研究生英语期末考试

研究⽣英语期末考试
English Examination for Graduates (Paper A)
(January 18th, 2010)
I.Listening Comprehension (20%)
Directions: In this part, you are going to listen to four passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passages and the questions will be read only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
1. A. Because they don’t know the custom.
B. Because they emphasize equality of the sexes.
C. Because it’s customary for ladies to push chairs for men at a dinner table in America.
D. Because usually the host or hostess pushes the chairs for women at a dinner table .
2. A. Americans hold the knife in the right hand and the fork in the left while Europeans do the
opposite.
B. Americans use both hands while Europeans use only one hand when eating.
C. Europeans hold the knife in the right hand and the fork in the left while Americans do the
opposite.
D. Europeans keep the knife in the right hand and the fork in the left while Americans
use just one hand and keep the other one on their lap.
3. A. Europeans are more apt to drink coffee after the meal while Americans between bites.
B. Americans are more apt to drink coffee after the meal while Europeans between bites.
C. Americans drink coffee before the meal while Europeans after the meal.
D. Europeans drink coffee before the meal while Americans after the meal.
4. A. Leaving a spoon in a soup bowl or a coffee cup.
B. Leaving a spoon in any dish.
C. Putting a coffee spoon on the saucer or a soup spoon on the service table.
D. Putting all the spoons on the tablecloth.
5. A. As long as you like. B. Two or three hours.
C. As long as the host and hostess ask.
D. Less than one hour.
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.
6. A. Indifferent. B. Positive. C. Negative. D. Neutral.
7. A. Discipline, discovery, mutuality, locality, potentiality, enhancement.
B. Discipline, discovery, mutuality, locality, historicity, enhancement.
C. Discovery, mutuality, locality, historicity, potentiality, enhancement.
D. Sustainability, discovery, mutuality, locality, potentiality, enhancement.
8. A. It believes that the community is only a socially constructed experience.
B. It believes that the community is only an ecologically grounded place.
C. It denies conflicts among stakeholder groups.
D. It is a community tourism planning approach uniting the themes of social development and ecological sustainability.
9. A. Because it not only generates hospitality that helps make a community a desirable destination, but also helps share scarce resources.
B. Because it helps mitigate conflicts arising over resource distribution and use.
C. Because it respects individual perspectives.
D. Because it provides capital to tourism community.
10.A. Sustainable Tourism. B. Travel Ecology.
C. Sustainable Tourism Models.
D. Community Tourism Models.
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.
11.A. Because they don’t know the relationship between tobacco and disease.
B. Because they have a strong inclination to smoke.
C. Because they have been forbidden to smoke by the governments.
D. Because there were no institutions which persuade them not to smoke.
12.A. Because they are unusually subject to cigarette advertising.
B. Because tobacco taxes take up a large part of their revenue.
C. Because they don’t think tobacco can do harm to people’s mind.
D. Because they are innocent of the link between tobacco and disease.
13.A. Cigarette advertising only appeals to the young men.
B. Cigarette advertising appeals to adults.
C. Cigarette advertising is attractive to people who already smoke.
D. Cigarette advertising also appeals to kids.
14.A. Because they regard smoking as a symbol of sexual ability and even success.
B. Because they are addicted to nicotine.
C. Because they want to get more tobacco taxes.
D. Because they regard smoking as a kind of sports.
15.A. Smoking and tobacco taxes. B. Smoking in developing countries.
C. Smoking and cigarette advertising.
D. Tobacco industry.
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
16.A. Putting a roof on a barn. B. Harvesting water reeds
C. Using stone as a building material
D. Daily farm operations
17.A. Clay tiles. B. Slate or stone.
C. Wooden shingles.
D. Reeds or straw.
18.A. Later colonists did not know how to thatch.
B. Thatching was considered dangerous.
C. Other roofing materials were available.
D. Thatching was unsuitable for the climate.
19.A. It’s manufactured to be strong. B. It bends without breaking.
C. Thatchers nail it down securely.
D. The winds can pass through it easily.
20.A. If people had more time to learn how to do it.
B. If its cost went down.
C. If it could make buildings more attractive.
D. If people realized its many advantages.
II. Vocabulary (25%)
Directions: There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.
21. We have a certain stereotypical ______ of a person from a culture and we interpret his/her
behaviour according to this preconception, whether or not the reason for the behaviour is what we think it. B. preconception n. 先⼊之见；偏见；预想
22. Gap in educational investment across regions will ______ the national economic development
as a whole. D. retard vt. 妨碍；延迟；使减速；阻⽌vi. 减慢；受到阻滞n. 延迟；阻⽌
23. Opening the labor market might risk some increase in inequality in wages at least in the short
run, as the wages of skilled workers are ________.C. bid up v. 抬价 D. bid to
24. The market will goods that yield social benefits in excess of private benefits and will
consequently produce too few of these goods.
A. undervalue vt. 低估...之价值；看轻
25. You have taken a ______ hatred to Peter; and you are unreasonably angry with me because I
won’t hate him.
B. perverse堕落的，不正当的；倔强的；违反常情的
26. One of the conditions of ______ is that you must keep the land under cultivation.
tenure占有；任期vt. 授予…终⾝职位
27. Even the increase proposed will put pressure on Congress to hold down other spending or dip
into funds for Social Security. . earmarked 在⽿朵上做记号；标记n. 特征；⽿上记号
28. Unfortunately, what the farmers had gained in the autumn harvest was ______by the heavy
losses caused by a snowstorm in the winter.
A. offset 抵消
29. The Arabs, on the other hand, coming from a culture where much closer distance is the norm,
may be feeling that the Americans are being _______.
C. standoffish . 冷淡的，不友好的
30. Most little children want a dog or a cat, and they continually ______ their mothers and fathers
until they get one. It is only when the sweet little thing has been brought home that the parents realize how much time a nd money must be spent on “Tom” or “B ill”.
B. pester 纠缠，烦扰；使烦恼
31. As television, and to an extent the internet have _____further through our society, the effects
are perhaps more significant than even we realize.
D. permeated充满
32. “John has no______. So when his parents passed away, he inherited everyt hing from the
family---properties, bank savings, stocks and a big house. He’s really living on easy street.”
A. siblings 兄弟姐妹；同科
33. Great efforts have been made to coordinate unemployment ______ and economic development
throughout the country.
D. alleviation (苦痛的)减轻，缓和，缓解；减少；解痛药；缓和剂；缓解措施
34. Upon this, Jones began to beg earnestly to be let into this secret, and faithfully promised not to ______ it.
A. divulge 泄露；暴露
35. In Sudan, deforestation in the last decade led to a quadrupling of the time women spent
gathering fuel wood. This stimulated efforts to promote _______ .
B. afforestation n. 造林
36. In Egypt, I saw the pyramids and the damaged face of the Sphinx, smiling a (an)_______ smile.
An amazing journey!
D. inscrutable不可理解的；不能预测的；不可思议的；神秘的
37. There was so much pain there, _______ caused by both sides over the years. I didn’t want to
hurt them, nor they me, but the harm had done and it was irreversible.
C. inadvertently⾮故意地；不注意地
38. Nobody will support such a government that ______ on the rights of individuals.
A. encroaches 侵占；蚕⾷；侵蚀
39. The development of national ______ will be sped up if its officials at all levels become more
conscious of its significance in economic growth.
C. infrastructure 基础设施；公共建设；下部构造
40. With the rapid development of modern society, the ______ of the ancient civilization in the
town is being erased step by step.
B. vestige遗迹；残余；退化的器官
41. The ______ of “white” in Chinese includes something unhappy. At funerals, Chinese pay
respect to the dead and express their sorrow by wearing white. In the West, however, white is the traditional color for the bride at weddings, and to wear white at funerals would be offensive.
C. connotation 内涵；含蓄；暗⽰，隐含意义；储蓄的东西
42. When people can’t explain a new phenome non using their knowledge, they will firstly try to
understand the new phenomenon using the logic reference of______.
D. analogy类似；类推；类⽐
43. He has more endurance; he can swim longer and ______ a canoe better than any of his people.
C. steer 驾驶；控制，引导
There’s this new girl coming to my school, and I like her a lot. I want to _____ our friendship before I start a serious relationship.
A. cement 巩固，加强；⽤⽔泥涂；接合
44._______implies an active choice to cling to something, not passively being carried along out
of inability to imagine anything else.
B. Tenacity 固执；韧性；不屈不挠；黏性
III. Reading Comprehension (20%)
Directions: Read the following passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Passage 1
Science fiction (SF) can provide students interested in the future with a basic introduction to the concept of thinking about the possible futures in a serious way, a sense of emotional forces in their own culture that are affecting the shape the future may take, and a multitude of extrapolations (prediction) regarding the results of present trends . There is one particular type of story that can be especially valuable as a stimulus to discussion of these issues both in courses on the future and in social science courses in general----the story which presents well-worked-out, detailed societies that differ significantly from the society of the reader. In fact, whatever the reliability of its predictions, SF is actually a more important vehicle for speculative visions about macroscopic
social change. At this level, it is hard to deal with any precision as to when general value changes or evolving social institutions might appear, but it is most important to think about the kinds of societies that could result from the rise of new forms of interaction, even if one cannot predict exactly when they might occur.
In performing this “what if …”function, SF can act as a social laboratory as authors ruminate upon (think about) the forms social relationships could take if key variables in their own societies were different, and upon what new belief systems or mythologies could arise in the future to provide the basic rationalizations for human activities. If it is true that more people find it difficult to conceive of the ways in which their society, or human nature itself, could undergo fundamental changes, then SF of this type may provoke one’s imagination to consider the diversity of paths potentially open to society.
Moreover, if SF is the laboratory of the imagination, its experiments are often of the kind that may significantly alter the subject matter even as they are being carried out. That is, SF has always had a certain cybernetic effect on society, as its visions emotionally engage the future-consciousness of the mass public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities. The shape a society takes in the present is in part influenced by its image of the future; in this way particularly powerful SF images may become self-fulfilling or self-avoiding prophecies for society. For that matter, some individuals in recent years have even shaped their own life-styles after appealing models provided by SF stories. The reincarnation (reappearance) and diffusion of SF futuristic images of alternative societies through the media of movies and television may have speeded up an augmented SF’s social feedback effects. Thus SF is not only change speculator but change agent, sending an echo form the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting it. This fact alone makes imperative in any
education system the study of the kinds of works discussed in this section.
It must be noted that this perspective of SF has been questioned by some critics. It is often pointed out that, however ingenious they may be about future technologies, many SF writers exhibit an impact conservative bias in their stories, insofar as social projections (new ideas ) are either ignored or based on variations of the present status quo or of historical social systems reshuffled whole-cloth into the future. Robert Bloch has conveniently summarized the kind of future society presented by the average SF writer as consisting of a totalitarian state in which psychochemical techniques (the use of mind-altering drugs) keep the populace quiet; an underground which the larger-than-life hero can join; and scientists who gladly turn over their discoveries to those in power. Such tales covertly assume that human nature as we know it will remain stable and that twentieth-century Anglo-American culture and moral values, especially traditional economic incentives, will continue to dominate the world. Most SF authors have found it as hard as most other mortals to extrapolate (guess)social mores different from those operating within their own milieu (environment), so that, it has been charged, far from preparing the reader for future shock, SF is a literature that comfortably and smugly reassures him that the future will not be radically different from the present.
There is much truth to this analysis of SF. It is not easy to explain why so many stories seem to take as their future social settings nothing more ambiguous than the current status quo or its totally evil variant. Part of the answer may be that many authors of commercial SF writing received their professional training in science and engineering prior to World War II and were therefore not equipped or inclined to devise sophisticated social backgrounds in their plots. Be that
as it may, the situation has changed dramatically in recent decades. There are an increasing number of stories which explicitly assume that future social patterns of family, government, religion, and the like need not be exactly the same as those of the present and that the forces which motivate men may also be subject to change. It is from such stories, and their predecessors in classical SF, that one may study examples of the impact of SF on the individual and collective imagination.
46. Science fiction shows us happen in the future.
A. what may
B. what must c. when changes will D. what we wish to
47. Science fiction plays an important role in .
A. forming social value and institutions
B. providing the basic rationalizations for human activities
C. predicting the future society
D. providing the possible vision of social change in macro-scope
48. A self-fulfilling prophecy is one that .
A. predicts something unpleasant
B. predicts something pleasant
C. helps prediction to come true
D. does not come true
49. Science fiction images will surely .
A. influence the images of the present society partially
B. influence the images of the present society negatively
C. influence the images of the present society positively
D. influence the images of the present society imperatively
50. The author’s opinion appears to be that SF .
A. has little to offer society
B. can help to shape the way we behave in the present society
C. is always conservative
D. is unable to prepare the reader for future shock
51. The inability of some SF writers to imagine alternative forms of society was
due to their professional training.
A. possibly
B. definitely
C. occasionally
D. known to be
52. The author thinks the criticism that SF writers usually show a conservative bias
is .
A. just
B. unjust
C. becoming less true than it was
D. only true of classical SF
53. In some critics’ eyes, classical science fiction is a literature .
A. that displays the radically different social images in the future
B. that reveals what science fiction writers sincerely believed
C. that does not show totally imaginary images of the future society
D. that informs readers of the future society
54. The author’s main aim would seem to be to show how useful SF can be to .
A. politicians
B. scientists
C. cyberneticists
D. students
55. The overall tone of the piece is best described as .
A. ironic
B. humorous
C. indignant
D. informative
Passage 2
1 Many years ago trying to help people with every kind of trouble left me with one sure conviction: In case after case the difficulty could have been overcome --- or might never have arisen --- if the people involved had just treated one another with common courtesy.
2 Courtesy, politeness, good manners --- call it what you will, the supply never seems to equal the demand. “It’s not so much what my husband says,” a tearful wife confides, “as the way he says it. Why does he have to yell at me?”“I hate my boss,” a grim-faced office worker mutters. “He never shows appreciation for anything.”“All we get from our teenagers,” a harassed parent says, “is a sullen surliness.”
3 Such complaints are not limited to people who sit in my study. Human beings everywhere hunger for courtesy. “Good manners,” said Ralph Waldo Emerson, “are the happy way of doing things.” And the reverse is equally true. Bad manners
can ruin a day --- or wreck a friendship.
4 What are the basic ingredients of good manners? Certainly a strong sense of justice is one; courtesy is often nothing more than a highly developed sense of fair play. A friend once told me of driving along a one-lane, unpaved mountain road. Ahead was another car that produced clouds of choking dust, and it was a long way to the nearest paved highway. Suddenly, at a wider place, the car ahead pulled off the road. Thinking that its owner might have engine trouble, my friend stopped and asked if anything was wrong. “No,” said the other driver. “But you’ve endured my dust this far; I’ll put up with yours the rest of the way.” There was a man with manners, and an innate sense of fair play.
5 Another ingredient of courtesy is empathy, a quality that enables a person to see into the mind or heart of someone else, to understand the pain or unhappiness there and to do something to minimize it. Recently in a book about a famous restaurant chain I came across such an episode.
6 A man dining alone was trying to unscrew the cap of a bottle of catsup but his fingers were so badly crippled by arthritis that he couldn’t do it. He asked a young busboy to help him. The boy took the bottle, turned his back momentarily and loosened the cap without difficulty. Then he tightened it again. Turning back to the man, he feigned a great effort to open the bottle without success. Finally he took it into the kitchen and returned shortly, saying that he had managed to loosen it --- but only with a pair of pliers. What impelled the boy to take so much trouble to spare the feelings of a stranger? Courtesy, compassionate courtesy.
7 Yet another component of politeness is the capacity to treat all people alike, regardless of all status or importance. Even when you have doubts about some people, act as if they are worthy of your best manners. You may also be astonished to find out that they really are.
8 I truly believe that anyone can improve his or her manners by doing 3 things. First, by practicing courtesy. All skills require constant repetition to become second nature; good manners are no exception.
9 One simple way is to concentrate on your performance in a specific area for about a week. Telephone manners, for example. How often do you talk too long, speak abruptly, and fail to identify yourself, keep people waiting, display impatience with the operator or fail to return a call?
10 One difficult but essential thing to remember is to refuse to let other people’s bad manners goad you into retaliating in kind. I recall a story told by a young man who was in a car with his father one night when a driver in an oncoming vehicle failed to dim his lights. “Give him the brights, Dad!”the young man urged in exasperation. “Son,”replied the father, “that driver is certainly discourteous and probably stupid. But if I give him the brights he’ll be discourteous, stupid and blind --- and that’s
a combination I don’t want to tangle with!”
11 The second requirement for improving your manners is to think in a courteous way. In the long run, the kind of person you are is the result of what you’ve been thinking over the past 20 or 30 years. If your thoughts are predominantly self-directed, a discourteous person is what you will
be. If on the other hand you train yourself to be considerate of others, if you can acquire the habit of identifying with their problems and hopes and fears, good manners will follow almost automatically.
12 Nowhere is thinking courtesy more important than in marriage. In the intimacy of the home it is easy to displace disappointment or frustration or anger onto the nearest person, and that person is often a husband or wife.
13 “When you feel your anger getting out of control,” I have often said to married couples, “force yourself for the next ten minutes to treat your married partner as if he or she were a guest in your home,” I knew that if they could impose just 10 minutes of good manners on themselves, the worst of the storm would blow over.
14 Finally, to have good manners you must be able to accept courtesy, receive it gladly, rejoice when it comes your way. Strangely, some people are suspicious of gracious treatment. They suspect the other person of having some ulterior motive.
15 But some of the most precious gifts in life come with no strings attached. You can’t achieve a beautiful day through any effort on your part. You can’t buy a sunset or even the scent of a rose. Those are the world’s courtesies to us, offered with love and no thought of reward or return. Good manners are, or should be, like that.
16 In the end, it all comes down to how you regard people --- not just people in general, but individuals. Life is full of minor irritations and trials and injustices. The only constant, daily, effective solution is politeness --- which is the golden rule in action. I think that if I were allowed to add one small beatitude as a footnote to the other it might be: Blessed are the courteous.
(1048 words)
56.In Para.1, the underlined part “one sure conviction” is the closest in meaning to ______.
A. a convinced belief
B. an assured thought
C. a definite evidence
D. a deep idola
57.Courtesy is important to human relationships for the reason that _________.
A.it can help people avoid troubles
B.it can eliminate complaints
C.people need to be treated politely
D.it is so scarce
58.In the first sentence of Para.10, there is a word “retaliating”. Which of the following do you think is similar to it?
A.guiding
B. imitating
C. stimulating
D. revenging
59.In the author’s opinion, courtesy is a matter of __________.
A.how you control yourself
B. how you look at other people
C. how you compromise
D. how you communicate with others
60.Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the passage?
A.Good manners are the golden rule in interpersonal relationships.
B.People are often easy to get out of control in front of their intimate persons.
C.People can be directed by their thoughts about what kind of persons they will be.
D.Bad manners account for part of the difficulty of interpersonal relationships.
61.Courtesy is especially important in marriage, because ___________.
A.the intimacy of family life makes people forget manners
B.people tend to be rude to their husband or wife
C.husband and wife are disappointed with each other
D.at home people have more difficulties
62.In paragraph 14, the underlined part “rejoice when it comes your way” means ________.
A.take it for granted when you meet it
B.behave happily when it happens to you
C.enjoy it when it stands on your way
D.refuse it in your deep heart when you come across it
63.Which of the following is not true of courtesy?
A.Courtesy is offered without expecting return.
B.Courtesy is the happy way of doing things.
C.Courtesy is an innate quality rather than a learnt skill.
D.Courtesy should be applied to every individual.
64.In paragraph. 15, what does the author mean by saying “with no strings attached”?
A.without extra cost
B.without concern or consciousness
C.without additional thoughts about return or reward
D.without motives and expectations.
65.Which of the following is not mentioned as the basic ingredients of good manners?
A.The capacity to treat all people alike.
B.The quality to understand the pain or unhappiness of others.
C. A strong sense of fair play.
D. A feeling of compassion and self-control.
IV. Translation (15%)
Part A Directions: Translate the following sentences into English. (7%)
1. 中国是个⼤国，百分之⼋⼗的⼈⼝从事农业，但耕地只占⼟地⾯积的⼗分之⼀，其余为⼭脉、森林、城镇和其他⽤地。

(2分)
1. China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses. (2分)
2. 有⼀项调查发现，不吸烟的妇⼥，如果在吸烟的家庭环境中⽣活40年或更长的时间，那
么就有加倍患肺癌的危险。

（2分）
2. An investigation indicates that non-smoking women living in a smoking family environment for 40 years or still longer will have double risk of developing lung cancer. （2分）
3. 在我们这个时代，任何⼈想要在社会上起到所希望的作⽤，必须接受必要的教育。

随着
科学的进步，中⼩学开设了越来越多的课程。

与过去相⽐，现代教育更重视实⽤性。

(3 分) 3. In our times, anyone who wants to play an important role in a society as he wishes must receive necessary education. With the development of science, more courses are offered in primary schools and middle schools. Compared with the education in the past, modern education places more stress on practicality. (3 分
Part B Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese (8%)
4. Stereotypes are stumbling blocks for communicators because they interfere with objective
viewing of stimuli —the sensitive search for cues to guide the imagination toward the other persons’reality. （2分）程式化思维是⼈们交流的绊脚⽯，因为它有碍于⼈们对事物的
客观观察。

客观观察指⼈们敏感地搜寻线索，引导⾃⼰的想象更接近他⼈的现实。

（2分）5. When economists first began to measure the sources of economic growth, what previously had been considered an unexplained residual became identified as human capital. Human capital —the skill of the population —plays a major role in explaining differences in productivity and inequality among nations. （3分）当经济学家最初探讨经济发展的原因时，他们发现：⼈们⼀直认为⽆法解释的剩余因素是⼈⼒资本。

⼈⼒资本，即⼈⼝的技能，是造成各国⽣产⼒差距以及地位不平等的⼀个重要因素。

6. The synergies between the goals of gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental
sustainability are explored below in terms of addressing poverty among women —including energy and water poverty, health, climate change, natural disasters and creating sustainable livelihoods by empowering women in the realms of agriculture, forest and biodiversity management. （3分）下⽂从解决妇⼥贫困问题的⾓度出发，探讨两性平等、减轻贫困和环境的可持续性诸⽬的之间的协同作⽤，涉及能源短缺、⽔资源缺乏、健康、⽓候变化、⾃然灾害，以及授予妇⼥在农业、林业、⽣态多元化管理领域中的权⼒使之创造可持续的⽣存⽅式等问题。