英语高等考试的实词与虚词

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英语的虚词与实词
虚词<介词、代词、连词、冠词、数词>
虚词没有实在意义，不能独立承担句子成分，包括冠词、介词、连词和感叹词:而且还有一个重要的特点，那就是，虚词没有词形的变化：
一、冠词(art..)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。

如： a ，an ，the.
1.不定冠词:a ，an
2.定冠词：the
二、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。

如in，on，from，above，behind,across, against, along, around, among, before, below, beneath, besides, beyond, despite, during, except, front, including, inside, like, into, next, near, of, onto, out, out of, outside, over, owning to, per, regarding, since, through, till, towards, under, unlike, until, up, upon, via, while, with, within, without …
1.简单介词：是由一个单词构成的介词。

可分为三类：
①普通介词:如at，by，for，from，in，of，on，to，with等
②合成介词:如onto，into，within等
③分词介词：如including 等
2.二重介词：是由两个简单介词连用而构成的介词。

如：from behind ，since before ，until after 等
3.短语介词：是由两个或两个以上的词所组成的短语构成的介词。

如： in front of ，because of ，instead of 等
三、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。

按在句子中的作用可分为并列连词和从属连词：
After, although, also, and, anywhere, as, as long as, as soon as, because, before, both …and … but,
. considering,either…or…even if,evenso,even though,,everywhere,for,hence,however,if,incase,
in order that, instead of, likewise, never, nevertheless, not only …but also, now that, once, or, otherwise, regardless, since, so, so that, such that, thus, till, until, unless, when, whenever, wherever, whether,where,while…
1.并列连词
①表示平行或对等关系的并列连词： and ，both …and，as well as ，not only …but also ，neither …nor 等
②表示转折关系的并列连词 :but ，yet ，while 等
③表示选择关系的并列连词： or ，either …or等
④表示因果关系的并列连词： for ，so 等
2.从属连词：是引导从句的连词
①引导名词性从句的连词： that ，whether ，if
②引导副词性从句的连词：when ，while ，as ，since ，before ， after ，once ，as soon as ，until ，till ，because ，now that ，although ，though ，even if ，even though ，no matter how ，no matter what ，whatever ，however ，whether …or，if ，unless ，so long as ，as longas ，in order that ，sothat ，so …that，as if，as though，than，where，wherever等
四、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。

如：all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, every, everybody, everything, he, her, himself, themselves, itself, I, it, me, mine, yours, neither, nobody,
none, nothing, other, others, so, some, something, someone, that, these, they, this, those, us, what, whatever, when, whenever, who, whoever, whose, …
五、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。

如： oh ，well ，hi ，hello
.
一篇文章10 个空，一般 7 个空是有提示词的，相当于用所给词的正确形式填空；另外 3
个是没有提示词的，需要我们填入连词，代词，介词，冠词等虚词。

1 ）. 名词前面一般用冠词，代词或介词等。

①.A youngman,while travelingthrough a desert,came across a springof clear water.________water
was sweet.
② . Besides, shopping at this time of the year was not ________ pleasant experience.
③ . The young man went home ________ a happy heart.
④. Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize for ________ great works.
⑤._______time going by, the boy has grown into a strong man.
⑥.The girl danced ______ the music of Paul Mallrat ’s band.
（ 2 ）. 缺主语或宾语，一般填代词。

① . Here are two bags. The blue ________ is mine.
②. Suddenly the wall moved ——________ was made of trees.
③ . New technologies have made _________ possible to turn out new products faster.
④._________is important for our students to exercise one hour every day.
（3 ）. 并列的两个或多个单词，短语，或句子之间设空，一般填入并列连词 and, but, or 等。

①. Each winner receives a gold medal, a diploma ________ a sum of money.
② . He was very tired from doing this for a whole day, ________ he felt very happy.
.
③. Which do you prefer, folk music ________ pop music?
（ 4 ）. 两句之间，如果不是并列句，则很可能是主从句，因此需要填入从属连词（ what ，w hich ，w ho, how, when 等）。

比如宾语从句，定语从句或者是状语从句的连接词。

这种空格需要同学们根据句子结构，分析到底是什么从句，从而选择合适的从属连词。

① . Finally he reached a lonely island ________ was completely cut off from the outside world.
② . ________hard your try, it is difficult to lose weight.
③ . If you happen to get lost in the wild, you ’d better stay ________ you are.
④. ________we have enough evidence, we cannot win the case.
⑤.Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from______their
parents speak at home.
⑥.At the same time, there had been a growing number of overseas students ________came back to China after study.
⑦.My face turned red on hearing ________ my mother said.
⑧._______she couldn ’t understand was _______ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
⑨.It was the ability to do the job ____ matters not where you come from or what you are.
⑩.No sooner had she gone out___________ a student came to visit her.
实词是指有实在意义，能独立承担句子成分的词，包括名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词和数词。

而且还有一个重要的特点，那就是，实词有词形的变化，尤其是动词，可谓变化多端：
1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。

如： boy ，morning ，bag ，ball ，class ，orange.
2、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。

如： good ，right ，white ，orange .
.
3、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。

如： one ，two ，three ，first ，second ，third ，fourth.
4、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。

如： am ，is ，are ，have ，see .
5、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。

如： well ，very ，here ，often ，
quietly ，slowly.
构词法WordFormation
在英语中词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。

一、合成Compounding两个或更多的词合成一个词。

方式：1. 直接写在一起。

2. 用连字符(-)连接。

3. 由两个分开的词构成。

(1)合成形容词
方式
1 形容词＋形容词
2 形容词＋名词
3 形容词＋现在分词
4 形容词＋过去分词
5 形容词＋名词-ed
6 名词＋名词-ed
7 名词＋形容词8 名词＋现在分词
9 名词＋过去分词
10 副词＋形容词
11 副词＋现在分词
12 副词＋过去分词
cold-blooded
例词
red-hot
first-class, full-time, part-time
good-looking, free-thinking,
ready-made
good-tempered, middle-aged,
iron-willed
world-famous, day-long
beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting,
man-made,water-covered,
ever-green
hard-working, far-seeing
well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known
.
(2)合成动词
(3)合成名词
(4)合成副词 however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever
(5)合成代词 whoever,, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything,
二、派生 Derivation
前缀
构成方式
1 名词＋名词
2 形容词＋名词
3 动名词＋名词
例词
horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone,
back-yard, forehead,
hiding place, reading-room
构成方式
1 名词＋动词
2 副词＋动词 例
词
day-dream
13 数词＋名词
14 数词＋名词+形容词
five-year
five-year-old
含义a- 处在……
例词
前缀
.
en- dis- un-
in- im- ir-
il- non- de- anti- mis- re
co- ex tele super-under-inter-sub- trans- vice-
使可能
不，否定
不
做相反动作
不，非
不，非
向相反方向发展
反（对）
错误的，坏的
重复，再
共同
以前的
远程
在上面，超级
在……之下
相互，之间
下，次过，穿过，变副
enrich, enable,
enslave
dissatisfy,
dishonest,
disappear,
disorder,
disagree
unable,
unknown,
uncommon,
uncomfortable,
unfair,
unclose,
undress,
uncover, untie
inactive,
incapable,
inpatient,
incorrect
impossible,
impersonal,
impolite,
immature,
impractical
irregular,
irresponsible
illogical,
non existent,
non-
interference,
non-conductor,
non-stop
Decentralize （
分散）, defrost
（解冻）
anti-freeze,
anti-fascist
misdoings,
misunderstand,
misfortune
rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle,
co-exist, co-operate, co-education
Ex-husband, ex-president
telephone, telegraph, telescope
supermarket, superpower,
underline, underestimate, underground,
international, interact, inter-change
subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent,
transformation(变形), translate
vice-premier, vice-president
后缀
例 词
-er farmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater actress, waitress, princess, hostess conductor, sailor, transistor, operator, beggar
Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese musician, Egyptian, physician
scientist, dentist, communist, socialist,
assistant
nt argument, judgment, government
happiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness
dictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention
building, wedding, painting
semi - bi tri mul-
半 两个 三个 多，多种 千
semifinal, semicircle, semi-automatic bicycle, biennial 两年一次的
triangle 三角形, tricycle 三轮脚踏车, triplets 三胞胎
multiply, multi-national, multi-coloured
名 词
-ent/-a
-ment 后 缀 -ness -tion -ese
-ing
-ess -ian -ist -or -ar
注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。

-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。

后缀-al -an -ern -abl e -ful -ish
例词
central, industrial, national, natural
European, American, Australian
eastern, northern, southern
reasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable,
forgettable, sensible
careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful,
-ship -age -ty -th -ance -ence -ful -al -y
-dom -ism
leadership, friendship, hardship
shortage, marriage, leakage
loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty
truth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth
acceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance
dependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence
mouthful, handful, plateful,
refusal, denial, arrival
difficulty, possibility,
freedom, wisdom, kingdom
-ive -y -less
-en -ous -ary -ic -so me -like -ant -ent -ly -ish
形 容
词
d estr ucti ve, coll ecti ve, acti ve, cr
e ativ e,
effe
ctiv e
t hirs ty, dirt
y, windy,
sunny, cloudy,
healthy, funny carel ess,
hopeless,
helpless,
homeless, sleepless,
fearless,
limitl
ess gold
en, wooden,
woolen courageous, famous, continuous, serious, various imaginary, revolutionary, secondary realistic, historic, poetic
troublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome
childlike, womanlike, manlike
ignorant, significant, observant, important diligent, silent, excellent, frequent
lively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly childish, foolish
动 词
后缀 -ize
-en
例 词
realize, modernize, mechanize, criticize, widen, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten,
quicken,
deepen
.
三、转化Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。

1. 名词和动词之间的转化
telephone 电话——打电话 , mirror 镜子——像镜子一样反映, drink 喝——饮料, record 录音——记录 , name, date, hand, study,
2. 形容词转化为动词
3.名词转化为形容词(副词)
4.形容词转化为名词-al
arrive—(n.) __________
memory—(n.)
__________
perfect 完美的——使完善 front 前面——前面的chief主要的——首领
—(v.) __________
survive— (n.) __________ —(n.) __________ -ance/-ence absent—(n.) __________
appear— (n.) __________ —(反义 n.)
__________ consequence— (n.) __________ __________
different—(n.) __________ exist—(n.) __________
后缀
-ward( 副
s)
例词
forward, northward, backward, downward ，afterwards
chemistry—(adj.) __________
music— (adj.) __________ —(n.) __________ try—(n.) __________
allow— (n.) __________
assist— (n.) __________ —(n.) __________ convenient— (n.) __________ — ( 反 n.)
evident—(n.) __________
guide—(n.) __________
. important—(n.) __________
depend—(adj.) __________ —(n.) __________ —(反 n.) __________
insure—(n.) __________ intelligent—(n.) __________ patient—(n.) __________ significant—(n.) __________ silent—(n.) __________ violent—(n.) __________
-ary/-ery
brave—(n.) __________
scene—(n.) __________
-able
admire— (adj.) __________discover— (n.) __________ rob—(n.) __________ slave—(n.) __________
change— (adj.) __________ comfort— (adj.)
__________
enjoy—(adj.) __________
suit—(adj.) __________
reason—(adj.) __________ rely—(adj.) __________
value—(adj.) __________
-ment Achieve—(n.) __________
advertise— (n.) __________
__________
amuse—(n.) __________ argue—(n.) __________ courage—(v.) __________ —(n.) __________
adjust—(n.) __________
agree— (n.) __________ — (反 n.)
appoint—(n.) __________ arrange—(n.) __________
. entertain—(adj.) __________ —(adj.) __________ —(n.) __________
equip—(n.) __________ judge—(n.) __________ employ—(n.) __________ —(反 n.) __________
-ness
dark—(n.) __________ ill—(n.) __________ sad—(n.) __________ 1、有提示词
happy—(n.) __________ kind—(n.) __________ weak—(n.) __________
这类题首先需要我们根据上下文，分析句子成分，确定空格所需要的词性，再根据前后文确定词形。

（ 1 ）如果要填入动词，我们需要判断到底是谓语动词和非谓语动词。

如果缺谓语动词，就要考虑到时态和语态的变化。

若句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，那么我们应该填入非谓语动词，这时我们需要确定到底是to do, doing 还是 done 的形式。

① . For example, I ________ (order) a digital camera online the other day and saved about $50.
②. When I die, I ________ (give) everything to you.
③ . On their return, the father asked his son ________(explain) what he had learnt.
④. They are animals ________ (live) in the sea.
⑤. He likes reading books ________ (write) by Lu Xun.
⑥ . The water will be further polluted unless some measures ______ (take).
⑦. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn ’t make himself______ (hear)
⑧ . _________(play) computer games is what boys like best.
⑨ . It is high time you ______ (work) hard at English.
. ⑩ . If you __________ (come) yesterday, you would have met Andy Liu.
（2 ）如果需要填入名词，我们则需要判断是否有单复数和所有格的变化。

①. My first ________ (impress) of him is that he was a kind and thoughtful man.
②. These people have made great ________ (contribute) to China with their work.
③.Y ou’l l want to know your body language is saying and how to interpret other _______(people). （ 3 ）如果需要填入形容词、副词。

首先，我们要确认到底是填形容词还是副词。

形容词一般用来修饰名词，代词，或作表语；副词一般用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子。

其次，我们还要考虑是否需要变成比较级或最高级。

①. Before the trip I thought we were rich, but today I learnt who is ________ (true) rich.
②.He must be ________ (mental) disabled.
③. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled ________ (warm), and thanked his student very much for the sweet.
④ . ________ (Fortune), nobody was injured and no buildings were destroyed.
⑤.Some people say that the oldest child,who are smart and strong-willed,are very likely to be
________ (succeed)
⑥.T he winning car reached a speed of forty miles an hour——much________(fast)than any of its rivals（对手） .
三、语篇练习
一
Most students do an IQ test early in their school career. Even if they never see their results, they feel that their IQ is ____1____ determines how well they are going to do in life. When they see other students doing ___2____ (good) than them, they usually believe that those students have ____3____
.
higher IQ and that there is nothing they can do to change the fact. However, new research ____4____ EQ suggests that success is not ____5____ (simple) the result of a high IQ.
While your IQ tells you how____6____ (intelligence) you are, your EQ tells you how well you use your intelligence.Professor Salovery,____7____inventedthe termEQ,gives the followingdescription:
at work, it is IQ that ____8____ (get) you promoted. Supported by his academic research, Professor Salovery suggests that when_____9_____ (predict) someone ’s future success, their character, as
____10____(measure) by EQ tests, might actually matter more than their IQ.
二
Paula interviewed two ____1______ (teenage), Emily and Jerry, for a program ___2___ family life. There are three people in Emily's family andfive in Jerry's family, soJerry sometimes feels _____ 3_____ (crowd) in their little flat. Emily has a lot of possessions, but Jerry doesn't have many. Emily is not___4_____ (expect) to do housework, but Jerry is. They both like to do things with their family. But Emily's parents are____5_____ (business), so they usually do their own____6____ (person) things. Jerry and his family do things together. His family always comes to school events. Emily's parents don't usually set rules for her___7___Jerry's parents set some rules for him.Emily likes her new flat,but she
___8___ (feel) lonely when her parents are away ___9___home. Jerry loves his family very much. They have a close ___10___ (relation) and always support each other.
三
Good afternoon, parents and teachers. Thank you for___1_____(attend) this meeting. Last weekend, one of____2__ (we) students went to hospital. The student played computer games on the
Internet all day Saturday without stopping___3____ (eat), drink or sleep. Finally, he became very ill. Some students play computer games for too long. This is__4___ serious problem. In the past,
.
students used ____5____ (play) outside more often, ___6___ now they spend more time___7__(play) computer games. This is bad for their health. Tomorrow we will have some experts here to talk to the students___8___ the bad effects of playing computer games. They will also give some advice on how___9____ (use) computers for studying. I hope we can all work together to stop students from spending too___10___ (many) time playing computer games.
四
Some people have a very poor sense of _____1_____ (direct). Unluckily, I am one of them. I
_____ 2_____ (visit) a place many times but I may still get lost there the next time. ____ 3______I was a
little girl,I never daredtoask strangers the way.AndsoI usedtowalk roundin circles andhope that
by chance I would get to the place I was going to.
Now, I am no longer too shy _____4_____ (ask) people for directions, but I often receive helpless
or even wrong information.So I try to avoid_____5_____(give)people wrong directions.If anyone
ever asks me the way somewhere, I would say, ”Sorry, I am _____6_____stranger here. ”
Once on my way ______7____work I was stopped by a man. He asked me if I could tell him the way to the Friendship Building. I gave him my usual reply. But just as I walked on only a few steps, I realized____8______he had asked the way to my office building.However,I had no time to return
back and look for him. I was rushing to meet with someone at my office and I didn't want to keep himwaiting.When I just got tomy office,the secretary showedin the man_____9_____hadaskedme
for directions. Imagine how embarrassed I was and how _____10_____ (surprise) he was when we saw each other at the first sight!
五
.
I am now a good student in my class ． ___1 ___ you don’t know that when I started to learn senior English in the beginning，I foundit difficult andquite different from___2_____we hadlearned injunior school．Now I still remember a teacher whotaught meat that time.___3__teacher is agood
teacher because she always tries her best tobe the one whose classes are more active andlively with
some stories and ___4___ (example).
_____5_____ the help of my teacher, I realized the ____6_______ (important) of English ，so I
was ___7 ____（determine) tolearn English well. My teacher suggestedthat we ___8_____ (read) more
if we want to improve our English, so every day I would do some English reading. She also told us lessons___9 (learn) in classes could help us deal with exams, but even more valuable were the lessons learned in extra-curricular activities in school. I like my English teacher very much ．Now I have made 10___ great progress in my English study that I am more interested in learning it than before ．。