Research and Application of Probability Distribution of Wind Power Fluctuation Characteristics
邻苯二甲酸酯类的特性及在食品中的限量分析_黄婵媛
收稿日期：2013－11－20；修稿日期：2014－02－28作者简介：黄婵媛（1987－），女，硕士，研究方向为食品安全，通信地址：510110广东广州市越秀区八旗二马路38号前座301，E-mail ：hcy2011@gmail．com 。
邻苯二甲酸酯类的特性及在食品中的限量分析黄婵媛，蔡玮红，莫锡乾（广州市质量监督检测研究院，广州510110）摘要：邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs ）物质，作为塑料添加剂已有将近80年的历史，普遍存在于大气飘尘、工业废水、河流、土壤以及固体废弃物中，并已在食品、饮用水、人体体液中被检出，是一种全球最普遍的环境激素类污染物。
简要介绍了邻苯二甲酸酯类的特性，对国内外邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂在食品中的限量规定进行了分类和比较，客观分析了标准法规现状和存在的问题，并提出了建议。
关键词：邻苯二甲酸酯；特性；限量规定；标准法规中图分类号：TS201．6文献标志码：A 文章编号：1005－1295（2014）02－0066－04doi ：10．3969/j．issn．1005－1295．2014．02．017The Toxicity and Limited Provisions of Phthalate Esters in FoodHUANG Chan-yuan ，CAI Wei-hong ，MO Xi-qian（Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute ，Guangzhou 510110，China ）Abstract ：Phthalate esters （PAEs ），as plastic additives ，have a history of nearly 80years．They are com-monly found in airborne particulates ，industrial wastewater ，rivers ，soil and solid waste ，and have been detected in food ，drinking water and body fluids．They are common worldwide environmental hormone pollutants．Ｒe-views on the characteristics of phthalates ，limited provisions and problems of domestic laws were elaborated and some suggestions were given．Key words ：Phthalate ester ；characteristic ；limited provision ；regulation0引言邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物是应用于塑料工业的主要增塑剂和软化剂，可以使塑料的柔韧性增强，容易加工，可用于工业用途［1］。
公共政策终结理论研究综述
公共政策终结理论研究综述摘要：政策终结是政策过程的一个环节，是政策更新、政策发展、政策进步的新起点。
政策终结是20世纪70年代末西方公共政策研究领域的热点问题。
公共政策终结是公共政策过程的一个重要阶段，对政策终结的研究不仅有利于促进政策资源的合理配置，更有利于提高政府的政策绩效。
本文简要回顾了公共政策终结研究的缘起、内涵、类型、方式、影响因素、促成策略以及发展方向等内容，希望能够对公共政策终结理论有一个比较全面深入的了解。
关键词：公共政策，政策终结，理论研究行政有着古老的历史，但是，在一个相当长的历史时期中，行政所赖以治理社会的工具主要是行政行为。
即使是公共行政出现之后，在一个较长的时期内也还主要是借助于行政行为去开展社会治理，公共行政与传统行政的区别在于，找到了行政行为一致性的制度模式，确立了行政行为的（官僚制）组织基础。
到了公共行政的成熟阶段，公共政策作为社会治理的一个重要途径引起了人们的重视。
与传统社会中主要通过行政行为进行社会治理相比，公共政策在解决社会问题、降低社会成本、调节社会运行等方面都显示出了巨大的优势。
但是，如果一项政策已经失去了存在的价值而又继续被保留下来了，就可能会发挥极其消极的作用。
因此，及时、有效地终结一项或一系列错误的或没有价值的公共政策，有利于促进公共政策的更新与发展、推进公共政策的周期性循环、缓解和解决公共政策的矛盾和冲突，从而实现优化和调整公共政策系统的目标。
这就引发了学界对政策终结理论的思考和探索。
自政策科学在美国诞生以来，公共政策过程理论都是学术界所关注的热点。
1956年，拉斯韦尔在《决策过程》一书中提出了决策过程的七个阶段，即情报、建议、规定、行使、运用、评价和终止。
此种观点奠定了政策过程阶段论在公共政策研究中的主导地位。
一时间，对于政策过程各个阶段的研究成为政策学界的主要课题。
然而，相对于其他几个阶段的研究来说，政策终结的研究一直显得非常滞后。
这种情况直到20世纪70年代末80年代初，才有了明显的改善。
汽轮机在线性能计算中排汽焓的确定_任浩仁
即由 0. 145MP a 为 0. 1305M Pa 时, 排汽焓的 波动为 0. 001709921% , 即由2370. 108154kJ / kg 变为 2370. 067627kJ/ kg, 说明程 序计 算 结果可靠。 由于本算法含有迭代过程 , 而迭代效率 取决于迭代次数的多少。 为了监测迭代次数, 我们在程序循环中设置参数 tim e。经考核, t ime ≤3。
简写为 : A × D = b ; 其中, mtw 1 × mtw 1 × mtw 1 × mtw 1 ×
4 1 2 3
- Hg
5 6 7 8
mtw 2 × mtw 2 × mtw 2 × mtw 2 ×
b 4 中的 H g 为考虑到除氧器的轴封加热 汽影响而引入的。 另外 , 考虑到四抽除进入除 氧器外, 还去给水泵小汽轮机, 故 D 4 将要加 上去小汽轮机的汽量。 火电厂 热力系统实际 循环热效率 的计 算 , 采用的方法很多, 如循环函数法。这种方 法对概念的要求较高 , 特别是在有混合式的 加热单元中 , 抽汽热量的概念比较抽象, 而且 凝汽系数的推导过程及结果繁琐 , 简化及概 括性不够理想。 在这里 , 我们采用矩阵方法计 算各级抽汽量, 易于编程, 很好地解决了上述
1997 10 29 收到来稿
2 排汽焓在线计算的原理
计算汽轮机末级排汽焓, ASM E P T C6A1982 中推荐 2 种方法。 一种是根据汽轮机总 的输入、 输出热量的平衡, 通过计算汽轮机功 率确定排汽焓, 即利用热平衡方程, 物质平衡 方程和汽轮机 的功率方程这 3 个基本 方程 式 , 对回热机组的热力系统进行计算。 该方法 需首先假定 1 个排汽焓为初值 , 然后得出相 应湿抽汽点焓值进行迭代计算。 ASM E PT C6A-1982 推 荐的 另 一种 方 法是根据已知的再热段入口蒸汽状态点和抽 汽状态点作出做功膨胀线, 然后将此曲线平 滑外推到湿蒸汽区, 得出处于湿蒸汽区的抽 汽及排汽焓。 这种方法很简单, 程序实现也没 什么困难, 但由于曲线拟合点数目较少, 精度 较差。德国 DIN 1943, 1975. 2 推荐采用后一 种方法, 而国家标准 GB 8117-87 采用前一种 方法。 我们在总结计算经验后 , 对以上 2 种方 法取长补短 , 即借助常规计算法的基本原理, 在加热单元的基础上 , 以反应热平衡方程式 的拓扑矩阵为基本工具 , 并与膨胀线外推法 相结合, 成功地完成了 300M W 火电机组低
各专业检索常用英语集锦
生物和环境1. 神经的凋亡Apoptosisi of Neuron2. 肌动蛋白myosin的构象及作用机制The Structure and Function of Myosin3. 钇激光器的发射特性Yb Llaser Radiation Character4. 胰酶分泌素的分泌机制The Secreting Mechanism of Cholecystokinin5. 钙离子在信号传导中的作用The Function of Calcium in Signal Transduction6. 1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶的进化过程The Evolution of Rubisco7. 质谱技术在生物学中的应用Application of Mass Spectrometry in Biology8. PHB的微生物合成The Synthesis of PHB in Bacteria9. HIV-1 的研究Research on HIV-110.STA T信号通路在人体免疫系统的作用The Function of STA T s (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription)Involving the Human Immunological System11.水处理中的反渗透膜Reverse Osmosis in Water Treatment12.水体富营养化研究Research on Water Eutrophication13.饮用水处理和生产Drinking Water Treatment and Production14.废水中重金属的去除Removal of Heavy Metal in Waste Water15.膜分离技术在废水处理中的应用Membrane T echnology in the Use of Waste Water Treatment16.废塑料的生物降解Biodegradation of Wasted Plastics17.有机化合物的生物降解能力的确定方法The Method for the Determination of the Biodegradability of Organic Compounds 18.TiO2光催化氧化技术在环境工程中应用Application of Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis in Environmental Engineering 19.包装材料的回收利用Reuse (Recycle) of Packaging Materials20.水处理中氮的去除The Removal of Nitrogen in Water-treatment21.污水的生物处理Biological Treatment of Waste Water22.催化还原法去除废气中的氮氧化物(NOx)The Catalytic Processes to Reduce Nitrogen Oxide in Waste Gases23.大气质量模型Atmosphere Environmental Quality Model24.挥发性有机物的测量The Measurement of the V olatile Organic Chemicals25.UASB在废水处理中的应用Application of UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) Reactor for the Treatment of Waste Water26.纺织工业废水中染料的去除The Removal of the Dyes from Waste Water of T extile Industry27.复合PCR技术在基因重组中的应用Multiplex PCR in Genetic Rearrangement28.含多环芳香烃废水对环境的污染The Pollution of Waste Water Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons29.高效生物反应器的发展Development of High Performance Biotreator30.应用高效液相色谱纯化生物分子Purification of Biomolecules by HPLC (High-performance Liquid Chromatography) 31.蓝藻中的膜脂成分分析Analysis of Membrane Lipids in Cyanobacteria32.b-amyloid 在老年痴呆症中对神经的作用Function of b-amyloid on Neuron in Alzheimer's Disease33.小鼠胚胎干细胞的培养Cultivation of Embryonic Stem Cells in Mice34.基质金属蛋白酶的抑制Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)35.生物医用亲合吸附剂的研究进展Progress in biomedical affinity adsorbent36.面向环境的土壤磷素测定与表征方法研究进展Review on environmental oriented soil phosphorus testing procedure andinterpreting method37.海水养殖对沿岸生态环境影响的研究进展Review on effects of mariculture on coastal environment38.造纸清洁生产的研究进展Recent studies on cleaning production in paper industry39.深度氧化技术处理有机废水的研究进展Progress on treatment of organic wastewater by advances oxidation processes 40.折流式厌氧反应器（ABR）的研究进展Research advances in anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR)41.膜生物反应器中膜污染研究进展Study progress on the fouling of membrane in membrane bioreactor42.用于水和废水处理的混凝剂和絮凝剂的研究进展Progress on development and application of coagulants and flocculent in water and wastewater treatment43.二氢异香豆素类天然物的研究进展Development of studies on 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins in nature44.天然二萜酚类化合物研究进展Recent advances in the research on natural phenolic diterpenoids45.大气污染化学研究进展Progress in atmospheric chemistry of air pollution46.砷形态分析方法研究进展Development of methods for arsenic speciation47.复合污染的研究进展Advance in the study on compounded pollutions48.生物处理含氯代脂肪烃废水的研究进展Progress in research on the biological treatment of wastewater containingchlorinated aliphatics49.重金属生物吸附剂的应用研究现状Application conditions of heavy metal biosorbent50.两液相培养中有机溶剂对细胞毒性的研究进展Advances in studies on effects of toxicity of organic solvents on cells化学和化工1. 纳米材料的进展及其在塑料中的应用rogress and application of nano-materials in plastics2. 聚硅氯化铝（PASC）混凝剂的混凝特性The Coagulation Property of Polyaluminum Silicate Chlorate (PASC)3. 碳纳米管的制备与研究Preparations and studies of carbon nanotubes4. 纳米材料的制备及其发展动态Synthesis and development of nanosized materials5. 铁（III）核苷酸配位化合物与转铁蛋白的相互作用The interaction between ferric nucleotide coordination compounds and transferrin 6. 原位时间分辨拉曼光谱研究电化学氧化还原和吸附过程In-situ time resolved Raman spectroscopic studied on electrochemical oxidation-reduction and adsorption7. 苯胺电化学聚合机理的研究Study on the mechanism of electrochemical polymerization of aniline8. 沸石新材料研究进展Evolution of novel zeolite materials9. 聚合物共混相容性研究进展Research progress in compatibility of polymer blends10.聚酰亚胺LB膜研究进展Recent advances in polymide langmuir-blodgett films11.聚胺酯液晶研究进展The advances in LC-polyurethanes12.热塑性IPN研究进展及相结构理论Advances in thermoplastic IPN and morphological studies13.酞菁类聚合物功能材料研究进展Progresses in functional materials of phthalocyanine polymers14.有机硒化学研究进展Study progress in organoselenium chemisty15.杯芳烃研究进展Research progress in calixarene chemistry16.木素生物降解的研究进展Research progresses on lignin biodegradation17.甲烷直接催化转化制取芳烃的研究进展Progress research on direct catalytic conversion of methane to aromatics 18.铝基复合材料连接研究进展Advance in joining aluminum metal matrix composites19.现代天然香料提取技术的研究进展New development of the extraction from natural fragrance and flavour20.电泳涂料的研究进展Progress of study on electrodeposition coatings21.防静电涂料研究进展Research progress in antistatic coatings22.壳聚糖开发与应用研究进展Progress in research on the application and production of chitosan23.塑料薄膜防雾化技术的研究进展Research progress of anti-fogging technologies for plastics films24.膜反应器在催化反应中的研究进展Progress in study of films reactors for catalytical reactions25.表面活性剂对结晶过程影响的研究进展The development of studies on the influence of surfactants on crystallization 26.液晶复合分离膜及其研究进展Advances in liquid crystal composite membrane for separation27.高倍吸水树脂研究进展Recent progress in super adsorbent resin28.聚合物光折变的研究进展Progress of the study on photorefractivity in polymers29.微生物聚酯的合成和应用研究进展Progress on the biosynthesis and application of microbial polyesters30.可降解塑料的研究进展Progress in study on degradable plastics31.金属氢研究进展Progress on metallic hydrogen research32.软磁性材料的最新进展Recent advances in hard and soft magnetic materials33.光敏聚酰亚胺的研究进展Development of studies on photosensitive polyimides34.高分子卟啉及其金属配合物的研究进展Advances in polymers of porphyrins and their complexes35.水性聚胺酯研究进展Recent development of waterborne polyurethanes36.C60的研究进展及其在含能材料方面的应用前景Application prospect of C60 in energetic materials37.滤膜溶解富集方法研究进展Progress in investigation of concentration by means of soluble-membrane filter 38.人工晶体研究进展及应用前景The research progress and application prospects of synthetic crystals39.钛硅催化材料的研究进展Development of titanium silicon catalytic materials40.环烯烃聚合物的合成和应用研究进展Progress of polymerization and copolymerization with ethylene of cyclooelfines 41.多孔炭的纳米结构及其解析Nanostructure and analysis of porous carbons42.羰化法合成a-芳基丙酸研究进展Progress in preparation of a-arylpropionic acids through catalytic carbonation 44.组织工程相关生物材料表面工程的研究进展Advances in research on surface engineering of biomaterials for tissueengineering45.表面波在表面活性剂流变学研究中的应用Surface rheological properties of surfactant studied by surface wave technique 46.水溶性高分子聚集行为荧光非辐射能量转移研究进展Development of Fluorescence Nonradiative Energy Transfer in the Research for Aggregation of Water-Soluble Polymers47.两相催化体系中长链烯烃氢甲酰化反应研究进展Advance in the Hydroformylation of Higher Olefin in Two-Phase Catalystic System 48.聚合物膜燃料电池用电催化剂研究进展Progress in the Study of Electrocatalyst for PEMFC49.纳米器件制备的新方法--微接触印刷术New nano-fabrication Method-Microcontact Printing50.智能型水凝胶结构及响应机理的研究进展Recent Development of the Research on the Structure Effects and ResponsiveMechanism of Intelligent Hydrogels51.甲醇蒸馏distillation of methanol电类1. Amplifiers 放大器2. Asynchronous transfer mode(A TM) 异步传输模式3. Aritificial reality 虚拟现实4. Bayesian classification 贝叶斯分类器5. Biped robot 两足机器人6. Cable modem 有线调制解调器7. CDMA mobile communication system 码分多址移动通信系统8. Chaotic neural network 混沌神经网络9. Code optimization 代码优化10. Communication switching 通信交换11. Computer aided design 计算机辅助设计12. Compiler optimisation techniques 编译优化技术13. Computer game design 计算机游戏设计14. Computer graphics 计算机图形学15. Computer network 计算机网络16. Computer simulation 计算机仿真17. Computer vision 计算机视觉18. Continuous speech recognition 连续语音识别19. Corner Detect Operator 边角检测算子20. Database application 数据库应用21. Design of operation system 操作系统设计22. Digital filter 数字滤波器23. Digital image processing 数字图像处理24. Digital integrated circuits 数字集成电路25. Digital satellite communication system 数字卫星通信系统26. Digital signal processing 数字信号处理27. Digital television technology 数字电视技术28. Discrete system simulator programming 离散系统仿真编程29. Distributed interactive learning environment 分布式交互性学习环境30. EDA 数字系统设计自动化31. Electrical vehicles 电动交通工具32. Electricity control system 电力控制系统33. Electromagenetic wave radiation 电磁波辐射34. Face recognition 人脸识别35. Family Automation 家庭自动化36. Fibre bragg gratings 光纤布拉格光栅37. FIR digital filters 有限冲击响应数字滤波器38. Firewall technology 防火墙技术39. Fuzzy control 模糊控制40. Genetic algorithm 遗传算法41. HDTV 高清晰度电视42. High capacity floppy disk 高密度软盘43. High quality speech communication 高质量语音通信44. Image compression 图像压缩45. Image processing and recognition 图像处理和识别46. Image registration 图像配准47. Information retrieval 信息检索48. Intelligent robot 智能机器人49. Intelligent transportation 智能交通50. Internet protocol 因特网协议51. ISDN 综合业务数字网52. Knowledge discovery and data mining 知识发现和数据挖掘53. LAN, MAN and W AN 局域网，城域网和广域网54. Large scale integrated circuits 大规模集成电路55. Laser diode 激光二极管56. Laser measurement 激光测量57. Liner programming 线性规划58. Liner system stability analysis 线性系统稳定性分析59. Local area network security 局域网安全60. Magnetic material and devices 磁介质与设备61. Mass storage systems 海量存储技术62. Microwave devices 微波器件63. Mobile communication systems 移动通信系统64. MOS circuits MOS电路65. Motion control of robot 机器人运动控制66. Multimedia network 多媒体网络67. Network computing and knowledge acquisition 网络计算和知识获取68. Network routing protocol test 网络路由协议测试69. Neural network 神经网络70. Non-linear control 非线性控制71. Optical communication 光通信72. Optical fiber amplifiers 光纤放大器73. Optical hologram storage 光全息存储74. Optical modification 光调制75. Optical sensors 光传感器76. Optical switches 光开关77. Optical waveguides 光波导78. Packet switching technology in networks 网络中的分组交换技术79. Parallel algorithms 并行算法80. Pattern recognition 模式识别81. Photoelectric devices 光电子器件82. Process identificaion 过程辨识83. Programmable DSP chips 可编程数字信号处理芯片84. Programmable logic device 可编程逻辑器件85. Radar antennas 雷达天线86. Radar theory and systems 雷达理论和系统87. RISC architecture 简单指令处理器结构88. Satellite broadcasting 卫星广播89. Self calibration of camera 摄像机自适应校准90. Semiconductor laser 半导体激光器91. Semiconductor quantum well superlattices 半导体量子阱超晶格92. Signal detection and analysis 信号检测和分析93. Signal processing 信号处理94. Software engineering 软件工程95. Solid lasers 固体激光器96. Sound synthesiser 声音合成器97. Speech processing 语音处理98. System architecture design 系统结构设计99. Telecommunication receiving equipment 通信接收设备100. Theory of remote sensing by radar 雷达遥感理论101. Time division multiple access 时分多路访问102. Unix operating system Unix操作系统103. Video encoding and decoding 视频编解码104. Video telecommunication system 视频通信系统105. Wavelength division multiplexing 波分复用106. Wavelet transform 小波变换机械、自动化、物理、力学1. 无电压力传感器Nonelectric Pressure Sensors2. 金属腐蚀Metal Corrosion3. 印刷电路板的设计与制造The Design and Manufactory of Printed Circuit Board4. 分布式操作系统Distributed Operating Systems5. 金属材料的微结构和纳米结构Micro and Nanostructures of metal materials6. 宇宙背景辐射Backgroud Cosmic Radiations7. 非线性规划中的库恩－塔克条件kuhn-Tucker condition in Non-liner Programming8. 气体激光器Gas Laser9. 能量的来源及转化Energy resources and conversion10. 微纳米摩擦学Micro/nano-tribology11. 噪声控制Noise Control12. 空间观测技术Astronomical observation techniques13. 原子钟Atomic Clocks14. 半导体的磁性研究Research for Magnetic of Semiconductors15. 光学图形处理Optical Image Processing16. 液体/气体激光器加工Liquid/Gas Laser Machining17. 太阳能应用Solar Energy Application18. 流动系统中的混沌现象Chaos in Flowing Systems19. 半导体材料及仪器Semiconductor material and devices20. 电场测量研究Electric Field Measurement21. 系统及控制理论Systems and Control Theory22. 机械参量的测试Mechanical variables Measurement23. 光纤Optical Fibres24. 机动目标跟踪Tracking of Maneuvering T argets25. 航天技术Aerospace T echnology26. 导弹跟踪控制系统Missile Tracking System27. 液晶显示器件Liquid Crystal Displays28. CMOS 门电路CMOS Gate Circuits29. 图象采样与处理Image Sampling and Processing30. 光逻辑器件Optical Logic Device31. 信号发生器Signal Generator32. 蛋白质晶体测量Measurement of Protein Crystal Growth33. 有线电视Cables T elevision34. 震动与控制系统Vibration and Control System35. 高压输电系统的安全性研究Stability of High-voltage Power TransmissionSystem36. 电荷Electric Charge37. 电子显微镜及电子光学应用Electron Microscopes an Optics Applications38. 辐射的影响The Effect of Radiation39. 电化学传感器测试装置Electronchemical Sensors T esting Equipment40. 爱因斯坦－麦克斯韦场Einstein-Maxwell Fields41. 柔性角度传感器在生物力学中的应用Biomechanical Application of Flesible Angular Sensor42. 压电材料及应用装置Piezoelectric Materials and Devices43. 超导材料及其应用Superconducting Materials and The Applications of Them44. 光学干涉Optical Interferometry45. 表面测量Surface Measurement46. 等离子体中的电磁波Electromagnetic Waves in Plasma47. 半导体激光器Semiconductor lasers48. 数字人脸辨识Digital Face Recognition49. 光波导Optical Waveguides Theory50. 机械波检测技术Mechanical Waves T esting technology51. 激光调制技术Laser beam Modulation T echnology52. 只读内存Read-only Memory53. 光学显微镜Optical Microscopy54. 光纤位移测量传感器F－O displacement sensors55. 激光扫描Laser Scanners56. 量子论与量子场论Quantum Theory and Quantum Field Theory57. 流体机械Fluid Mechanics58. 地球引力Earth Gravity59. 自动控制系统Automatic Control System60. 静电线性加速器Electrostatic and Linear Accelerators61. 专家系统与网络接口Expert Systems and Network Interface62. 计算机辅助制造Computer aided Manufacture63. 全息存储Holography Storage64. 核能在中国的前景The Future of Nuclear Energy in China65. 机器人运动学和动力学分析The Kinematics an Dynamics of Robots66. 合成材料制品Composite Materials Preparations67. 光的吸收Light Absorption68. 自适应控制系统Self-adjusting Control Systems69. 通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems70. 数字信号处理芯片Digital Signal Processing Chips71. 虚拟制造Virtual Manufacturing72. 雷达遥感Remote Sensing by Radar73. 晶格理论与点阵统计学Lattice Theory and Statistics74. 面向对象程序设计Object-Oriented Program Development75. 单片机应用及其外围设备The Applications of SCP and Outer Equipment76. 生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering77. 彩色电视设备Color T elevision78. 陶瓷－金属复合材料Ceramics-metallisation Composite Metallisation79. 电子信号的检测与处理Electronic Signal Detection and Processing80. X射线望远镜X- ray T elescope81. 基于网络的分时控制系统Time-varying Control System Based on Network82. 收音机信号传输Radio Broadcasting83. 单壁炭纳米管合成Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Synthesis84. 无损检测Nondestructive T esting85. 汽车工业Automobile Industry86. 半导体材料与身体健康Semiconductor Materials and Health Physics87. 热辐射Heat Radiation88. 网络拓扑学Network T opology89. 微波的应用The Application of Microwave90. 局域网的设计The Design of Local Area Networks91. 金属元素表面结构Surface Structure of Metallic Elements92. 多媒体系统网络集成Network Synthesis of Multimedia Systems93. 铁氧体微波吸收材料Ferrite Microwave Absorbing Materials94. 炭纤维增强塑料复合材料Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composite95. 超导材料Superconducting Materials96. 远程定位水质控制Remote and On-site System for Water Quality Control97. 太阳能电力系统Solar Energy Power System98. 卫星接收系统Satellite Broadcasting and Relay System99. 时空对称性与守恒定律Symmetry of Space-time and Conservation Laws 100.邮件系统的体系及应用Application and Schemas for Mailbox System。
葛种质资源的研究及其开发利用
0引言葛是豆科葛属(Pueraria )植物的总称，葛根是其地下膨大的块根，别名甘葛、葛条等，是中国卫生部第一批批准的药食同源植物，有“亚洲人参”、“南葛北参”之称[1]，具有很高的食用营养价值及良好的保健、药用功能[2]，众多的中医药书籍对其进行了记载，多用于治疗外感发热、解毒、止泻等。
随着对葛根内含物质的深入挖掘及现代医疗的快速发展，葛根在医药和食品行业上的应用逐渐广泛。
葛根的种质资源十分丰富且分布广泛，研究者对基金项目：广西重点研发计划项目“基于多倍体技术的高葛根素粉葛新品种创制与良种扩繁关键技术研发”（桂科AB1850028）；广西自然科学基金青年基金项目“葛根转录组SSR 分子标记开发与遗传多样性分析”(2018GXNSFBA294001)；广西创新驱动发展专项资金项目广西科技重大专项“葛根深沟蓄水高效栽培关键技术研究与产业化示范”（桂科AA17204056-8）；南宁市科技基地专项“富硒粉葛品种筛选及标准化安全生产技术研究与示范”(20192085)；广西自然科学基金“利用转录组与代谢组联合分析葛根素合成途径C-葡萄糖基转移酶候选基因(联合资助培育项目)”（2018GXNSFAA294124)；广西科技计划项目广西科技基地和人才专项“葛根种质资源收集、鉴定评价与数据信息库的建立”（桂科AD17195072）第一作者简介：尚小红，女，1982年出生，湖北随州人，副研究员，硕士研究生，主要从事葛根种质资源与遗传改良研究。
通信地址：530007广西南宁市大学东路174号广西农科院经作所，Tel ：************，E-mail ：*****************。
通讯作者：严华兵，男，1979年出生，湖北孝感人，研究员，博士研究生，主要从事广西特色薯类种质资源与遗传改良研究。
通信地址：530007广西南宁市大学东路174号广西农科院经作所，Tel ：************，E-mail ：*******************。
应用波谱学 英文
应用波谱学英文Applications of spectroscopySpectroscopy has a wide range of applications across various scientific disciplines. Some of the common applications of spectroscopy include:1. Chemistry: Spectroscopy is extensively used in chemistry for the identification and analysis of chemical compounds. It helps in determining the chemical composition, molecular structure, and functional groups present in a sample.2. Pharmaceuticals: Spectroscopic techniques are crucial in the drug discovery and development process. They are used for quality control, impurity analysis, and determining the stability of pharmaceutical products.3. Environmental science: Spectroscopy plays a vital role in environmental monitoring and assessment. It is used to evaluate air quality, analyze water pollutants, and identify harmful substances in soil samples.4. Biochemistry and molecular biology: Spectroscopy is employed in studying the structure, function, and dynamics of biological molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Techniques such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy are commonly used in this field.5. Material science: Spectroscopy helps in characterizing andstudying various materials and their properties. It is used to analyze the composition, crystal structure, and surface properties of materials such as metals, ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors.6. Astronomy: Spectroscopy is fundamental in studying the properties and composition of celestial objects. Astronomers use spectroscopic techniques to analyze the light emitted or absorbed by stars, galaxies, and other astronomical phenomena to determine their chemical composition, temperature, and motion.7. Forensics: Spectroscopic methods are employed in forensic science for the detection and analysis of trace evidence, such as drugs, explosives, and chemical residues. They are also used in analyzing questioned documents and for the identification of counterfeit or forged materials.8. Food science and agriculture: Spectroscopic techniques are used for analyzing food products, determining their quality, and detecting adulteration. They are also employed in agricultural research for monitoring plant health and analyzing soil fertility. These are just a few examples of the diverse applications of spectroscopy in various fields. Overall, spectroscopy is a powerful analytical tool that enables scientists to study and understand the properties and behavior of substances in a wide range of scientific domains.。
黑磷纳米材料的制备以及在生物医药领域的研究进展
• 460 •国际生物医学工程杂志2020年12月第43卷第6期丨m j Biomed Eng, D m丨]]丨則.2〇2〇, V〇l.43, N».6•综述.黑磷纳米材料的制备以及在生物医药领域的研究进展韩哲，朱建强21天津医科大学第二医院口腔科300200;2天津医科大学第二医院泌尿外科300200通信作者：朱建强，E m a i l:z j q w f m u@126.c o m【摘要】黑磷(BP)作为一种新型纳米材料，因其特有的多维结构表现出优异的光热性能及生物相容性等特性，受到了科学家们广泛的关注。
目前，制备高品质的黑磷纳米材料仍具挑战，常用的制备方法有机械剥离法、超声液相剥离法、电化学剥离法、激光脉冲沉积法等。
高品质的黑磷纳米材料的制备为其开发应用提供了良好的基础，科学家们通过对黑磷纳米材料进行不同的功能化修饰赋予其更多的特性，使其在光学、电子、化学及医药领域表现出巨大的发展潜力及应用前景。
根据目前的中外研究成果，简要介绍了黑磷纳米材料的结构、特性，综述了黑磷纳米材料的制备方法及优缺点，以及其在影像检测、药物递送、光热治疗、光动力治疗、骨组织修复等方面的研究进展及发展趋势，并总结了目前黑磷纳米材料的局限性及发展潜能:【关键词】黑磷；纳米材料；制备；抗肿瘤；临床应用基金项目：天津市自然科学基金青年项目（18 j CQNJC80900)DOI: 10.3760/ 121382-20200726-00607Research progress in the preparation of black phosphorus nanomaterials and its application in biomedicineHan Zhe\ Zhu Jianqiati^'Department of S tomatolog)', the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Ticmjin, 300200, China; 2Departmentof Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300200, ChinaCorrespondingauthor:ZhuJianqiang,Email:***************【Abstract】As a new type of nanomaterial，black phosphorus (BP) has received extensive attention fromscientists due to its unique multi-dimensional structure that exhibits excellent photothermal performance and biocompatibility. At present, the preparation of high-quality black phosphorous nanomaterials is still challenging.Commonly used preparation methods include mechanical peeling, ultrasonic liquid peeling, electrochemical peeling,and laser pulse deposition. The preparation of high-quality black phosphorous nanomaterials provides a goodfoundation for development and application. Scientists give black phosphorous nanomaterials more characteristicsthrough different functional modifications. These characteristics make BP nanomaterials show great developmentpotential and application prospects in the fields of optics, electronics, chemistr\,and medicine. Based on the currentresearch results at home and abroad, the structure and characteristics of black phosphorus nanomaterials were brieflyintroduced, the preparation methods, advantages and disadvantages of BP nanomaterials were reviewed, and theresearch progress and development trend of BP nanomaterials in imaging detection, drug delivery, photothermaltherapy, photodynamic therapy, bone tissue repair, etc. were introduced. In addition, the limitations and developmentpotential of BP nanomaterials were summarized.【Key words 】Black phosphorus; Nanomaterials; Preparation; Anti-tumor; Clinical applicationFund program ：Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (18JCQNJC80900)DOI: 10.3760/cma.j .cn 121382-20200726-00607o引言黑隣(b l a c k p l i o s p h o r u s,B P)是一种结构类似于 石墨烯的晶体，是磷元素的同素异形体，可稳定存 在于自然界中。
研究领域 英语
研究领域英语Research FieldsIn today's globalized world, research is at the forefront of understanding and solving complex problems. Researchers play a pivotal role in generating new knowledge and advancing various fields. There are numerous research fields that cover a wide range of topics and disciplines. In this essay, I will discuss some of the prominent research fields and their significance.One of the most vital research fields is medicine and healthcare. Medical researchers work tirelessly to find new treatments, drugs, and therapies to improve human health. They investigate causes and cures for diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and many others. Their findings have a direct impact on the well-being of individuals and society as a whole. Without medical research, advancements in healthcare would be stagnant, and many lives would be lost unnecessarily.Another important research field is technology and engineering. Technological advancements have revolutionized every aspect of our lives, from communication to transportation, and from entertainment to industry. Researchers in this field aim to develop new technologies and improve existing ones. They explore areas such as artificial intelligence, robotics, computer science, renewable energy, and nanotechnology. Their efforts lead to innovative products, increased efficiency, and overall progress in society.In addition to medicine and technology, environmental research isgaining increasing attention. With climate change looming as a global crisis, environmental researchers investigate ways to mitigate its effects and protect the planet. They study the earth's atmosphere, oceans, ecosystems, and the impact of human activities on these natural systems. By understanding these complex interactions, they can propose strategies for sustainable development and educate the public on the importance of environmental conservation.The field of psychology also plays a crucial role in understanding human behavior and mental processes. Psychologists conduct research to uncover the intricacies of the mind, studying topics such as cognition, emotion, perception, and social behavior. Their findings not only contribute to our understanding of human nature but also inform therapeutic interventions, policy-making, and personal development.Another research field that has gained prominence in recent years is data science and analytics. With the exponential increase in data generated by individuals and organizations, researchers are focused on analyzing, interpreting, and utilizing this vast amount of information. Data scientists develop algorithms, statistical models, and machine learning techniques to extract valuable insights from data. This field has widespread applications in various domains, including business, finance, marketing, and social sciences.In conclusion, research fields across diverse disciplines contribute to the advancement of knowledge and human progress. Medicine and healthcare, technology and engineering, environmental research, psychology, and data science are just a few examples ofthe multitude of research fields. Each field has its own unique significance and impact on society. By continually investing in research and supporting researchers, we can address global challenges and strive towards a better future.。
Applied Probability and Stochastic Processes
Applied Probability and StochasticProcessesApplied Probability and Stochastic Processes are fundamental concepts in the field of mathematics and have wide-ranging applications in various fields such as engineering, finance, biology, and telecommunications. These concepts play a crucial role in understanding and analyzing random phenomena, making predictions, and making informed decisions in uncertain situations. In this response, we will explore the significance of applied probability and stochastic processes from multiple perspectives, highlighting their real-world applications, challenges, and future developments. From an engineering perspective, applied probability and stochastic processes are essential in modeling and analyzing complex systems with random behavior. For instance, in the field of telecommunications, these concepts are used to analyze the performance of communication networks, such as wireless systems and the Internet, taking into account factors like signal interference, data transmission errors, and network congestion. Engineers use stochastic processes to model the random arrival of data packets, the duration of calls, and other unpredictable events, enabling them to design efficient and reliable communication systems. Moreover, in the field of electrical engineering, applied probability and stochastic processes are utilized to analyze the behavior of electronic circuits, random signals, and noise, contributing to the development of robust and high-performance electronic devices. In the realm of finance, applied probability and stochastic processes are instrumental in modeling and predicting the behavior of financial markets, asset prices, and investment portfolios. For example, the Black-Scholes model, which is based on stochastic calculus, is widely used to price options and other derivatives, providing valuable insights into risk management and investment strategies. Moreover, in the field of insurance and risk assessment, these concepts are employed to evaluate and quantify various risks, such as natural disasters, accidents, and health-related events, enabling insurance companies to set premiums and reserves accurately. The application of stochastic processes in finance has revolutionized the way financial instruments are priced, traded, and managed, shaping the modern financial industry. From abiological perspective, applied probability and stochastic processes are utilized to model and analyze various biological phenomena, such as population dynamics, genetic mutations, and the spread of infectious diseases. In epidemiology, stochastic models are used to simulate the transmission of diseases within a population, taking into account factors like individual interactions, mobility, and immunity, which are inherently random. These models help public healthofficials and researchers to assess the impact of interventions, such as vaccination campaigns and social distancing measures, and to make informed decisions to control the spread of diseases. Furthermore, in evolutionary biology, stochastic processes are employed to study the genetic diversity within populations, the emergence of new traits, and the process of natural selection, shedding light on the mechanisms driving the evolution of species. Despite the wide-ranging applications of applied probability and stochastic processes, there are several challenges and limitations associated with their practical implementation. One of the key challenges is the computational complexity of simulating and analyzing stochastic models, especially when dealing with high-dimensional or continuous-time processes. As a result, researchers and practitioners often rely on approximation techniques and numerical methods to solve stochastic differential equations, simulate Monte Carlo simulations, and estimate the parameters of stochastic models. Moreover, the accurate estimation of model parameters from real-world data poses a significant challenge, as the observed data may be noisy, incomplete, or subject to sampling biases, leading to uncertainties in the model predictions and inferences. Additionally, the interpretation and communication of stochastic modeling results to non-experts can be challenging, as it requires a clear understanding of probabilistic concepts and statistical reasoning, which may not be familiar to individuals outside the field of mathematics and statistics. Looking ahead, the future developments in applied probability and stochastic processes are poised to address some of these challenges and open up new frontiers of applications. With the advancement of computational tools and techniques, such as high-performance computing, parallel processing, and cloud-based simulations, researchers will be able to tackle more complex and realistic stochastic models, leading to better predictions andinsights in various domains. Furthermore, the integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence with stochastic modeling holds great promise in improving the accuracy and efficiency of stochastic simulations, parameter estimation, and decision-making under uncertainty. By leveraging the power of data-driven approaches and advanced algorithms, practitioners can harness the wealth of information contained in large-scale datasets to refine stochastic models and enhance their predictive capabilities. Moreover, the development of user-friendly software tools and visualization techniques will facilitate the communication of stochastic modeling results to a broader audience, enabling decision-makers and stakeholders to make informed choices based on probabilistic assessments. In conclusion, applied probability and stochastic processes are indispensable tools for understanding and navigating the inherent randomness and uncertainty in various natural and man-made systems. From engineering and finance to biology and beyond, these concepts provide a powerful framework for modeling, analyzing, and making decisions in complex and uncertain environments. While there are challenges associated with their practical implementation, the ongoing advancements in computational methods, interdisciplinary collaborations, and technological innovations are poised to unlock new opportunities and applications for applied probability and stochastic processes in the future. As we continue to explore and harness the potential of these concepts, we can expect to gain deeper insightsinto the dynamics of random phenomena and to make more informed and effective decisions in the face of uncertainty.。
火灾爆炸指数法在页岩油储罐区安全评价中的应用_毕先志
第 2 期
毕先志等 :火灾爆炸指数法在页岩油储罐区安全评价中的应用
10 5
失 ;②确定可能引起事故发生或使事故扩大的装置 ; ③向管理部门通报潜在的火灾爆炸危险性[ 2] 。 1 .2 道化学火灾爆炸指数评价法的程序
道化学火灾爆炸指数评价法评价过程如图 1 所 示[ 3] 。
由 工 艺 中的 液 体及 气 体 的 危险 系 数公 式得到
腐蚀速率小于 0 .127 mm 泵 和 压 盖密 封 处可 能产生轻微泄漏
106 安 全 与 环 境 工 程 第 18 卷
2 .2 .4 工艺单元危险系数 F3 的确定 工艺单元危险系数是一般工艺危险系数和特殊
易 燃 石油 类 物料 在管 线上装卸
通道
0 .20 ～ 0 .35 0 .2 比较符合要求
排放和泄漏控制 0 .25 ～ 0 .50 0 .5
设 有 堤坝 防 止漏 液流 到其他区域
一般工艺危险系数(F1)
2 .20
2 .2 .3 特殊工艺危险系数 F2 的确定 表 3 列出评价单元的特殊工艺危险系数 , 故特
而 C2 =0 .95 , 故页岩油储灌区评价单元 C2 的值为 0 .95 。
表 5 物质隔离补偿系数表 T able 5 Co mpensation coefficients of ma te rial isolation
项 目 a .遥控阀 b .卸料/ 排空装置
c .排放系统
d .联锁装置
Application of Dow' s F &EI Method to the Risk Assessment of Shale Oil Storage Section
BI Xian-zhi , ZH ANG Ju-w ei (School o f Mechanical Engi neeri ng , L iaoning Shihua Universi t y , F ushun 113001 , Chi na)
法布里珀罗基模共振英文
法布里珀罗基模共振英文The Fabryperot ResonanceOptics, the study of light and its properties, has been a subject of fascination for scientists and researchers for centuries. One of the fundamental phenomena in optics is the Fabry-Perot resonance, named after the French physicists Charles Fabry and Alfred Perot, who first described it in the late 19th century. This resonance effect has numerous applications in various fields, ranging from telecommunications to quantum physics, and its understanding is crucial in the development of advanced optical technologies.The Fabry-Perot resonance occurs when light is reflected multiple times between two parallel, partially reflective surfaces, known as mirrors. This creates a standing wave pattern within the cavity formed by the mirrors, where the light waves interfere constructively and destructively to produce a series of sharp peaks and valleys in the transmitted and reflected light intensity. The specific wavelengths at which the constructive interference occurs are known as the resonant wavelengths of the Fabry-Perot cavity.The resonant wavelengths of a Fabry-Perot cavity are determined bythe distance between the mirrors, the refractive index of the material within the cavity, and the wavelength of the incident light. When the optical path length, which is the product of the refractive index and the physical distance between the mirrors, is an integer multiple of the wavelength of the incident light, the light waves interfere constructively, resulting in a high-intensity transmission through the cavity. Conversely, when the optical path length is not an integer multiple of the wavelength, the light waves interfere destructively, leading to a low-intensity transmission.The sharpness of the resonant peaks in a Fabry-Perot cavity is determined by the reflectivity of the mirrors. Highly reflective mirrors result in a higher finesse, which is a measure of the ratio of the spacing between the resonant peaks to their width. This high finesse allows for the creation of narrow-linewidth, high-resolution optical filters and laser cavities, which are essential components in various optical systems.One of the key applications of the Fabry-Perot resonance is in the field of optical telecommunications. Fiber-optic communication systems often utilize Fabry-Perot filters to select specific wavelength channels for data transmission, enabling the efficient use of the available bandwidth in fiber-optic networks. These filters can be tuned by adjusting the mirror separation or the refractive index of the cavity, allowing for dynamic wavelength selection andreconfiguration of the communication system.Another important application of the Fabry-Perot resonance is in the field of laser technology. Fabry-Perot cavities are commonly used as the optical resonator in various types of lasers, providing the necessary feedback to sustain the lasing process. The high finesse of the Fabry-Perot cavity allows for the generation of highly monochromatic and coherent light, which is crucial for applications such as spectroscopy, interferometry, and precision metrology.In the realm of quantum physics, the Fabry-Perot resonance plays a crucial role in the study of cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED). In cQED, atoms or other quantum systems are placed inside a Fabry-Perot cavity, where the strong interaction between the atoms and the confined electromagnetic field can lead to the observation of fascinating quantum phenomena, such as the Purcell effect, vacuum Rabi oscillations, and the generation of nonclassical states of light.Furthermore, the Fabry-Perot resonance has found applications in the field of optical sensing, where it is used to detect small changes in physical parameters, such as displacement, pressure, or temperature. The high sensitivity and stability of Fabry-Perot interferometers make them valuable tools in various sensing and measurement applications, ranging from seismic monitoring to the detection of gravitational waves.The Fabry-Perot resonance is a fundamental concept in optics that has enabled the development of numerous advanced optical technologies. Its versatility and importance in various fields of science and engineering have made it a subject of continuous research and innovation. As the field of optics continues to advance, the Fabry-Perot resonance will undoubtedly play an increasingly crucial role in shaping the future of optical systems and applications.。
Probability
2. Etymology（词源学，词形变化）
The word Probability derives from the Latin probabilitas, which can also mean probity(诚信), a measure of the authority of a witness in a legal case in Europe, and often correlated with the witness's nobility(阶层，地 位，高贵). In a sense, this differs much from the modern meaning of probability, which, in contrast, is a measure of the weight of empirical evidence, and is arrived at from inductive (归纳性的) reasoning and statistical inference.[6]
tendency of some experiment to yield a certain outcome, even if it is performed only once. 2. Subjectivists assign numbers per subjective probability, i.e., as a degree of belief.[4] The most popular version of subjective probability is Bayesianism, which includes expert knowledge as well as experimental data to produce probabilities. The expert knowledge is represented by some (subjective) a prior probability distribution (先验概率分布). The data is incorporated in a likelihood function. The product of the prior and the likelihood, normalized, results in a posterior probability distribution (先验概 率分布) that incorporates all the information known to date.[5] Starting from arbitrary, subjective probabilities for a group of agents, some bayesianists claim that all agents will eventually have sufficiently similar assumptions about probabilities, given enough evidence.
社会研究方法艾尔巴比英文pptCh4
How to Design a Research Project
5. Decide whom or what to study. 6. Collect empirical data. 7. Process the data. 8. Analyze the data. 9. Report your findings.
Purpose of Exploratory Studies
▪ Satisfy researcher’s curiosity and desire for better understanding.
▪ Test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study.
▪ This contrasts with the idiographic model, in which we seek a complete, in-depth understanding of a single case.
Criteria for Nomothetic Causality
1. A statistical correlation between the two variables.
How to Design a Research Project
1. Define the purpose of your project. 2. Specify exact meanings for the concepts
you want to study. 3. Choose a research method. 4. Decide how to measure the results.
2. The cause takes place before the effect. 3. There is no third variable that can
Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queuing and Computer Science Applications, Sec
TRIVEDI, KISHOR S. 2002, Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queueing and Computer Science Applica-tions, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 848 pp., $89.95.Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queuing and Computer Science Applications, Second Edition by Kishor S. Trivedi provides a comprehensive introduction to probabiliby, stochastic processes, and statistics for stu-dents of computer science, electrical and computer engineering, and applied mathematics. This updated edition of the popular classic (blue book) relates fundamental concepts in probability and statistics to computer science and engi-neering. Markov chains and other statistical tools are used to illustrate processes in the performance and reliability of computer systems and networks. As a text-book, the book is intended for a two-semester course for seniors and first-year graduate students. The practical examples in every chapter, that cover a wide range of applications including computer systems, computer networking, telecommunications, wireless systems and software reliability, make this book an excellent resource for practitioners as well. The examples are current and are very helpful in exposing the mathematical concepts.Chapters 1 to 5 provide an introduction to probability theory, and this part of the book can be used as the core material for a one-semester introductory course on applied probability theory. A major strength of this introduc-tory section of the book is the use of examples and problems as motivation for the probability concepts. Each chapter also includes sections on the application of the probability concepts to performance and reliability analysis.Chapter 1, “Introduction,” provides the motivation and covers the concepts of sample spaces, events and event algebra, probability axioms, combinatorial problems, Bayes rule and Bernoulli trials. On the application side, reliability analysis using block diagrams and fault trees is introduced. Methods of inclusion exclusion, sum of disjoint products and factoring are introduced. Reliability analysis of multistate systems is also presented.Chapter 2, “Discrete Random Variables,” covers the functions and distributions for discrete random vari-ables. Chapter 3, “Continuous Random Variables,” covers the functions and distributions for continuous random variables. In addition to the exponential distribution, other continuous distributions such as the Pareto, log-logistic and defective distributions, that are used in reliability theory, are presented. A section on functions of normal random variables is given here which is used later in chapter 10 on statistcial inference.On the application side, there is a sec-tion on reliability and failure rate.Chapter 4, “Expectation,” covers the topics of moments, transform methods, and inequalities and limit theo-rems. On the application side, there is a section on computation of Mean Time to Failure for systems with differenttypes of redundancy schemes. Chapter 5, “ Conditional Distribution and Expectation,” covers the topics of mixture distributions, conditional expectation and random sums. On the application side, there is a section introducing the concept of imperfect fault coverage and its impact on system reliability.Chapters 6 to 9 are devoted to stochastic processes and their applications, These 4 chapters can be used as the core material for a one-semester second course on system modeling.Chapter 6, “Stochastic Processes,” introduces stochastic processes and then presents the following topics: classification of stochastic processes, Bernoulli process, Poisson process, and renewal processes. On the application side, there are sections devoted to availability analysis and a renewal model of program behavior.Chapter 7, “Discrete-Time Markov Chains,” introduces discrete-time Markov chains and then covers the following topics: computation of n-step transition probabilities, state classification and limiting probabilities, distri-butions of times between state changes, Markov modulated Bernoulli processes, irreducible finite chains with aperi-odic states, and discrete-time birth-death processes. Software performance and reliability analysis are treated in a separate section on finite Markov chains with absorbing states. There is an entire section devoted to M/G/1 queueing systems. Application examples include multiprocessor memory interference, software reliability, software perfor-mance, performance of cache memories and performance of paging systems.Chapter 8, “ Continuous-Time Markov Chains,” introduces continuous Markov chains and then covers the following topics: birth-death process and models, non-birth-death processes, and Markov chains with absorbing states. There is a section devoted to solution techniques for transient and steady-state behavior of continuous-time Markov chains. The last section in this chapter covers the automated generation of continuous-time Markov chains with generalized stochastic Petri nets (SPNs) and stochastic reward nets. This modeling formalism is more concise and intuitive in its specification of complex systems. Ordinary Petri nets are first described followed by a discussion of various types of stochastic Petri nets and their applications. Markov reward models are introduced and utilized throughout this chapter. Extensive material on availability modeling and performability modeling is provided. Non-homogeneous Markov chains and semi-Markov models are also discussed.Chapter 9, “Networks of Queues,” introduces queueing networks and covers the following topics: open and closed queueing networks, general service distributions and multiple job types, and non-product-form queueing net-works. A section is devoted to the computation of response time distributions for open networks and closed networks.Chapters 10 and 11 discuss topics in statitsics. Chapter 10, “ Statistical Inference,” covers parameter estima-tion and hypothesis testing. Chapter 11, “Regression and Analysis of Variance,” covers the following topics: least-squares curve fitting, coefficients of determination, confidence intervals in linear regression, trend detection and slope estimation, correlation analysis, nonlinear regression, and analysis of variance. Applications include statistics of reliability and availability, detection of software aging, and estimation with dependent samples.The four appendices at the end include the following: a bibliography sorted by theory and applications; properties of various discrete and continuous distributions; statistical tables of distribution functions; and properties and tables of Laplace transforms.This edition features an entirely new section on stochastic Petri nets–as well as new sections on system availability modeling, wireless system modeling, numerical solution techniques for Markov chains, and software reli-ability modeling, among other subjects. Extensive revisions take new developments in solution techniques and appli-cations into account and bring this work totally up to date. A major strength of this book is the large number of application examples that are good abstractions of real-world problems, and which serve to both motivate and illus-trate complex theoretical concepts. It includes more than 200 worked examples and self-study exercises for each sec-tion. A solution manual is available from the publisher.The textbooks that can be compared with Trivedi's book are: Jain (1991), Ross (2002) and Tobias and Trindade(1995). Jain’s book concentrates only on performance modeling and does not treat reliability, availability and performability modeling. Ross's book offers a fine treatment of probability concepts and models, however it’s focus is only on probabilistic models for computer science. The book by Tobias and Trindade (1995) only considers reliabililty analysis using a statistical perspective; in particular they do not cover Markov chain methods and do not do any performance analysis.I highly recommended this book for academics for use as a textbook and for researchers and professionals in the field as a useful reference.ReferencesJain, R. K. 1991. The Art of Computer Systems Performance Analysis: Techniques for Experimental Design, Mea-surement, Simulation, and Modeling. John Wiley and Sons, New York.Ross, S. 2002. Probability Models for Computer Science. Academic Press, San Diego, CATobias, P. A., D. C. Trindade. 1995. Applied Reliability. Chapman and Hall, New York.Veena B. MendirattaBell Labs, Lucent Technologies, 1960 Lucent Lane, Naperville, Illinois 60566, USA。
复合海藻酸钠益生菌微胶囊研究进展
常诗晗，武俊瑞，李紫晶，等. 复合海藻酸钠益生菌微胶囊研究进展[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（3）：372−377. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030156CHANG Shihan, WU Junrui, LI Zijing, et al. Research Progress on Probiotic Microcapsules by Compound Sodium Alginate[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(3): 372−377. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030156· 专题综述 ·复合海藻酸钠益生菌微胶囊研究进展常诗晗1,2，武俊瑞1,3，李紫晶1,3，史玉东4, *，乌日娜1,2,*（1.沈阳农业大学食品学院，辽宁沈阳 110866；2.辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心，辽宁沈阳 110161；3.沈阳市微生物发酵技术创新重点实验室，辽宁沈阳 110866；4.内蒙古蒙牛乳业（集团）股份有限公司研发中心，内蒙古呼和浩特 011500）摘 要：海藻酸钠微胶囊制备的研究一直是微胶囊技术的重要组成部分。
由海藻酸钠制成的益生菌胶囊有孔隙和裂缝，通过利用不同壁材与海藻酸钠组合形成复合海藻酸钠微胶囊，可对益生菌起到更有效的保护作用。
本文概述了三类材料对海藻酸钠微胶囊复合的研究进展，包括添加益生元刺激益生菌增长，共混纳米材料来提升机械性能，利用涂层成膜材料减少外部物质进入或内部芯材渗透。
总结不同包埋结构的优缺点，并对益生菌微胶囊包埋的发展趋势进行了展望，以期为复合海藻酸钠益生菌微胶囊的科学研究提供参考。
关键词：复合海藻酸钠，益生菌，微胶囊化，益生元，纳米材料，涂层成膜本文网刊:中图分类号：TS201.3 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1002−0306（2024）03−0372−06DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030156Research Progress on Probiotic Microcapsules by Compound SodiumAlginateCHANG Shihan 1,2，WU Junrui 1,3，LI Zijing 1,3，SHI Yudong 4, *，WU Rina 1,2, *（1.Food Science College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China ；2.Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang 110161, China ；3.Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang 110866, China ；4.R & D Center, Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot 011500, China ）Abstract ：The preparation of sodium alginate microcapsules is crucial aspect of microcapsule technology. However,probiotic capsules made solely from sodium alginate tend to have pores and cracks, by using different wall materials combined with sodium alginate to form composite sodium alginate microcapsules, it can play a more effective protective effect on probiotics. This paper provides a summary of the research progress made in compounding sodium alginate microcapsules using three different materials, including addition of prebiotics to enhance the growth of probiotics, the blending of nanomaterials to enhance mechanical properties, and the utilization of coating film-forming materials to minimize the ingress of external substances or the permeation of internal core materials. The paper presents a comprehensive overview of the pros and cons of different embedding structures, and provides a projection of the future development of probiotic microcapsule embedding. The ultimate goal is to provide valuable insights for scientific inquiry and experimentation in the field of compound sodium alginate of probiotic microcapsules.Key words ：compound sodium alginate ；probiotics ；microencapsulation ；prebiotics ；nanomaterial ；coating film收稿日期：2023−03−15基金项目：国家自然科学基金面上项目（31972047）；沈阳市科技创新平台项目（21-103-0-14，21-104-0-28）。
introduction to probability 英文版
introduction to probability 英文版Introduction to ProbabilityProbability is a fundamental concept in mathematics and statistics that deals with uncertainty and the likelihood of events occurring. It is used to quantify and analyze the various outcomes of an experiment or random process.In probability theory, an event is defined as any subset of the sample space, which is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment. For example, when tossing a fair coin, the sample space consists of only two outcomes, heads or tails.Probability is represented by a number between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty. The probability of an event occurring is calculated by dividing the number of favorable outcomes by the total number of possible outcomes.There are different types of probabilities, including theoretical probability, experimental probability, and conditional probability. Theoretical probability refers to the likelihood of an event occurring based on mathematical calculations. Experimental probability, on the other hand, is based on repeated trials and observations. Conditional probability deals with the likelihood of an event occurring given that another event has already occurred.Probability can be applied to various real-life scenarios, such as predicting the chances of winning a lottery, the likelihood of a football team winning a match, or the probability of certain diseases occurring based on demographic factors.Understanding probability is essential in many fields, including economics, finance, engineering, and even everyday decision-making. It allows us to make informed decisions and understand the likelihood of different outcomes.In conclusion, probability is a branch of mathematics that involves the study of uncertainty and the likelihood of events occurring. It is represented by a number between 0 and 1 and is used in a wide range of applications to analyze and predict various outcomes.。
Research and Prospect of Mulberry(Morus alba L.)
Agicucurai BioWchnologf2019,8(4):136-139Food Science Research and Prospect of Mulberry(Morai alba L.)Zheehua SUN1,Li LI1,2,Weefang MA1"1.Guanyxt Universiy of Chinese Medicine,Nanning530200,China；2.Chengdu University of TCM,Chengdu611137,ChinaAbstract Mulber—(Morus alba L.)is not only rich in nuWients,but also has medicinal value.As a drug and food,it is widely planted it over the count—,with consodeeabeeyoeed and economoceaeue.Nn eecentyeaes,othasateacted manyschoeaesand been wodeeyeepoeted,and on-depth eeseaech hasaeeeadybeen conducted. Theough eeeoewongtheeoteeatueeson muebeey,thospapeesummaeoaed thechemocaecomposotoon,phaemacoeogocaeefectsand quaeotyeeaeuatoon ofmuebeey,peoeo-dongsomeeefeeencefoethefuetheedeeeeopmentand utoeoaatoon ofmuebeey.Key wo U s Morns alba L.；Chemical components；Phamacocgi;Quality evluation；Research progressMulbc—，also known as"SangshenzU,refers to the d—ear of Morus al b a L.which it a Moaceae plant%1].Mulbc—was recorded as early as in"Er Ya"and"Compendium of Mateia Medi-ca"%2_3].The fresh Ouil of mulby—can be eaten directly ar dried far medicinal use,and it it a long-established medicine and food. Atpee)ent,thepeantongaeeaoffeuotmuebeeyha)eeached53300 hm2,and the outyut of mulber—has exceeded790000i.It it pean ed on mos+paesofChonaand hasabundan+eesoueces,mos+ ofwhoch aeesoed assuccueen+seasonaefeuos.When oosused asa medicine,V has the effects of nouishing yin and blood,moistuiz-ongdeyne)and peoducongfeuod,and ooften u)ed foeteeatmentof yin deOUency of liver and kibney,dizziness,tinnitus,palpita-toons,peematueegeayongofhaoe,and ontestonaedeyneswoth con-stipation%1].As a medicine and food,mulbc—u also ve—active in its research and development.Thia paper reviewed the research statusofmuebeeyon thepastdecade.Chemicai Composition of MulberryThe chemical composition of mulby—u complex.At present,nearly400compounds are isolated Oom mulby—plants, such as Oavonoids,phenolic acibs,polysaccharides,and various amino acids%4&.The moisture content of mulbc—Ouil it more than80%,the sugar content it about9%,and the organic acid content it about2%,so the taste it sweet and sour.As a drug,it also contains eyective medicinal ingredients,including crude Ober,protein,vitamins,resveratrol,and various Oavonoids,minerals and anthocyanins%5].FlavonoidtFlavonoibs are wibely found in nature,especially amongReceived:March29,2019Accepted:June6,2019Supported by Guanyal Natural Science Foundation(2016GXNSFAA380066)；Special Fund for Medical Science and Technology of Guangxi Health and Family Peannn gComm*s on(GZBZ16-06)；Specaefund foeConsteucton ofPeepon-derant Disciplines of Guanyxt University of Chinese Medicine(ZYX2015004)；Construction of the Top Discipline of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine (2018XK032)；Natural Science Reseich Project of Guanyxt University of Chinese Medicine(2015MS004).Zhenhua SUN(1993-),male,P.R.China,master,devoted to research about qulity ibentWication of traditional Chinese medicine."Cox^esponding auOicr.E-mll:lswen@.plant seconda—metabolites.They are a type of ve—common andstrong antioxidants,which can yfectively prevent cell aging and degradation,and have a certain disinfection yfect%6].The Ov-vonoibs in mulby■—are mainly anthocyanins,rutin,quercetin,isoquercetin,dibydaquercetin,morin and kaempferol hexose gly-cosibc%7].PolysaccharidetAs a type of energy supply substances,polysaccharides arealso good immune enhancers,which can lower blood ffi,lower blood sugar and resist a/ny.Li%8&extracted the crude polysacchv-ide of mulbc—by enzyme-assisted water extraction,and then obtained six homogeneous polysacchaf d es through isolation and puri-Ocation.They found that sulfated polysaccharides Sul-CMP-6-Hand Sul-CMP-6-S2can inhibit the lumen fomation of HMEC-1 cells in vitro and had an anti-an/oyenic eyed.Jiang%9&obtained mulby—polysaccharibe by water extraction-alcohal precipitationand alkali extraction-alcohal precipitation.Mulbc—polysacche-ridee MFP50and MFP90had betts eyecte in treating type2dix-betee with low toxic and side eiects,and betts phamacolo/celactivity in restoring pancreatic inju—,improving liver Unction andresisting oxidation than meWormin.AnthocyanieeAnthocyanins exist in the foym of glycosides in the naturalstate,which are the main active inyredienW and color forming substances of mulby—.They have antioxidant and antitumor activities,and ac also a type of natural water-soluble food0^,/e-yents with ve—good health eyicacy and medicinal value and broadapplication prospects%10_11].Minh Anh Thu Phan et ab%2&mixed lycopene and anthocyanins,and found that the mixture achievedan optimal antioxidant capacity of cells at1:3ar1：1,laying a foundation far the further development and application of natural products.Re verarroiResveratrol is a polyphenolic compound with high content infresh mulby—.It is a toxin produced by plants,whUh has antibacterial,anti-cancer,anti-exibation,platelet agyreyation andvasodilation inhibUiny,lipoprotein metabolism reauCVna,body immunVy improving and other eyects%13].However,resveratrol is not stable.Zhu et tl%14&explored the change of resveratrol contentZhenhua SUN et al Research and Prospect of Mulberry(Morus alba L.)137afteemuabeeyhaeeestongbyHPLC.Theypoonted outthattheees-veratrol content increased slightly1-4h after picking,and then decreased rapidly,and aeei'18h,resveratrol had decreased by about3g4,whoch had been coneeeted onto peoductssuch as pteeostobeneand poceod.Theeefoee,asateadotoona/Chonesemed-oconeafteehaeeestongand peocesong,theeeseeeateo/contentosof-ten ow.Amino acinsLYU et al%15&deteonined Ivv new varieties of mulbvry produced on the hoa a eea o fSochuan.The foee muabe e eaeoetoesaa contaoned17kondsofamonoacodssuch astheeonone,gautamoc acod,gacone,c4stone,eaaone,methoonone,aeucone,osoaeucone, teosone,hostodoneand aegonone,oncaudongeoghtkondsofesentoaa amino acids.Wu et al口6&found in t he study of the nutritional composotoon o2muabeey,theaysonecontentwas0.2mgg100g, theaegononecontenteeached9.15mgg100g,and theaspaetocacod and gautamocacod contentsweeeaasohoghee.Theseamonoacods paayan ompoetanteoaeon the metabo aosm and geowth and deeeaop-mento2thehuman body.Theyaasoound thattheeatooo2esentoaa amonoacodstonon-esentoaaamonoacodson muabeeywas0.22, and theesentoaaamonoacod contenteeached theonteenatoonaaee-eeencepeoteon modeaeaaue,whoch oson aonewoth theonteenatoonaa standaed o2natueaageeen ood.Somuabeeyosconsodeeed tobeanPharmacological EffectAntnoxndante f ectThetheoeyofagongfeeeeadocaasbeaoeeesthatfeeeeadocaasat-tack ceacomponentsand causeaseeoesofdamagesofagong? Theeeosasteongcoeeaatoon between feeeeadocaasand theaofeof organisms%17&.Mulbexg contains a large amount of Iavonoids, poaysacchaeodesand anthocyanons,and otsantooiodantcapacotyos steong.Theeefoee,eeseaech on antooiodantssuch asmuabeeyhas been paod woth moeeand moeeatentoon on eecentyeaes.Zhang et al%18&investigated the antioxidant capacity of mulbxry judo infoeedofeeentways,and found thatothad good efectson scaeen-gonghydeoiyaeadocaas,supeeoiodeanoon eadocaasand DPPH feee eadocaasand onh ob ot ong the o iodat oee actoeoty ofaonoaeocacod. Xu%19&extracted mulbxy with75%ethanol and peOonned puOb-catoon woth maceopoeouseeson toobtaon anthocyanons.Itwasfound thatmuabeeyanthocyanonsshowed asteongabsoeptoon capacotyof o iodat oee feee ead oca as and had ceetaon antocanceeefect.Fan et al.%20&deteonined the DPPH eev radical scavenging ability,ABTS+•clearing ability and ferrous reduction ability of mulbxry eiteact,eespectoeea,and found that ots antooiodant capacot and anto-gacatoon capacot weeeon asognofocanteegeesoon eeaa-toonshopswoth totaaanthoc4anon and totaaphenoaoc contents, eespectoeea.Anti-inflammatory effectZhu%21&studied the eXect of mulbxry extract on the secretion ofRAW264.7on mousepeeooneaamaceophagesonduced byLPS and osmechanosm.Theeesuasshowed+ha++heeieac+ofmuabeey hasagood an o-onfaammaoeyefec+,and osmechanosmmaybeee-aaed o+hepeomooon ofRAW264.7ceaacoeaoon and onfaamma-oeyfacoepeoducoon.Accoedong oano+hees+udy,muabeeyfaa-eonoodscan onhoboiyaene-onduced eaesweaongon moceand foema-lin-induced toe pain in mice,reduce serum TNF-and NO levels,and have anti-inIammatoy and analgesic eXects%22&. Enhancing immunityMuabeeysuspensoon can enhancetheaymphocytepeoaofeea-toon aboaoty,IL2deceptoeeaofeand NKceakoaongeateon yon de-Idenca mdo,thereby enhancing immune fLinctin%23&.Lu%24& found thatmuabeeyhad an onhobotoeyefecton teypson actoeoty whoch osanon-competotoeeonhobotoon and anto-competotoeeonhobo-toon moied type,and otcan peomotehematopooetocfunctoon and ommuneenhancement.Loweing blood sugar,loweeng urie acin and loweeng blood fa/Wang%25&found that mulbxy Iavonoids can signibcantly re-ducebaood gaucoseaeeeason h4peegacemoceats,and can eeduce ueocacod aeeeason h4peeueocemoaeats,and had aposotoeepeeeen-toeeefecton adenone-onduced h4peeueocemoaon eatswoth kodne4 injuy.Wang o al%26&used New Zealand purebred white rabbits aseeseaech anomaas,and found thatmuabeeyeiteactcan onhobot theeipeesoon ofICAM-1and thefoematoon ofAS,theeebyeeduc-ongbaood aopods.Protecting liverDeng%27&developed a model of alcoholic liver injuy in mice and caeoed outeeseaech on theanto-aacohoaocaoeeeonjue efectof FMPS.Itwasfound thatthehogh-dosegeoup had agood efect, and clarified the phaonacodynamic material basis of mulberryh an-to-aacohoaocaoeeeonjueyefect.Muabeeyanthocyanon)can onceea)e thegauco)econ)umptoon and uptakeand gaycogen contentofhepa-tocyte),onhobottheeipee)oon ofgauconeogene)oeeaated peoteon), and peomotetheeipee)oon ofgaycogen)ynthe)o eeaated peo-teins%28&,indicating ceOain liver protection eXectfResisting thmorsAccoedongtothepeoncopaethatafteecaeaeongthesubsteate woth enyymes,thefauoeophoeeand quenchonggeoupsatboth ends of the enzymes are separated to produce Iuoresco,Jin%29&found that the water extract of mulbxry can inhibit the overexpression of +umoeMMPon eoeo,and+hosonhobooon onceeased as+heconcen-tration of the drug increased.Wang et al.%30&obtained the crude anthocyanon eiteactofmuabeeybyethanoaeiteactoon,and found thatmuabeeyanthocyanon sognofocantayonhoboted thepeoaofeeatoon ofhuman beeastcanceeceaaoneMDA-MB-453on eoteoand on eo-eo,and sognofocantayonhoboted thegeowth ofteanspaanted tumoeof beeastcancee,eihobotongaeemaekabaeanto-beeastcanceeefect. Other.Sangshen Shouwu BunaoGeanuaescan peomotetheeecoeeey ofaeaenongand memoeyfunctoon bydown-eeguaatongtheeipeesoon of#-amyloid in brain tissue,increasing SOD level and decreasing the expression of amyloid#in hippocampus%31&.Resveratrol in mu/beeyhasasognofocantefecton Paekonsonhsand Ayheomeehs138AgOculturft BioichnWogy2019disease%32].Teng et al.%33&used the ICR male mouse wimming method to observe the anti-fatigue eXect of the drug.The high-dose group significantly increased the activity of SOD and CAT in mice,and decreased the levels of MDA,BUN and lactic acid (LD),indmatiny that the water extract of mulbxy has a good anti-fatigue eXect.Quality EvaluationMuabeeyoswodeaydosteobuted on Chona,butuneeen on quaao-ty?In the2015edotoon ofChonesePhaemacopoeoa,onaytheotems ofmoostuee,ash and eiteacton muabeeyweeeeiamoned?Theee-foee,on eecentyeaes,eaeoousmuabeeyquaaotyeeaauatoon methods haeebeen studoed?Qualnty evaluatnonofmulberry medncnnalmaternalCao%34&extracted the active constituents of Sangshen Ziyin Geanuaes,and used thetotaafaaeonood,totaateoteepenood saponon and totaapoaysacchaeodecontentsasondocatoestooptomoyetheei-teactoon peoces.Heoesheaasooptomoyed thepeepaeatoon peoces ofSangshen Zoyon Geanuaesbystudyongthemoadongpeocesand oneestogatongtheefectsofeiteactdensoty,accesoeytypesand dosages,and estabaoshed thequaaotyeeaauatoon standaed ofSang-shen Ziyin Granules.Ren et al%35&measured the chemical constif-uentsof80batchesofZhenqoFuyhengGeanuaesfeom dofeeent manufactueees,and found thatthecontentsand componentsofdof-feeentmanufactueeesweeeconsostent,butthecontentsweeequote dofeeent.Itoseecommended tosteoctayconteoathefeedongpeoces and thepeoductoon peocestoompeoeepeoductstaboaoty.Qualnty evaluatnonofmulberry food.Zhao et al%36&carried out hoozontal analysis,cowXatin a-naaysosand factoeanaaysoson theten ondocatoesoncaudongmuabeey soaubaesoaods,poayphenoasand peoteonson38eaeoetoes.Itwas found thatthecompeehensoeefaaeoefactoeand functoonaafactoe had ageeatefecton thequaaotyofmuabeey,butaccoedongtodof-feeentpeoducts,otoseecommended toestabaosh dofeeentmuabeey quality evaluation systems.Zhang et al%37&developed preserved muabeeyfeuotwoth natueaacoaoewoth sensoeyand physocaaand chemocaadataasondocatoestheough theseaectoon ofmuabeeycoaoe peotectoon agent,seaectoon ofhaedenee,seaectoon ofconcenteatoon and tome,optomoyatoon ofeacuumonfoateatoon condotoon and optomo-zation of taste adjustment.On May1,2018,China Food Industy Asocoatoon eeaeased thefoestmuabeeywonestandaed TgCNFIA 104-2018"Mulbxry(Fruit)Wine",putting fbovard clear re-quoeementsfoesensoeyquaaoty,physocochemocaaondeies,food ad-dotoees,netcontentand eeaated testong methodsofmuabeey-[38]nDevelopment and ApplicationMuabeeyoswodeayused on medoconaaappaocatoons.Xonmeng Geanuaes,Sangshen BunaoPasteand Compound Joangtangnong Geanuaeshaeeaaeeadybeen beteeused on caonoc,and haeegood cueatoeeefecton soothongtheneeees,heapongsaeep and aoweeong baood sugae.Foeeiampae,XonmengGeanuaes,anew Chonese medoconepeoduct,can sognofocantayeeducethecontentsofsaeep-eeaated substances(themonoamoneneueoteansmotees5-HT,NE, and DA)on moce,and hasobeooussedatoeeand hypnotocefects on mocetheough centeaaneeeoussystem onhobotoon%39].Asafood, thedeeeaopmentand utoaoyatoon ofmuabeeyosmoeeeitensoee,and muabeeywone,peeseeeed feuot,jam,yoghuetand beeeeage%40]aee faeoeed byconsumeesand haeebeoad economocpeospects.Theap-paocatoon ofmuabeeyeiteacthasaasobeen contonuousaydeeea-oped,and otsheaath caeepeoductsaeeconstantayemeegong.Conduhonc and ProspectMuabeeyhasbeen paanted on Chonafoethousandsofyeaes. The planting area of fruit mulbxy has reached53300hm2.In 2012,theondusteoaaoutputeaauewasoeee3boaoon yuan.Woth thecontonuousadeancementoftechnoaogy,otsdeeeaopmentand u-toaoyatoon and thedeep peocesongondusteycontonuetodeeeaop, and theoutputeaauekeepsgeowong.Howeeee,theshoethaeeestong peeood,thedofocuatyon stoeageand theuneeen quaaotyhaeebe-comeompoetanteeasonseesteoctongthedeeeaopmentofthemuabeey ondustey,and aeeaasokeyosuestobesoaeed uegentay.Peocesed muabeeypeoductsaeeabundant,and theeeosstoamuch eoom foe deeeaopmenton medoconaaeeseaech.Asoneofthesubstancesee-aeased bytheNatoonaaHeaath and FamoayPaannongCommosoon, whoch osboth food and Choneseheebaamedocones,fuetheedeepe-nongthemedoconaaeaaueofmuabeeyon thefoead offood and heaath caeeeeseaech can fuetheeenhancethecompeehensoeeutoaoyatoon eaaueofmuabeey.In addotoon,themateeoaabasosfoethephaema-coaogocaaactoeotyofmuabeeyhasnotbeen caaeofoed,and thecoee-aatoon between chemocaacomposotoon and muabeeyquaaotyand 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益生菌黏附能力评估模型的研究进展
114徽啖物夕番志 2019 年 10 月第 39 卷第 5 期 JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY Oct. 2019 Vol. 39 No. 5益生菌黏附能力评估模型的研究进展吴振超'，高永生'，王 森-王秋举2,雷新雨-张东鸣九2**,陈玉珂八基金项目：吉林省科技厅重点研发项目(20180201017NY)洁林省教育厅项目(JJKH20180698KJ)作者简介:吴振超 女,硕士。
主要从事水生生物营养与饲料研究。
E-mail ：444963796@*通讯作者。
张东鸣 男，教授，博士，博士生导师。
主要从事水生动物营养与饲料研究。
E-mail ：dongmingzhanR431 @ aliyun. com陈玉珂男，博士。
主要从事水生动物营养与饲料方面的研究。
E-mail ：chenyukeO316@ 163. com 收稿日期=2019-05-29(1 •吉林农业大学生命科学学院，吉林长春130118；2.吉林农业大学动物科学技术学院，吉林长春130118；3.通化师范学院，吉林通化134000)摘要益生菌的黏附能力是益生菌在宿主肠道中稳定定殖的关键，也是益生菌发挥作用的前提。
研究者常以益生菌的黏附能力作为筛选益生菌菌种的重要标准，因此建立稳定的益生菌黏附能力评估模型一直是该 领域的研究热点。
着重介绍了益生菌黏附能力评估模型的种类和检测方法，旨在为益生菌黏附能力评估模型的研究及应用提供参考。
关键词益生菌；黏附能力；黏附评估模型；研究进展中图分类号 Q93-3 文献标识码 A 文章编号1005 -7021(2019)05 -0114-06doi ：10.3969/j. issn. 1005 -7021.2019.05.016Advances in the Adhesion Ability Evaluation Model of ProbioticsWU Zhen-chao 1, GAO Yong-sheng 1 , WANG Sen 1 ,WANG Qiu-ju 2, LEI Xin-yu 1 , ZHANG Dong-ming 3 2, CHEN Yu-ke 2(1. Faculty of Life Sci. , 2. Faculty of A nim. Sci. & Tech. , Jilin Agric. Uni. , Changchun 130118；3. Tonghua Norm. Uni. , Tonghua 134000)Abstract The adhesion ability of probiotics is the key to the stable colonization of probiotics in the host intestinaltract , and also the precondition for playing the role of probiotics. Researchers often take the adhesion ability of probi otics as an important criterion for the selection of probiotics , therefore , the establishment of a stable adhesion evalua tion model of probiotics has been a hot topic in this field. This paper stressed to introduce the types and detectionmethods of the adhesion ability evaluation model of probiotics , aiming at providing reference for the study and applica tion of the adhesion ability evaluation model of probiotics.Keywords probiotics ； adhesion ability ； adhesion evaluation model ； research progress随着“无抗”养殖的大力发展,抗生素的替代 研究越来越受到研究者的重视。
大豆分离蛋白的提取及其在面制品中的应用
大豆分离蛋白的提取及其在面制品中的应用熊 拯,郭兴凤,石 晶(河南工业大学,河南郑州 450052)摘 要:简要地介绍了大豆分离蛋白的提取方法、功能特性及其在面制品中的应用。
并根据当前研究现状及存在问题对大豆分离蛋白在面制品加工中的应用进行了展望。
关键词:大豆分离蛋白;提取方法;面制品;应用中图分类号:TS214 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1007-7561(2006)06-59-03The extraction of soybean protein isolated and its applications in flour productsXI ONG Zheng,G UO X ing2feng,SHI Jing((Henan University of T echnology,ZhengZhou 450052)Abstract:The extraction methods,functional characterizations of s oybean is olated protein and its applications in flour product are briefly introduced in this paper.According to the current research progress and present prob2 lems,the applications of SPI in flour products are proposed.K ey w ords:s oybean protein is olated;extraction method;flour product;application 大豆分离蛋白又称等电点蛋白粉,是脱皮脱脂的大豆进一步除去所含非蛋白成分后,得到的一种精制大豆蛋白产品。
它是一种蛋白纯度高(蛋白含量高达90%以上)、具有深加工性能的食品添加用的中间原料,可广泛应用于肉食品、乳制品、冷食冷饮、焙烤食品及保健食品等。