定语从句关系代词和关系副词的选择

定语从句关系代词和关系副词的选择
----by 成都树德中学兰银清
一）定语从句的概念：句中修饰限定或者补充说明名词或者代词的是一个句子，这个句子就是定语从句
We can’t ignore the difficulties that/which lie ahead.
All that I want is your happiness.
What is the name of the man who just came in.
I like those who smile a lot.
There are a lot of students here whose parents work outside.
This is the school where I used work.
定语从句的先行词: 被定语从句饰限定或者补充说明名词或者代词
引导定语从句的关系代词：who, whom , which, that, whose，as
引导定语从句的关系副词：when, where, why，as
二）如何选用关系代词？
1.判成分如果定语从句需要主语或者宾语，就要选用关系代词who, whom（作宾语），that, which.
2.确定先行词
1)先行词如果指人选用who, whom(作宾语)或者that，在实际运用中多使用who; 先行词如果指物选用that或者 which，在实际运用中多使用that
先行词（ｎ／ｐｒｏｎ）＋ｗｈｏ／ｗｈｏｍ／ｔｈａｔ
1，Do you know the people_________ live next door ?
2，This is the man _________I met on the train last week.
3，It is a book_________ will interest children of all ages.
4，I have found the car keys __________you were looking for.
注意：(1）、在限定性定语从句中，作宾语的关系单词可以省略
This is the man (who/that/whom) I met on the train last week.
(2）限定性定语从句需要表语，用that
I am not the man that I was ten years ago.
Wenzhou is not the place that it was 20 years ago.
2) Whose 引导的定语从句
当定语从句需要所有格（也可以理解为定语），则需要用whose。

只要定语从句需要所有格，先行词指人，指物，指地点都要whose。

先行词（ｎ／ｐｒｏｎ）＋ｗｈｏｓｅ
6.We stopped to help some people ________ car broke down.
7.I live in the house ________ door is red.
8.You don’t need to look up every word ________ meaning is not clear.
9.The school shop, __________customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.（高考）
注意：whose指物时， whose +n= the n of which/of which the n
10.You don’t need to look up every word ________ meaning is not clear.
= You don’t need to look up every word the meaning of ______ is not clear.
11.We are introducing a new system, _________ aim is to cut costs.
=We are introducing a new system of _______ the aim is to cut costs.
12. Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths.
13. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ________ lives were affected.
14.She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction of_______ had taken more than three years.（高考）
15.The newly-built cafe, the walls of ___________are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.
三）如何选用关系副词
1）判成分：如果定语从句不需要主语或者宾语，多半要选择关系副词
2）确定先行词：先行词指地点用where; 指时间用when;指原因（reason）,用why.
在定语从句中，when/where/why = 适合介词+which
1，I will never forget the day when I first met you.
=I will never forg e t the day ______ _________ I first met you.
2, This is the school where I once worked.
=This is the school ____ ______ I once worked.
3, Do you know the reason why she doesn’t like me ?
= Do you know the reason _______ ________which she doesn’t like me ?
4.Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet_____ life has developed gradually.
5. I live in a small city, ________ population are mostly migrants.(本人自编题)
注意：
1，先行词是时间、地点或者原因，但是定语从句需要主语或者宾语，则把先行词看成是指物，要使用关系代词that/which
试比较：
1）This is the school ________ I used to work.
2）This is the school _______ I used to work in.
3) Chengdu No. 9 Senior High School, ______ is a national key school, is where I used to work.
4) Chengdu No. 9 Senior High School, _______ I used to work, is a national key school.
5),This is the school __________I visited last week.
6),I will never forget the days _________ we stayed together.
7),I will never forget the days __________ we spent together in the summer.
8), The reason _____________ he gave me sounds good.
9),The reason__________ he dislikes me is that I tell exactly what I think of him.
10).By 16: 30, ___________ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold out.
12), I would rather go to visit the factory next week, ________ I won’t be busy. (本人自编题)
13）Finally, he reached a lonely island ______ was completely cut off from the outside world.
14) That evening, _____ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.
15)Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, ______ it will keep for two or three weeks.
2. 定语从句一般紧跟先行词，但是有时也可能被其它成分隔开。

(一定要找准先行词哦！) 1）He is the only teacher in my office_______ has been to London .
2）I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, __________ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
小试身手：
3）Ellen was a painter of birds and nature, _______, for some reason , had withdrawn from all human society. （浙江高考）
4）After the flooding, people were suffering in that area,_______ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.（江苏高考）
5）Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _____ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.（全国卷）
6）An ecosystem consists of the living and non living things in an area ______ interact with one another.
7）The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China，________ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.
三.注意区别限定性和非限定定语从句
限定性定语从句：对先行词起着修饰限定作用
非限定定语从句：对先行词起补充说明作用
注意非限定定语从句不能用that
1）He married a woman ___________ he met on a train.
He married a very nice young engineer, _________he met on a train.
2）Did you like the wine __________we drank last night ?
I poured him a glass of wine, _______ he drank at once.
3) The ball fell to Collins , _________ shot hit the post.
4) Chengdu No. 9 High School, _________ I used to work , is a national key school..
5) The summer of 1969, __________man first set foot on the moon, will never be forgotten.
6) These apple trees, ____I planted three years ago, haven’t borne any fruit.(本人自编题)
7) As a child, Jack studied in a village school, ___ is named after his grandfather.
四）关系代词或者副词的选用的进一步讲解
1. which 与as 的选择
1).意义上的区别as 往往翻译为“正如”；which往往翻译为“这一点”。

Mr. Lu committed suicide, _________ made the whole nation sad.
He passed all the examinations, _________ we had expected.
He is an engineer, _____ his brother isn’t.
A s 往往有一些相对固定的形式
as we had expected, as we all know, as is known to us all, as is/was reported, as is often the case, as it turned out, as we can remember etc.
He was late for work this morning, as is often the case.
2)位置上的区别
which引导的定语从句，常常位于主句之后，作为插入语位于句中，但是一般不能位于句首；as 引导的定语从句位置灵活。

可以位于主句之后位，作为插入语位于句中，位于句首。

She married John, ________surprised us all.
Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.（09山东）
As we know, light travels in a straight line.
Light, as we know, travels in a straight line.
Light travels in a straight line , as we know.
小试身手：
1）.The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, ______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. （06江苏卷）
2）.By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, ___________ can
be very eye-opening and rewarding.（07湖南卷）
3）.His movie won several awards at the film festival, ______ was beyond his wildest dream.（07上海卷）
4）_______ is reported in the newspaper, he studied in Japan for three years.
5）____________it turned out, he passed the exam quite easily.
6) When deeply absorbed in work, _______ he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.(12北京)
7）The Beatles ,____ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.
8) After graduating from college，I took some time off to go traveling，_____ turned out to be a wise decision.
9) He is an engineer, _____ his brother isn’t.
2. such+n +as vs such +n +that
the same+n as vs the same +n =that
1) such+n +as vs such +n +that
“such +n+ as”引导的是定语从句，常常翻译为“如……的”，as 在定语从句中要充当成分；
“such+ n+ that ”引导的是结果状语从句, 翻译为“如此….以至……”, 结果状语从句是一个完整的句子，that 在句中不充当成分。

Such students (as you mentioned just now) should be praised.（定语从句）
He is such a good student that we all like him. (状语从句)
他是如此好的学生，以致我们都喜欢他。

He is such a good student (as we all like.)（定语从句）
他是我们大家都喜欢的好学生。

so + adj. +a/an +n +as引导的定语从句和so + adj. +a/an +n+ that 引导的状语的区别同上
He is so good a student (as we all like.)
He is so good a student that we all like him.
2) the same…that vs the same…as
A: 如果定语从句需要主语或者宾语，the same…that the same…as 完全一样；
如果定语从句需要状语，则只能用the same …..as
他今天穿的夹克和昨天的一样。

He is wearing the same jacket as/that he wore yesterday.
Jack 和Mike是同一天离开的。

Jack left the same day as Mike left.
B: the same …as 也可以接短语
我有和你一样的字典
I have the same dictionary as yours.
3. 定语从句中夹I know , I think, I wish, I feel, he said, he thought…的情况
We are going to meet someone __________I know( that) you will like.
This is the woman ________ Ann said would show us the church.
It is the body of a man ___________ the police think was murdered.
It is a house ____________we feel (that) we might want to buy.
This is the house ___________ we believe(that) Mr. Li was murdered.
4.介词+which/whom to do 结构相当于一个省略的定语从句
We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in _______ to play.
In my opinion, Mr. Black is a nice man with _________ to get on.
5. that 与which 的选择
下面限定性定语从句用that, 不用which
1)先行词含all, both, any(thing), some(thing), every(thing), no(thing), none ,few, little, much, the very+n,the only+n….用that而不用which
All that I want is your happiness.
I hope the little that I have done has been useful.
Please send us all the information _______ you have about the candidate for the position.
2)先行词含序数词，最高级时，用that而不用which
This is one of the most delicious meals ________ I have ever had.
3)先行词既指人又指物，用that, 不用which 或者who
They are talking about the people and things _________ they can remember.
4)限定性定语从句需要表语，用that
Wenzhou is not the place that it was 20 years ago.
下面情况用which,不用that
1)在非限定定语中用which, 不用that
In 1908 Ford developed his Model T car, which sold for 500 dollars.
Sally got married to Joe, which made Paul very unhappy.
2)介词+which 引导的定语从句，不能用that
Football is a topic in________I have interest.
w ho和that 的选择
1)先行词指人时，who和that 基本可以互换。

2) 先行词是one, someone, everyone, anyone, those 时，常常使用who
I would like to share a room with someone _______ doesn’t smoke.
3) 非限定定语从句，用who, 不整用that指人
My friend, L Ping, ______comes from Chengdu, plays the guitar very well.
4）介词+whom引导定语从句
This is the man with whom I share the room.
5) 限定性定语从句需要表语，用that
I am not the man that I was ten years ago.
6.which的特殊用法
which+概括意义的名词引导的非限定定语从句
during which time=and during that time 在那段时间
in which case=and in that case 在那种情况下
at which point= and at that point 在那时
which language= and that language
He may win the competition, in________ case he is likely to get into the national team.
They stayed with me for two weeks, during _________ time they drank all the beer I had.
He spoke German, _____language I can only follow with difficulty.。