曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件——25production-growth
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曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
曼昆《经济学原理》宏观经济学ppt课件
研究对象
宏观经济学主要关注整个经济体系的总体运行，包 括总需求、总供给、国民收入、物价水平、就业和 经济增长等。
宏观经济学与微观经济学的关系
相互联系
宏观经济学和微观经济学是经济学的两个重要分支，它们之间相互联系、相互补充。 微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础，而宏观经济学则是微观经济学的延伸和扩展。
区别
开放经济下的政策目标
货币政策与财政政策
实现内外部经济均衡，即国内经济增长、充 分就业、物价稳定和国际收支平衡。
在开放经济下，政府可以运用货币政策和财 政政策来调节经济，但需要考虑汇率和国际 收支等因素。
汇率政策
国际经济政策协调
政府可以通过调整汇率水平来影响国际经济 活动和国内经济状况。
各国政府需要加强国际经济政策协调，共同 应对全球性经济问题，促进世界经济稳定发 展。
支持通货膨胀
凯恩斯主义宏观经济学派认为，适度的通货膨胀可以刺激 经济增长，政府可以通过控制货币供应量等手段来调节通 货膨胀率。
货币主义宏观经济学派
强调货币供应量
货币主义宏观经济学派认为，货币供应量的变化是影响经济波动 的主要因素，政府应该通过控制货币供应量来调节经济。
主张单一规则
该学派主张政府应该制定一个固定的货币增长规则，并严格执行， 以保持物价的稳定和经济的增长。
VS
政策效应互补
货币政策和财政政策在调控经济时具有不 同的特点和优势，可以相互补充、协调配 合，提高宏观调控效果。例如，在治理通 货膨胀时，可以采取紧缩性货币政策和扩 张性财政政策相配合的方式；在促进经济 增长时，可以采取扩张性货币政策和紧缩 性财政政策相配合的方式。
05
国际经济学与宏观经济政策
Chapter
【精品PPT】曼昆--《经济学原理》宏观经济学分册第六版
Billions
$12,000
$10,000 $8,000 $6,000
真实GDP(基
年是2000年)
$4,000 $2,000
名义GDP
$0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
34
23.4.2 GDP平减指数
• GDP平减指数是对总体价格水平的衡量 • 定义:
西方经济学（宏观）
曼昆 《经济学原理》宏观经济学分册第六版
一、什么是宏观经济学？
• 宏观经济学（macroeconomics）：研究总体经济变量 的经济学。
• 宏观经济学的主要研究对象：
– 经济增长（economic growth） – 失业（unemployment） – 通货膨胀（inflation） – 国际收支与汇率(balance of payments and exchange rate)
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳 务的市场价值
最终物品：为终端使用者所准备 中间物品：生产其他物品的一种组成成份或要素 GDP只包括最终产品—生产过程中使用的中间物 品的价值已经包含在最终物品的价值中
一国收入的衡量
15
国内生产总值 (GDP)：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳 务的市场价值
微观经济学与宏观经济学之间的联系（ Linkage ）
微观经济学是宏观经济分析的基础（ Foundation ）
经济作为一个整体的行为（宏观）是以构成经济的个别单位（微观）的行 为为基础的。微观经济学关心资源配置(The allocation of resources)；宏观 经济学关心资源利用(The utilization of resources)。
$12,000
$10,000 $8,000 $6,000
真实GDP(基
年是2000年)
$4,000 $2,000
名义GDP
$0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
34
23.4.2 GDP平减指数
• GDP平减指数是对总体价格水平的衡量 • 定义:
西方经济学（宏观）
曼昆 《经济学原理》宏观经济学分册第六版
一、什么是宏观经济学？
• 宏观经济学（macroeconomics）：研究总体经济变量 的经济学。
• 宏观经济学的主要研究对象：
– 经济增长（economic growth） – 失业（unemployment） – 通货膨胀（inflation） – 国际收支与汇率(balance of payments and exchange rate)
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳 务的市场价值
最终物品：为终端使用者所准备 中间物品：生产其他物品的一种组成成份或要素 GDP只包括最终产品—生产过程中使用的中间物 品的价值已经包含在最终物品的价值中
一国收入的衡量
15
国内生产总值 (GDP)：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳 务的市场价值
微观经济学与宏观经济学之间的联系（ Linkage ）
微观经济学是宏观经济分析的基础（ Foundation ）
经济作为一个整体的行为（宏观）是以构成经济的个别单位（微观）的行 为为基础的。微观经济学关心资源配置(The allocation of resources)；宏观 经济学关心资源利用(The utilization of resources)。
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语Chap25省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件
70/ 7 = 10
15/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
70规则一个例子
每年利率为7％5000美元投资在后价值翻 一番。
70/ 7 = 10
16/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
22/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
生产率是怎样决定
物质资本
是生产出来生产要素。
• 它是生产过程投入，也是过去生产过程产出 。
是用于生产物品与劳务设备与建筑物存 量。
• 用于生产或修理汽车工具。 • 用于生产家俱工具。 • 办公楼，学校等等…
Physical Capital
is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
17/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Why Productivity Is So Important 为何生产率如此主要
Productivity refers to the quantity of goods and services that a worker can produce from each hour of work. 生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产 物品与劳务量。
15/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
70规则一个例子
每年利率为7％5000美元投资在后价值翻 一番。
70/ 7 = 10
16/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
22/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
生产率是怎样决定
物质资本
是生产出来生产要素。
• 它是生产过程投入，也是过去生产过程产出 。
是用于生产物品与劳务设备与建筑物存 量。
• 用于生产或修理汽车工具。 • 用于生产家俱工具。 • 办公楼，学校等等…
Physical Capital
is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
17/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Why Productivity Is So Important 为何生产率如此主要
Productivity refers to the quantity of goods and services that a worker can produce from each hour of work. 生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产 物品与劳务量。
曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)笔记和课后习题详解(第25章--生产与增长)
第9篇长期中的真实经济第25章生产与增长25.1 复习笔记跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．生产率（1）定义生产率指用以衡量每单位投入要素的产出量的指标。
如一个工人单位小时工作所生产的物品与劳务的数量。
（2）生产率的决定因素①人均物质资本。
物质资本是指用于生产物品与劳务的设备与建筑物存量。
②人均人力资本。
人力资本是指通过对人的教育、培训、实践经验、迁移、保健等方面的投资而获得的知识和技能的积累。
③人均自然资源。
自然资源是指自然界提供的生产投入，如土地、河流和矿藏。
自然资源有两种形式：可再生的与不可再生的。
④技术知识。
技术知识指的是自适应的、可在公众间传递的信息与技巧。
2．经济增长和公共政策（1）经济增长的含义和源泉在宏观经济学中，经济增长通常被定义为产量的增加。
具体理解有两层含义：①经济增长指一个经济体所生产的物质产品和劳务在一个相当长时期内的持续增长，即经济总产量的增长；②经济增长是按人口平均计算的实际产出的持续增长，即人均产量的增长。
经济增长的源泉最主要的因素是：劳动数量增加和质量提高（即人力资本的增长）、资本存量的增加和技术进步（是广义概念，包括采用新技术、新产品、先进管理手段以及资源配置的高效率等）。
（2）储蓄和投资①储蓄是指个人可支配收入中用于消费支出后所剩余的部分。
储蓄是西方宏观经济学中的一个重要概念，也是凯恩斯收入与就业理论的重要概念之一。
但是，储蓄是一个不容易确定的概念，无论从它的来源还是作用方面看，均没有准确的数量限制。
储蓄可能是正数，也可能是负数。
当可支配收入大于最终的消费支出时，储蓄值为正数；反之，则为负数。
曼昆《经济学原理第三》宏观分册原中英文双语Chap ppt课件
通货膨胀是指经济中物价总水平上升的情况。
The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百 分比。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Consumer Price Index 消费物价指数
When the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain
the same standard of living. 当CPI上升时，普通家庭不得不花费 更多的美元来保持原来的生活水平。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 如何计算消费物价指数
Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time. 找出价格：找出每个时点上篮子中每 种物品与劳务的价格。
The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百 分比。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Consumer Price Index 消费物价指数
When the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain
the same standard of living. 当CPI上升时，普通家庭不得不花费 更多的美元来保持原来的生活水平。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 如何计算消费物价指数
Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time. 找出价格：找出每个时点上篮子中每 种物品与劳务的价格。
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版
第16页/共264页
REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP
• An accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator.
第17页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:
GDP deflator = Nominal GDP 100 Real GDP
第22页/共264页
The GDP Deflator
• Nominal GDP is converted to real GDP as follows:
第3页/共264页
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because: • Ever y transaction has a buyer and a seller. • Ever y dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
第18页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
第19页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
第20页/共264页
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100.
REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP
• An accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator.
第17页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:
GDP deflator = Nominal GDP 100 Real GDP
第22页/共264页
The GDP Deflator
• Nominal GDP is converted to real GDP as follows:
第3页/共264页
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because: • Ever y transaction has a buyer and a seller. • Ever y dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
第18页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
第19页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
第20页/共264页
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版
• Physical capital • Human capital • Natural resources • Technological knowledge
• The factors of production directly determine productivity.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Production and Growth
• Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input.
• A nation’s standard of living is determined largely by the productivity of its workers.
How Productivity Is Determined
• Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services.
• Physical capital includes:
• The factors of production directly determine productivity.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Production and Growth
• Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input.
• A nation’s standard of living is determined largely by the productivity of its workers.
How Productivity Is Determined
• Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services.
• Physical capital includes:
曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语课件Chap
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are represented by NCO and NX. NCO represents the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
实际汇率——使外汇市场供需平衡的价格 。
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The demand curve for foreign currency is downward sloping because a higher exchange rate makes domestic goods more expensive. The supply curve is vertical because the quantity of dollars supplied for net capital outflow is unrelated to the real exchange rate.
2. At the equilibrium real exchange rate, the demand for dollars to buy net exports exactly balances the supply of dollars to be exchanged into foreign currency to buy assets abroad.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版
• Compute the index by dividing the price of the basket in one year by the price in the base year and multiplying by 100.
Con ps riin uc d m P eer o e x b if rcae o s g fk o a eo s n td e dr s 1 v0 ic Pr ob ifcae is b nk a ye s ete ar
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
• The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated • The inflation rate is calculated as follows:
I n f l a t i o n R a t e i n Y e a r 2 = C P I i n Y e a r 2 C P I i n Y e a r 1 1 0 0 C P I i n Y e a r 1
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
4. Choose a base year and compute the index.
Con ps riin uc d m P eer o e x b if rcae o s g fk o a eo s n td e dr s 1 v0 ic Pr ob ifcae is b nk a ye s ete ar
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
• The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated • The inflation rate is calculated as follows:
I n f l a t i o n R a t e i n Y e a r 2 = C P I i n Y e a r 2 C P I i n Y e a r 1 1 0 0 C P I i n Y e a r 1
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
4. Choose a base year and compute the index.
曼昆经济学课件 (25)
N. Gregory Mankiw
Economics
25
Principles of
Sixth Edition
Production and Growth
Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2013 UPDATE
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Incomes and Growth Around the World
Since growth rates vary, the country rankings can change over time: Poor countries are not necessarily doomed to poverty forever, e.g. Singapore incomes were low in 1960 and are quite high now. Rich countries can’t take their status for granted: They may be overtaken by poorer but faster-growing countries.
10
Physical Capital Per Worker
Economics
25
Principles of
Sixth Edition
Production and Growth
Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2013 UPDATE
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Incomes and Growth Around the World
Since growth rates vary, the country rankings can change over time: Poor countries are not necessarily doomed to poverty forever, e.g. Singapore incomes were low in 1960 and are quite high now. Rich countries can’t take their status for granted: They may be overtaken by poorer but faster-growing countries.
10
Physical Capital Per Worker
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件 25
• The poorest countries have average levels of income that have not been seen in the United States for many decades.
• Annual growth rates that seem small become large when compounded for many years.
• Compounding refers to the accumulation of a growth rate over a period of time.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Productivity: Its Role and Determinants
• Why Productivity Is So Important
• Tools used to build or repair automobiles. • Tools used to build furniture. • Office buildings, schools, etc.
• Physical capital is a produced factor of production.
How Productivity Is Determined
• Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services.
• Physical capital includes:
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
• Annual growth rates that seem small become large when compounded for many years.
• Compounding refers to the accumulation of a growth rate over a period of time.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Productivity: Its Role and Determinants
• Why Productivity Is So Important
• Tools used to build or repair automobiles. • Tools used to build furniture. • Office buildings, schools, etc.
• Physical capital is a produced factor of production.
How Productivity Is Determined
• Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services.
• Physical capital includes:
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第25章 生产与增长)
曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）第9篇长期中的真实经济第25章生产与增长课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1．生产率（productivity）答：生产率指一个工人单位工作时间内所生产的物品与劳务的数量。
生产率是用来衡量每单位投入要素的产出量的指标。
生产率的决定因素有物质资本、自然资源和技术知识。
引起生产率增长的主要因素有知识存量的增长，劳动力质量的提高，资本积累，技术进步，制度创新等等因素。
从经济增长的角度来说，生产率与资本、劳动等要素投入都贡献于经济的增长。
从效率角度考察，生产率等同于一定时间内国民经济中产出与各种资源要素总投入的比值。
从本质上讲，它反映的则是一个国家（地区）为了摆脱贫困、落后和发展经济而在一定时期里表现出来的能力和努力程度，是技术进步对经济发展作用的综合反映。
2．物质资本（physical capital）答：物质资本指用于生产物品与劳务的设备与建筑物存量。
例如，当木工制造家具时，他们用的锯、车床和电钻都是物质资本。
物质资本和人力资本的有机结合会使企业获得成长，企业成长的一个深层次问题便是物质资本和人力资本的激励问题。
社会资本在二者的配置和效能发挥中起着基础性的激励作用。
物质资本和人力资本总是喜爱并追逐着社会资本，并在社会资本的滋养中创造企业经营绩效。
企业社会资本是指企业对其各类社会资本进行的培育、提升、协调和控制等一系列管理活动。
现代企业的发展不仅是人、财、物、技术、信息的选择和组合的结果，更是三项资本的运动过程。
曼昆《经济学原理》宏观经济学分册英文原版课件——25production-growth
• Encourage saving and investment. • Encourage investment from abroad • Encourage education and training. • Establish secure property rights and maintain
• Physical Capital
• is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
FYI: The Production Function
• Economists often use a production function to describe the relationship between the quantity of inputs used in production and the quantity of output from production.
Figure 1 Growth and Investment
Table 1 The Variety of Growth Experiences
Copyright©2004 South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• Living standards, as measured by real GDP per person, vary significantly among nations.
• The preceding equation says that productivity (Y/L) depends on physical capital per worker (K/L), human capital per worker (H/L), and natural resources per worker (N/L), as well as the state of technology, (A).
• Physical Capital
• is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
FYI: The Production Function
• Economists often use a production function to describe the relationship between the quantity of inputs used in production and the quantity of output from production.
Figure 1 Growth and Investment
Table 1 The Variety of Growth Experiences
Copyright©2004 South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• Living standards, as measured by real GDP per person, vary significantly among nations.
• The preceding equation says that productivity (Y/L) depends on physical capital per worker (K/L), human capital per worker (H/L), and natural resources per worker (N/L), as well as the state of technology, (A).
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——24measuring_cost
Copyright©2004 South-Western
Table 1 Calculating the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation Rate: An Example
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Table 1 Calculating the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation Rate: An Example
Measuring the Cost of Living
24
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Measuring the Cost of Living
• Inflation refers to a situation in which the economy’s overall price level is rising. • The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
Copyright©2004 South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
• Fix the Basket: Determine what prices are most important to the typical consumer.
Copyright©2004 South-Western
Problems in Measuring the Cost of Living
• The substitution bias, introduction of new goods, and unmeasured quality changes cause the CPI to overstate the true cost of living.
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Production and Growth
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Why Productivity Is So Important • Productivity refers to the amount of goods and
services that a worker can produce from each hour of work.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
How Productivity Is Determined • The inputs used to produce goods and services
are called the factors of production. • The factors of production directly determine
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• The poorest countries have average levels of income that have not been seen in the United States for many decades.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Production and Growth
• Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced for each hour of a worker’s time.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• Annual growth rates that seem small become large when compounded for many years.
• Compounding refers to the accumulation of a growth rate over a period of time.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Why Productivity Is So Important • To understand the large differences in living
standards across countries, we must focus on the production of goods and services.
productivity.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
How Productivity Is Determined • The Factors of Production
• Physical capital • Human capital • Natural resources • Technological knowledge
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
How Productivity Is Determined
• Physical Capital
• is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
Copyright©2004 South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• Living standards, as measured by real GDP per person, vary significantly among nations.
• A nation’s standard of living is determined by the productivity of its workers.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Table 1 The Variety of Growth Experiences
9
THE REAL ECONOMY IN THE LONG RUN
Production and Growth
25
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Production and Growth
• A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services.
• is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Production and Growth
• Within a country there are large changes in the standard of living over time.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Westernቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
PRODUCTIVITY: ITS ROLE AND DETERMINANTS
• Productivity plays a key role in determining living standards for all nations in the world.