09-英汉句法比较-Static Vs Dynamic

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1) be+表知觉、愿望、情感等心理活动的形容词=对动词的替代 ① Premier Wen Jiabao is very concerned about the high-speed train crash in Wenzhou City. 温家宝总理非常关心发生在温州市的高铁事故。 ② The American veterans are guilty of what they have done in Vietnam. 美国越战退伍军人为自己在越南所做的一切感到愧疚。 ③ I am optimistic about the future development of Sino-Japanese relations. 对中日关系的未来我持乐观的态度。 ④ I always think of my childhood these days. Maybe I’m a little bit nostalgic. 最近我总想起童年的事情，也许是有些怀旧吧。 ⑤ The girl is very sensitive and observant of the messages sent by others. 这个小女孩很敏感，他很善意观察别人的心思。
III. 英语静态特征 1 --名词化（nominalization)
Warm-up: which of the following translation is better?
① He is a perfect stranger in the city ad needs a lot of help from us.
名词化使语句结构紧凑整洁，避免零碎拖拉。 E.g. 掌握英语无捷径。 a. There is no shortcut to the mastery of English.
b. There is no shortcut to master English. ×
III. 英语静态特征 1 --名词化（nominalization)
a. 他对这座城市完全陌生，需要我们的大力帮助。 b. 他在这个城市是个完完全全的陌生人，需要我们的大力帮助。
② 他开车时心不在焉，几乎引发交通事故。 a. When she was driving she was absent-minded, which nearly
caused an accident. b. Her absence of mind in driving nearly caused an accident.
III. 英语静态特征 1 --名词化（nominalization)
1) 抽象名词作为对动词的替代（Abstract noun to replace verb）
英语中很多名词都是从动词变化而来，具有动态的含义， 且形态变化较简单，常常用来表示动词含有的动作、行为、 变化、状态、品质、情感等概念。
欧盟希望通过允许人与商品的自由流动来提高它在国际市场上的竞争 力。单一货币政策认为是旨在消除贸易壁垒的一系列措施的合理延伸。
III. 英语静态特征 1 --名词化（nominalization)
2) adj+以er/or/ar结尾由动词派生而来的名词对动词的替代 （adj+nouns derived from its verbs （-er,-or）to replace verbs）
1) 抽象名词和动词的同源名词作为对动词的替代（Abstract noun & noun derived from its verb to replace verb） ① Any delay in the delivery of the textbooks will disturb our teaching plan.
5）Some students are reluctant to come to class in such hot weather. 一些学生不情愿在热天上课。
6）If you are always afraid of failure, then you’ll never be successful.
教材不按时送到就会打乱我们的教学计划。
② The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我的心里充满了特别的向 往之情。
③ EU aimed to improve competitiveness in world markets by allowing for free movement of people and goods throughout the Union. A single currency was accepted as the logical extension to the removal of trade barriers.
8）He has been on his dissertation these days. 他最近在写毕业论文。
9）These apartment houses are for workers with families. 这些住宅楼是为带家属的工人们盖的。
I. Warm-up
4. Compare the following English and Chinese warnings.
2. Translate the following sentence. Pay special attention to the translation of the underlined adjectives.
4）I am doubtful whether he is still alive. 我怀疑他是否还活着。
3）I’m convinced that China’s WTO entry/membership will do more contribution to the development of global economy.
我坚信中国加入WTO将会对全球经济发展做出更大的贡献。
I. Warm-up
II. Static vs. Dynamic（静态与动态）
英语以静表动，其静态的表现形式有： 1. Nominalization（名词化）：
abstract nouns（抽象名词），noun derived from its verb（动词的同源名词）to replace the verb 2. Adjective to replace the verb（动词的同源形容词） 3. Adverbs and prepositions to replace the verb 4. weakening of verbs 汉语以动表动：其动态表现形式有： 1. 大量的动宾结构 2. 两个以上动词连用---连动式 3. 兼语式（使令类，举荐类，爱憎类，有无类 等 ）
1) Don’t believe him. You should know he is a good kidder. 不要相信他，你应该知道他很会骗人的。
2）Some knowledge about the structure and history of Chinese is helpful for your study of the language. 对汉字结构、发展史有所了解有助于大家学习汉语。
① John’s arrival was premature. √ ② John came too soon. ×
English makes more use of nouns, adjectives, and prepositions; as a result, it is more static. Conversely, Chinese often employs verbs, adverbs, verbal phrases, repetition and reduplication of verbs; accordingly, it is more dynamic.
service guaranteed Attention! Quick march! At ease! For Persons over 18 Years of Age Authorized Cars only
II. Static vs. Dynamic（静态与动态）
Broadly speaking, nouns are believed to be static in that they refer to entities that are seen as stable. Verbs are featured as dynamic, for they are fitted by their capacity to show tense and aspect, to indicate action, activity, and temporary or changing conditions (quirk, 1973: 48). Adjectives and prepositions often go hand in hand with nouns, while adverbs are frequently used with verbs.
Contrastive Studies of English & Chinese Syntax
Lecture 09
Static vs. Dynamic
I. Warm-up
1. Translate the following sentence. Pay special attention to the translation of the underlined nouns.
English is featured by its predominance of nouns over verbs. S. Potter (1969:101) points out, “Our western civilization, it has been said, favors an over-development of the intellect at the expense of the emotions. That is why people prefer nouns to verbs. They suffer what the Germans call ‘noun disease’. Therefore, nominalization (名词化) is a common occurrence in English. E.g. They say:
① You must be a very bad learner, or else you must be going to a very bad teacher. 你一定很不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教。 ② He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。 ③ I am a new comer, so I am not familiar with the surroundings here. 我刚来，对这里的环境还不熟悉。 ④ She is such a trouble-maker that no one likes to be in the same team with her. 她很会制造麻烦，没人愿意跟她呆在一组。
II. Static vs. Dynamic（静态与动态）
英语呈静态： 只能使用一个限定形式的动词（finite verb），唯一例外是并 列句动词谓语。
现代汉语呈现动态: 动词占优势，即句子不只限于一个动词；可以连续使用几个动 词，即动词连用。这是现代汉语句法显著特征之一。
II. Static vs. Dynamic（静态与动态）
如果你总是担心失败，那么你就永远不会成功。
I. Warm-up
3. Translate the following sentence. Pay special attention to the translation of the underlined prepositions.
7）Mother is on the telephone with father. 母亲和父亲在通话。