2021高考英语冲刺讲义第12讲(学生版)
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saying Beijing was responsible for the epidemic. He said, "I'd like to just ask the Chinese for a formal apology." By his logic, should African countries apologize for Ebola, or the U.S. apologize for AIDS and swine flu?
Passage 6
Nearly half of the 46 people tested for coronavirus onboard the Grand Princess cruise ship moored off San Francisco have returned a positive result, vice president Mike Pence has said, and the fate of its more than 3,500 passengers and crew from more than 50 countries remains unclear.
【知识点梳理】
第一计:平行结构不能少
卧龙先生曰:今天我们要讲的的计谋是——平行结构不能少,平行结构,即并列结构,由并列连词连续两个或两个以上对等的成分构成。
常规形式可以是“and/or”等连接词前后两侧添加对等的部分,它们可以是名词、名词词组、形容词、动词不定式、分词短语,甚至是从句。
献计献策—平行结构有四种常见形式
1.名词、名词词组的平行结构
此结构主要是指通过and/or连接两个或两个以上的名词或名词词组,来形容内容比较丰富的句子
1. Satisfaction is also increased by a sense of responsibility for and loyalty to a team.
满足感也会随着对队伍的责任感和忠诚度而提高。
2. Studies serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.
读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足以长才。
2. 动词词组的平行结构
此结构可通过连接词连接两个或两个以上的动词词组来实现结构上的平行,达到句意的充实。
So through the process of teaching, the teachers themselves must therefore solidify their understanding and update their knowledge over time.
所以通过教学的过程,教师们必须时时巩固自己的学识和更新自己的知识。
3. 动词不定式的的平行结构
此结构通常使用两个或两个以上不定式来连接,表达作者的目的
Indeed, success as a whole depends on our collective ability to innovate, to think of new ideas and create new products, and to make difference as a whole.
确实,成功取决于我们共同的能力去创新,去思考新创意创造新产品和去从事整体上进行改变。
4. 从句的平行结构
此结构通常将两个或两个以上从句进行并列,形成较为复杂的平行结构用以补充说明主句的意思。
Parents will certainly be the first to help children learn what is important in life, how they are expected to behave and what role they will play in their world.
父母肯定是孩子的启蒙导师,他们教会孩子在生活中什么是最重要的,他们应该如何表现和在他们的世界里应该扮演什么角色。
铁索连环—根据要求翻译下列句子
1.名词、名词词组的平行结构
创新不管对公司还是个人来说都能带来持续的成功。
Innovation can lead to continuous success for both companies and individuals.
他是个智力贫乏、不学无术和喜怒无常的人。
He is an ignorant and moody man.
2.动词词组的平行结构
因此,我们可以更好地理解现在和未来的形势以及增长我们的知识和智慧。
Therefore, we can better understand the present and future situation as well as increase our knowledge and wisdom.
3. 动词不定式的的平行结构
这使得我们去跟随大众的步伐,去听取别人的意见和去关注别人对我们的看法。
This allows us to follow the crowd, to listen to others and to pay attention to what others think of us.
教育孩子的目标是帮他们打开思路和确保他们过开心和成功的生活。
The goal of educating children is to help them open their minds and ensure that they live a happy and successful life.
最重要的是,父母应该鼓励他们的孩子去挖掘他们的潜力和从错误中吸取教训。
Most importantly, parents should encourage their children to tap their potential and learn from their mistakes.
4.从句的平行结构
一些文章很难理解不是因为它们篇幅较长而是因为它们表达得不清楚。
Some articles are difficult to understand not because they are long but because they are not clearly expressed.
一个愿意花时间陪儿子和体贴地回复儿子问题的父亲是值得被尊重和爱戴的。
A father who is willing to spend time with his son and respond thoughtfully to his son's questions
deserves respect and affection.
草船借鉴—选择其中两个进行仿写
第二计—用短语结束句子
卧龙先生曰:接下来,我们来看看锦囊妙计第二季中的第二计——用短语结束句子。
顾名思义,就是在比较冗长的句子后面添加一个小短语,这样可以为长句增添些许的“亲和力”。
这些小短语可以紧接着上文的内容,做一定范围的限制;抑或是一些简短的总结,从而使长句更加完整。
现在,就让我们来看下不同的运用,感受下用短语结束句子的魅力。
献计献策—用短语结束句子的两种常见形式
1.用逗号来分隔句末短语
此结构就是将小短语和主句用逗号分隔开,以简单的小短语结束句子。
Traffic and pollution from vehicles have become huge problems, both in cities and on motorways.
车辆的交通堵塞和污染不仅在城市里而且在高速公路上都已经成大问题了。
2. 不使用逗号来分隔句末短语
此结构相对较简单,就是在长句的最后用小短语结尾,在程度和范围上进行限定。
A sense of fulfillment is also encouraged if a worker feels the job is worth doing because it contributes to
society or the economy as a whole.
如果一个员工觉得自己的工作值得做,那么就应该激起他们的成就感,因为这样会对社会或者整体的经济做出贡献。
Fully-subsidized public transit makes sense in that it is service aimed at the majority of the citizens who are taxpayers at the same time.
全额补助的公共运输是可以实现的,因为这项服务是针对大部分的市民,同时他们也是纳税人。
铁索连环—根据要求翻译下列句子
1. 用逗号来分隔句末短语
受过较好教育的学生会有能力更好地解决问题,比如说热带雨林减少的问题。
Better educated students are better able to solve problems, such as the loss of rainforests.
此多样性非常重要,因为它显示了西班牙是一个多元文化集合的国家,每种文化都有其不同的特色。
This diversity is important because it shows that Spain is a country of diverse cultures, each with its own distinct characteristics.
2. 不使用逗号来分隔句末短语
一个人需要感觉自己的工作被重视也是有价值的,所以在这方面来自领导的积极反馈是很重要的。
One needs to feel that one's work is valued and valued, so positive feedback from leaders is important in this regard
他们的教育当局已经利用互联网给当地的孩子传递在线教育而不是把孩子们送到大陆去。
Their education authorities have used the Internet to deliver online education to local children instead of sending them to the mainland.
第三计——对分词表白
卧龙先生曰:今天为大家继续介绍写作句式多样化第二季第三计——对分词表白。
分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)是我们非常熟悉的语法结构,可以很好地点缀我们的文章。
但往往大多数的中国学生却还是习惯性地选择用冗长的从句来去修饰自己的文章,其实简洁有力的分词结构反而可以使我们的文章更出彩。
在这一计中,我们会学到几个比较常见的分词结构,希望大家可以真正地学以致用。
献计献策—分词有四种常见形式
1. 过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语,是指将过去分词短语用来作定语,修饰之前的名词。
Skills gained through compulsory work will not only be an asset on their CV but also increase their employability.
从义务工作中获得的经验不仅可以为他们的简历加分还能增加他们就业的可能性。
A friend of mine suffering from s moking-induced lung disease would remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of tobacco usage.
我一个正遭受由吸烟引起的肺病的朋友会记住这与烟草副作用联系在一起的精神上和身体上的痛苦。
(此句将现在分词作定语和过去分词作定语连用)
2. 现在分词作定语
现在分词作定语,是指用现在分词来作定语,修饰之前的名词。
Fried food, containing trans-fatty acid, commonly found in the fast food restaurants, is harmful to people's health.
油炸食品含有反式脂肪酸,通常出现在快餐店,对人类的健康有害。
(此句将现在分词作定语和过去分词作定语连用)
Technology has brought about dazzling arrays of choices to us.
科技为我们带来了眼花缭乱的选择。
3. 分词作状语
分词在句中作状语,可以表示各种不同的语义内容。
它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。
Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when c omparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists.
很多人认为他们的薪酬不公平,特别是和那些顶尖的外科医生和科学家的顶级薪酬进行对比以后。
Furthermore, sports are broadcast all over the world using satellite television and the Internet, earning massive revenues for sports clubs and television companies.
而且,体育比赛通过卫星电视和网络传播到世界各地,为俱乐部和电讯公司赚得了大量收入。
4.分词作表语
分词作表语,用来表示主语的某种性质或状态。
What you said is really inspiring.
你所说的真令人鼓舞。
铁索连环—根据要求翻译下列句子
1. 过去分词作定语
教育体系应该基于这个信念,便是所有孩子都应被有效地教授不同的技能,包括那些和体育、艺术或音乐有关的技能。
The education system should be based on the belief that all children should be effectively taught different skills, including those related to the arts of sports or the music.
国外的电影和电视节目通常比国内的节目更关注不同的话题。
Foreign movies and TV shows usually focus more on different topics than domestic ones.
2. 现在分词作定语
现代社会的一个问题是基本人口的健康状况在下降,关于如何解决这个问题仍有不同的观点。
One of the problems of modern society is the declining health of the basic population.
那些对于自己的工作追求积极的变化的人在每天工作以后比较容易满足,因为他们已经为他们的任务做出了小小的贡献。
Those who pursue positive change in their work are more likely to be satisfied after they have worked every day because they have made a small contribution to their task.
3. 分词作状语
钱可以支付更好的医疗保健和更高的教育,为我们自己和我们的孩子打开了新世界。
Money can pay for better health care and higher education, opening up a new world for ourselves and our children.
近些年,他们的薪水不断飙升,支持他们过上了令人难以理解的奢侈的生活。
In recent years, their salaries have soared, supporting them to an incomprehensible life of luxury.
4. 分词作表语
这家商店关门一周了。
The shop has been closed for a week.
第四计——巧用“the+形容词”
卧龙先生曰:“the+形容词”的用法并不是语法错误,而是英文里的一种习惯用法,泛指一类人。
并且因为是复数概念,当这些表达用作主语时,也需要注意谓语部分的动词为复数形式。
献计献策—“the+形容词”有三种常见形式
1. the+形容词:表示某一类型的人
通常用“the + adjective”来表示某一类型的人。
He set up a school for the deaf and the dumb.
他创建了一所聋哑学校。
*这类常见的结构有:the rich/wealthy 有钱人;the poor/needy 穷人;the elderly 老年人;the young 年轻人;the weak 弱者;the strong 强者;the sick 病人;the jobless 失业者等。
2. the+分词形容词:表示某一类型的人
通常用“the + 动词的过去分词”来表示某一类型的人。
Times are hard for the unemployed.
失业者的日子很难熬。
*这类常见的结构有:the wounded/injured 伤员;the employed 被雇佣者;the unemployed 失业者;the neglected 被忽视者;the accused 被告;the learned 有学问的人等。
3. the+形容词:表示抽象概念
通常用“the + adjective”来表示抽象概念。
Every time you choose the unknown, you win more and more independence, happiness and strength.
每次你选择未知的事情,你会获得越来越多的自立,幸福和力量。
*这类常见的结构有:the right 是;the wrong 非;the true 真;the false 伪;the impossible
不可能做到的事;the unknown 未知的事物等。
铁索连环—根据要求翻译下列句子
1. the+形容词:表示某一类型的人
老年人是这个社会很有价值的一部分人群,他们值得被这样对待。
The elderly are a valuable part of the society and they deserve to be treated like this.
由于衡量一个社会的标准是其对待弱者和易受害者的态度,因此我们必须努力建设维护生命的文化。
Since a society is measured by its attitude towards the weak and vulnerable, we must strive to build a culture that preserves life.
2. the+分词形容词:表示某一类型的人
他们曾经参与搬运伤员,但是现在我们有救护车来做这个了。
They used to carry the wounded, but now we have ambulances to do that.
3.the+形容词:表示抽象概念
他这才知道锻炼身体的好处。
Only then did he know the benefits of taking exercise.
它让我懂得毅力可以把不可能变成可能。
It taught me that perseverance can make the impossible possible.
草船借鉴—选择其中两个进行仿写
第五计——双重否定=肯定
卧龙先生曰:我们今天来看下写作句式多样化的最后一计:双重否定=肯定。
这个语法结构又是我们比较熟悉的,相信大家也都学习过,但是在写作之时似乎又不常会去用到此结构。
其实在写作时,我们往往可以用双重否定来表达肯定的事,而且在语气上也进一步强调了所写内容的重要性。
献计献策—双重否定=肯定的常见形式
1.否定词no/not 等+表示否定意义的形容词/副词
It is not unrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job.
在任何工作中追求更多的工作满意度是现实的。
Not surprisingly, students who are under constant stress in their studies may suffer from mental problems or even commit crimes.
不出所料,孩子们在持续的学习压力之下可能会有精神问题甚至自杀。
2.否定词no/not/never 等+without…
No smoke without fire.
【谚语】无火不起烟;无风不起浪。
3.否定词no/not/never/nobody/few 等+具有否定意义的动词或短语
There is no denying that AIDS is a global epidemic.
不可否认,艾滋病是全球性的流行病。
In spite of the increased debts, few fail to repay.
尽管贷款越来越多,但很少有人不能偿还欠款。
3. 其他双重否定的句型
It is impossible not to do the work.
不做这个工作是不可能的。
(否定形容词在前,而否定词在后,形成否定不定式)
铁索连环—根据要求翻译下列句子
1. 否定词no/not 等+表示否定意义的形容词/副词
近日来,年轻人选择在高中毕业后休息下是很常见的。
These days, it is common for young people to choose to take a break after high school graduation.
他是名声很大的科学家。
He is a scientist of great fame.
我会重温调查报告的所有细节,常常怀疑自己收集到了错误的数据。
I would go over all the details of the survey report, often doubting that I had collected the wrong data.
2. 否定词no/not/never 等+without…
报纸报道说,奥巴马政府得出结论,认为没有巴基斯坦的合作,美国在那个地区的努力是无法成功的。
Newspaper reports say the Obama administration has concluded that U.S. efforts in the region cannot succeed without Pakistan's cooperation.
他们每次见面必吵架。
They never meet without quarreling.
3. 否定词no/not/never/nobody/few 等+具有否定意义的动词或短语
那尖刻的回答并没有使他难过。
The sharp reply did not distress him.
可口可乐公司说它是世界上销量最好的软饮料公司。
没有人对此提出提议。
Coca-Cola says it is the world's best-selling soft drink company.
4.其他双重否定的句型
即便对于普遍大众而言,将两者统一起来也绝非不可能之事。
Even for the general public, unifying the two is by no means impossible.
任何规则都有例外。
There are no exceptions to no rules.
草船借鉴—选择其中两个进行仿写
第六计——特殊符号也疯狂
卧龙先生曰:特殊符号是指在英文写作中加入一些不常用的符号,比如:冒号、破折号或者括号等。
这些不常用的符号通常表示进一步的解释和补充说明,但是由于它们本身的特殊性,合理使用往往可以为我们的文章增添不一样的色彩,使我们的文章更具层次感。
献计献策—特殊符号形式
1.冒号的使用
即在英语写作中使用冒号来进一步解释说明之前的概念。
Teachers have a position of great responsibility in society : they educate us when we are children, and endow us with skills that will last our lifetime.
老师在社会中的责任很重:他们在我们还是孩子的时候教育我们并且教会了我们在今后生活中所需的技能。
Homeschooled children spend much more time in the company of appropriate role models : parents, other adults and old siblings.
在家接受教育的孩子们花很多时间和合适的行为榜样相处:他们是父母、其他的成年人和年长的兄弟姐妹。
2.破折号的使用
即在英语写作中使用破折号来进一步解释说明之前的概念。
Actually, cloning is only part of the dramatic aspect of the revolution taking place in the bioscience — a revolution that will give humans complete control of their biological makeup.
事实上,克隆技术是生物科学界发生的唯一最惊人的革命——这场革命使人类可以完全把握自己的生命构成。
Many pub lic school educators believe that the learning process should be centered on the learners’ needs, wants and initiatives — a precondition for students to feel happy and content.
许多公共学校的教育者相信学习过程应该关注学习者的需求和主动性——这是学生们感到高兴和满意
的前提条件。
3.括号的使用
即在英语写作中使用括号来进一步解释或扩充之前的概念
By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.).
这样我意味着是有一种清晰的意识知道在我们的生活中哪些是重要的(比如我们的家庭幸福、人际关系的质量、使其他人快乐等)和哪些是不重要的(比如工作中的一个问题、被小事所困扰等)
铁索连环—根据要求翻译下列句子
1.冒号的使用
所有的大众传媒都有一个共同的目标:去尽可能多的获得顾客和说服他们去买某个商品。
All mass media have a common goal: to reach as many customers as possible and persuade them to buy a product.
专业运动员提供这样的服务:他们展示自己的技巧和力量给观众观赏。
Professional athletes provide this service: they show their skills and strength to the audience.
2. 破折号的使用
幽默可以在不同文化和个人之间建立桥梁——它是一种可以促进甚至不说同一种语言的人们之间的理解和友谊的理想的形式。
Humor can build Bridges between different cultures and individuals---it is an ideal form to promote understanding and friendship between people who do not even speak the same language .
在小镇上的大学在学术项目上都有清晰的焦点和方向——一个广泛、综合、平衡的教育体系连接着许多不同的领域。
Universities in small towns have a clear focus and direction in their academic programs---a broadly integrated and balanced education system connects many different fields.
草船借鉴—选择其中两个进行仿写
第七计——比较级的妙用
卧龙先生曰:比较级是我们相当熟悉的语法结构,平时也都很擅长运用,只是我们往往都在使用最基本的比较级或最高级语法,而没有注意到它的一些另类的用法。
当我们学会这些语法结构以后,会发现写文章越来越得心应手。
今天将为大家介绍几种比较级的妙用,相信定会为大家的文章增色不少。
献计献策—比较级妙用形式
1.the+比较级…, the+比较级…
英语写作中常用“the+比较级…, the+比较级”的形式来表达“越……越……”。
When it comes to sending in your application package, the sooner, the better!
当要开始递交你们的申请包裹时,越快越好!
The more money a married woman earns, the less housework she will do regardless of how much her spouse earns, according to a new study.
一项最新研究发现,已婚女性挣钱越多,她做的家务活越少,而这与她们的丈夫挣多少钱无关。
2. 掌握-ior 结尾的形容词
有少数以-ior 结尾的形容词, 如inferior(次于),superior(优于),junior(年幼的;下级的),senior(年长的;上级的),posterior(之后的),prior(之前的)等本身就有比较的意思, 常与介词to 连用。
This method is superior to that one.
这种方法优于那种方法。
Precept has generally been posterior to performance.
“规则”一般总是在表演后才形成的。
3. 其他用法
其他用法中包含了一些较为常用的比较结构,如果合理运用这些句型会使我们的文章更加多变。
原句:Coca-Cola is the most popular and biggest-selling soft drink in history, as well as the best-known product in the world.
改写:No other soft drink is more popular and bigger-selling than Coca-Cola and there is hardly any product that is better-known than it in the world.
在这个世界上,没有什么软饮料产品比可口可乐更流行、更畅销和更好的了。
比较结构:No other…is more than…/There is hardly any…that is more than… 没有……比……更……
铁索连环—根据要求翻译下列句子
1.the+比较级…, the+比较级…
你越早发现它,就会越快的帮助这个人摆脱它并且抑制危险传到他人。
The sooner you catch it, the sooner you can help the person get rid of it and prevent the danger from spreading to others.
你发挥出你的潜能和知识越多,你就会成功得更多!
The more you reach your potential and knowledge, the more successful you will be!
2. 掌握-ior 结尾的形容词
现代音乐常被人认为不如过去的。
Modern music is often seen as inferior to the past.
有些团队在任何开发之前都要对他们计划中的所有条目的大小进行评估。
Some teams assess the size of all the items in their plan before any development.
3. 其他用法
你除了职业之外,还有什么其他特殊爱好吗?
Do you have any special interests other than your occupation?
不管是福是祸,我现在得做出决定。
For better or worse, I have to decide now.
有很多东西表面看上去很完美,但很少是真正完美无暇的。
There are many things that look perfect on the surface, but few that are truly perfect.
草船借鉴—选择其中两个进行仿写
第八计——虚拟语气
卧龙先生曰:虚拟语气听起来较难,实际可以简化为用过去的时态表示现在或者将来的事,来表示语气的弱化。
虚拟语气常在条件句中使用,同时也会在一些其他的状语从句或者其他的从句中使用。
在我们的语法学习中虽然并不是常用此语法结构,但是如果掌握较好却可以为我们的文章增色不少!!
献计献策—虚拟语气常见形式
1.条件句中的虚拟语气
从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件,主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。
一般分为以下三种形式:
a.将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气:
从句谓语形式通常为:should/were to+ 动词原形;主句谓语形式:
would/should/might/could+动词原形。
If he were to come here, he would tell us about it.
如果他要来的话,他会通知我们一声。
b.现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气:
从句谓语形式通常为:动词过去式(be 用were);主句谓语形式:
would/should/might/could+动词原形。
Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad.
要是我还年轻十岁的话,我会去国外学习。
c.过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气:
从句谓语形式通常为:had+动词过去式;主句谓语形式:would/should/might/could have+动词原形。
The recent crisis could not have occurred without the participation of the biggest players on Wall Street.
如果没有华尔街最大商家的参与,最近这次危机都不会发生。
2.其他状语从句的虚拟语气
虚拟语气还可用在不同的状语从句中,比如目的状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句或原因状语从句中。
She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.
她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。
They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long.
他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。
3.其他虚拟语气的用法
虚拟语气也可用在其他的从句中,如宾语从句、主语从句等,甚至在简单句中也可使用。
I would be hard-pressed to imagine that any major challenges should be realistically posed to the students on such a stage.
我很难去想象在这样一个平台如此现实地给学生们任何机会。
You should a lways learn this lesson by heart.
你要把这个教训牢记于心。
铁索连环—根据要求翻译下列句子
1.条件句中的虚拟语气
a.将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气
通过欢迎不同的人来我们社区,我们可以期待有很多机会接触到他们带来的新的想法。
By welcoming different people into our community, we can look forward to many opportunities to be exposed to the new ideas they bring.
b.现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气
如果他在这所学校学习的话,它会对你很熟悉。
If he studied in this school, it will be familiar to you.
c. 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气
如果我住在一个小镇,我的生活就只有很少的可能性。
If I had lived in a small town, my life would have few possibilities.
2. 其他状语从句的虚拟语气
不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲。
No matter how much progress you have made, you should not be proud.
这个老师很惊讶大部分学生竟答不出如此简单的问题。
The teacher was surprised that most of the students could not answer such a simple question
3. 其他虚拟语气的用法
对于学生来说积累克服一系列困难的经历是很重要的,因为这可以帮助提高他们的自信和自尊。
It is important for students to accumulate experiences to overcome a series of difficulties, because it can help improve their self-confidence and self-esteem.
草船借鉴—选择其中两个进行仿写
第九计:巧用疑问
卧龙先生曰:大多数情况下,我们都是用叙述的语气来写文章的,但是事实是如果能在写作中合理使用疑问句、设问句或者反问句,可以让文章更出彩,也可以使我们的句式更多样化。
献计献策—疑问句使用常见形式
1. 设问句的使用
写作时用设问句来引起读者的兴趣,然后再给出相应的ideas 或者解释。
What should be the role of education in preparing young people to cope with the fast-changing new century?
I believe tomorrow’s society will be much more learning-oriented and education will increasingly be regarded as a lifelong process of adjustment, self-understanding and growth.
教育在帮助年轻人适应这个高速发展的社会中起到什么作用?我相信今后的社会会更以教育为中心,教育会成为不断适应、自我理解和成长的一生的过程。
2. 疑问句的使用。