenvalue 特征值elliptic 椭圆形的error estimate 误差估计exact solution 精确解Ggeneralized Neumann boundary condition推广的Neumann边界条件geometry 几何形状geometry description matrix 几何描述矩阵geometry matrix 几何矩阵graphical user interface（GUI）图形用户界面Hhyperbolic 双曲线的Iinitial mesh 初始网格Jjiggle 微调LLagrange multipliers 拉格朗日乘子Laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程linear interpolation 线性插值loop 循环Mmachine precision 机器精度mixed boundary condition 混合边界条件NNeuman boundary condition Neuman边界条件node point 节点nonlinear solver 非线性求解器normal vector 法向量PParabolic 抛物线型的partial differential equation 偏微分方程plane strain 平面应变plane stress 平面应力Poisson's equation 泊松方程polygon 多边形positive definite 正定Qquality 质量Rrefined triangular mesh 加密的三角形网格relative tolerance 相对容限relative tolerance 相对容限residual 残差residual norm 残差范数Ssingular 奇异的。
骨科常用词汇中英文对照
condylar [解]髁的eradication 根除ipsilateral 身体的同侧的arthrodesis [医]关节固定术,人为关节强硬术articulate 用关节连接, 接合synovium [解]滑膜congruent 适合的prosthetic ①假体的；②修复的dehiscence 裂开retinacular 支持带的, 韧带的polyethene [化]聚乙烯geniculate 膝状的：弯曲如膝的osteolysis 骨质溶解：骨的溶解debris 碎屑：积累的碎片、废物cement ①粘固粉②填料③牙骨质mantle 外套acetabular ①髋臼的；②腹吸盘的SYMPOSIUM 讨论会radiolucent 射线透射的preliminary 预备的, 初步的cobalt chrome alloy 钴铬合金eminence 隆起peg 钉，栓collateral ①继发的，副的；②侧突(轴索)；③侧支subluxation [医]不全脱位,半脱位reciprocating往复的, 来回的, 交替的, 互换的saw 锯notch 切迹sagittal ①矢状的②前后向的coronal ①头冠的，冠的；②冠向的：位于冠状缝方向的consecutive 连续的, 联贯的shaft 干，体，柄pitfall 缺陷periosteum 骨膜traction 牵引peroneal 腓骨的，腓侧的benchmark 基准tourniquet 止血带, 压脉器gouge 圆凿, 沟, 以圆凿刨syringe 注射器, 注油器, 洗涤器splint 夹板cohort 队列，同期组群reduction 复位：骨折、脱位或疝的矫正；tendinous sheaths腱鞘ganglia ①神经节；②腱鞘囊肿spondylosis 脊椎关节强硬arthrosis n.关节, 关节病uncovertebral 椎骨钩突的redundancy n.冗余impingement 侵犯,冲击ligamentum flavum 黄韧带chondro osseousspurs ①骨刺，骨距，距状刺；②金属突出片constellation n.[天]星群, 星座, 灿烂的一群spasticity 痉挛状态，僵直状态：肌肉张力超过正常paresis ①轻瘫：轻微或不完全的麻痹；②麻痹性痴呆：常单独用来表示麻痹性痴呆n.局部麻痹radiculopathy 神经根病discriminatory adj.有辨识力的, 有差别的proprioception 本体感觉：通过本体感受器或本体感受组织传递的感觉prognostic ①预后的：就预后提供指征的；②预后性征状：可用以判断预后的症状或体征subaxial 轴下的osteophyte n.[医]骨赘stepwise adj.楼梯式的, 逐步的collar 衣领，颈圈transverse adj.横向的, 横断的myelomalacia [医]脊髓软化apophyseal 骨突的：属于骨突或具有骨突性质的sternocleidomastoid 胸锁乳突的：胸骨、锁骨与乳突的carotid adj.颈动脉的rongeur n.骨钳, 咬骨钳curette［法］刮匙，刮器bur 钻：用于在骨或类似的坚硬物质上钻孔；牙科用钻置钻牙机的机头上，钻孔制成齿洞：decorticate vt.剥皮uncinate adj.钩状的pseudarthrosis 假关节allograft [医]n.同种异体移植物strut 支柱, 压杆vt.支撑, 炫耀predisposing 成为素因的；有患病倾向的kyphosis 脊柱后凸n.[医]驼背fibula n.[解]腓骨, (古希腊罗马)搭扣, 扣针femoral adj.股骨的, 大腿骨的, 大腿的, [解]股动脉iliac adj.[解]髂骨的, 回肠的harvest 采取：从供者取下组织或细胞，保存供移植用morbidity n.病态, 不健全, 发病率consecutive adj.连续的, 联贯的dislodgment n.赶出, 移动catastrophic adj.悲惨的, 灾难的buttress n.(建筑)扶壁, 支持物vt.支持, (以扶壁)扶住osteoporosis n.骨质疏松症reintubation 重插管〔法〕：拔管后重新插管arthrodesis n.[医]关节固定术,人为关节强硬术compromise v.妥协, 折衷, 危及...的安全vigilance 不眠症，警醒症tortuosity n.扭转, 曲折, 弯曲dissection n.解剖, 切开meticulous adj.小心翼翼的foramen 孔electrocautery n..[医]电烙术(器)retraction 退缩，后缩，缩回：向后拉的作用，被拉向后的状态；dysphagia 咽下困难：吞咽困难impairment n.损害, 损伤ambulation n.移动, 步行slippage n.滑动, 滑移, 滑程discrete 稀疏的，分散的：由各分散部分构成的，或以不相混合的病灶为特征的repeti t ive adj.重复的, 反复性的sagittal 弧矢的, 矢状的, 径向的angulation n.使成角, 有角的部位laminae 〔单lamina〕板，层pedicle 椎弓根：同pediculus arcus vertebrae dura (=dura mater)[解]硬脑(脊)膜lordosis 脊柱前凸trough 沟，槽突触裂隙prop vt.支撑, 维持nuchal 项，颈背的：属于颈或颈的背侧的concurrent adj.并发的, 协作的, 一致的lateral mass 侧块prone ①旋前的；②伏的，俯的：脸朝下伏卧，另见pronation adj.倾向于concomitant 伴行的；伴发的；副的spinous process 棘突deltoid n.[解] 三角肌traction n.牵引foraminotomy 椎间孔切开术：切除椎间孔顶的手术，以解除对神经根的压迫facetectomy 椎骨关节面切除术occiput n.后头部, 枕骨部cephalad 向头侧shaft 干，体，柄：细长部分，如四肢骨两端之间的部份。
2012《中国对外贸易概论》考试复习题（含答案）
2012《中国对外贸易概论》考试复习题（含答案）一、名词解释：(20)1、对外贸易；对外贸易亦称“国外贸易” 或“进出口贸易”，简称“外贸”，是指一个国家（地区）与另一个国家（地区）之间的商品、劳务和技术的交换活动。
2、国际价值、规模经济、人力技能说；国际价值是指商品在国际市场上的价值量，其价值量是由世界劳动的平均单位决定的。
商品的国际价值是在国别价值的基础上形成的。
规模经济的定义规模经济(economics of scale)又称“规模利益”(scale merit)，指在一定科技水平下生产能力的扩大，使长期平均成本下降的趋势，即长期费用曲线呈下降趋势。
人力技能学说是从里昂惕夫的劳动熟练说发展来的。
所谓人力技能是指人的劳动技术熟练程度，是通过储蓄和投资形成的，实际上也可以看成是人力投资。
人们通过对劳动力进行投资（如教育、职业培训、保健等），可以提高劳动力的素质和技能，使劳动生产率得到提升，从而对一国参加国际分工的比较优势产生作用与影响。
该学说认为新时代，一个国家应该重视人力投资以提高人力技能，才可能产生新的比较优势。
4、开放型经济开放型经济是与封闭型经济相对立的概念，是一种经济体制模式。
在开放型经济中，要素、商品与服务可以较自由地跨国界流动，从而实现最优资源配置和最高经济效率。
开放经济强调把国内经济和整个国际市场联系起来，尽可能充分的参加国际分工，同时在国际分工中发挥出本国经济的比较优势。
一般而言，一国经济发展水平越高，市场化程度越高，越接近于开放型经济。
5、非歧视原则、最惠国待遇、国民待遇、透明度原则非歧视性原则(Non-discriminatory)：是指在国际贸易中，一缔约国在实行某种限制或禁止措施时不得对其他缔约国实施歧视待遇。
如果缔约国一方对另一方不用对其他任何国家所同样不适用的限制或禁止，即为非歧视性原则。
最惠国待遇：它通常指的是缔约国双方在通商、航海、关税、公民法律地位等方面相互给予的不低于现时或将来给予任何第三国的优惠、特权或豁免待遇。
法律英语词汇大全
法律英语词汇大全Aabsolute proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前(偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序)accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书）acquittal 无罪判决act 条例;作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决;裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持(原判)affirmation 保证书;证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政)机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement—as-written 书面协议agreement —in—fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称;指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo—American Legal System英美法系anonymous accusation匿名控告appeal上诉appear出庭appellant上诉人appellate action上诉行为appellate court上诉法院appellee被上诉人appealer上诉人appropriate拨款appurtenant附属物arbiter仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array陪审员名单arrest逮捕arrest warrant逮捕令（证）arrestee被捕人article条款，文章article of authority授权条款articles of confederation《联帮条例》articles of incorporation公司组织章程artificial person法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault意图或威胁伤害assert主张,宣称asset资产assistant attorney助理法官associate judge副法官associate justice副大法官assumption违约合同,违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt意图，企图attempted escape逃脱未遂attestation证词attorney代理人,律师attorney at law律师attorney general检察长authentication鉴定authority权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance机动车保险automobile tort机动车侵权行为autonomy自治(权）Bban禁令,禁止banishment流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge破产债务解除bankruptcy judge破产法官bar律师职业bar association律师协会barrister出庭律师battery殴打bench trial法官审beneficiary受益人benefit收益，福得bigamy重婚罪bill of lading提单bill of right《人权法案》bind over具保,具结binder临时保险单binding有约束力binding contract有约束力的合同binding force约束力binding interpretation有约束力的解释black-letter law（普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法black nation bar association全美黑人律师协会blue sky law蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA)（美国律师协会的)董事会body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪)bright—line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金;中介费brother—sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy—sell agreement（股权)买卖协议bylaws（内部)章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case—in—chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书）challenge 置疑;挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则）chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结,成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co—felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯(罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system（family) 普通法法系Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金)Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意,认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction (法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family）大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权；著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体；本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor （法律）顾问;律师counselor—at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross—examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券)debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行；违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense's case—in—chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder （恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理（或使用）designs 设计detract 毁损；贬低developer (土地)开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disability insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇；释放discount 贴现；折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移(保险)产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行；施行dispute 争议；纠纷disposition 处置(权）dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲；误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则；原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件;文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的”贸易条款”domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务;关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件)empower 授权enact 制定；颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施;执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English—American Legal System (or Family）英吉利法系enjoin(衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency（EPA）环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走;逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查;盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 唯一征税地点excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定express warranty 明示保证（保修)ex rel 依据告发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素;代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则)Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony—murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产)附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking 正式规则制定formation 构成；鉴定franchise tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺free enterprise system 自由企业制度free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundamental law 基本法fundamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard （科学证据的)公认标准general partnership 一般合伙general property 一般财产(权）general provisions 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tax 赠予税government tort 政府侵权（行为)grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过失group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪答辩Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证（会）hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定；裁定holding 认定；裁定holding device 拥有手段（形式）homicide 杀人（罪）homosexuality 同性恋house counsel （公司)专职法律顾问husband-wife relationship 夫妻关系husband—wife tort 夫妻侵权（行为）IId. 同上identification 认定;确认身份;身份证ignore 忽视；驳回illegal 非法的；违法的immaterial 无实质性的immigration law 移民法immovable property 不动产immunity 豁免(权）impair 损害；削弱impeachment 弹劾;质疑implementation 实施;执行implied contract 默认合同implied warranty 默认保证(保修）imprisonment 监禁imputable 可归罪于……的imputation 归罪in re 关于；案由in recess 休庭in rem 对物的（诉讼）in session 开庭inadmissible evidence 不可采证据incarceration 禁闭;监禁incest 乱伦income tax 所得税Income Tax Act 《所得税条例》income tax on corporations 公司所得税income tax on individuals 个人所得税incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的incorporation 法人;公司；组成公司incorporator 公司创办人independent regulatory agency 独立规制机构indicative list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect evidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税individual choice 个人选择（权）individual freedom 个人自由individual omni competence 个人全权individual proprietorship 个体业主individual right 个人权利ineffective 失效的inequality 不平等infamous 罪恶的；丑恶的inference 推理；推论infliction 处罚informal adjudication 非正式裁决informal rulemaking 非正式规则制定information 信息；控告书infomer 耳目；情报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctive relief 强制救济injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 调查inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insane 精神失常insanity defense 精神失常辩护inspection 检查；审查installment land vendor 分期付款的土地出售人installment plan agreement 分期付款购物协议instruction 指示instrument 文件insurable interest 可保利益insurable loss 可保损失insurance agent 保险代理商insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡insurance coverage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy 保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费insurance proceeds 保险收益insurance product 保险项目insured 被保险人insurer 保险人intangible 无形的intangible damage 无形损害intangible property 无形财产intangible personal property 无形的人身财产(权）inter alia 除了别的以外interfere 干涉;侵犯interlocutory injunction 临时强制令;(诉讼)中间的强制令intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院intermetional business 调解interrogation 国际商务intentional 故意的intentional tort 故意侵权行为interest 利息;权益；利益interest rate risk 利率风险interview 询问invalid 无效的；不合法的invalidate 使无效invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权investigation 侦查;调查investment 投资investment portfolio risk 投资风险组合investment securities 投资证券irrelevancy 无相关性irrelevant 不相关的irrelevant evidence 无相关性证据irrevocable 不可撤销的irrevocable life insurance trust 不可撤销的人寿保险信托itinerant judge 巡回法官Jjoint tenancy 共同租借（权）joint venture 合资企业joint venture corporation合资公司joint venture with Chinese and foreign investment中外合资企业judge法官judge-made law法官立法judge's chamber法官室judge’s charge to jury法官对陪审团的指令judge’s instruction to jury法官对陪审团的指示judgment判决，裁定judicial branch司法部门judicial clerkship法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district司法区judicial interpretation司法解释judicial notice司法任职judicial opinion法官判决意见judicial review司法审查judicial scrutiny司法检查judicial subjectivity审判主观性judicial system法院系统judiciary法官jurisdiction司法管辖区jurisprudence法理学juror陪审员jury陪审团jury charge法官对陪审团的指令jury pool待选陪审员库jury selection挑选陪审员jury trial陪审团制justice公正,大法官justice of the peace治安法官justifiable homicide正当杀人juvenile court未成年人法庭juvenile delinquency未成年人违法行为ＫKey man assurance关键人保险Key person insurance关键人保险Kickbacks回扣Kill杀人Killer杀人者Know—how技术秘密，商业秘密Ｌland use law土地使用法last clear chance doctrine最后明显机会法则law 法，法律law firm律师事务所law merchant商业习惯法law of evidence证据法law reform法律改革lawsuit诉讼,官司lawyer律师lawyer in government政府律师；官方律师lawyer in private practice私人开业律师lawyerette律师娘lawman外行人lay witness普通证人；非专家证人lease租赁lease agreement租赁协议legacy遗产legacy tax遗产税legal合法的legal advice法律咨询legal commentary法律评论legal education法律教育legal effect法律教育legal enforcement法律效力legal English法律英语legal family法系legal history 法律史legal instrument 法律文件legal mechanism法律机制legal memorandum 法律备忘录legal methodology 法律方法论legal order 法律秩序legal problem 法律问题legal profession 法律职业legal protection 法律保护legal relationship 法律关系legal representative 法律代表legal safeguard 法律保障（措施) legal system 法律体系;法律制度legal theorist 法学理论家legal writing 法律文书写作legalese 法律涩语legality 法制legislation 立法legislative branch 立法部门legislative history 立法史legislature 立法机关legitimate 合法的levy 征收（税）liability 责任；债务liability insurance 责任保险liberty 自由license plate (车)执照牌license tax 执照税lien 留置(权）life estate 终生财（遗）产life insurance 人寿保险limited partnership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk 流动资金风险literary property 著作产权litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼;打官司livestock insurance 家畜保险loan 贷款lord chancellor （英国)大法官loss of rights 丧失权利MMagistrate 司法官Magna Charta of great Britain 《英国大宪章》mail order 邮购majority opinion 多数（法官）的意见malicious prosecution 恶意起诉malfeasance 渎职(罪)malpractice 渎职行为mandate 命令；授权mandatory insurance law 强制保险法manslaughter 非恶意杀人marine insurance 海上保险marital status 婚姻状况marital status classification 婚姻状况的分类maritime tort 海上侵权行为market economy 市场经济marriage 婚姻marriage ceremony 婚礼marriage certificate 结婚证书marriage law 婚姻法marriage relationship 婚姻关系marriage termination rule (残疾人领取社会保险补助的)婚姻终止规则material 实质性的materiality 实质性maxims of equity law 衡平法准则Mayflower Compact “五月花号”公约medical malpractice 医生不当行为mental capacity 心智能力mental condition 精神状态mentor 辅导教师minor issue 枝节问题；未成年人问题Miranda Warning 米兰达忠（警）告misapply 错误适用misdemeanor 轻罪mislaid property 错置财产misrepresentation 虚假陈述mistrial 无效审判mock trial 模拟审判Model Business Corporation Act 《标准实业公司条例》Model Penal Code 《标准刑法典》Model State Administrative Procedure Act 《标准洲行政程序条例》modern commerce Power test 现代商务（贸易）权力检验标准modern delegation of power doctrine 现代授权法则monopolization 垄断monopoly right 专有权moot court 模拟法庭mortgage 抵押(品)motion 动议，请求movable property 动产multiple listing 多重上市；多重登记Multistate Bar Exam 多洲律师资格考试murder 恶意杀人；凶杀murderer 杀人犯mutilation 断肢NNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People 全国有色人种促进会National Conference of Black Lawyers 全国黑人律师大会National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform state Laws 统一各洲法律全国代表大会National Environmental Policy Act 《全国环境政策条例》National Institute of Minority Lawyers 全国少数民族律师学会National Law Journal 《国家法律学报》narcotics distribution 麻醉品供销narcotics trafficking 麻醉品交易narcotics violation 麻醉品违法行为natural justice 自然公正negative form of protection 否定（或消极）形式的保护negligence 过失negligent homicide 过失杀人negligent tort 过失侵权行为negotiable instrument 票据negotiation 谈判；协商New Deal （罗斯福)“新政"no contest 无争辩no par share 无面值股票non—profit corporation 非营利公司norm 规范;标准not guilty plea 无罪答辩notice 通知notice of transfer 过户通知notification 通知;通报notion 概念nullification process 无效程序O object 反对objection 反对;异议obligation 义务occupancy agreement 占用协议offender 犯罪人offense 罪行offer 要约；发盘offer of Proof 提供证明Old Boy Network 老哥们关系网Omission不做为:不履行义务Omni competence有全部权利Opening statement开场陈述Opening testimony意见证言Oral contract口头合同Order命令；次序Pperforms’ rights 表演权peril 危险perjure作伪证perjury伪证罪perpetrate犯罪perpetator犯罪人ordinance法令personal property动产outstanding balance未付款额personal right人身权利outstanding share已发行股票personal tort人身侵权overrule推翻；驳回persuasive authority劝导性发源ownership所有权petition申请ownership interest所有权力petty misdemeanor微罪physical exhibit展示物品physical injury身体伤害panel团或组plaintiff原告人par value面值plea答辩paramour奸夫plea of guilty有罪答辩parent child relation父子女关系plea of contest无争辩答辩parent corporation母公司plea of guilty无罪答辩parent unfitness父母不胜任police警察parole假释police magistrate警务法官partnership合伙police magistrate court警察法院passage of title产权转移police power警察权利passive investor消极投资人policy政策patent专利policy holder投保人paternity父亲身份poll tax人头税penal code刑法典portfolio of risk风险组合penalty刑罚possession占有权pending待决postponement延迟penitentiary监狱practice law从事律师工作penitentiary sentence监禁刑practicing lawyer开业律师penology刑法学practice of law律师事物per curiam依法院所定precedent判例peremptory challenge强制回避precedential support判例支持perform履行predeprivation hearing执行剥夺前的听证performance履行predictability可预见性performance bond履行保证金preept 优先于Preferential claim 优先索赔权Preferred stock 优先股票Prejudice 偏见Preliminary exanimation 预审Preliminary hearing 预审听证会Preliminary injunction预先执行令Preliminary negotiation预谈判；初步协商Premises房屋；上述房屋Premium保险费；红利；溢价prenticed seizure 通知前扣押preponderance of proof 优势证明preponderant evidence 优势证据prescription 时效；规定presentation 陈述persistence investigation 量刑前调查presidential Assassination Statute 《暗杀总统法》presumption innocence 无罪推定pretrial motion 审前动议prevailing doctrine 优势法则；流行学说prevail 优先（适用）prima facie 表面的；初步的prima facie evidence 有表面证据之案prima facie evidence 表面证据primary authority 主要法源principle of legality 法制原则privacy 隐私权private corporation 私有公司private law 私法private property 私有财产private prosecution 私诉privilege 特权；特许权；特免权privileges and immunities clause 特权与豁免条款prose 自己；亲自probable cause 可能理由；合理原因probate court 遗嘱检验法院probation 缓刑probation officer 缓刑官probative value 证明价值probativeness 证明性procedural history 程序史procedural regime 诉讼制度procedural safeguard 程序保障procedure 程序proceedings 诉讼；程序product liability 产品责任profit 利润profit corporation 营利公司progeny 后代prohibition 禁止promise 许诺promulgation 颁布proof 证明proof beyond a reasonable doubt 超出合理怀疑的证明property 财产property law 财产法property right 财产权利property tax 财产税property tort 财产侵权行为proponent 支持者;提议者proprietor 个体业主proprietorship 个体企业proscription 禁止；剥夺公权prosecuting attorney 公诉律师;检察官prosecution 起诉prosecutor 检察官；起诉人prosecutor's case—in—chief 检方主诉prospective juror 将任陪审员prostitute 妓女protective tariff 保护性关税prove 证明Provision 规定，条款Provisions of Oxford 《牛津条例》Psychiatrist 精神病学家Public charge 受政府救济者、Public corporation 公有公司Public defender 公共辩护律师Public good 公益Public law 公法Public offense 公罪（侵犯公共利益的犯罪）Public property 公共财产Public prosecution 公诉Public prosecutor 公诉人，检察官Public utilities 公共事业Public held corporation 公众持股公司Punishable 可处罚的Punishment 刑罚Punitive sanction 惩罚性处分Purpose 目的,宗旨Pursuant to law 依法QQualified property 有限制财产Quantum meruit （无合同规定时）按合理价格支付,合理给付Quasi tort 准侵权行为Quote 引用，引证RRacial discrimination 种族歧视Racial segregation 种族隔离Rain insurance 雨水保险Rarnpant 猖獗的Rape 强奸Ratify 认可Rational relationship test 合理关系检验标准Real estate 不动产Real Estate Settlement Procedure Act 《不动产纠纷解决程序条例》Real evidence 实在证据Real property 不动产Reasonable basis 合理根据Reasoning 论证,推论Rebuttable presumption 可驳回推定Rebuttal evidence 反驳证据Recess 休庭Reciprocal exemption statutes 互免税法律Reckless conduct 疏忽大意行为Reckless homicide 疏忽大意杀人Recourse 追索权，求偿权Recovery 追索，补偿Redemption 赎回Redress 矫正，赔偿Registration sticker 注册贴签Regulation 法规，规章Rehearing 复审Reinstatement （权利)恢复Reinstatement fee 恢复费Release 释放Relevancy 相关性Relevant evidence 相关证据Relief 救济Remand 发回重审Remedy 补救Repeal 废止，撤消Repealer 废止议案Repeat offender 累犯Representation 代理Res ipsa loquitur 不言自明的Reservation of power 权利保留Reserve 储备金（保险）预备金Reserve portfolio of risk 预备金组合风险Resolution 决议，解决Rest 停止陈述Restatements of law 《法律注释汇编》Restitution 恢复原状Restitutionary relief 恢复原状的救济Restraint 约束；限制retain 连任retire 退休;退庭retroactive 有溯及力的retroactive effect 溯及力revenue 税收revised uniform limited partnership act 统一有限合伙修订条例revocable trust 可撤销的信托revocation 撤回right 权利right to privacy 隐私权rigid procedure 刚性程序risk 风险risk transfer 风险转移robbery 抢劫（罪）roman law 罗马法roman law legal system(or family)罗马法系roster 花名册；专门人员名单rule of evidence 证据规则rule of law 法治；法律规则rulemaking 规章制定；规则制定ruling 裁定ruling on evidence 关于证据的裁定SSafety responsibility law 安全责任法Sales tax 销售税Sanction 制裁；处分；罚则sanitary code 卫生条例search 搜查search warrant 搜查令second instance 二审secondary authon`ty 次要法源secondary benefit 次位补助金secondary financing 间接融资secondary party 间接当事人；次位当事人secret service （联邦)保密署secretary of state 州务部长secured debt 担保债务securities 证券Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会securities exchange act 《证券交易条例》securities law 证券法security 担保；保安；证券seductive 诱人堕落的seize 扣押seizure 扣押seizure warrant 扣押令（状)self-defense 自卫;正当防卫self—identification 自我认定self—incrimination 自我归罪seminar 研讨班；研讨会；研讨课程separate 分立;分局separate legal entity 独立法律实体separate property 分有财产separation of powers 三权分立settlement agreement 清偿协议settler 财产授予者share 股份；股票share holder 股东shell corporation 空壳公司shoplifting 商店偷拿行为short title 简称shyster 讼棍sickness insurance 疾病保险simulation 模拟(练习）slander 诽谤social security act 社会保险条例social security benefit 社会保险补助金social security tax 社会保险税solicitor 诉状律师source 渊源sovereign power 主权special court 特别法院；专门法院special property 特别财产specific performance 特别履行specimen 样本stamp tax 印花税standard of proof 证明标准standing 依据stare decisis 遵从前例state attorney 洲检察官state property 国家财产statd capital 设定资产statute 制定法；法律statute—like norm 准法律规范statute of frauds 诈欺条例；反诈欺法statutory authority 制定法法源statutory crime 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory law 制定法statutory measure 法定措施statutory offense 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory provision 法律规定stay 延缓（审判或执行）stock 股票stock exchange 股票交易stock retirement plan 退股计划stock transfer tax 股票过户税strategy 战略;策略strict liability tort 严格责任侵权strike insurance 罢工保险sub judice 在审判中;尚未判决subject 主体；标的subject matter 主题事项；标的subject property 标的财产subject to financing clause 融资条件条款subpoena 传唤（令）subsidiary corproration 子公司；附属公司subsistence allowance 生活津贴substantial evidence 实质（体）证据substantail law 实体法substantive due process 实体性正当程序substantive law 实体法sue 起诉；诉sufficient evidence 充足证据suit 诉讼summary judgment 即决判决supervisor 监察；监委support 供养；抚养supreme court 最高法院supreme law 最高法律（宪法）suspect 嫌疑人suspicion 嫌疑；怀疑sustain 维持；认可Ttangible 有形的tangible evidence 实物证据tangible property 有形财产tarriff 关税task force 专项研究组；专案组tax 税；税收tax assessment procedure 税额评定程序tax court 税收法院tax evasion 逃税tax law 税法taxation 税收；税务taxation law 税收法；税务法tenant 承租人term 条款；期限testamentary trust 遗嘱委托testator 立遗嘱人testify 作证testimonial evidence 言词证据testimony 证言the Dispute Settlement Body（DSB) 争端解决机构the European Intellectual Property Review 《欧洲知识产权评论》the Fleet Street Reports《舰队街判例汇编》title 产权书title insurance 产权保险title insurer 产权保险人title plant 产权书库tort 侵权(行为)tort claim 侵权索赔（请求）tort feasor 侵权行为人tort law 侵权法tortions 侵权行为的trade mark 商标traffic accidents 交通事故traffic ticket 交通违章（罚款）通知单tranquility 安宁transaction 交易transfer 转让，过户travel accident insurance 旅行意外保险treason 叛国罪treaty 条约。
法律英语词汇大全
Aabsolute proof 绝对质明absolute property 绝对财富〔权〕abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前〔偿还〕条款acceptance 承诺accident report 变乱陈述accident insurance 不测保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程〔程序〕accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书)acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 预防诈欺和伪证条例action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损掉adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 办理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财富税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 敌手adversary trial system 对抗式〔或抗辩〕审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代办署理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代办署理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持〔原判〕affirmation 包管书；证词affirmative 确保的agency 〔行政〕机关agency action 机关〔行政〕机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白〔不在犯罪场的证明〕alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称；指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo-American Legal System英美法系anonymous accusation匿名控告appeal上诉appear出庭appellant上诉人appellate action上诉行为appellate court上诉法院appellee被上诉人appealer上诉人appropriate拨款appurtenant从属物arbiter仲裁员arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array陪审员名单arrest逮捕arrest warrant逮捕令〔证〕arrestee被捕人article条款，文章article of authority授权条款articles of confederation联帮条例articles of incorporation公司组织章程artificial person法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault意图或威胁伤害assert主张，传播鼓吹asset资产assistant attorney助理法官associate judge副法官associate justice副大法官assumption违约合同，违约抵偿之诉assumption 假定attempt意图，企图attempted escape逃脱未遂attestation证词attorney代办署理人，律师attorney at law律师attorney general查察长authentication鉴定authority权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance机动车保险automobile tort机动车侵权行为autonomy自治〔权〕Bban禁令，禁止banishment流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge破产债务解除bankruptcy judge破产法官bar律师职业bar association律师协会barrister出庭律师battery殴打bench trial法官审beneficiary受益人benefit收益，福得bigamy重婚罪bill of lading提单bill of right人权法案bind over具保，具结binder临时保险单binding有约束力binding contract有约束力的合同binding force约束力binding interpretation有约束力的解释black-letter law〔普通接受之底子原那么的〕黑体字法black nation bar association全美黑人律师协会blue sky law蓝天法〔关于股票买卖控制的法律〕Board of Governors〔ABA〕〔美国律师协会的〕董事会body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭挞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂〔罪〕bright-line test 明显边界查验尺度broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act 大宗发卖条例burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃〔罪〕business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement〔股权〕承买协议buy-sell agreement〔股权〕买卖协议bylaws〔内部〕章程CCalifornia Penal Code 加州刑法典capital account 本钱帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 本钱盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决陈述case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance 〔不测伤害〕保险catalog 商品目录〔单〕certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明〔书〕challenge 置疑；挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡〔原那么〕chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 内战所得税条例Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后阐述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 法官行为准那么Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 从属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯〔罪〕Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法抵偿金Common law legal system(family) 普通法法系Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财富Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财富Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过掉Compensation 抵偿〔金〕Compensatory damage 应予抵偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存〔判决〕定见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 充公Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，承认Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction 〔法律的〕布局，解释Construe 解释，阐发Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者庇护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过掉controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 不法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律参谋corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育时机委员会counselor (法律)参谋;律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决定见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉查问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害抵偿请求damages 损害抵偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券)debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense's case-in-chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 缺乏额判决degrees of murder (恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 成心deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性措置(或使用) designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer (地盘)开发商dicta 判决附带定见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接查问direct tax 直接税disa bility insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇;释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移(保险)产物discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议;纠纷disposition 措置(权)dissent 贰言;反对dissenting opinion 贰言;反对定见dissolution 闭幕distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地域查抄官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法那么;原那么doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原那么doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原那么document 文件;文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的"贸易条款" domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 草拟;草拟draftman 草拟者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序查验尺度duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务;关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件)empower 授权enact 制定;发布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 典质财富enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family) 英吉利法系enjoin(衡平〕强制令entail 限定担当entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响陈述environmental Law 环境庇护法Environmental protection Agency(EPA) 环境庇护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等庇护条款equitable relief 衡平布施equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保留合同essential justice 本色公正estate财富；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令evaluate 评价evict 逐出〔租户〕evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规那么ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 查抄；查问examination 查抄；查问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 独一征税地址excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部分executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱〕执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物〔证〕exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期抵偿金expert 专家〔证人〕expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定express warranty 明示包管〔保修〕ex rel 依据揭发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代办署理商Factors Lien Act 代办署理商留置权条例Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 不法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原那么feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 联邦行政程序Federal Antitrust Law 联邦犯托拉斯法federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 联邦住房条例Federal Income Tax Act 联邦所得税条例federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 联邦民事诉讼规那么Federal rules of criminal procedure 联邦刑事诉讼规那么Federal rules of evidence 联邦证据规那么Federal securities act 联邦证券条例federal supremacy 联邦至上〔原那么〕Federal tort claims act 联邦侵权索赔条例felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture 〔不动产〕从属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 充公；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking 正式规那么制定formation 构成；鉴定franchise tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺free enterprise system 自由企业制度free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由畅通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundamental law 底子法fundamental right 底子权利Ggeneral acceptance standard (科学证据的)公认尺度general partnership 一般合伙general property 一般财富〔权〕general provisions 总那么gerontocratic 白叟统治的gift tax 赠予税government tort 当局侵权〔行为〕grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过掉group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪辩说Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证〔会〕hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传说风闻证据heir 担当人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定；裁定holding 认定；裁定holding device 拥有手段〔形式〕homicide 杀人〔罪〕homosexuality 同性恋house counsel 〔公司〕专职法律参谋husband-wife relationship 夫妻关系husband-wife tort 夫妻侵权〔行为〕IId. 同上identification 认定；确认身份；身份证ignore 无视；驳回illegal 不法的；违法的immaterial 无本色性的immigration law 移民法immovable property 不动产immunity 豁免〔权〕impair 损害；削弱impeachment 弹劾；质疑implementation 实施；执行implied contract 默认合同implied warranty 默认包管〔保修〕imprisonment 监禁imputable 可归罪于……的imputation 归罪in re 关于；案由in recess 休庭in rem 对物的〔诉讼〕in session 开庭inadmissible evidence 不成采证据incarceration 禁闭；监禁incest 乱伦income tax 所得税Income Tax Act 所得税条例income tax on corporations 公司所得税income tax on individuals 个人所得税incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的incorporation 法人；公司；组成公司incorporator 公司创办人independent regulatory agency 独立规制机构indicative list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect evidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税individual choice 个人选择〔权〕individual freedom 个人自由individual omni competence 个人全权individual proprietorship 个体业主individual right 个人权利ineffective 掉效的inequality 不服等infamous 罪恶的；丑恶的inference 推理;推论infliction 处分informal adjudication 非正式裁决informal rulemaking 非正式规那么制定information 信息; 控告书infomer 耳目;谍报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctive relief 强制布施injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 查询拜访inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insane 精神变态insanity defense 精神变态辩护inspection 查抄;审查installment land vendor 分期付款的地盘出售人installment plan agreement 分期付款购物协议instruction 指示instrument 文件insurable interest 可保利益insurable loss 可保损掉insurance agent 保险代办署理商insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡insurance coverage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy 保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费insurance proceeds 保险收益insurance product 保险工程insured 被保险人insurer 保险人intangible 无形的intangible damage 无形损害intangible property 无形财富intangible personal property 无形的人身财富(权) inter alia 除了此外以外interfere 干预;侵犯interlocutory injunction 临时强制令;(诉讼)中间的强制令intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院intermetional business 调整interrogation 国际商务intentional 成心的intentional tort 成心侵权行为interest 利息;权益;利益interest rate risk 利率风险interview 询问invalid 无效的;不合法的invalidate 使无效invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权investigation 侦查;查询拜访investment 投资investment portfolio risk 投资风险组合investment securities 投资证券irrelevancy 无相关性irrelevant 不相关的irrelevant evidence 无相关性证据irrevocable 不成撤销的irrevocable life insurance trust 不成撤销的人寿保险信托itinerant judge 巡回法官Jjoint tenancy 共同租借(权)joint venture 合资企业joint venture corporation合资公司joint venture with Chinese and foreign investment中外合资企业judge法官judge-made law法官立法judge's chamber法官室judge's charge to jury法官对陪审团的指令judge's instruction to jury法官对陪审团的指示judgment判决，裁定judicial branch司法部分judicial clerkship法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district司法区judicial interpretation司法解释judicial notice司法任职judicial opinion法官判决定见judicial review司法审查judicial scrutiny司法查抄judicial subjectivity审判主不雅性judicial system法院系统judiciary法官jurisdiction司法管辖区jurisprudence法理学juror陪审员jury陪审团jury charge法官对陪审团的指令jury pool待选陪审员库jury selection挑选陪审员jury trial陪审团制justice公正，大法官justice of the peace治安法官justifiable homicide正当杀人juvenile court未成年人法庭juvenile delinquency未成年人违法行为ＫKey man assurance关键人保险Key person insurance关键人保险Kickbacks回扣Kill杀人Killer杀人者Know-how技术奥秘，商业奥秘Ｌland use law地盘使用法last clear chance doctrine最后明显时机法那么law 法，法律law firm律师事务所law merchant商业习惯法law of evidence证据法law reform法律鼎新lawsuit诉讼，官司lawyer律师lawyer in government当局律师；官方律师lawyer in private practice私人开业律师lawyerette律师娘lawman外行人lay witness普通证人；非专家证人lease租赁lease agreement租赁协议legacy遗产legacy tax遗产税legal合法的legal advice法律咨询legal commentary法律评论legal education法律教育legal effect法律教育legal enforcement法律效力legal English法律英语legal family法系legal history 法律史legal instrument 法律文件legal mechanism法律机制legal memorandum 法律备忘录legal methodology 法律方法论legal order 法律秩序legal problem 法律问题legal profession 法律职业legal protection 法律庇护legal relationship 法律关系legal representative 法律代表legal safeguard 法律保障〔办法〕legal system 法律体系；法律制度legal theorist 法学理论家legal writing 法律文书写作legalese 法律涩语legality 法制legislation 立法legislative branch 立法部分legislative history 立法史legislature 立法机关legitimate 合法的levy 征收〔税〕liability 责任；债务liability insurance 责任保险liberty 自由license plate 〔车〕执照牌license tax 执照税lien 留置〔权〕life estate 终生财〔遗〕产life insurance 人寿保险limited partnership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk 流动资金风险literary property 著作产权litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼；打官司livestock insurance 家畜保险loan 贷款lord chancellor (英国)大法官loss of rights 丧掉权利MMagistrate 司法官Magna Charta of great Britain 英国大宪章mail order 邮购majority opinion 大都〔法官〕的定见malicious prosecution 恶意起诉malfeasance 渎职〔罪〕malpractice 渎职行为mandate 命令；授权mandatory insurance law 强制保险法manslaughter 非恶意杀人marine insurance 海上保险marital status 婚姻状况marital status classification 婚姻状况的分类maritime tort 海上侵权行为market economy 市场经济marriage 婚姻marriage ceremony 婚礼marriage certificate 成婚证书marriage law 婚姻法marriage relationship 婚姻关系marriage termination rule (残疾人领取社会保险补助的)婚姻终止规那么material 本色性的materiality 本色性maxims of equity law 衡平法准那么Mayflower Compact “五月花号〞公约medical malpractice 大夫不妥行为mental capacity 心智能力mental condition 精神状态mentor 辅导教师minor issue 枝节问题；未成年人问题Miranda Warning 米兰达忠〔警〕告misapply 错误适用misdemeanor 轻罪mislaid property 错置财富misrepresentation 虚假陈述mistrial 无效审判mock trial 模拟审判Model Business Corporation Act 尺度实业公司条例Model Penal Code 尺度刑法典Model State Administrative Procedure Act 尺度洲行政程序条例modern commerce Power test 现代商务〔贸易〕权力查验尺度modern delegation of power doctrine 现代授权法那么monopolization 垄断monopoly right 专有权moot court 模拟法庭mortgage 典质〔品〕motion 动议，请求movable property 动产multiple listing 多重上市；多重登记Multistate Bar Exam 多洲律师资格测验murder 恶意杀人；凶杀murderer 杀人犯mutilation 断肢NNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People 全国有色人种促进会National Conference of Black Lawyers 全国黑人律师大会National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform state Laws 统一各洲法律全国代表大会National Environmental Policy Act 全国环境政策条例National Institute of Minority Lawyers 全国少数民族律师学会National Law Journal 国家法律学报narcotics distribution 麻醉品供销narcotics trafficking 麻醉品交易narcotics violation 麻醉品违法行为natural justice 自然公正negative form of protection 否认〔或消极〕形式的庇护negligence 过掉negligent homicide 过掉杀人negligent tort 过掉侵权行为negotiable instrument 单据negotiation 谈判；协商New Deal 〔罗斯福〕“新政〞no contest 无争辩no par share 无面值股票non-profit corporation 非营利公司norm 尺度；尺度not guilty plea 无罪辩说notice 通知notice of transfer 过户通知notification 通知；传递notion 概念nullification process 无效程序Oobject 反对objection 反对；贰言obligation 义务occupancy agreement 占用协议offender 犯罪人offense 罪行offer 要约；发盘offer of Proof 提供证明Old Boy Network 老哥们关系网Omission不做为：不履行义务Omni competence有全部权利Opening statement开场陈述Opening testimony定见证言Oral contract口头合同Order命令；次序Pperforms' rights 表演权peril 危险perjure作伪证perjury伪证罪perpetrate犯罪perpetator犯罪人ordinance法令personal property动产outstanding balance未付款额personal right人身权利outstanding share已发行股票personal tort人身侵权overrule推翻；驳回persuasive authority劝导性发源ownership所有权petition申请ownership interest所有权力petty misdemeanor微罪physical exhibit展示物品physical injury身体伤害panel团或组plaintiff原告人par value面值plea辩说paramour奸夫plea of guilty有罪辩说parent child relation父子女关系plea of contest无争辩辩说parent corporation母公司plea of guilty无罪辩说parent unfitness父母不堪任police差人parole假释police magistrate警务法官partnership合伙police magistrate court差人法院passage of title产权转移police power差人权利passive investor消极投资人policy政策patent专利policy holder投保人paternity父亲身份poll tax人头税penal code刑法典portfolio of risk风险组合penalty刑罚possession占有权pending待决postponement延迟penitentiary监狱practice law从事律师工作penitentiary sentence监禁刑practicing lawyer开业律师penology刑法学practice of law律师事物per curiam依法院所定precedent判例peremptory challenge强制回避precedential support判例撑持perform履行predeprivation hearing执行剥夺前的听证performance履行predictability可预见性performance bond履行包管金preept 优先于Preferential claim 优先索赔权Preferred stock 优先股票Prejudice 成见Preliminary exanimation 预审Preliminary hearing 预审听证会Preliminary injunction预先执行令Preliminary negotiation预谈判；初步协商Premises房屋；上述房屋Premium保险费；红利；溢价prenticed seizure 通知前扣押preponderance of proof 优势证明preponderant evidence 优势证据prescription 时效；规定presentation 陈述persistence investigation 量刑前查询拜访presidential Assassination Statute 暗算总统法presumption innocence 无罪推定pretrial motion 审前动议prevailing doctrine 优势法那么；流行学说prevail 优先〔适用〕prima facie 外表的；初步的prima facie evidence 有外表证据之案prima facie evidence 外表证据primary authority 主要法源principle of legality 法制原那么privacy 隐私权private corporation 私有公司private law 私法private property 私有财富private prosecution 私诉privilege 特权；特许权；特免权privileges and immunities clause 特权与豁免条款prose 本身；亲自probable cause 可能理由；合理原因probate court 遗嘱查验法院probation 缓刑probation officer 缓刑官probative value 证明价值probativeness 证明性procedural history 程序史procedural regime 诉讼制度procedural safeguard 程序保障procedure 程序proceedings 诉讼；程序product liability 产物责任profit 利润profit corporation 营利公司progeny 儿女prohibition 禁止promise 许诺promulgation 发布proof 证明proof beyond a reasonable doubt 超出合理疑心的证明property 财富property law 财富法property right 财富权利property tax 财富税property tort 财富侵权行为proponent 撑持者；提议者proprietor 个体业主proprietorship 个体企业proscription 禁止；剥夺公权prosecuting attorney 公诉律师；查察官prosecution 起诉prosecutor 查察官；起诉人prosecutor’s case-in-chief 检方主诉prospective juror 将任陪审员prostitute 妓女protective tariff 庇护性关税prove 证明Provision 规定，条款Provisions of Oxford 牛津条例Psychiatrist 精神病学家Public charge 受当局布施者、Public corporation 公有公司Public defender 公共辩护律师Public good 公益Public law 公法Public offense 公罪〔侵犯公共利益的犯罪〕Public property 公共财富Public prosecution 公诉Public prosecutor 公诉人，查察官Public utilities 公共事业Public held corporation 公众持股公司Punishable 可处分的Punishment 刑罚Punitive sanction 惩罚性处分Purpose 目的，宗旨Pursuant to law 依法QQualified property 有限制财富Quantum meruit 〔无合同规按时〕按合理价格支付，合理给付Quasi tort 准侵权行为Quote 引用，引证RRacial discrimination 种族歧视Racial segregation 种族隔离Rain insurance 雨水保险Rarnpant 跋扈獗的Rape 强奸Ratify 承认Rational relationship test 合理关系查验尺度Real estate 不动产Real Estate Settlement Procedure Act 不动产纠纷解决程序条例Real evidence 实在证据Real property 不动产Reasonable basis 合理按照Reasoning 论证，推论Rebuttable presumption 可驳回推定Rebuttal evidence 辩驳证据Recess 休庭Reciprocal exemption statutes 互免税法律Reckless conduct 疏忽大意行为Reckless homicide 疏忽大意杀人Recourse 追索权，求偿权Recovery 追索，抵偿Redemption 赎回Redress 矫正，抵偿Registration sticker 注册贴签Regulation 法规，规章Rehearing 复审Reinstatement 〔权利〕恢复Reinstatement fee 恢复费Release 释放Relevancy 相关性Relevant evidence 相关证据Relief 布施Remand 发还重审Remedy 补救Repeal 废止，裁撤Repealer 废止议案Repeat offender 累犯Representation 代办署理Res ipsa loquitur 不言自明的Reservation of power 权利保留Reserve 储藏金〔保险〕预备金Reserve portfolio of risk 预备金组合风险Resolution 决议，解决Rest 遏制陈述Restatements of law 法律注释汇编Restitution 恢复原状Restitutionary relief 恢复原状的布施Restraint 约束；限制retain 蝉联retire 退休；退庭retroactive 有溯及力的retroactive effect 溯及力revenue 税收revised uniform limited partnership act 统一有限合伙修订条例revocable trust 可撤销的信托revocation 撤回right 权利right to privacy 隐私权rigid procedure 刚性程序risk 风险risk transfer 风险转移robbery 抢劫〔罪〕roman law 罗马法roman law legal system(or family)罗马法系roster 花名册；专门人员名单rule of evidence 证据规那么rule of law 法治；法律规那么rulemaking 规章制定；规那么制定ruling 裁定ruling on evidence 关于证据的裁定SSafety responsibility law 安然责任法Sales tax 发卖税Sanction 制裁；处分；罚那么sanitary code 卫生条例search 搜查search warrant 搜查令second instance 二审secondary authon`ty 次要法源secondary benefit 次位补助金secondary financing 间接融资secondary party 间接当事人；次位当事人secret service 〔联邦〕保密署secretary of state 州务部长secured debt 担保债务securities 证券Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会securities exchange act 证券交易条例securities law 证券法security 担保；保安；证券seductive 诱人出错的seize 扣押seizure 扣押seizure warrant 扣押令〔状〕self-defense 自卫；正当防卫self-identification 自我认定self-incrimination 自我归罪seminar 研讨班；研讨会；研讨课程separate 分立；分局separate legal entity 独立法律实体separate property 分有财富separation of powers 三权分立settlement agreement 清偿协议settler 财富授予者share 股份；股票share holder 股东shell corporation 空壳公司shoplifting 商店偷拿行为short title 简称shyster 讼棍sickness insurance 疾病保险simulation 模拟〔操练〕slander 诽谤social security act 社会保险条例social security benefit 社会保险补助金social security tax 社会保险税solicitor 诉状律师source 渊源sovereign power 主权special court 出格法院；专门法院special property 出格财富specific performance 出格履行specimen 样本stamp tax 印花税standard of proof 证明尺度standing 依据stare decisis 遵畴前例state attorney 洲查察官state property 国家财富statd capital 设定资产statute 制定法；法律statute-like norm 准法律尺度statute of frauds 诈欺条例；反诈欺法statutory authority 制定法法源statutory crime 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory law 制定法statutory measure 法定办法statutory offense 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory provision 法律规定stay 延缓〔审判或执行〕stock 股票stock exchange 股票交易stock retirement plan 退股方案stock transfer tax 股票过户税strategy 战略；策略strict liability tort 严格责任侵权strike insurance 罢工保险sub judice 在审判中；尚未判决subject 主体；标的subject matter 主题事项；标的subject property 标的财富subject to financing clause 融资条件条款subpoena 传唤〔令〕subsidiary corproration 子公司；从属公司subsistence allowance 生活津贴substantial evidence 本色〔体〕证据substantail law 实体法substantive due process 实体性正当程序substantive law 实体法sue 起诉；诉sufficient evidence 充沛证据suit 诉讼summary judgment 即决判决supervisor 监察；监委support 供养；抚养supreme court 最高法院supreme law 最高法律〔宪法〕suspect 嫌疑人suspicion 嫌疑；疑心sustain 维持；承认Ttangible 有形的tangible evidence 实物证据tangible property 有形财富tarriff 关税task force 专项研究组；专案组tax 税；税收tax assessment procedure 税额评定程序tax court 税收法院tax evasion 逃税tax law 税法taxation 税收；税务taxation law 税收法；税务法tenant 承租人term 条款；期限testamentary trust 遗嘱委托testator 立遗嘱人testify 作证testimonial evidence 言词证据testimony 证言the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB) 争端解决机构the European Intellectual Property Review 欧洲常识产权评论the Fleet Street Reports 舰队街判例汇编title 产权书title insurance 产权保险title insurer 产权保险人title plant 产权书库tort 侵权〔行为〕tort claim 侵权索赔〔请求〕tort feasor 侵权行为人tort law 侵权法tortions 侵权行为的trade mark 商标traffic accidents 交通变乱traffic ticket 交通违章〔罚款〕通知单tranquility 安宁transaction 交易transfer 转让，过户travel accident insurance 旅行不测保险treason 叛国罪treaty 条约trespass 侵犯，侵害trial 审判trail by judge 法官审判trail by jury 陪审团审判trail court 审判法院，初审法院。
法律英语词汇整理.
Part One Basis of Legal English公证人：notary 立遗嘱者：testator专门名词；术语：terminology 承租人：tenant故意的；蓄意的：deliberate 等同；同价物：equivalent责任：obligation 终止：termination对等的，互惠的：reciprocal 开端：commencement分期付款：instalment 制定：formulation上述的；前述的：aforesaid 恐吓，威胁：intimidate不当：inappropriate 议会，国会：parliament审理委员会；特别法庭：tribunal 不可撤销的：irrevocable否认：negative 拆分；分立：split诉讼：litigation 传唤；传讯：summon赔偿；补偿：compensation 诉讼当事人：litigant辩解；申诉；事实陈述：allegation提起（申请等）；提起（诉讼等）；把……登记备案：file质询（书）：interrogatories 伪证；伪证罪：perjury否定：denial 庭外采证：deposition小册子：booklet 控告（某人）犯罪：impeach常设的；永久的：permanent （法庭上证人的）证词：testimony调解、调停：mediation 仲裁：arbitration法官；裁判官；法官席：bench 无陪审团员的审判：bench trail一致的：unanimous （陪审团的）裁决，判决，结论：verdict强制的；不得上诉的：peremptory 批捕令；搜查令：warrant财产保全；查封；扣押：attachment 留置权，扣押权：lien赔偿金：damages 欺诈，误导：deceive泄露：divulge 侵权：infringement举证责任：the burden of proof 诉讼案件：lawsuit宪法的：constitutional 控告：prefer入侵：invasion 动产：chattel租约：lease 执行者：executor成文法：statute 诉状：pleading样式条款：boilerplate clause 公司面纱：corporate veil无效的：null and void 全部，所有的人：all and sundry其他以外：inter alia= among others 保释：bailment：abatement 宣告无效：annul将……遗赠：bequeath 报酬：emolument起源：provenance 扣押财物：distress扣押：seizure 拘押：hold本金：the principal sum 合适和恰当：fit and proper规定，条款：provision 争议，纠纷或索赔：dispute，controversy orclaim储蓄：deposits承诺,同意和契约：promise，agree andcovenant原告：plaintiff 诉状：complaint被告：defendant 代表自己，自辩：pro se（without an attorney）承认：admission 和解协议：settlement回避：for cause 协商；法律顾问：counsel交叉盘问：cross examination 专家证人：expert witness诉由不成立：no cause 无效审判：mistrial清偿保证书：satisfaction 推翻：overturn发回重审：relitigante back 自由心证：power of discretionary宣誓过的：sworn 先行本：advance sheet法典注释：annotated code 法警：bailiff法律顾问：barrister 受益人：beneficiary汇票：bill of exchange 最佳证据：best evidence引证：citation or cite 传讯者：citator编成法典：codify 法令：decree最高上诉法院：court of last resort 记录法庭：court of record法庭书记官：court reporter 授权立法：delegated legislation法律汇编：digest 备审案件目录表：docket（写在判决书前面的）摘要：headnote 对答案有诱导性的提问：leading question名义上的当事人：nominal party 初审管辖：original jurisdiction律师助手：paralegal 被告：respondent州长：sheriff 单行本：slip law遵循先例：stare decisis （判决书的）判决理由/说明：syllabus摘要：synonym 正式起诉书：true bill法令：wirt 传票：subpoena悬而未决的陪审团：hung jury 习惯法：common law拉丁语：Bona fide = good faith 善意De novo =anew 重新；更始Ex parte =from one side 片面的Habeas corpus =you should have the body人身保护令In re =in the matter of 关于，对于Non obstance verdioto =notwithstanding theverdict 否定裁决Per capita =by leads 人均Per curiam =by the court 引用法官判词对价：consideration 相对人：counterpart汇票：draft 兑现：honor票据：instrument 请求：motionChapter Two American Legal Regime=巡回上诉法院：Federal Circuit美国联邦上诉法院：United States Court ofAppeals for the Federal Circuit最高法院：Supreme Court 上诉法院：Court of Appeals中级上诉法院：intermediate Courts 高级法院上诉庭：Appellate Division，SupremeCourt美国案例选编：American Law Reports 法律百科全书：Corpus Juris Secundum任命：nominate 任期：tenure等级制度；统治集团：hierarchy 司法权，管辖权；管辖范围：jurisdiction地方法官，治安官：magistrate 转让（法律权利或义务）：assign遗嘱检验法庭：probate court 少年法庭：juvenile court仲裁人：arbiter 对（指诉讼，比赛中等）；相对：versus无效；废弃：nullification 执行，施行，实施（法律等）；免除：dispense 疏忽，过失；粗心大意：negligence 支持者；建议者；提出认证遗嘱者；提出证据的人：proponent渊源；根源：source 立法机关；立法机构；立法部；（特指）州会议：legislature合理的：equitable 挑选陪审团成员：impanel证词，证据：testimony 陪审员名单：array挑选陪审团的过程：voir dire 自由裁量权：discretion强制的；不得上诉的：peremptory 当事人；诉讼委托人：client审议：deliberation 偏一方的：partisan审判官似的；调查官似的；爱打听的：inquisitorial Vt.仲裁，裁判N.裁判，仲裁人：umpire对抗性的，敌对的：adversarial 上诉的，受理上诉的：appellate审理委员会；特别法庭：tribunal 前提：premise送还，还押；发回重审：remade 发誓：swear抵押；抵押品；质权：pledge 依照法令的；法定的：statuary成文法；制定法：statuary law 制定（法律）；颁布：enact判例，先例：precedent Adj.立法的，有立法权的N.立法权；立法机构：legislativeAdj.适当的Vt.占用，侵吞：appropriate竞合：concurrence传票；引证：citation 概要，大纲：synopsis控告，起诉：prosecution 复审：review证人证言：affidavit 再审：rehear全体陪审员：panel 参议院：Senate大陪审团：grand jury 僵局：deadlock分配，分布：distribution 有效：valid过错相抵：contributory negligence 篡改：tamper专利池：patent pool 证据规则：evidentiary rules纠问式：inquisitorial system of justice 纠错法院：Court of Errors诉讼文件移送命令：certiorari 撤销：vacate驳回：dismiss 中止：order暂停：stay 发回重审：remand异议：dissent 特权：privilege抗辩制度：adversarial system 主张，用户：advocacy公平的：impartial 自认犯罪：self-incrimination公告，宣告：announcement 有说服力的法律依据：persuasive authority 处理：dispose 廉正：integrity苏格拉底问法：socratic method 民事诉讼：civil procedure法律术语：legalese 法律联合会：legal fraternity附录：appendix 公司章程：article of incorporation出庭律师：attorney of record 计费工时：billable hour顾问：consultant 标准：criterion法官的附带意见：dictum 网域名称：domain name委托书：engagement letter 当庭提出证据：exhibit出口许可证：export license 合营企业：joint venture许可证协议：license agreement 贷款申请：loan application公证人：notary public 专利申请书：patent application公民投票权：referendum 股东，股票持有人：shareholder法定时效：statute of limitation 可撤销的合同：voidable contract分区条例：zoning ordinanceChapter Three Constitutional Law司法权：judicial power 合法的：legitimate合法化，正当性：legitimacy 海事法，海商法：admiralty海事管辖权：maritime jurisdiction 按照，根据：pursuant to/in pursuance of全权：plenary power 阐明：set forth终身任期：life tenure 被授予、赋予（权利）：be vested with原始（初审）管辖权：original（trial）jurisdiction 上诉管辖权：appellate jurisdiction自动生效：self-executing 共同管辖权，并存管辖权：concurrentjurisdiction参考司法性（或审判）解释：advisory opinions 做出裁判、裁决：rendition做出裁判裁决，判处：render 模拟诉讼：moot cases串通诉讼：collusive suits 成熟原则：ripeness doctrine确认判决，宣告是判决：declaratory judgment 诉由，诉讼资格：standing可归因于：be attributable to 可救济性：redressability裁决，裁定：ruling 规避（原则）：abstention不适用联邦管辖权（以避免和州管辖权的冲突）：abstain以……作为前提/条件：be premised on待决的，未决的：pending 禁止、命令、指示：enjoinV. 阻却、禁止N. 阻碍、阻却因素；法律界：bar豁免权：immunity立法权：legislative power 明确列举的权力：enumerated power默示的权利：implied power 辅助/附属权利：auxiliary/ancillary power必要与适当条款：necessary and proper clause 实施、实行：carry into execution人头税：capitation 直接税，对财产征收的税：direct taxes公共基金开支权：spending power 贸易权：commerce power国会调查权：investigatory power 弹劾：impeachment剥夺……（权利）：deprive of/abridge of 铸币：coin money立法权的委托/授予：delegation of legislative power 三权分立原则：the separation of power doctrine促进、助长、推动：in furtherance of 申请……：petition of公共职权：public functions 有溯及力的，溯及既往的：retroactive剥夺公民权法案：bills of attainder 事后的、有溯及力的、溯及既往的：ex postfacto程序性的正当程序：procedural due process 实质性正当程序：substantive due process平等保护：equal protection 裁决、判决：adjudication个人财产：personal belongings 法定权利：entitlement任意的、武断的：arbitrary 在下、从下：infra中登记审查（标准）：intermediate scrutiny 严格审查（标准）：strict scrutiny（maximumscrutiny）合理依据、最低审查（标准）：rational basis引发、触发：trigger（minimal scrutiny）不合理分类：suspect classification 监禁、禁闭：incarceration受制于、以……为条件：be subject to 主要因素：predominant factor为……量身定做：be tailored to 授权条款：enabling provision商业条款：Commerce Clause 必要的国家利益：compelling state interest歧视性待遇：disparate treatment 准嫌疑犯分类：quasi-suspect classification纠正歧视行动：affirmative action 不正当关系：illicit relationships确认生父诉讼、亲子鉴定诉讼：paternity suits 基本权利：fundamental rights避孕药物、避孕工具：contraception 包括、包含：encompass撤销、使无效：revoke 财政部：The Treasury Department流产，堕胎：abortion 全体出席的：plenary实施：implement 严格的必要性：strict necessity原因：causation 确权之诉：quiet title action修正案：amendment 驱逐出境：deport支持：upheld 代表：delegate违反：infringe 有特权的：prerogative损害：impair 非惩罚性：non-punitive区别对待：discriminatory application 避孕：contraceptives反驳：rebuttal 据说，据称：allegedly牵连：entanglement 十足信用法案：full faith and credit授权，命令：mandate 问题的可讨论性，未决状态：mootness司法审查：judicial review 多元管辖权：diversity jurisdiction当代的，同时代的：contemporary 批准，认可：ratification行政部门：executive branch 取缔诽谤：outlaw slander使无效：invalidate 授予，给予：confer详尽的，彻底的：exhaustivepart4promise允诺agreement between the parties 当事人之间的协议acceptance承诺a meeting of minds意见一致mutual assent当事人之间的协议executed contracts已履行合同executory contracts待履行合同specialty contract书面盖印合同valid 有效的parol contract非要式合同void 无效的simple contract简单合同voidable 可撤销的offer 要约unenforceable 不能强制执行contracts under seal 盖印合同revocation撤回contracts in writing书面合同rejection by the offeree受要约人拒绝contracts evidenced in writing有书面证明的合同counter-offer反要约lapse of time期限届满口头合同oral contracts incapacity无行为能力unqualified无条件的failure of a condition subject to which the offerwas made要约条件未能满足conditional assent 有条件的同意standing offer持续要约performance履行return performance 相应允诺the mirror image rule镜像原则letter书信telegram电报Mail-box Rule投邮主义consideration对价the promisee被允诺人past consideration is no consideration过去的对价不是对价公共职责public dutyaccord and satisfaction和解与清偿the principle of mutuality相关性原则允诺禁反言原则doctrine of promissory estoppel 衡平禁反言原则doctrine of equitable estoppelexpress terms明示条款implied terms 默示条款exemption clauses免责条款condition 条件warranty担保rescind 废除repudiate拒绝履行the concept of total integration合同完整性的概念certainty确定性terms implied in fact事实上的默示terms implied in law 法律上的默示customary implied terms惯例性的条款the contra proerentem不利于提供者规则the repugancy rule 矛盾解释规则the four corners rule四角规则the Control of Exemption Clauses Act管制免责条款条例warning notices警告性通知capacity to contract缔约能力minor 未成年人 a person under the influence of drink醉酒的人persons of unsound mind精神病人corporations公司mistake错误misrepresentation虚假陈述duress胁迫undue influence不当影响illegality非法性validity 效力operative mistakes关键性错误liable to be set aside衡平法上被撤销common or identical mistakes相同之错误mutual mistakes双方错误non-identical mistake不相同之错误unilateral mistake 单方错误non est factum非我所签契约null and void 无效fraudulent misrepresentation欺诈性的虚假陈述innocent or neglient misrepresentation无过错或过失性的虚假陈述affirm确认duress to a person对人的胁迫duress to goods 对货物的胁迫economic duress经济胁迫actual undue influence实际不当影响persumed undue influence假设不当影响inequality of bargaining power谈判能力的不对等unconscionability显示公平制度operation of law依法定得解除illegal contract strictly so called严格意义上的非法合同illegal contract traditionally so called传统的非法合同illegal as formed成立违法illegal as performed履行违法intended beneficiaries 有益受害人incidental beneficiaries 附带受益人discharged解决performance履行tender of performance交付履行frustration合同落空impossibility履行不能履约具有不现实性impracticabilityoccurrence of condition subsequent后续条件的发生rescission合同的废除novation合同的更新cancellation合同的取消release弃权书substituted contract替代合同account stated明细账lapse 终止（或失效）supervening illegality继起违法breach of contract违约anticipatory breach预期违约damages损害赔偿action for an agreed sum商定金额之诉quantum meruit按合理价格支付specific performance实际履行injunction禁令alternative dispute resolution替代性纠纷解决机制corporate law 公司法new words and expressionsnominalized 使转变为名词inducememt诱因，诱导abstain抑制，弃权solemnity庄严destitute使丧失perpetrator做坏事者，犯罪者usage惯例revocation撤销，撤回contingency意外事故，偶发事件dispatch发出telex电传facsimile传真detriment损害，伤害forbearance忍耐，克制，不作为undertaking承诺accure发生，产生charter包租，租用vessel船舶lumber木材freight运费furnish提供aver提出appellee被上诉人demurrer异议，抗辩rescind废除repudiate拒不履行reputable值得尊重的shack棚屋，简陋的小屋emasculate阉割，削弱collateral附属的demolish摧毁，推翻，驳倒absurdity荒谬的shear(shore,shorn)切断，剥夺rote死记硬背，生搬硬套perjury伪证（罪）supersede废除，废弃officious爱管闲事的efficacy功效indemnity赔偿（金）onus义务，负担subrogation代位（求偿权）dissipate挥霍vitiate（使）消弱，（使）无效salvage救援，营救reef礁，暗礁tender招标ab initio自始，从开始时status quo现状rescission废除puff吹嘘pecuniary金钱的restitutio in integrum[拉]恢复原状rogue无赖，流氓avoidance废止，无效uberrimae fidei [拉]最大诚信coercive强制的；强迫的convent女修道院ward被监护人devotee皈依者the balance of probabilities可能性较高者consummate完成lopsided不平等的infirmity虚假defraud诈取，骗取ex turpi causa non oritur actio [拉]非法或不道德行为不能取得诉因quantum meruit [拉]（无合同规定时）支付合理报酬；应得额；合理金额quantum valebant [拉]支付合理价格原则oust剥夺，驱逐solus单独的covenant协议，协定effectuate实行，完成supervening接着发生revoke撤销；取消encompass围绕；包含concurrent同时发生的coronation加冕礼exculpatory辩解的，辨明无罪的remote damages间接损失expectation interest期待利益reliance interest信赖利益restitution interest返还利益liquidated damages约定损害赔偿金maxim格言permeate弥漫，遍布subterfuge托词，借口evasion规避，遁词overt明显的，公开的slack off松懈；懈怠a Mareva injunction玛瑞瓦禁令warranty保修单，担保Textinternational business transactions国际商业活动；国际经济交往securities law证券法franchise 特许经营contract合同，有法律约束力的承诺或协议Convention on the International Sales ofGoods(CISG) 联合国国际货物销售合同公约restatement再声明，重述duty义务; 职责，责任binding有约束力的deed 地契，土地证stipulation契约，约定，协定seal 密封文档，密封（证明真实有效）evidenced in writing有书面证明的formation成立mutual assent相互同意manifestation表现形式bound 有义务的advertisements of rewards悬赏广告auction拍卖lapse of offer要约失效revocation撤回English law英国法option期权，选择权Blackacre黑地，黑田（辩论中的假设名字，与whiteacre相对）contingency意外事故，偶发事件standing offer持续要约writ of error纠错令decree判决，裁定Chancery Courts大法官法庭，大法庭refinance再融资Chancellor首席法官，大法官unqualified没有附加的条件的conditional assent附条件同意return promise 反允诺order confirmation确认订单terms and conditions 条款及细则general conditions of sale销售的一般条件；买卖共同条件；一般销售条件UNIDROIT PICC 国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则Mail-Box Rule邮箱规则consideration 对价detriment损害，伤害promisee受约人promisor做出承诺者，契约者，要约人executory待执行的executed已执行的accord and satisfaction和解与清偿full settlement of a debt全额清偿the principle of mutuality交互性原则promissory承诺的，约定的suspensory中止的Privy Court枢密院法庭resume恢复the principle本人，被代理人，委托人；保证人；财产，信托财产Doctrine of Equitable Estoppel衡平禁反言原则qualification条件，资格charter party租船合同frustrate the main purpose of the contract主要目的受阻volition自愿选择the Parol Evidence Rule口头证言规则total integration一体化；完全整合absurdity 荒谬，不合理genesis起源；开端superseded documents替代文件officious bystander好事的旁观者negligence过失；疏忽the inserter起草者indemnity赔偿（金）the onus of proof举证责任Age of Majority Act成人年龄法guarantees of minors’ contracts未成年人保证责任guarantee被保人subrogation代位清偿unsound mind/ mental-imcapacity心智不全fiduciary基于信托的，受托人，被信托人non est factum否认立约inducement引诱，诱导actionable misrepresentation可诉的虚假陈述restitutio in integrum恢复原状Uberrimae Fidei最大诚信原则，坦率诚实the Utmost Good Faith最大善意原则prospectus说明书，简介，募股章程undue influence 不当影响contemplation深思熟虑，沉思self-induced自己导致的，自己诱导的vendor卖方，卖主operation of law(OOL) 法律的实施（效果）mutual rescission相互解约unilateral rescission单方废止；债权人得单方解除契约frustrating events受阻事项a final balance 最后应付余额，最后结余；最后平衡original transactions原始交易commercial impracticability商业不现实性Statute of Limitations诉讼时效impossible of performance履行不能supervening illegality继起违法frustration of purpose合同目的落空coronation加冕礼Forcr Majeure Clauses 不可抗力条款remoteness of damage损害的间隔性foreseeability可预见性,预见性unliquidated damages未经算定损害赔偿；未清算的损失；未确定损害赔偿额extravagant奢侈的；挥霍的claimant原告，索赔者specific performance照规定严格执行constant supervision持续监督good faith善意；真诚good faith performance合同履行中的诚信原则；善意履行express repudiation明示的履行拒绝interlocutory (判决等)在诉讼期间宣告的perpetual不间断的；持续的prohibitory禁止的mandatory强制的；法定的pending trial候审期间，未决事项Municiple Courts市法院Choice of Forum Clause选择法院条款Forum Selection Clause法院管辖之条款Choice of Law Clause适用法律选择条款commercial arbitration商事仲裁arbitration agreement仲裁协议arbitration clauses仲裁条款exercisecontested 有争议的recital 一系列事件等的详述boilerplate样板文件；公式化，陈词滥调Caveat Emptor货物出门概不退换，买主须自行当心（货物的品质）；买主当心prevail占优势option contract期权合同merchandise 货物leverage杠杆作用，举债经营Statute of Fraudes反欺诈法unconscionability显失公平;显失公平原则unjust enrichment不正当得利third-party beneficiary 受益第三方 detrimental reliance有害依赖；不利之信赖forfeiture没收，丧失material breach重大违约，实质性违约illusory promise虚幻允诺rescind废除；撤销omission疏忽，懈怠，做某事失败Uniform Commercial Code(UCC)美国统一商法典in pais无法律手续或书据quasi-contract准契约；准合同Unit Five故意侵权intentional torts 殴打battery威吓assault 非法监禁false imprisonment侵害地产或动产trespass to Land/Chattels 侵占他人动产conversion故意精神伤害Intentional infliction ofemotional distress抗辩事由defenses特权privilege 原告同意consent正当防卫self-defense 紧急避险necessity责任duty 不履行责任breach实际损失或伤害actual loss or damage 原告过失contributory negligence比较过失comparative negligence 自冒风险assumption of risk明示自冒风险express assumption of risk 免责条款exculpatory clause暗示自冒风险implied assumption of risk 后果的预见性foreseeability of consequences 中介原因intervening cause 连带责任joint and several liability补偿indemnity 分担contribution土地所有人possessor 所有权人owner占有人occupier 自然危险情况natural hazards土地侵权人trespasser 被许可人licensee侵权儿童trespassing children 诱惑性公海原则attractive nuisance doctrine 被邀请人invitee 商业被邀请人business invitee不当行为/不当履行misfeasance 懈怠不作为/不作为nonfeasance替代责任vicarious liability 低于成本销售sales below cost侵犯隐私privacy torts 盗用他人肖像权appropriation侵扰他人私生活intrusion 扭曲他人形象public disclosure of private life 不正当竞争competitive torts 虚假宣传false advertising倾销dumping 雇主负责制respondent superiorLiability for negligence 过失责任Civil liability 民事责任Remedies 损害赔偿Invasion of privacy侵犯隐私Defamation 诽谤Fraud 欺诈Misrepresentation 虚假表述Conversion 侵犯他人财产Trespass非法侵入Trespass to land/chattels 侵犯他人土地/财产Product liability 产品责任Restitution返还原物，赔偿金Damages 赔偿金Compensatory damages 补偿性伤害赔偿金Punitive damages 惩罚性赔偿金Special damages 特定损害赔偿金Discrete 分离的Affinity亲切关系The statute of limitations 诉讼时效Causation 因果关系Tavern 客栈Cause in fact 事实上的原因Hatchet 短柄小斧；言归于好Proximate cause 最近原因Integrity完整Malice恶意Prima facie case 表面上证据确凿的案件Blackout 灯火管制；暂时失去知觉Impediment 妨碍Res Ipsa Loquitur 让事实说话Quare clausum fregit 缘何侵入私地令Foreseeability 预见性Intermeddle干涉Tort-feasor 侵权行为人Dispossess 剥夺Misconduct 行为不当Misfeasance 错误行为Non-feasance 不行为Agrarian 土地的，农村的Nuisance 妨害行为Public nuisance 公共公害Private nuisance 私人妨害Omission 疏忽；懈怠Contributory negligence 混合过失Entrant 参加者Confinement 拘禁Satisfaction 清偿Indemnity补偿Negligent misrepresentation 过失的虚假表述Malpractice 玩忽职守Sedition 煽动Libel 书面诽谤Loathsome 令人讨厌的Consortium 配偶的地位和权利Duty of care 注意义务Venereal 性交的Incompatible 矛盾的Unchastity 放荡Disparagement 轻视False light 扭曲他爱人形象Revelation 披露Deceive 欺诈Competitive torts 侵权竞合Idiosyncratic 独特的Premises 房地产Pass off 冒充Palm off 哄骗Recoup 重获Wherewithal 为做某事而需要的钱Disclose 告知Legal cause 法定原因，近因Supersede 取代Assailant 攻击者Warranty 担保；保单Defect 瑕疵Willful and wanton 放任的Accrue 利息等的自然增值；诉讼的发生Vicarious liability雇主责任，替代别人的责任A writ of trespass 侵害令状Intent 主观Confinement 监禁Volition 意愿Deliberation 深思熟虑Malice 预谋Trespass de bonis asportate 带走他人动产Vandal 蓄意破坏者Dispossess 剥夺占有Proximate cause 近因Blackout失去知觉Calculus of risk 风险预测计算Res ipsa Loquitur 不言自明But-for causation 若非因果关系Per curiam 全庭审Joint and several liability 共同连带责任Bystander 旁观者The impact rule影响规则Implied warranty 默示担保Premises liability 场所责任Entrant 新工作者;进入者Nuisance 妨害Liable 有责任的Dangerous instrumentality doctrine 危险工具Recreational premises 娱乐场所Criminal assailants 刑事攻击者Caveat lessee 警告承租人Caveat emptor 顾客留心（一经出售概不负责）Statutes of repose 除斥期间Misdiagnosis 错误的诊断Charitable immunity 慈善事业免责Municipal immunity 市场免责Vicarious liability 替代责任Defamation 诽谤Prima facie cause of action 诉讼的初步原因Restatement (second) of torts民事侵权行为重述（第二版）Prosser 普罗塞（美国杰出法官）Reasonably prudent person合理谨慎的人part 8双重主义：dual sovereignty 商业条款：Commerce Clause犯罪意图：mens rea 夜晚破门入户企图犯重罪：burglary联邦和州监狱：prison 或penitentiary 联邦刑事诉讼法规：Federal Rules of CriminalProcedure无罪推定：presumption of innocence 排除合理怀疑：proof beyond reasonabledoubt正当程序：due process 隐私权：right of privacy自证其罪：self-incrimination 以第五条修正案作为辩护理由：Plead theFifth悬而未决的陪审团：hung jury 失审：mistrial不抗辩：no contest/nolo contendere 认罪协商：plea bargaining双重危境：double jeopardyAcquitted 无罪Accused：被告actus reus：犯罪行为Aforethought：预谋的Allege：声称Asphyxia：窒息Bail：保释Bigamy重婚罪bill of attainder：未经审批直接判有罪Bribery：行贿罪Burglary：闯入他人室内并实施其他犯罪capital punishment：死刑Causation：犯罪行为和结果之间的因果联系challenge for cause：在陪审员资格审查中因法定原因要求陪审员回避Circumstantial evidence 旁证Coercion：强制Confession：认罪Consent：赞成，同意Conspiracy：共谋Corpus delicti：犯罪事实Culpable：有罪的Detention：拘留Diplomatic immunity：外交豁免Embezzle：贪污Entrapment：诱捕Euthanasia：安乐死Ex post facto：溯及既往的Felony：重罪First degree murder：一级谋杀Habeas corpus 人身保护令Indictment 刑事起诉状Intoxication 中毒，喝醉Involuntary manslaughter 因放任或过失在实施其他犯罪行为时造成他人死亡Justifiable homicide 有正当理由杀人（如执行死刑）Knock and announce rule 警察搜查时的程序要求Knowingly 故意的犯罪心理Larceny盗窃Miranda Warning 米兰达警告Misdemeanor 轻罪Mistrial 因程序问题而导致的无效审判Mitigating circumstances 罪行减轻情节Money laundering 洗钱Motive 犯罪动机Obstruction of justice 妨碍司法公证Opening statement 开庭陈述Pardon 赦免Parole 有条件释放，假释Penal code 刑法典Peremptory challenge 无须理由要求陪审员回避Perpetrator 犯罪者Petty offence 轻微违法行为Plea bargaining 辩诉交易Police interrogation 警察讯问Presumption of innocence 无罪推定Probation 缓刑Prosecute 提起公诉Provocation 挑衅，激怒Public defender 公设辩护律师Reasonable doubt 合理怀疑Search warrant 搜查令Seizure 没收Sentence 刑事判决，量刑Sheriff 法警，警长Statutory rape 法定强奸罪Subpoena 传讯，强制传唤Summons传票传唤Treason 叛国罪Extradition 引渡Preponderance of the evidence 优势证据原则Federal criminal statutes 联邦刑事法规Falsify 伪造Fictitious=fraudulent 欺骗性的；虚构的Imprisonment 监禁County jail 郡的看守所Community service 社区义工Conviction 定罪Bail bondsmen 保释担保人Corrections officers 狱警Speedy jury trial 快速陪审团Dismiss the charge 撤销指控Incarcerate （被)监禁Wrongful death 错误致死Careless/negligent 过失、疏忽大意More-than-ordinary=recklessness=criminalnegligence 轻率Unintentional conduct无意识行为Misperceives reality 对现实认识错误Mistake of law 对法律认识错误Drug paraphernalia 毒品相关设备Malicious behavior 邪恶行为Man-endangering 危害到人Culprit 犯罪嫌疑人Strict liability law 严格责任法律Gravity 严重性Proportionality principle 比例原则Infraction 侵害Fine 罚金Arson 纵火Warrantless arrest 无证逮捕Self-defense 自卫Information 检察院起诉书Infamous crime 不名誉罪Excessive bail 过高的保释Exclusive rule 排除规则Judge-made doctrine 法官造法原则Fruit of the poisonous tree 毒树之果Miranda Warnings 米兰达警告Causal chain 因果关系Wiretapping statute 窃听法Parole revocation 假释撤销Detention 拘留Station House Detention 派出所拘留Grand Jury Appearance 陪审团出席Deadly Force致命暴力Hot Pursuit 越境追捕Evanescent evidence 容易消失的证据Custody 保管；监护Waiver 豁免；弃权Preliminary hearing预审听证Stand trial 提起诉讼Suppression hearings 听证会Burden of proof 举证责任Juror opposition 陪审员的反对Inconsistent verdict不一致的判决Right to counsel 获得律师辩护的权利Confront witness 与证人对质guilty plea 有罪答辩plea agreemen 认罪协议tpotential penalty 潜在的惩罚defense counsel 辩护律师parole term假释期限fatal致命的；毁灭性的plea bargaining认罪协商，辩诉交易disproportionate不成比例的，比例失调的prosecutorial vindictiveness报复性起诉confirmation 证明; 确认hearsay传闻证据，道听途说resentence重新判决harsher sentence更严厉的判决de novo重新, 更始reconviction再判决；重新判决jury sentencing陪审团的判决atypical and significant hardship非典型及重大困境，异常而重大的困苦proportionality比例原则，（行动、处罚等的）相称原则，恰当性felony murder谋杀重罪lethal force致命武器sanity requirement 理智的需求insane精神失常的mental retardation智力缺陷，精神发育迟缓recidivist statutes累犯法first appeal第二审；第一次上诉frivolous轻率的retroactivity溯及既往parole假释probation缓刑imprisonment关押，监禁penological interests刑罚学利益contraband走私，走私品medical malpractice医疗事故；医疗纠纷；医unbiased公正的；不偏不倚的；无偏见的疗过失prison inmates牢犯double jeopardy一事不再理原则empanel选任（陪审员）juvenile proceedings未成年人诉讼程序commencement开端，开始sentence enhancer强化判决separate sovereign独立主权collateral estoppel间接禁反言forfeiture没收；丧失quasi-criminal准刑事案；准刑事性；准刑事犯罪innocent owner无辜所有主，无过错所有人exigent紧急的；迫切的prostitute妓女accusatory控告的，控诉的duly及时的，适时的suppress禁止，使止住balance差额；结余handcuff上手铐pertinent有关的prima facie case表面上证据确凿的案件warrant批捕令，搜查令wingspan翼幅；翼展MIMIC 模仿Criminal Procedure Law (CPL)刑事诉讼法grand jury testimony大陪审团作证defraud 欺诈trespassory非法盗窃magistrate地方法官，治安官exclusionary排斥（性）的；排除在外的the Rosario doctrine罗萨里奥学说、理论exercisestatutory law 成文法，制定法preponderance优势；多数slander 口头诽谤battery殴打罪invasion侵略；侵入libel（书面）诽谤homicide杀人行为extortion强取；敲诈；勒索maladjusted失调的；不能适应环境的malum in se不法, 不法行为deus ex machina解围的人或事件responsible corporate officer公司管理负责人员supervision监督;管理forgery伪造，伪造的文书、签名等firearm火器，尤指手枪或步枪misappropriation侵吞，挪用，滥用;私吞conversion财产转换，兑换wire fraud网络诈骗，电信诈骗bribe贿赂，行贿espionage 侦察;间谍活动duress强迫，胁迫，威胁assault突袭，侵犯（人身），威胁false pretenses欺诈，诈骗kidnapping绑架amicus curiae 法庭之友search warrant搜查证skips bail 跳过保释white collar crime白领犯罪acquit判决无罪，宣告无罪，开释double-jeopardy一事不再理原则nullification无效;废弃conspiracy阴谋，同谋，串谋，共谋mandatory强制的，义务的closing statements 结束的控词contraband 走私nolo contendere无罪申诉（刑事诉讼中，被告不认罪但又放弃申辩）attorney general首席检察官，司法部长grand jury大陪审团prerequisite 先决条件，前提burden责任，义务borne by由……。
法律英语核心术语-第二章
第二章法律英语术语draft 法案，草案Government bill 政府议案to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律 ratification, confirmation 批准law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效decree 法令clause 条款minutes 备忘录report 判例汇编codification 法律汇编legislation 立法legislator 立法者jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学legitimation 合法化legality, lawfulness 法制，合法legal, lawful 合法的,依法的to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法 outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的offender 罪犯to abolish 废止，取消rescission, annulment 废除，取消repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律)cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同)cancellation (支票)作废annulment 撤消(遗嘱)repeal rescission 撤消(判决)revocation 撤消immunity 豁免，豁免权disability, legal incapacity 无资格 nonretroactive character 不溯既往性 prescription 剥夺公权attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收 constitutional law 宪法canon law 教会法规common law 习惯法criminal law 刑法administrative law 行政法civil law 民法commercial law, mercantile law 商法 law of nations 万国公法，国际法international law 国际法natural law 自然法labour laws 劳工法fiscal law 财政法Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法 Criminal Law 刑事诉讼法Military Law 军法Conscript Law 兵役法Copyright Law 著作权法penal code 刑法典code of mercantile law 商法典civil rights 民事权利，公民权利right of asylum 避难权human rights, rights of man 人权(customs) duties 关税death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税Aabsolute proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序） accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书)acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》 action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度 advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判）affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系 allegation 声称；指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会 American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo-American Legal System 英美法系 anonymous accusation 匿名控告appeal 上诉appear 出庭appellant 上诉人appellate action 上诉行为 appellate court 上诉法院 appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕arrest warrant 逮捕令（证）arrestee 被捕人article 条款，文章article of authority 授权条款articles of confederation 《联帮条例》articles of incorporation 公司组织章程artificial person 法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会 assault 意图或威胁伤害assert 主张，宣称asset 资产assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图，企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定authority 权力，法源，权威性依据 automobile insurance 机动车保险 automobile tort 机动车侵权行为 autonomy 自治（权）Bban 禁令，禁止banishment 流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge 破产债务解除 bankruptcy judge 破产法官bar 律师职业bar association 律师协会barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right 《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同binding force 约束力binding interpretation 有约束力的解释black-letter law （普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法 black nation bar association 全美黑人律师协会blue sky law 蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA）（美国律师协会的）董事会 body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任 burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy-sell agreement（股权）买卖协议bylaws（内部）章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户 capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书） challenge 置疑；挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则）chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据 citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》 Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》 Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯（罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system(family) 普通法法系 Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释 Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失 controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor (法律)顾问;律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院 court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚 cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求 damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团 death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券)debt securities 债权证券 decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense's case-in-chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder (恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用) designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer (土地)开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disa bility insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇;释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移(保险)产品 discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议;纠纷disposition 处置(权)dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则;原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则 doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件;文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的"贸易条款" domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务;关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭 economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件) empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family) 英吉利法系 enjoin(衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency(EPA) 环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券 error 过错 escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate 财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵ Directive 欧盟指令evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 唯一征税地点 excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人 execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定 express warranty 明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》 Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》 Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求 fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产）附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决 formal rulemaking 正式规则制定。
法律英语词汇整理汇总
Part One Basis of Legal English公证人：notary 立遗嘱者：testator专门名词；术语：terminology 承租人：tenant故意的；蓄意的：deliberate 等同；同价物：equivalent责任：obligation 终止：termination对等的，互惠的：reciprocal 开端：commencement分期付款：instalment 制定：formulation上述的；前述的：aforesaid 恐吓，威胁：intimidate不当：inappropriate 议会，国会：parliament审理委员会；特别法庭：tribunal 不可撤销的：irrevocable否认：negative 拆分；分立：split诉讼：litigation 传唤；传讯：summon赔偿；补偿：compensation 诉讼当事人：litigant辩解；申诉；事实陈述：allegation提起（申请等）；提起（诉讼等）；把……登记备案：file质询（书）：interrogatories 伪证；伪证罪：perjury否定：denial 庭外采证：deposition小册子：booklet 控告（某人）犯罪：impeach常设的；永久的：permanent （法庭上证人的）证词：testimony调解、调停：mediation 仲裁：arbitration法官；裁判官；法官席：bench 无陪审团员的审判：bench trail一致的：unanimous （陪审团的）裁决，判决，结论：verdict强制的；不得上诉的：peremptory 批捕令；搜查令：warrant财产保全；查封；扣押：attachment 留置权，扣押权：lien赔偿金：damages 欺诈，误导：deceive泄露：divulge 侵权：infringement举证责任：the burden of proof 诉讼案件：lawsuit宪法的：constitutional 控告：prefer入侵：invasion 动产：chattel租约：lease 执行者：executor成文法：statute 诉状：pleading样式条款：boilerplate clause 公司面纱：corporate veil无效的：null and void 全部，所有的人：all and sundry其他以外：inter alia= among others 保释：bailment：abatement 宣告无效：annul将……遗赠：bequeath 报酬：emolument起源：provenance 扣押财物：distress扣押：seizure 拘押：hold本金：the principal sum 合适和恰当：fit and proper规定，条款：provision 争议，纠纷或索赔：dispute，controversy orclaim储蓄：deposits承诺,同意和契约：promise，agree andcovenant原告：plaintiff 诉状：complaint被告：defendant 代表自己，自辩：pro se（without an attorney）承认：admission 和解协议：settlement回避：for cause 协商；法律顾问：counsel交叉盘问：cross examination 专家证人：expert witness诉由不成立：no cause 无效审判：mistrial清偿保证书：satisfaction 推翻：overturn发回重审：relitigante back 自由心证：power of discretionary宣誓过的：sworn 先行本：advance sheet法典注释：annotated code 法警：bailiff法律顾问：barrister 受益人：beneficiary汇票：bill of exchange 最佳证据：best evidence引证：citation or cite 传讯者：citator编成法典：codify 法令：decree最高上诉法院：court of last resort 记录法庭：court of record法庭书记官：court reporter 授权立法：delegated legislation法律汇编：digest 备审案件目录表：docket（写在判决书前面的）摘要：headnote 对答案有诱导性的提问：leading question名义上的当事人：nominal party 初审管辖：original jurisdiction律师助手：paralegal 被告：respondent州长：sheriff 单行本：slip law遵循先例：stare decisis （判决书的）判决理由/说明：syllabus摘要：synonym 正式起诉书：true bill法令：wirt 传票：subpoena悬而未决的陪审团：hung jury 习惯法：common law拉丁语：Bona fide = good faith 善意De novo =anew 重新；更始Ex parte =from one side 片面的Habeas corpus =you should have the body人身保护令In re =in the matter of 关于，对于Non obstance verdioto =notwithstanding theverdict 否定裁决Per capita =by leads 人均Per curiam =by the court 引用法官判词对价：consideration 相对人：counterpart汇票：draft 兑现：honor票据：instrument 请求：motionChapter Two American Legal Regime=巡回上诉法院：Federal Circuit美国联邦上诉法院：United States Court ofAppeals for the Federal Circuit最高法院：Supreme Court 上诉法院：Court of Appeals中级上诉法院：intermediate Courts 高级法院上诉庭：Appellate Division，SupremeCourt美国案例选编：American Law Reports 法律百科全书：Corpus Juris Secundum任命：nominate 任期：tenure等级制度；统治集团：hierarchy 司法权，管辖权；管辖范围：jurisdiction地方法官，治安官：magistrate 转让（法律权利或义务）：assign遗嘱检验法庭：probate court 少年法庭：juvenile court仲裁人：arbiter 对（指诉讼，比赛中等）；相对：versus无效；废弃：nullification 执行，施行，实施（法律等）；免除：dispense 疏忽，过失；粗心大意：negligence 支持者；建议者；提出认证遗嘱者；提出证据的人：proponent渊源；根源：source 立法机关；立法机构；立法部；（特指）州会议：legislature合理的：equitable 挑选陪审团成员：impanel证词，证据：testimony 陪审员名单：array挑选陪审团的过程：voir dire 自由裁量权：discretion强制的；不得上诉的：peremptory 当事人；诉讼委托人：client审议：deliberation 偏一方的：partisan审判官似的；调查官似的；爱打听的：inquisitorial Vt.仲裁，裁判N.裁判，仲裁人：umpire对抗性的，敌对的：adversarial 上诉的，受理上诉的：appellate审理委员会；特别法庭：tribunal 前提：premise送还，还押；发回重审：remade 发誓：swear抵押；抵押品；质权：pledge 依照法令的；法定的：statuary成文法；制定法：statuary law 制定（法律）；颁布：enact判例，先例：precedent Adj.立法的，有立法权的N.立法权；立法机构：legislativeAdj.适当的Vt.占用，侵吞：appropriate竞合：concurrence传票；引证：citation 概要，大纲：synopsis控告，起诉：prosecution 复审：review证人证言：affidavit 再审：rehear全体陪审员：panel 参议院：Senate大陪审团：grand jury 僵局：deadlock分配，分布：distribution 有效：valid过错相抵：contributory negligence 篡改：tamper专利池：patent pool 证据规则：evidentiary rules纠问式：inquisitorial system of justice 纠错法院：Court of Errors诉讼文件移送命令：certiorari 撤销：vacate驳回：dismiss 中止：order暂停：stay 发回重审：remand异议：dissent 特权：privilege抗辩制度：adversarial system 主张，用户：advocacy公平的：impartial 自认犯罪：self-incrimination公告，宣告：announcement 有说服力的法律依据：persuasive authority 处理：dispose 廉正：integrity苏格拉底问法：socratic method 民事诉讼：civil procedure法律术语：legalese 法律联合会：legal fraternity附录：appendix 公司章程：article of incorporation出庭律师：attorney of record 计费工时：billable hour顾问：consultant 标准：criterion法官的附带意见：dictum 网域名称：domain name委托书：engagement letter 当庭提出证据：exhibit出口许可证：export license 合营企业：joint venture许可证协议：license agreement 贷款申请：loan application公证人：notary public 专利申请书：patent application公民投票权：referendum 股东，股票持有人：shareholder法定时效：statute of limitation 可撤销的合同：voidable contract分区条例：zoning ordinanceChapter Three Constitutional Law司法权：judicial power 合法的：legitimate合法化，正当性：legitimacy 海事法，海商法：admiralty海事管辖权：maritime jurisdiction 按照，根据：pursuant to/in pursuance of全权：plenary power 阐明：set forth终身任期：life tenure 被授予、赋予（权利）：be vested with原始（初审）管辖权：original（trial）jurisdiction 上诉管辖权：appellate jurisdiction自动生效：self-executing 共同管辖权，并存管辖权：concurrentjurisdiction参考司法性（或审判）解释：advisory opinions 做出裁判、裁决：rendition做出裁判裁决，判处：render 模拟诉讼：moot cases串通诉讼：collusive suits 成熟原则：ripeness doctrine确认判决，宣告是判决：declaratory judgment 诉由，诉讼资格：standing可归因于：be attributable to 可救济性：redressability裁决，裁定：ruling 规避（原则）：abstention不适用联邦管辖权（以避免和州管辖权的冲突）：abstain以……作为前提/条件：be premised on待决的，未决的：pending 禁止、命令、指示：enjoinV. 阻却、禁止N. 阻碍、阻却因素；法律界：bar豁免权：immunity立法权：legislative power 明确列举的权力：enumerated power默示的权利：implied power 辅助/附属权利：auxiliary/ancillary power必要与适当条款：necessary and proper clause 实施、实行：carry into execution人头税：capitation 直接税，对财产征收的税：direct taxes公共基金开支权：spending power 贸易权：commerce power国会调查权：investigatory power 弹劾：impeachment剥夺……（权利）：deprive of/abridge of 铸币：coin money立法权的委托/授予：delegation of legislative power 三权分立原则：the separation of power doctrine促进、助长、推动：in furtherance of 申请……：petition of公共职权：public functions 有溯及力的，溯及既往的：retroactive剥夺公民权法案：bills of attainder 事后的、有溯及力的、溯及既往的：ex postfacto程序性的正当程序：procedural due process 实质性正当程序：substantive due process平等保护：equal protection 裁决、判决：adjudication个人财产：personal belongings 法定权利：entitlement任意的、武断的：arbitrary 在下、从下：infra中登记审查（标准）：intermediate scrutiny 严格审查（标准）：strict scrutiny（maximumscrutiny）合理依据、最低审查（标准）：rational basis引发、触发：trigger（minimal scrutiny）不合理分类：suspect classification 监禁、禁闭：incarceration受制于、以……为条件：be subject to 主要因素：predominant factor为……量身定做：be tailored to 授权条款：enabling provision商业条款：Commerce Clause 必要的国家利益：compelling state interest歧视性待遇：disparate treatment 准嫌疑犯分类：quasi-suspect classification纠正歧视行动：affirmative action 不正当关系：illicit relationships确认生父诉讼、亲子鉴定诉讼：paternity suits 基本权利：fundamental rights避孕药物、避孕工具：contraception 包括、包含：encompass撤销、使无效：revoke 财政部：The Treasury Department流产，堕胎：abortion 全体出席的：plenary实施：implement 严格的必要性：strict necessity原因：causation 确权之诉：quiet title action修正案：amendment 驱逐出境：deport支持：upheld 代表：delegate违反：infringe 有特权的：prerogative损害：impair 非惩罚性：non-punitive区别对待：discriminatory application 避孕：contraceptives反驳：rebuttal 据说，据称：allegedly牵连：entanglement 十足信用法案：full faith and credit授权，命令：mandate 问题的可讨论性，未决状态：mootness司法审查：judicial review 多元管辖权：diversity jurisdiction当代的，同时代的：contemporary 批准，认可：ratification行政部门：executive branch 取缔诽谤：outlaw slander使无效：invalidate 授予，给予：confer详尽的，彻底的：exhaustivepart4promise允诺agreement between the parties 当事人之间的协议acceptance承诺a meeting of minds意见一致mutual assent当事人之间的协议executed contracts已履行合同executory contracts待履行合同specialty contract书面盖印合同valid 有效的parol contract非要式合同void 无效的simple contract简单合同voidable 可撤销的offer 要约unenforceable 不能强制执行contracts under seal 盖印合同revocation撤回contracts in writing书面合同rejection by the offeree受要约人拒绝contracts evidenced in writing有书面证明的合同counter-offer反要约lapse of time期限届满口头合同oral contracts incapacity无行为能力unqualified无条件的failure of a condition subject to which the offerwas made要约条件未能满足conditional assent 有条件的同意standing offer持续要约performance履行return performance 相应允诺the mirror image rule镜像原则letter书信telegram电报Mail-box Rule投邮主义consideration对价the promisee被允诺人past consideration is no consideration过去的对价不是对价公共职责public dutyaccord and satisfaction和解与清偿the principle of mutuality相关性原则允诺禁反言原则doctrine of promissory estoppel 衡平禁反言原则doctrine of equitable estoppelexpress terms明示条款implied terms 默示条款exemption clauses免责条款condition 条件warranty担保rescind 废除repudiate拒绝履行the concept of total integration合同完整性的概念certainty确定性terms implied in fact事实上的默示terms implied in law 法律上的默示customary implied terms惯例性的条款the contra proerentem不利于提供者规则the repugancy rule 矛盾解释规则the four corners rule四角规则the Control of Exemption Clauses Act管制免责条款条例warning notices警告性通知capacity to contract缔约能力minor 未成年人 a person under the influence of drink醉酒的人persons of unsound mind精神病人corporations公司mistake错误misrepresentation虚假陈述duress胁迫undue influence不当影响illegality非法性validity 效力operative mistakes关键性错误liable to be set aside衡平法上被撤销common or identical mistakes相同之错误mutual mistakes双方错误non-identical mistake不相同之错误unilateral mistake 单方错误non est factum非我所签契约null and void 无效fraudulent misrepresentation欺诈性的虚假陈述innocent or neglient misrepresentation无过错或过失性的虚假陈述affirm确认duress to a person对人的胁迫duress to goods 对货物的胁迫economic duress经济胁迫actual undue influence实际不当影响persumed undue influence假设不当影响inequality of bargaining power谈判能力的不对等unconscionability显示公平制度operation of law依法定得解除illegal contract strictly so called严格意义上的非法合同illegal contract traditionally so called传统的非法合同illegal as formed成立违法illegal as performed履行违法intended beneficiaries 有益受害人incidental beneficiaries 附带受益人discharged解决performance履行tender of performance交付履行frustration合同落空impossibility履行不能履约具有不现实性impracticabilityoccurrence of condition subsequent后续条件的发生rescission合同的废除novation合同的更新cancellation合同的取消release弃权书substituted contract替代合同account stated明细账lapse 终止（或失效）supervening illegality继起违法breach of contract违约anticipatory breach预期违约damages损害赔偿action for an agreed sum商定金额之诉quantum meruit按合理价格支付specific performance实际履行injunction禁令alternative dispute resolution替代性纠纷解决机制corporate law 公司法new words and expressionsnominalized 使转变为名词inducememt诱因，诱导abstain抑制，弃权solemnity庄严destitute使丧失perpetrator做坏事者，犯罪者usage惯例revocation撤销，撤回contingency意外事故，偶发事件dispatch发出telex电传facsimile传真detriment损害，伤害forbearance忍耐，克制，不作为undertaking承诺accure发生，产生charter包租，租用vessel船舶lumber木材freight运费furnish提供aver提出appellee被上诉人demurrer异议，抗辩rescind废除repudiate拒不履行reputable值得尊重的shack棚屋，简陋的小屋emasculate阉割，削弱collateral附属的demolish摧毁，推翻，驳倒absurdity荒谬的shear(shore,shorn)切断，剥夺rote死记硬背，生搬硬套perjury伪证（罪）supersede废除，废弃officious爱管闲事的efficacy功效indemnity赔偿（金）onus义务，负担subrogation代位（求偿权）dissipate挥霍vitiate（使）消弱，（使）无效salvage救援，营救reef礁，暗礁tender招标ab initio自始，从开始时status quo现状rescission废除puff吹嘘pecuniary金钱的restitutio in integrum[拉]恢复原状rogue无赖，流氓avoidance废止，无效uberrimae fidei [拉]最大诚信coercive强制的；强迫的convent女修道院ward被监护人devotee皈依者the balance of probabilities可能性较高者consummate完成lopsided不平等的infirmity虚假defraud诈取，骗取ex turpi causa non oritur actio [拉]非法或不道德行为不能取得诉因quantum meruit [拉]（无合同规定时）支付合理报酬；应得额；合理金额quantum valebant [拉]支付合理价格原则oust剥夺，驱逐solus单独的covenant协议，协定effectuate实行，完成supervening接着发生revoke撤销；取消encompass围绕；包含concurrent同时发生的coronation加冕礼exculpatory辩解的，辨明无罪的remote damages间接损失expectation interest期待利益reliance interest信赖利益restitution interest返还利益liquidated damages约定损害赔偿金maxim格言permeate弥漫，遍布subterfuge托词，借口evasion规避，遁词overt明显的，公开的slack off松懈；懈怠a Mareva injunction玛瑞瓦禁令warranty保修单，担保Textinternational business transactions国际商业活动；国际经济交往securities law证券法franchise 特许经营contract合同，有法律约束力的承诺或协议Convention on the International Sales ofGoods(CISG) 联合国国际货物销售合同公约restatement再声明，重述duty义务; 职责，责任binding有约束力的deed 地契，土地证stipulation契约，约定，协定seal 密封文档，密封（证明真实有效）evidenced in writing有书面证明的formation成立mutual assent相互同意manifestation表现形式bound 有义务的advertisements of rewards悬赏广告auction拍卖lapse of offer要约失效revocation撤回English law英国法option期权，选择权Blackacre黑地，黑田（辩论中的假设名字，与whiteacre相对）contingency意外事故，偶发事件standing offer持续要约writ of error纠错令decree判决，裁定Chancery Courts大法官法庭，大法庭refinance再融资Chancellor首席法官，大法官unqualified没有附加的条件的conditional assent附条件同意return promise 反允诺order confirmation确认订单terms and conditions 条款及细则general conditions of sale销售的一般条件；买卖共同条件；一般销售条件UNIDROIT PICC 国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则Mail-Box Rule邮箱规则consideration 对价detriment损害，伤害promisee受约人promisor做出承诺者，契约者，要约人executory待执行的executed已执行的accord and satisfaction和解与清偿full settlement of a debt全额清偿the principle of mutuality交互性原则promissory承诺的，约定的suspensory中止的Privy Court枢密院法庭resume恢复the principle本人，被代理人，委托人；保证人；财产，信托财产Doctrine of Equitable Estoppel衡平禁反言原则qualification条件，资格charter party租船合同frustrate the main purpose of the contract主要目的受阻volition自愿选择the Parol Evidence Rule口头证言规则total integration一体化；完全整合absurdity 荒谬，不合理genesis起源；开端superseded documents替代文件officious bystander好事的旁观者negligence过失；疏忽the inserter起草者indemnity赔偿（金）the onus of proof举证责任Age of Majority Act成人年龄法guarantees of minors’ contracts未成年人保证责任guarantee被保人subrogation代位清偿unsound mind/ mental-imcapacity心智不全fiduciary基于信托的，受托人，被信托人non est factum否认立约inducement引诱，诱导actionable misrepresentation可诉的虚假陈述restitutio in integrum恢复原状Uberrimae Fidei最大诚信原则，坦率诚实the Utmost Good Faith最大善意原则prospectus说明书，简介，募股章程undue influence 不当影响contemplation深思熟虑，沉思self-induced自己导致的，自己诱导的vendor卖方，卖主operation of law(OOL) 法律的实施（效果）mutual rescission相互解约unilateral rescission单方废止；债权人得单方解除契约frustrating events受阻事项a final balance 最后应付余额，最后结余；最后平衡original transactions原始交易commercial impracticability商业不现实性Statute of Limitations诉讼时效impossible of performance履行不能supervening illegality继起违法frustration of purpose合同目的落空coronation加冕礼Forcr Majeure Clauses 不可抗力条款remoteness of damage损害的间隔性foreseeability可预见性,预见性unliquidated damages未经算定损害赔偿；未清算的损失；未确定损害赔偿额extravagant奢侈的；挥霍的claimant原告，索赔者specific performance照规定严格执行constant supervision持续监督good faith善意；真诚good faith performance合同履行中的诚信原则；善意履行express repudiation明示的履行拒绝interlocutory (判决等)在诉讼期间宣告的perpetual不间断的；持续的prohibitory禁止的mandatory强制的；法定的pending trial候审期间，未决事项Municiple Courts市法院Choice of Forum Clause选择法院条款Forum Selection Clause法院管辖之条款Choice of Law Clause适用法律选择条款commercial arbitration商事仲裁arbitration agreement仲裁协议arbitration clauses仲裁条款exercisecontested 有争议的recital 一系列事件等的详述boilerplate样板文件；公式化，陈词滥调Caveat Emptor货物出门概不退换，买主须自行当心（货物的品质）；买主当心prevail占优势option contract期权合同merchandise 货物leverage杠杆作用，举债经营Statute of Fraudes反欺诈法unconscionability显失公平;显失公平原则unjust enrichment不正当得利third-party beneficiary 受益第三方 detrimental reliance有害依赖；不利之信赖forfeiture没收，丧失material breach重大违约，实质性违约illusory promise虚幻允诺rescind废除；撤销omission疏忽，懈怠，做某事失败Uniform Commercial Code(UCC)美国统一商法典in pais无法律手续或书据quasi-contract准契约；准合同Unit Five故意侵权intentional torts 殴打battery威吓assault 非法监禁false imprisonment侵害地产或动产trespass to Land/Chattels 侵占他人动产conversion故意精神伤害Intentional infliction ofemotional distress抗辩事由defenses特权privilege 原告同意consent正当防卫self-defense 紧急避险necessity责任duty 不履行责任breach实际损失或伤害actual loss or damage 原告过失contributory negligence比较过失comparative negligence 自冒风险assumption of risk明示自冒风险express assumption of risk 免责条款exculpatory clause暗示自冒风险implied assumption of risk 后果的预见性foreseeability of consequences 中介原因intervening cause 连带责任joint and several liability补偿indemnity 分担contribution土地所有人possessor 所有权人owner占有人occupier 自然危险情况natural hazards土地侵权人trespasser 被许可人licensee侵权儿童trespassing children 诱惑性公海原则attractive nuisance doctrine 被邀请人invitee 商业被邀请人business invitee不当行为/不当履行misfeasance 懈怠不作为/不作为nonfeasance替代责任vicarious liability 低于成本销售sales below cost侵犯隐私privacy torts 盗用他人肖像权appropriation侵扰他人私生活intrusion 扭曲他人形象public disclosure of private life 不正当竞争competitive torts 虚假宣传false advertising倾销dumping 雇主负责制respondent superiorLiability for negligence 过失责任Civil liability 民事责任Remedies 损害赔偿Invasion of privacy侵犯隐私Defamation 诽谤Fraud 欺诈Misrepresentation 虚假表述Conversion 侵犯他人财产Trespass非法侵入Trespass to land/chattels 侵犯他人土地/财产Product liability 产品责任Restitution返还原物，赔偿金Damages 赔偿金Compensatory damages 补偿性伤害赔偿金Punitive damages 惩罚性赔偿金Special damages 特定损害赔偿金Discrete 分离的Affinity亲切关系The statute of limitations 诉讼时效Causation 因果关系Tavern 客栈Cause in fact 事实上的原因Hatchet 短柄小斧；言归于好Proximate cause 最近原因Integrity完整Malice恶意Prima facie case 表面上证据确凿的案件Blackout 灯火管制；暂时失去知觉Impediment 妨碍Res Ipsa Loquitur 让事实说话Quare clausum fregit 缘何侵入私地令Foreseeability 预见性Intermeddle干涉Tort-feasor 侵权行为人Dispossess 剥夺Misconduct 行为不当Misfeasance 错误行为Non-feasance 不行为Agrarian 土地的，农村的Nuisance 妨害行为Public nuisance 公共公害Private nuisance 私人妨害Omission 疏忽；懈怠Contributory negligence 混合过失Entrant 参加者Confinement 拘禁Satisfaction 清偿Indemnity补偿Negligent misrepresentation 过失的虚假表述Malpractice 玩忽职守Sedition 煽动Libel 书面诽谤Loathsome 令人讨厌的Consortium 配偶的地位和权利Duty of care 注意义务Venereal 性交的Incompatible 矛盾的Unchastity 放荡Disparagement 轻视False light 扭曲他爱人形象Revelation 披露Deceive 欺诈Competitive torts 侵权竞合Idiosyncratic 独特的Premises 房地产Pass off 冒充Palm off 哄骗Recoup 重获Wherewithal 为做某事而需要的钱Disclose 告知Legal cause 法定原因，近因Supersede 取代Assailant 攻击者Warranty 担保；保单Defect 瑕疵Willful and wanton 放任的Accrue 利息等的自然增值；诉讼的发生Vicarious liability雇主责任，替代别人的责任A writ of trespass 侵害令状Intent 主观Confinement 监禁Volition 意愿Deliberation 深思熟虑Malice 预谋Trespass de bonis asportate 带走他人动产Vandal 蓄意破坏者Dispossess 剥夺占有Proximate cause 近因Blackout失去知觉Calculus of risk 风险预测计算Res ipsa Loquitur 不言自明But-for causation 若非因果关系Per curiam 全庭审Joint and several liability 共同连带责任Bystander 旁观者The impact rule影响规则Implied warranty 默示担保Premises liability 场所责任Entrant 新工作者;进入者Nuisance 妨害Liable 有责任的Dangerous instrumentality doctrine 危险工具Recreational premises 娱乐场所Criminal assailants 刑事攻击者Caveat lessee 警告承租人Caveat emptor 顾客留心（一经出售概不负责）Statutes of repose 除斥期间Misdiagnosis 错误的诊断Charitable immunity 慈善事业免责Municipal immunity 市场免责Vicarious liability 替代责任Defamation 诽谤Prima facie cause of action 诉讼的初步原因Restatement (second) of torts民事侵权行为重述（第二版）Prosser 普罗塞（美国杰出法官）Reasonably prudent person合理谨慎的人part 8双重主义：dual sovereignty 商业条款：Commerce Clause犯罪意图：mens rea 夜晚破门入户企图犯重罪：burglary联邦和州监狱：prison 或penitentiary 联邦刑事诉讼法规：Federal Rules of CriminalProcedure无罪推定：presumption of innocence 排除合理怀疑：proof beyond reasonabledoubt正当程序：due process 隐私权：right of privacy自证其罪：self-incrimination 以第五条修正案作为辩护理由：Plead theFifth悬而未决的陪审团：hung jury 失审：mistrial不抗辩：no contest/nolo contendere 认罪协商：plea bargaining双重危境：double jeopardyAcquitted 无罪Accused：被告actus reus：犯罪行为Aforethought：预谋的Allege：声称Asphyxia：窒息Bail：保释Bigamy重婚罪bill of attainder：未经审批直接判有罪Bribery：行贿罪Burglary：闯入他人室内并实施其他犯罪capital punishment：死刑Causation：犯罪行为和结果之间的因果联系challenge for cause：在陪审员资格审查中因法定原因要求陪审员回避Circumstantial evidence 旁证Coercion：强制Confession：认罪Consent：赞成，同意Conspiracy：共谋Corpus delicti：犯罪事实Culpable：有罪的Detention：拘留Diplomatic immunity：外交豁免Embezzle：贪污Entrapment：诱捕Euthanasia：安乐死Ex post facto：溯及既往的Felony：重罪First degree murder：一级谋杀Habeas corpus 人身保护令Indictment 刑事起诉状Intoxication 中毒，喝醉Involuntary manslaughter 因放任或过失在实施其他犯罪行为时造成他人死亡Justifiable homicide 有正当理由杀人（如执行死刑）Knock and announce rule 警察搜查时的程序要求Knowingly 故意的犯罪心理Larceny盗窃Miranda Warning 米兰达警告Misdemeanor 轻罪Mistrial 因程序问题而导致的无效审判Mitigating circumstances 罪行减轻情节Money laundering 洗钱Motive 犯罪动机Obstruction of justice 妨碍司法公证Opening statement 开庭陈述Pardon 赦免Parole 有条件释放，假释Penal code 刑法典Peremptory challenge 无须理由要求陪审员回避Perpetrator 犯罪者Petty offence 轻微违法行为Plea bargaining 辩诉交易Police interrogation 警察讯问Presumption of innocence 无罪推定Probation 缓刑Prosecute 提起公诉Provocation 挑衅，激怒Public defender 公设辩护律师Reasonable doubt 合理怀疑Search warrant 搜查令Seizure 没收Sentence 刑事判决，量刑Sheriff 法警，警长Statutory rape 法定强奸罪Subpoena 传讯，强制传唤Summons传票传唤Treason 叛国罪Extradition 引渡Preponderance of the evidence 优势证据原则Federal criminal statutes 联邦刑事法规Falsify 伪造Fictitious=fraudulent 欺骗性的；虚构的Imprisonment 监禁County jail 郡的看守所Community service 社区义工Conviction 定罪Bail bondsmen 保释担保人Corrections officers 狱警Speedy jury trial 快速陪审团Dismiss the charge 撤销指控Incarcerate （被)监禁Wrongful death 错误致死Careless/negligent 过失、疏忽大意More-than-ordinary=recklessness=criminalnegligence 轻率Unintentional conduct无意识行为Misperceives reality 对现实认识错误Mistake of law 对法律认识错误Drug paraphernalia 毒品相关设备Malicious behavior 邪恶行为Man-endangering 危害到人Culprit 犯罪嫌疑人Strict liability law 严格责任法律Gravity 严重性Proportionality principle 比例原则Infraction 侵害Fine 罚金Arson 纵火Warrantless arrest 无证逮捕Self-defense 自卫Information 检察院起诉书Infamous crime 不名誉罪Excessive bail 过高的保释Exclusive rule 排除规则Judge-made doctrine 法官造法原则Fruit of the poisonous tree 毒树之果Miranda Warnings 米兰达警告Causal chain 因果关系Wiretapping statute 窃听法Parole revocation 假释撤销Detention 拘留Station House Detention 派出所拘留Grand Jury Appearance 陪审团出席Deadly Force致命暴力Hot Pursuit 越境追捕Evanescent evidence 容易消失的证据Custody 保管；监护Waiver 豁免；弃权Preliminary hearing预审听证Stand trial 提起诉讼Suppression hearings 听证会Burden of proof 举证责任Juror opposition 陪审员的反对Inconsistent verdict不一致的判决Right to counsel 获得律师辩护的权利Confront witness 与证人对质guilty plea 有罪答辩plea agreemen 认罪协议tpotential penalty 潜在的惩罚defense counsel 辩护律师parole term假释期限fatal致命的；毁灭性的plea bargaining认罪协商，辩诉交易disproportionate不成比例的，比例失调的prosecutorial vindictiveness报复性起诉confirmation 证明; 确认hearsay传闻证据，道听途说resentence重新判决harsher sentence更严厉的判决de novo重新, 更始reconviction再判决；重新判决jury sentencing陪审团的判决atypical and significant hardship非典型及重大困境，异常而重大的困苦proportionality比例原则，（行动、处罚等的）相称原则，恰当性felony murder谋杀重罪lethal force致命武器sanity requirement 理智的需求insane精神失常的mental retardation智力缺陷，精神发育迟缓recidivist statutes累犯法first appeal第二审；第一次上诉frivolous轻率的retroactivity溯及既往parole假释probation缓刑imprisonment关押，监禁penological interests刑罚学利益contraband走私，走私品medical malpractice医疗事故；医疗纠纷；医unbiased公正的；不偏不倚的；无偏见的疗过失prison inmates牢犯double jeopardy一事不再理原则empanel选任（陪审员）juvenile proceedings未成年人诉讼程序commencement开端，开始sentence enhancer强化判决separate sovereign独立主权collateral estoppel间接禁反言forfeiture没收；丧失quasi-criminal准刑事案；准刑事性；准刑事犯罪innocent owner无辜所有主，无过错所有人exigent紧急的；迫切的prostitute妓女accusatory控告的，控诉的duly及时的，适时的suppress禁止，使止住balance差额；结余handcuff上手铐pertinent有关的prima facie case表面上证据确凿的案件warrant批捕令，搜查令wingspan翼幅；翼展MIMIC 模仿Criminal Procedure Law (CPL)刑事诉讼法grand jury testimony大陪审团作证defraud 欺诈trespassory非法盗窃magistrate地方法官，治安官exclusionary排斥（性）的；排除在外的the Rosario doctrine罗萨里奥学说、理论exercisestatutory law 成文法，制定法preponderance优势；多数slander 口头诽谤battery殴打罪invasion侵略；侵入libel（书面）诽谤homicide杀人行为extortion强取；敲诈；勒索maladjusted失调的；不能适应环境的malum in se不法, 不法行为deus ex machina解围的人或事件responsible corporate officer公司管理负责人员supervision监督;管理forgery伪造，伪造的文书、签名等firearm火器，尤指手枪或步枪misappropriation侵吞，挪用，滥用;私吞conversion财产转换，兑换wire fraud网络诈骗，电信诈骗bribe贿赂，行贿espionage 侦察;间谍活动duress强迫，胁迫，威胁assault突袭，侵犯（人身），威胁false pretenses欺诈，诈骗kidnapping绑架amicus curiae 法庭之友search warrant搜查证skips bail 跳过保释white collar crime白领犯罪acquit判决无罪，宣告无罪，开释double-jeopardy一事不再理原则nullification无效;废弃conspiracy阴谋，同谋，串谋，共谋mandatory强制的，义务的closing statements 结束的控词contraband 走私nolo contendere无罪申诉（刑事诉讼中，被告不认罪但又放弃申辩）attorney general首席检察官，司法部长grand jury大陪审团prerequisite 先决条件，前提burden责任，义务borne by由……。
大学是否应该禁止方言的英语作文
大学是否应该禁止方言的英语作文Title: Should University Ban Dialects?In recent years, there has been a growing debate on whether universities should ban dialects among their students. While some argue that banning dialects can promote a standard language environment and improve communication skills, others believe that it goes against linguistic diversity and can be discriminatory. In this essay, we will discuss both sides of the argument and provide a balanced perspective on this issue.Those in favor of banning dialects in universities argue that it can help students improve their communication skills and promote a standardized language environment. They believe that using dialects can hinder effective communication, as it may be difficult for people from different regions to understand each other. By banning dialects, students are encouraged to use a standard language, which can help them communicate more clearly and effectively.Furthermore, proponents of banning dialects argue that it can create a more inclusive and equal environment for all students. In some cases, students who speak a certain dialect may be discriminated against or treated differently by their peersor professors. By banning dialects, universities can create a level playing field for all students, regardless of their background or region.On the other hand, opponents of banning dialects argue that it goes against linguistic diversity and can be discriminatory. Dialects are an important part of people's cultural identity and heritage, and by banning them, universities are essentially asking students to suppress their own language and culture. This can lead to feelings of alienation and exclusion among students who speak a dialect.Moreover, banning dialects can also be seen as a form of linguistic discrimination. By favoring a standard language over dialects, universities may be perpetuating stereotypes and biases against certain groups of people. This can create a divisive environment and lead to tensions among students from different regions.In conclusion, the issue of whether universities should ban dialects is a complex and multifaceted one. While banning dialects may help improve communication skills and create a more inclusive environment, it also goes against linguistic diversity and can be discriminatory. As such, it is important for universities to strike a balance between promoting a standardlanguage environment and respecting the cultural diversity of their students. By fostering a culture of acceptance and inclusion, universities can create a more harmonious and respectful environment for all students, regardless of their linguistic background.。
must祈使句规章制度否定句
must祈使句规章制度否定句1. Must not smoke in designated areas.Smoking is strictly prohibited in all designated areas within the premises. Anyone caught violating this rule will face severe consequences, including potential fines or disciplinary action. The health and safety of all individuals on the premises must be prioritized, and smoking in non-designated areas is strictly forbidden.2. Must not tamper with electrical equipment.Employees are reminded that tampering with any electrical equipment, including switches, outlets, or cords, is strictly prohibited. Any unauthorized modifications to electrical systems can pose significant safety risks, including fire hazards and electrocution. To ensure the well-being of all individuals in the workplace, it is imperative that employees refrain from tampering with any electrical equipment.3. Must not disclose confidential information.All employees must adhere to strict confidentiality policies and refrain from disclosing any confidential information to unauthorized individuals. Sharing sensitive data with unauthorized parties can lead to severe consequences for both the employee and the organization. It is essential to maintain the integrity and security of confidential information at all times.4. Must not access restricted areas without authorization.Access to restricted areas is limited to authorized personnel only. Employees must not attempt to access restricted areas without proper authorization, as doing so can compromise security protocols and put individuals at risk. Any unauthorized access to restricted areas will result in immediate disciplinary action.5. Must not engage in discriminatory behavior.Discriminatory behavior of any kind, including but not limited to discrimination based on race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation, is strictly prohibited in the workplace. All employees must treat their colleagues with respect and dignity and refrain from engaging in any form of discriminatory behavior. Violations of this policy will not be tolerated.6. Must not use company resources for personal gain.Company resources, including but not limited to equipment, supplies, or time, must not be used for personal gain. Employees are expected to use company resources responsibly and efficiently for work-related purposes only. Any misuse or misappropriation of company resources will result in disciplinary action.7. Must not engage in dishonest or unethical behavior.Employees are expected to conduct themselves with honesty, integrity, and professionalism at all times. Any form of dishonest or unethical behavior, including but not limited to lying, cheating, or stealing, will not be tolerated. Employees must adhere to the highest ethical standards in their interactions with colleagues, clients, and the public.8. Must not violate safety protocols.Safety protocols and procedures are put in place to protect the well-being of all individuals in the workplace. Employees must not violate safety protocols or take shortcuts that compromise their safety or the safety of others. It is essential to follow safety guidelines diligently and report any safety concerns or hazards promptly.In conclusion, the use of negative imperative sentences with must is crucial in establishing rules and regulations in various contexts. By clearly outlining prohibitions and emphasizing the importance of compliance, organizations can maintain order, safety, and ethical standards within their workplaces. Employees must adhere to these rules and regulations to ensure a harmonious and productive work environment for all.。
批判性的言论英语作文
批判性的言论英语作文标题，Critical Discourse: The Power of Constructive Criticism。
In today's world, critical discourse plays a pivotal role in shaping our understanding of complex issues and driving positive change. Through the lens of constructive criticism, we can analyze, evaluate, and improve various aspects of society, from policies and institutions to cultural norms and individual behaviors. This essay explores the significance of critical discourse and its transformative potential, drawing insights from prominent thinkers and real-world examples.At its core, constructive criticism involves offering feedback with the intention of fostering improvement and growth. Unlike destructive criticism, which aims to tear down or undermine, constructive criticism seeks to identify areas for enhancement while acknowledging strengths and potential. As philosopher Karl Popper once said, "All lifeis problem-solving." Indeed, critical discourse serves as a mechanism for identifying and addressing societal challenges, driving progress and innovation.One area where constructive criticism is particularly crucial is in the realm of governance and public policy. In a democratic society, citizens have the right and responsibility to engage in critical discourse to holdtheir leaders accountable and advocate for change. For example, during times of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, constructive criticism of government responses can help identify shortcomings and inform more effective strategies for managing the crisis and protecting public health.Moreover, critical discourse is essential for promoting social justice and equity. By critically examining systemic inequalities and injustices, individuals and communities can work towards dismantling oppressive structures and advocating for marginalized groups. The civil rights movement in the United States, led by figures like Martin Luther King Jr., relied heavily on constructive criticismof discriminatory laws and practices to galvanize support and bring about legislative and social change.In addition to its role in governance and social justice, critical discourse is also indispensable in the realm of science and academia. The scientific method itself is founded on the principles of skepticism and inquiry, encouraging researchers to subject their hypotheses to rigorous testing and scrutiny. Peer review, a cornerstone of academic publishing, relies on constructive criticism from experts in the field to ensure the quality andvalidity of research findings.Furthermore, critical discourse fosters intellectual diversity and encourages open-mindedness. By engaging with viewpoints that challenge our own beliefs and assumptions, we expand our understanding of the world and cultivate empathy and tolerance for different perspectives. Philosopher John Stuart Mill famously argued that the clash of ideas is essential for the advancement of knowledge and the pursuit of truth.However, while critical discourse is a powerful toolfor driving positive change, it is not without its challenges and limitations. In today's hyper-polarized political climate, constructive criticism is often overshadowed by partisan bickering and ideological warfare. Echo chambers and filter bubbles, exacerbated by social media algorithms, can reinforce existing biases and stifle dissenting voices.Moreover, the art of giving and receiving constructive criticism requires skill and emotional intelligence. Critiques that are overly harsh or devoid of empathy can be demoralizing and counterproductive, leading to defensiveness and resentment rather than growth and learning. Likewise, receiving criticism gracefully requires humility and a willingness to reflect on one's own shortcomings.In conclusion, critical discourse is a cornerstone of democracy, social progress, and intellectual inquiry. By engaging in constructive criticism, we can identify problems, challenge the status quo, and work towards a morejust and equitable society. However, realizing the full potential of critical discourse requires overcoming obstacles such as polarization and fostering a culture of empathy, humility, and open-mindedness. As we navigate the complexities of the modern world, let us remember the words of philosopher Voltaire: "I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it."。
【考研英语】同源文详解181期：界定数字歧视
Part 1原文ⅠAn Internet privacy bill introduced by Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto would prohibit discriminatory data practices. That is a good goal. But which practices qualify as discriminatory is a complicated question.ⅡPrivacy activists have long stressed that data over-collection and misusecause disproportionate harm to minority groups. Often, that harm is prohibited by existing civil rights rules. But those rules were put into place before anyone could have imagined an age of digital discrimination, and companies are circumventing them.Ⅲ Take targeted advertising. Leaders in the industry make money by allowing advertisers to select the very specific segments of the population they think are most likely to want their products, or by selecting the segments themselves. Sometimes, those categories are the same classes of people that civil rights law exists to protect, such as minorities and women.Ⅳ That can lead to forms of marketing that are not insidious at all: say, promoting women’s shoes exclusively to potential customers who have displayed an online interest in women’s fashion. It can also lead to obvious abuses, such as companies displaying housing ads only to mainstream individuals, whether by explicitly excluding minorities or engaging in digital redlining① via Zip code restrictions. An expanse of gray lies in between. Regulators will have to decide whetherto limit anti-discrimination rules to areas where there are traditionally heightened protections or whether — and how — to push beyond those frameworks. And they will have to address how platforms’ traditional immunity from liability for users’ actions runs up against any new rules.Ⅴ Lawmakers will also have to look at data-based discrimination that is not designed to havean adverse impact on protected groups but does anyway. An algorithm that adjusts an ad’s audience to maximize engagement could end up showing a job posting only to men if men click on it most frequently — which could occur for a profession historically unfriendly to women. The same unintentional discrimination can occur in hiring, loan approval and elsewhere: Tools trained with information from years of disparate treatment often perpetuate those unfair outcomes.ⅥThere’s an added wrinkle. Sometimes, targeting sensitive advertisements based onprotected characteristics can actually promote equity. Directing education opportunities toan underserved community is a kind of advertising affirmative action that regulators should take care not to prohibit.ⅦWhatever Congress decides — Ms. Cortez Masto’s bill would leave the particulars to the Federal Trade Commission② — any law should require that companies of a certain size study how their algorithms do, or don’t, hurt the vulnerable. In the data privacy debate, generalized philosophical gripes can sometimes overshadow concrete harms. Putting the discriminatory use of data front and center focuses discussion of a federal framework on what it actually ought to do: protect Americans, especially those who need it most.Part 2词汇短语1.prohibit [prəˈhɪbɪt] v. （尤指以法令）禁止2.discriminatory [dɪˈskrɪmɪnətəri] adj. 区别对待的；歧视的3.practice [ˈpræktɪs] n. 通常的做法；惯例4.qualify as sth 符合，配得上（某称号、名称等）5.disproportionate [ˌdɪsprəˈpɔ:ʃənət] adj. 不成比例的；太大（或太小）的6.minority [maɪˈnɒrəti] n. 少数群体7.put sth into place 实施；落实到位8.*circumvent [ˌsɜ:kəmˈvent] v. 设法回避；规避9.target [ˈtɑ:gɪt] v. 面向，把......对准（某群体）10.segment [ˈsegmənt] n. 部分；片11.civil [ˈsɪvl] adj. 国民的；平民的12.*insidious [ɪnˈsɪdiəs] adj. 潜伏的；隐袭的13.explicitly [ɪk'splɪsɪtlɪ] adv. 直截了当地；不隐晦地14.Zip code 邮政编码15.expanse [ɪkˈspæns] n. 一大片；辽阔16.limit sth to sth 使某事（只在某地或某群体内）存在（或发生）17.heighten [ˈhaɪtn] v. 加强；提高18.address [əˈdres] v. 设法解决；处理19.immunity [ɪˈmju:nəti] n. 受保护；豁免20.liability [ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti] n. （法律上对某事物的）责任；义务21.run up against 遭遇（困难）22.adverse [ˈædvɜ:s] adj. 不利的；有害的23.*algorithm [ˈælgərɪðəm] n. 算法；计算程序24.maximize [ˈmæksɪmaɪz] v. 使增加到最大限度25.profession [prəˈfeʃn] n. 行业；职业26.*disparate [ˈdɪspərət] adj. 全异的；完全不同的27.perpetuate [pəˈpetʃueɪt] v. 使持久化；使持续28.wrinkle [ˈrɪŋkl] n. 褶皱29.characteristic [ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk] n. 特征；特点30.*equity [ˈekwəti] n. 公平；公正31.underserved [ʌndə'sɜ:vd] adj. 弱势的；服务不周到的32.affirmative [əˈfɜ:mətɪv] adj. 肯定的；同意的33.regulator [ˈregjuleɪtə(r)] n. 管理者；管理机构34.particulars [pə'tɪku:ləz] n. 细节；详情35.vulnerable [ˈvʌlnərəbl] adj. 易受伤害的；易受影响的36.*gripe [graɪp] n. 抱怨；牢骚37.overshadow [ˌəʊvəˈʃædəʊ] v. 使显得无足轻重38.front and center 在最重要位置（标星号为超纲词汇）Part 3翻译点评ⅠAn Internet privacy bill introduced by Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto would prohibit discriminatory data practices. That is a good goal. But which practices qualify as discriminatory is a complicated question.【翻译】：一项由参议员凯瑟琳·科特斯·马斯托提出的互联网隐私权法案提议禁止歧视性数据做法。
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• Cultural barriers present
– Anti-American Semitism and stereotypes are present among workers and management at NOGI – Japanese/American Cultural Differences
3.) Economic Shock
• • Recessions creating uncertainty and causing companies to downsize The value of currency – eg. (Dollar vs.Yen; Americans working in Japan dealing with currency exchanges & value of $ across global markets) – NOGI has to understand that international employees will undergo monetary and economic change as a result of working in the Japanese economy – Japanese economy is not like the US economy
• No personal days for American teachers (Discriminatory)
• Toby is a change agent
– Demonstrates change, encounters resistance, responses to change, stress results
• eg. (Since NOGI schools are including American teachers they need to look at OB in a global context. NOGI past experience with other American teachers is leading to anti-American Semitism which is hindering their relationship with their teachers.) • Embrace the differences = competitive edge
• Only for death or marriage of close family member
– Personal days allowed to Japanese teachers
Problem
• Japanese law:
– Foreign employees are allotted 7 personal days per year
– Solution Options and Improvements to the issues within the case: “A Selfish Request”
1. Change
Defining Change
Change: Making things different
• • “If an organization is to survive, it must respond to changes in its environment.” “An organization’s success or failure is essentially due to the things that its employees do or fail to do.”
• • Adjusting to multi-cultural environments HR policies and practices have to change to reflect the needs of the changing labor force – eg. (The NOGI English school in Japan has American teachers in their work force and need to accommodate their needs.)
Main Concepts From the Case Related to the Textbook
1. Change 2. Resistance to Change 3. Overcoming Resistance to Change 4. Culturally Bound Change 5. Stress and its Relationship to Change 6. Managing Organizational Change
Forces of Change Cont.
5.) Nature of the Work Force • Business related groups/organizations • Multi-cultured and multi-gendered workforce
– Women • eg. (Toby organizing a union for the American teachers at the NOGI school and the rising women in the Japanese workforce.)
Change Agent: Persons who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for
managing change activities -Eg. (In this case their were two people who acted like change agents, Toby, the American teacher and Mr. Crawford the VP of Tokyo South General Workers Union.)
A Selfish Request
Presented by:
Lisa Haakonstad Jillian Kohler Krista Gunstone Brandon Harris Tiffany King
NOGI
Mr. Miyake (Regional Manager)
The Facts
Ms. Yamashina (Head Teacher)
– He submitted a request to Miss Davies for time off 3 months prior to the test date.
• Company policy
– No personal days are given to American teachers
-Eg. (If NOGI school doesn’t provide its American workers with the number of personal days required by law they will face legal issues and they would risk losing their American teachers.)
• eg. (NOGI set itself apart from other schools by hiring American English teachers as well as Japanese teachers. Their downfall was their lack of responsiveness to the changing environment with the American teachers.)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Nature of the workforce Technology Economic Shock Competition Social Trends World Politics
ForcForce
2. Resistance to Change
Resistance to Change
• Organizations and their members resist change • Resistance can stimulate healthy debate or hinder adaptation and progress • Resistance can be:
Organizations and Change
• More and more organizations are facing a dynamic and changing environment • “Change or Die!” Organizations must adapt to survive The 6 Forces of Change
Situation
• Tuesday thru Saturday are mandatory work days for all employees • Toby wants a day off to take the GMAT to further his career and education.
Ms. Nakamura (Manager at NOGI Tsurumi)
Ms. Davies (HR Manager)
Toby Lee (American Teacher)
Terry Allen (Head Trainer for Foreign Teachers)
Mr. Crawford (VP of Tokyo South General Workers Union)
6.) World Politics • Seeing OB in a global context • World politics changing global marketplace • Globalization Issues: new markets, war, anti-American Semitism, cultural stereotypes and misunderstandings