GMAT如何读完文章记住所有内容08

如何一遍读完文章后记住整体内容
1.在阅读时干扰我们一遍记住整体内容信息的原因：
●对于反映文章整体结构的词不够敏感（this，that ,however, above all, in other words, for example,
although, first, additionally）
●对于很多单词既没有反映出意思，但是还干扰了我们记忆信息的能力
●对于文章内容走势没有形成固定模式
2.考试中短期记忆的练习
实际文章练习：
Passage I:
One type of violation of the antitrust laws is the abuse of monopoly power. Monopoly power is the ability of a firm to raise its prices above the competitive level—that is, above the level that would exist naturally if several firms had to compete—without driving away so many customers as to make the price increase unprofitable. In order to show that a firm has abused monopoly power, and thereby violated the antitrust laws, two essential facts must be established. First, a firm must be shown to possess monopoly power, and second, that power must have been used to exclude competition in the monopolized market or related markets.
The price a firm may charge for its product is constrained by the availability of close substitutes for the product. If a firm attempts to charge a higher price—a supracompetitive price—consumers will turn to other firms able to supply substitute products at competitive prices. If a firm provides a large percentage of the products actually or potentially available, however, customers may find it difficult to buy from alternative suppliers. Consequently, a firm with a large share of the relevant market of substitutable products may be able to raise its price without losing many customers. For this reason courts often use market share as a rough indicator of monopoly power.
Supracompetitive prices are associated with a loss of consumers’ welfare because such prices force some consumers to buy a less attractive mix of products than they would ordinarily buy. Supracompetitive prices, however, do not themselves constitute an abuse of monopoly power. Antitrust laws do not attempt to counter the mere existence of monopoly power, or even the use of monopoly power to extract extraordinarily high profits. For example, a firm enjoying economies of scale—that is, low unit production costs due to high volume—does not violate the antitrust laws when it obtains a large market share by charging prices that are profitable but so low that its smaller rivals cannot survive. If the antitrust laws posed disincentives to the existe nce and growth of such firms, the laws could impair consumers’ welfare. Even if the firm, upon acquiring monopoly power, chose to raise prices in order to increase profits, it would
not be in violation of the antitrust laws.
The antitrust prohibitions focus instead on abuses of monopoly power that exclude competition in the monopolized market or involve leverage—the use of power in one market to reduce competition in another. One such forbidden practice is a tying arrangement, in which a monopolist conditions the sale of a product in one market on the buyer’s purchase of another product in a different market. For example, a firm enjoying a monopoly in the communications systems market might not sell its products to a consumer unless that customer also buys its computer systems, which are competing with other firms’ computer systems.
The focus on the abuse of monopoly power, rather than on monopoly itself, follows from the primary purpose of the antitrust laws: to promote consumers’ welfare through assurance of the quality and quantity of products available to consumers.
Passage II
Perhaps one of the most dramatic and important changes that took place in the
Mesozoic era occurred late in that era, among the small organisms that populate the
uppermost, sunlit portion of the oceans--the plankton. The term "plankton" is a broad
Line one, designating all of the small plants and animals that float about or weakly propel
(5) themselves through the sea. In the late stages of the Mesozoic era. during the Cretaceous
period, there was a great expansion of plankton that precipitated skeletons or shells
composed of two types of mineral: silica and calcium carbonate. This development
radically changed the types of sediments that accumulated on the seafloor, because,
while the organic parts of the plankton decayed after the organisms died, their mineralized
(10) skeletons often survived and sank to the bottom. For the first time in the Earth's long
history, very large quantities of silica skeletons, which would eventually harden into rock,
began to pile up in parts of the deep sea. Thick deposits of calcareous ooze made up of
the tiny remains of the calcium carbonate-secreting plankton also accumulated as never
before. The famous white chalk cliffs of Dover, in the southeast of England, are just one
(15) example of the huge quantities of such material that amassed during the Cretaceous
period; there are many more. Just why the calcareous plankton were so prolific during
the latter part of the Cretaceous period is not fully understood. Such massive amounts
of chalky sediments have never since been deposited over a comparable period of time.
The high biological productivity of the Cretaceous oceans also led to ideal conditions
(20) for oil accumulation. Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly
buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into
petroleum. Sediments rich in organic material accumulated along the margins of the
Tethys Seaway, the tropical east-west ocean that formed when Earth's single landmass
(known as Pangaea) split apart during the Mesozoic era. Many of today's important oil
(25) fields are found in those sediments--in Russia, the Middle East, the Gulf of Mexico, and
in the states of Texas and Louisiana in the United States.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
2. The passage indicates that the Creiaceous period occurred
3. The passage mentions all of the following aspects of plankton EXCEPT
4. The word "accumulated" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
5. According to the passage, the most dramatic change to the oceans caused by plankton during the Cretaceous period concerned
6. The "white chalk cliffs of Dover" are mentioned in line 14 of the passage to
7. The word "prolific" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
8. The word "ideal" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
9. The word "it" in line 21 refers to。