高考二轮教师用书：第1部分 专题3 模式2 主旨大意题 含解析

模式2| 主旨大意题
[典例1](·江苏高考卷，B)Chimps(黑猩猩)will cooperate in certain ways，like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct(本能)to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children，who are able from a young age to gather
their own food.
In the laboratory，chimps don't naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or，with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage，he will pull at random—he just doesn't care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door，almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello，the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core of what children's minds have and chimps' don't is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a “we”，a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.
60．The passage is mainly about________．
A．the helping behaviors of young children
B．ways to train children's shared intentionality
C．cooperation as a distinctive human nature
D．the development of intelligence in children
60.C[考查主旨大意。

本文第一节是为导入主题提供背景，第二节正式引入主
题，第三节和第四节是提供论据。

所以第三段的第一句“Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative.”就是本文的主题句，通过比较四个选项，可以确定C项和主题句意思接近。

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[典例2](·江苏高考卷，D节选)Not so long ago，most people didn't know who Shelly ­Ann Fraser­Pryce was going to become.She was just an average high school athlete.There was every indication that she was just another Jamaican teenager without much of a future.However，one person wanted to change this.Stephen Francis observed then eighteen­year­old Shelly­Ann at a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginnings of true greatness.Her times were not exactly impressive，but even so，he sensed there was something trying to get out，something the other coaches had overlooked when they had assessed her and found her lacking.He decided to offer Shelly­Ann a place in his very strict training sessions.Their cooperation quickly produced results，and a few years later at Jamaica's Olympic trials in early ，Shelly­Ann，who at that time only ranked number 70 in the world，beat Jamaica's unchallenged queen of the sprint(短跑)．
70．What is the best title for the passage?
A．The Making of a Great Athlete
B．The Dream for Championship
C．The Key to High Performance
D．The Power of Full Responsibility
70.A[考查主旨大意。

首先，根据题干可以确定本题为标题归纳类主旨大意题。

整篇文章介绍了牙买加短跑明星弗莱瑟·普利斯由一名不为人知的中学普通运动员成长为奥运会金牌得主的故事。

成名后，弗莱瑟·普利斯并没有止步不前，而是计划为祖国做更多的事情，所以A项“一个伟大的运动员的造就”能覆盖全文，恰当地表达原文的主题和中心思想。

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带★为主旨大意题
A
(·盐城市高三三模)Weather is a famously boring conversation starter—until you drop a name like Sandy，Katrina，Juno，or Irene.Even without a hurricane or “snowmageddon”on the horizon，weather reports on channels like CNN have high viewer ratings.Sometimes，the Weather Channel itself beats the rest of the competition.But why are people so fascinated by storms，even when they're nowhere near them? When the weather turns bad，why can't we look away，even after we've gotten the information we need to get through it?
We may be addicted to the danger.Humans didn't evolve to be safe，riskminimizing citizens；because our early experiences involved constantly dangerous conditions，we developed a certain baseline expectation of risk.Even if you stayed inside your camp or your cave，the world was full of unpredictable，potentially dangerous things.And actively taking risks could be rewarded；that might have been the only way to get food.In the modern environment，we aren't exposed to natural risks in the same way.But the underlying neural mechanisms haven't gone anywhere.Some people have a natural bent for highrisk situations.They run extreme races，BASE jump，or invest in changeable stocks.Most of us，though，enjoy a certain thrill without losing our heads.We like roller coasters.We'll ski the blackdiamond trail but may not go off track.It's a phenomenon that the sociologist Stephen Lyng calls edgework.We feel like we're living on the edge，but we know that there's a safety net.
Edgework is precisely what extreme weather is.A winter storm—or any storm，really—approximates this thrill.It's powerful and even dangerous.But safely settled inside and in front of our computer screens，we don't think it will really hurt us.The power might go out，but then we would be able to share a picture of a car buried in a snowdrift.And then，soon，it will be over.You will have had the thrill，and you might have gained control over it by capturing a moment of “danger”，but in all，it seems a relatively minor risk.We satisfy our inner risk seeker without going into dangerous territory.
As for the people on the West Coast who followed the winter storm Juno in as eagerly as any New Yorker or Bostonian，risk can well be experienced vicariously(代理地)．We stay glued to forecasts of gloom and doom for the same reason we watch
the latest X Games.They capture our attention and emotion.The media know this all too well.There is one major exception：those who suffered an extreme weather catastrophe in the past.We learn differently from description than
from experience.If you were in a recordbreaking storm in the past and nothing bad happened，you will likely dismiss the current danger.But if you experienced a major loss—the destruction of a house，say，or a multiweeklong loss of power—you likely won't do much rubbernecking this time.Unlike everyone else，you realize the danger probably isn't worth massive media coverage.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。

人们聊天时往往从天气开始，电视上天气预报节目有着很高的收视率，且人们对和风暴有关的恶劣天气着迷。

这是为什么呢？
1．Which of the following is true about edgework mentioned in the passage ?
A．People won't take any risk without consideration.
B．Taking risks has been a type of lifestyle in people's life.
C．People tend to expect the arrival of extreme weather.
D．Facing danger can satisfy people's inner desire for risk.
A[考查推理判断。

根据第二段的末尾“It's a phenomenon that the sociologist Stephen Lyng calls edgework.We feel like we're living on the edge，but we know that there's a safety net”可知，我们喜欢危险的事物，但我们也知道自己是安全的，接着第三段对此进行进一步的论证。

故选A项。

] 2．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Evolution of human beings weakens people's awareness of taking risks.
B．People who once suffered from storms show less curiosity about them.
C．The contents from the media lead to people being addicted to the danger.
D．People on the West Coast with New Yorkers went through the winter storm Juno.
B[考查推理判断。

根据最后一段的“There is one major exception：those who suffered an extreme weather catastrophe in the past ...But if you
experienced a major loss ...you likely won't do much rubbernecking this time”
可知，那些真正经历过恶劣天气并遭受损失的人是不太会再关注这样的天
气的。

故B项正确。

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★3.What is the best title for the passage?
A．Why we love superstorms
B．How extreme weather influences our life
C．Why people like taking risks
D．How we deal with weather forecasts
A[考查主旨大意。

通读全文可知，本文作者主要分析了人们喜欢关注与
风暴有关的恶劣天气的原因。

故选A项。

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B
(·镇江高三一模)The habitforming process within our brains is a threestep loop(回路)．First，there is a cue，a trigger that tells your brain to go into automatic mode(模式)and which habit to use.Then there is the routine，which can be physical or mental or emotional.Finally，there is a reward，which helps your brain figure out if this particular loop is worth remembering for the future.Over time，this loop—cues，routines，rewards—becomes more and more automatic.The cue and reward become intertwined(交织)until a powerful sense of anticipation and a desire appear.Eventually，a habit is born.
Habits aren't destiny.Habits can be ignored，changed，or replaced.But the reason the discovery of the habit loop is so important is that it reveals a basic truth：When a habit appears，the brain stops fully participating in decisionmaking.It stops working so hard，or shifts focus to other tasks.So unless you deliberately fight a habit—unless you find new routines—the pattern will unfold automatically.
Habits never really disappear.They're encoded(把……编码)into the structures of our brain，and that's a huge advantage for us，because it would be awful if we had to relearn how to drive after every vacation.The problem is that your brain can't tell the difference between bad and good habits，and so if you have a bad one，it's always
lurking(蛰伏)there，waiting for the right cues and rewards.
This explains why it's so hard to create exercise habits，for instance，or change what we eat.Once we develop a routine of sitting on the sofa，rather than running，or snacking whenever we pass a doughnut box，those patterns always remain inside our heads.By the same rule，though，if we learn to create new neurological(神经系统的)routines that overpower those behaviors—if we take control of the habit loop—we can force those bad tendencies into the background.And once someone creates a new pattern，studies have demonstrated，going for a jog or ignoring the doughnuts becomes as automatic as any other habit.
Of course，those decisions are habitual，effortless.As long as your basal ganglia(基底核)is complete and the cues remain constant，the behaviors will occur unthinkingly.At the same time，however，the brain's dependence on automatic routines can be dangerous.Habits are often as much a curse as a benefit.
【语篇解读】本文是科普说明文。

文章主要介绍了习惯是如何形成的。

4．What can we learn about the habit loop from the first two paragraphs?
A．It helps your brain understand what is worth remembering.
B．It is a threestep loop consisting of a cue，a routine and a reward.
C．It becomes automatic and develops a sense of anticipation and desire.
D．It reveals a basic truth that the pattern of a habit will unfold automatically.
B[考查细节理解。

根据前两段的内容，尤其是第一段中的“The habitforming process within our brains is a threestep loop(回路)．First，there is
a cue...Then there is the routine...Finally，there is a reward”可知，习惯形成
的过程是一个三步走的回路，分别是：提示、惯例和奖励。

故选B项。

] 5．The advantage of habits never really disappearing is that________．A．we can easily change what we eat
B．we develop a routine of sitting on the sofa
C．we don't necessarily learn a skill again
D．we can distinguish between bad and good habits
C[考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的“Habits never really disappear ...it would be awful if we had to relearn how to drive after every vacation”可知，从未真正消失的习惯会被编入我们的大脑结构中，正是得益于此，我们不必重新学习一门技能。

故选C项。

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6．What can be inferred from the last sentence in Paragraph 4?
A．Habits can be changed and replaced.
B．Habits cannot be ignored or created.
C．Old patterns always exist in our brain.
D．New patterns seldom remain in our heads.
A[考查细节理解。

根据第四段最后一句“And once someone creates a new pattern，studies have demonstrated，going for a jog or ignoring the doughnuts becomes as automatic as any other habit”可知，研究表明，一旦有人创造了新的模式，慢跑或忽视甜甜圈就变得和任何其他的习惯一样自动化了。

由此可推断，习惯可以被改变或替代。

故选A项。

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★7.What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．The discovery of the habit loop.
B．The automatic pattern of habits.
C．The research on the habitforming process.
D．The brain's dependence on automatic routines.
B[考查主旨大意。

本文主要介绍的是习惯的形成是一个自动化的过程，一旦人们创造了新的习惯回路模式，习惯就可能被忽略、改变或替换。

故B项最能概括文章主旨。

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