2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲

2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
中华人民共和国教育部门制定
高等教育出版社
目录
考试说明
附录1 全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题示例、答题卡1、答题卡2、听力录音文字稿、评分标准及参考答案
附录2 词汇表（省略）
附录3 常用的前缀和后缀
附录4 2003年全国硕士研究生考试英语试题，听力录音文字稿件及参考答案
考试说明
全国硕土研究生入学考试是为高等学校和科研机构招收硕士研究生而设置的。

其中，英语实行全国统一考试。

它的评价标准是高等学校非英语专业优秀本科毕业生能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，有利于各高等学校和科研机构在专业上择优选拔。

考试对象为2004年参加全国硕士研究生入学考试的本科应届毕业生，以及符合报考条件的具有同等学力的在职人员。

本考试对课程和教材不作统一规定，凡符合下列评价目标的课程及教材都适合考生应考复习。

一、评价目标
考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：
(一)语言知识
1．语法知识
考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。

2．词汇
考生应能掌握5300左右的词汇以及相关词组(详见附录)。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到当今科技发展和社会进步的影响。

这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

此外，硕士研究生英语入学考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。

3．写作
考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。

短文写作时，考生应能：考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握涉及个人好恶、生活习惯、宗教信仰，以及本人工作或专业等方面的特殊词汇。

(二)语言技能
1．听力
考生不仅应能听懂日常生活中的通知、讲话、一般性谈话或讨论等，还应能听懂所熟悉领域的广播电视节目、讲座、演讲和论述等。

根据所听材料，考生应能：
1)理解主旨要义；
2)获取事实性的具体信息；
3)理解明确或隐含表达的概念性含义；
4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申；
5)理解说话者的意图、观点或态度。

2．阅读一
考生应能读懂不问类型的文字材料（生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3％)，包括信函、书刊和杂志上的文章，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献、技术说明和产品介绍等。

材料，考生应能：
1)理解主旨要义；
2)理解文中的具体信息；
3)理解文中的概念性含义；
4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申；
5)根据上下文推测生词的词义；
6)理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系；
7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度；
8)区分论点和论据。

(阅读：考生应能掌握的语言技能包括听、说、读、写四种能力。

但是由于口语能力的考查在复试中进行，因此这里只列出听、读、写三种技能。

语言技能：硕士研究生英语入学考试将英译汉试题作为阅读理解的一部分，其目的是测试考生根据上下文准确理解英语句子并用汉语正确予以表达的能力。

)
3．写作
考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。

短文写作时，考生应能：
1)做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；
2)遵循文章的特定文体格式；
3)合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；
4)根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当选用语言。

二、考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构
(一)考试形式
考试形式为笔试。

考试时间为180分钟。

满分为100分。

试卷分试题册和答题卡(1、2)两部分，考生应将1～60题的答案按要求写或填涂在答题卡1上，将6l一66题的答案写在答题卡2上。

(二)考试内容与试卷结构
试题分四部分，共66题，包括听力、英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。

第一部分听力
该部分由A、B、(：三节组成，考查考生理解英语口语的能力。

共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。

A节(5题)：主要测试考生理解特定或者具体信息的能力。

要求考生根据所听到的一段180～220词的独白或者对话，填充表格中的空白。

录音材料播放两遍。

B节(5题)：主要测试考生理解具体或总休信息的能力。

要求考生根据所听到的一段280—320词的独㈠或对话，补全所给句子或简要回答给出的问题。

录音材料播放两遍。

C节(10题)：主要测试考生获取特定信息理解主旨要义，推测、判断说话者意图、观点或态度等能力。

要求考生根据所听到的三段录音材料(独白或对话)，每段200～300词，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳答案。

录音材料只播放一遍。

本节试题的提问不在录音中播放，仅在试题册上印出。

考试进行时，考生先将答案写或划在试题册上，然后在听力部分结束前专门留出的5分钟内，将试题册上的全部答案整洁地誊写或转涂到答题卡1上。

该部分所需时间约为30分钟(含誊写和转涂时间)。

第二部分英语知识运用
该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素(包括词汇、表达方式和结构)的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征(如连贯性和一致性等)的辨识能力等。

共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。

在一篇240—280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

第三部分阅读理解
该部分由A.B两节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。

共25小题，每小题2分，共50分。

A节(20题)：主要考察考生理解具体信息、掌握文章大意、猜测生词词义并进行推断等能力。

要求考生根据所提供的四篇(总长度约为1 600词)文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

B节(5题)：主要考考查考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语材料的能力。

要求考生阅读—篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分(约150词)译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。

考生在答题卡2上作答。

第四部分写作
该部分考查考生的书面表达能力。

共1题，20分。

要求考生根据提示信息写出·一篇约200词的短文(标点符号不计算在内)。

提示信息的形式有主题句，写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。

考生在打题目卡2上作答。

附表：2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试卷结构表
部分节为考生提供的信息指导语言测试要点题型题目数量计分答题卡种类
A 1段独白或对话(180—220词)(放两遍录音) 英语特定或具体信息填充表格 5 5
听力(20分) B 1段独白或对话(280—320词)(放两遍录音) 英语具体或总体信息补全句子或简答题 5 5
C 3段材料(独白或对话)(每段200-300词)(放一遍录音) 英语获取特定信息，理解主旨要义，推测、判断说话者意图、观点或态度等多项选择题 (四选一) 10 10 答题卡1(人工阅卷、机器阅卷)
英语知识运用(10分) 1篇文章(240-280词) 英语词汇、语法和结构完形填空多项选择题(四选一) 20 10
阅读理解(50分) A 4篇文章(共约1 600词) 英语理解具体信息，掌握文章大意，猜测生词词义井进行推断等多项选择题(四选一) 20 40
B 1篇文章(约400词)5处划线部分(约150词) 英语理解的准确性英译汉
5 10 答题卡2 (人工阅
Ⅳ写作(20分) 主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等英语书面表达短文写作(约200词) 1 20 卷、机器登分)
总计 65+1 100
附录1 全国硕士研究生入学考试
英语试题示例、答题卡1、答题卡2、
听力录音文字稿、评分标准及参考答案
1．全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题示例
全国硕土研究生入学考试英语试题
National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS
Candidates (NETEM)
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考生注意事项
1．考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。

2．答题前，考生应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“报考单位”、“考生姓名”、“考试语种”、“考生编号”等信息。

3．答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。

(1)听力、英语知识运用、阅读理解A节的答案写或填涂在答题卡1上，阅读理解B节、写作写在答题卡2上。

(2)听力考试进行时，考生先将答案写或标在试题册上，然后在听力部分结束前专门留出的5分钟内，将试题册上的全部答案誊写或转涂到答题卡1上。

(3)填涂部分应该按照答题卡上的要求用2B铅笔完成。

如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净，书写部分(听力A、B两节、阅读理解B节、写作)必须用蓝(黑)圆珠笔在指定的答题卡上作答。

4．考试结束后，将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，试题交给监考人员。

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Section I Listening Comprehension
Directions:
This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to
transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A
Directions:
For Questions 1--5,you will hear a conversation in which a woman is asking for tourist information about Sudeley Castle and Snowshill Manor. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you've heard . Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points) Information about Sudeley Castle
opening hour a.m. 1
closing hour 5p.m.
cost for adults 2
cost for children 3.00
Information about Snowshill Manor
collectim~ that children like 3
payment for visit 4
close from (month) 5
Part B
Directions:
For Questions 6--10,you will hear a radio weather forecast. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions
below. (5 points)
By early morning showers will reach 6
The minimum temperature in the 7
south during the night will be no
lower than
On what day of the week was this 8
weather forecast given?
The speaker feels that the weekend 9
weather in much of France is
It will be cloudy but dry over the 10
weekend across
Part C
Directions:
You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)
Questions 11--13 are based on the following talk introducing Emily Dickinson, a well-known American poet. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-- 13.
11. How long did Emily Dickinson live in the house where she was
born?
[A] almost all her life
less than half her life
[C] until 1830
[D] before 1872
12. Which of the following is true of Emily Dickinson?
[A] She was not a productive poet.
She saw many of her poems published.
[C] She was not a sociable person.
ID] She communicated only with seven poets.
13. Emily Dickinson was widely recognized after
[A] Henry James referred highly to her.
[BI seven of her poems were published.
[C] her poems became known to others.
[D] she had been dead for many years.
Questions 14--16 are based on the following radio program. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14--16.
14. Which of the following may be included in BCD International programs?
[A] interviews with radio producers
[ B ]a variety of classic pop songs
[C ]latest news of the music library
[D ]stories about the good old days
15. Which program gives us the ideas behind the pop songs
[A] the History of Pop
the Road to Music
[C] Pop Words
[D] About the Big Hits
16. Which word best describes native speakers' understanding of English pop songs?
[A] effortless
impossible
[C] difficult
[D] unnecessary
Questions 17--20 are based on a conversation between Dr. Francis and Li Ming about Li Ming's planned visit to Cambridge. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17--20.
17. What is Dr. Francis?
[A] a teacher of English in Cambridge
[BI a specialist in computer science
[C]a consultant to a Scottish company
[D] a British tourist to China
18. What is the approximate temperature in Cambridge in summer?
[A] 22'C
23'C~
[C] 25'C
[D] 34'C
19. Where does l)r. Francis suggest l.i Ming should stay in Cambridge?
[Al with an English family
in a flat near the college
IC] with a language teacher
[D] in a student dormitory
20. What is the point Dr. Francis is making when he mentions Ali?
[A] Certain things cannot be learned from books.
Foreign students had better live on campus
[C] Choice of where to live varies from person ot person.
[D] British families usually welcome fi}reign students.
You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
Section II Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 21 the trial of Rosemary West.
In a significant 22 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 23 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 24 and will strictly control the amount of 25 that can be given to a case 26 a
trial begins.
In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 27 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 28 sufficient control.
29 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 30 of media protest when he said the 31 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 32 to Parliament.
The Lord Chancellor said introduction df the Human Rights Bill, which 33 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 34 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 35 toprivacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.
"Press freedoms will be in safe hands 36 our British judges," he said.
Witness payments became an 37 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 38 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 39 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 40 guilty verdicts.
21. IAI as to for instance
[C] in particular [D] such as
22. IA] tightening intensifying
[C]focusing [D] fastening
23. [A]sketch rough
[C] preliminary [D] draft
24. IAI illogical illegal
[C] improbable [D] improper
25. IAI publicity penalty
[C] popularity [DJ peculiarity
26. [A] since lB] if
[c] before [D] as
27. [Al sided [BI shared
[C] complied ID] agreed
28. IAI present [BI offer
[C] manifest [D] indicate
29. IA] Release Publication
[C] Printing ID] Exposure
30. [A] storm rage
[CI]flare [D] flash
31. IAI translation interpretation
[C] exhibition [ D] demonstration
32. [A] better than other than
ICI rather than [D] sooner than
33. [A] changes makes
[C] sets [D] turns
34. [A] binding convincing
ICI restraining [D] sustaining
35. [AI authorized credited
ICI entitled [D] qualified
36. [A] with to
[C] from [D] by
37. [A] impact EB] incident
[C] inference [D] issue
38. IAI stated remarked
[C] said [D] told
39. [A] what when
[C] which [D] that
40. [A] assure confide
[C] ensure [D] guarantee
Section III Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and a final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure was passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history."
The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of
relief; others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia--where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the U. S. and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start failing.
Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death--probably by a deadly injection or pill--to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying deat from his breathing condition. "I' m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of washow I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says.
41. From the second paragraph we learn that
IA] the objection to euthanasia is diminishing in some countries.
physicians and citizens have the same view on euthanasia.
[C] technological changes are chiefly responsible for the new law.
[D] it takes time. to appreciate the significance of laws passed.
42. By saying that "observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling", the author means that
[Al observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia.
[BI there is a possibility of similar bills being passed in the U.S. and Canada.
[C] observers are waiting to see the movement end up in failure.
[D] the process of the bill taking effect may finally come to a stop.
43. When Lloyd Nickson is close to death, he will
[Al undergo a "cooling off" period of seven days.
experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient.
[ C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering.
[D] face his death with the calm characteristic of euthanasia.
44. What is the author's attitude towards euthanasia?
[A] hostile
suspicious
[ C] approving
[D] indifferent
45. We can infer fn)m thc text that the success of the rigln I{~ ~lic
movement is
[A] only a manet of tune.
far from certain.
[C] just an illusion.
[D] a fading hope.
Text 2
Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.
Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2. 3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.
It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America' s inflation rate would average 3.5 % in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6 % in August, and is expected to average only about 3 %for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.
Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's,have little productive slack. America's capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment--the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.
Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
46. According to the text, making monetary policy changes
[A] is comparable to driving a car.
[BI is similar to carrying out scientific work.
[C] will not influence the economy immediately.
[D] will have an immediate impact on the inflation rate.
47. From the text we learn that
[A] there is a clear relationship between inflation and interest rates.
the economy always follows particular trends.
[C] the current economic problems are entirely predictable.
[D] the present economic situation is better than expected.
48. The text suggests that
[A] the previous economic models are still applicable.
an extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.
[C] a high unemployment rate will result from inflation.
[D] interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.
49. By saying "This is no flash in the pan" (paragraph 3, line 7), the author implies that
IAI the Iow inflation rate will continue.
the inflation rate will rise again.
[C] inflation will disappear entirely.
[D] there is no inflation at present.
50. How does the author feel about the present situation?
[A] tolerant
indifferent
[C] disappointed
[D] surprised
Text 3
In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they' re looking for.
Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,' says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the
Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events.
But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen ,uinvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on tin, Web, will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of
interactivity .hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
51. We learn from the beginning of the text that Web business
[A] has been striving to expand its market.
intended to follow a fanciful fashion.
[C] tried but in vain to control the market.
[D] has been booming for one year or so.
52. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that
[AI the technology is popular with many Web users.
businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions.
[C] there is a radical change in strategy.
[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners.
53. In the view of Net purists,
[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture.
money making should be given priority to on the Web.
[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set.
[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests.
54. We learn from the last paragraph that
[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce.
interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers.
[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago.
[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing
power.
55. The purpose of the author in writing the text is to
[A]urge active participation in online business.
elaborate on various marketing strategies.
[C] compare web business with traditional commerce.
[D] illustrate the transition from the pull to push strategy.
Text 4
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organisations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the number sand importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners;, and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprangup to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilisation.
The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company inwhich he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed
the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organisation of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
56. The author says that 01d family firms
[A] were ruined by the younger generations.
failed for lack of individual initiative.
[C] lacked efficiency compared with modern companies.
[D] were able to supply adequate services to taxpayers.
57. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in
[A] the separation of capital from management.
the ownership of capital by managers.
[C] the emergence of capital and labour as two classes.
[D] the participation of shareholders in land ownership.
58. The text indicates that
[A] some countries developed quickly because of their limited liability companies.
the tide of industralisation benefited British shareholders greatly.
IC] shareholders contributed a lot to the fast growth of the British economy.
ID] the system of shareholding impaired the management of
modern companies.
59. We learn from the text that
[ A] shareholders often cast negative influence on the well-being of workers.
owners of traditional firm enjoyed a good relationship with their employees.
IC] limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly.
[D] trade unions had a positive role between workers and the management.
60. The author appears to be very critical of
IA] family firm owners.
[ B] shareholders.
[C] managers.
[ D] landowners.
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlinedsegments into Chinese. Your translation should be written
clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the fihn Total Recall.
61) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots , and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 62) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chin computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell- television, and digital age will have arrived.
According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1 000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.
63) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. "By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck," he says. 64) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "h will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
Through his research, Pearson is able to pul dales to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there ;u'e still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances.
A boom in neighborhood Surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the dr(fids. 65) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage.
Section 1V Writing
66. Directions:。