国际贸易实务英文版第三版知识点及模拟题-精选.pdf

国际贸易实务英文版第三版知识点及模拟题-精选.pdf
国际贸易实务(下划线为重点记忆和理解，无的为一般记忆和了解) Chapter one
1.国际贸易概念：International trad e is also known as worl d trade, foreign trade,
overseas trade. It refers to the process of fair and d eliberate exchange of goods or services between two or more countries, involving the use of two or more
currencies. Besides, international trade concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisibl e goods.
2.国际贸易产生的原因：（了解）
1)Resource reasons (natural resource, human resource and technology)
2)Economic reasons (economic benefits, comparative advantage and
economies of scale)
3)Other reasons (political reasons, differences in tastes, preferences and
consumption patterns)
3.国际贸易与国内贸易的不同：
In particular, international trad e is more subject to:
1)Language habits and cultural differences
2)Foreign laws, customs and regulations or international rul es
3)Exchange rate fluctuations and interest rate
4)Higher level of political, financial and transportation risks
5)More complex business procedures therefore managers need a broader
range of management skills
4.国际贸易的分类：
1)从货物流向（direction of cargo fl ow）分: export trad e, import trad e and transit trade(过境贸易)
2)从参与的贸易方（the number of participants ）分：direct trad e, indirect trad e and entrepot trad e(转口贸易)
转口贸易：entrepot trade refers to the transaction which involves importing goods from overseas for further processing or assembling and the re-exporting the goods abroad. 转口贸易又称中转贸易或再输出贸易，是指国际贸易中进出口货
物的买卖，不是在生产国和消费国之间直接进行，而是通过第三国转手进行的贸易。

对于第三国来说，就是转口贸易，与过境贸易的最大区别在于货物的所有权
会发生转移，并且只涉及一个贸易方。

国际上有很多中转地，如新加坡，香港，
鹿特丹等
3）从商品形式（form of goods）分：有形贸易（visibl e/tangibl e goods trad e）和无形贸易（invisibl e/intangibl e goods trad e）
4) 按结算方式（the settlement instrument）分：易货贸易（barter trade）和自由结汇贸易（free-liquidation trad e）
5.进出口贸易的程序：Export and import procedures:
General speaking, from the beginning to the end of a transaction, the whole operation und ergoes four stages:
1) the preparation of a transaction
2) the negotiation of the contract
3) the performance of the contract
4) the settlement of disputes
其中第二个环节：
①Negotiation can be conducted in two forms:
In words (face-to-face negotiation or negotiation through tel ephone)
In writing (business correspond ence which includes letters, faxes, e-mails)
②Four main steps: 询盘(enquiry), 发盘(offer), 还盘(counter-offer),接受(acceptance)
Chapter two 国际贸易术语
1.三种贸易术语的解释规则（three sets of rules）
1) 1932年华沙牛津规则（Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932）
2) 美国对外贸易修正案1941（Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941）
3) 2000年国际贸易术语解释通则（International Rul es for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2000）
2. incoterms2000 的具体内容（E、F、C、D组的划分，重点在
F、C类）（这个不知道怎么写，看书本P34-42）
3. 装运合同术语和到货合同术语区别
Shipment contract:起运前交付（the delivery will happen at the time or before the time of shipment）如：E F C 类Arrival contract: 到达目的地后交付（d eliver at the time of arrival）
5.象征性交接合实际交接
Symbolic delivery:买方并没有实质性的接受到货物，而是通过一系列运输单据
证明其交接。

（the buyer does not physically receive the goods, the d elivery is proved by the submission of transport d ocument by the seller to the buyer）只意味着买方同意了买方交货的事实，并不代表买方接受了该批货物就是与合同一致
的货物。

Actual delivery: the buyer (or his agent) physically receives the goods upon the time of delivery
Chapter three 出口商品的价格
1.出口商品价格的表达（expression of export price）
The standard format of a price in international trad e has four components
通常一个标准出口价格包括四个部分：
货币（a cod e of currency）
金额（a number indicating the price）
数量单位（a unit for measuring quantity）
贸易术语（a certain trade term）
例如：USD22.5/Piece CIF New York
这是一种出口价格的表现形式，在纽约市用CIF贸易术语进行交易，每件货为22.5美元
2. 价格的计算
FOB价格：以出口国货币计算FOB= total cost + profit
以外国货币计算FOB= (T otal cost + profit)/ Exchange rate
CFR价格：CFR= FOB + Ocean freight
CIF价格：CIF=FOB + Ocean freight +Insurance Premium
Insurance premium =CIF *(1+markup) *Premium rate(R)
CIF=CFR / (1-markup*R)
包含佣金（commission）的价格：
①Commission (C) = contract value * commission rate
②Price including C = net price / (1 – C rates)
Net price = price including C (1- C rates)
Price including C 指的是FOB 或FCA 条件下的价格
折扣价：Discount = contract price * discount rate
Actual price = contract price – discount
= contract price * (1- discount rate)
3. 价格评估的两个指标：
出口利润率（Export profit margin）:
Export profit margin = export revenue (FOB) – export cost
(FOB)
Export revenue (FOB)
公式中用的是FOB价格，即不包含运费保险费的价格，并且使用的是出口国货币。

反映的是一单位的销售额能赚取多少的利润，越大越好
出口换汇成本（Export Cost for Foreign Exchange ）:
Export cost for foreign exchange = export cost in local currency
Export revenue in foreign currency
该指标反映的是要赚取一单位的外国货币需要花费的本国货币成本，越小越好
4. 定价的四个步骤：（要求能够知道概念和判断）
询盘：A potential client asks for information from the counterpart to his intention
in buying or selling of a certain commodity.
发盘：A sufficiently d efinite proposal ad dressed to one or more specific persons for concluding a contract, necessarily indicating the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.
还盘：A reply to an offer which contains ad ditions, limitations of other modifications.
接受：An unconditional statement mad e formally by or an action conducted by the offeree indicating assent to an offer or counter-offer.
参考书上67-72页的几个example
Chapter four 商品条款
1. 品质条款：
注：CISG规定，如果一项商品交易既凭描述性买卖又凭样品实物买卖，那么卖
方必须使交货的商品同时符合这两个条件
1）商品质量用文字说明表示（sale by d escription）
凭规格买卖（sale by specification ）: 用商品质量的若干指标，如大小、容量、
成分等
凭等级买卖（sale by grad e ）: 如一级二级，大中小号等
凭标准买卖（sale by standard ）: 采用一些组织如ISO制定公布的标准。

有两种主要的标准：良好平均品质F.A.Q （多适用于农产品销售）和上好可销品质G.M.Q（多适用于木材，冷冻类产品）凭品牌和商标买卖（sale by brand name or trade mark）
凭产地买卖（sale by origin）
凭说明书和图样买卖（sale by d escriptions or illustrations）
2）商品质量用实物样品表示（sale by sampl e）
①凭卖方样品买卖（sale by seller’s sample）: 卖方提供原样，买方选择，卖方需
留样（duplicate）
②凭买方样品买卖：又叫来样制作，但容易产生工业产权纠纷
③凭对等样品买卖（sale by counter sample）:对等样品又叫回样 a returned sample 或确认样 a confirmed sampl e, 是卖方根据买方来样仿制的样品。

为避免纠纷，需由第三方或公证机关进行“封样”（seal e d sample）
A counter sampl e is a replica mad e by the seller of the sampl e provid ed, normally by the buyer. It is also called a returned sample or a confirmed sampl e.
2. 品质条款的注意事项（必须在合同中注明）
1）品质机动（Quality latitude）: means the permissibl e range within which the quality of the goods d elivered by the seller may be fl exibly controll ed. 是指对特定质量指标在一定幅度内可以机动。

2）品质公差（Quality tolerance）: refers to the quality d eviation recognized, which allows the quality of the goods d
elivered to have certain difference within a range.
是指允许交付货物的特定质量指标在公认的一定范围内的差异。

3）保障条款（Safeguard Clause）: 保护卖方避免受到因工业产权和知识产权而
受到不应该的控告
3.计量方法（measuring quantity）
国际贸易中主要使用的度量衡制度有四种：公制(metric system), 美制(U.S. system)，英制(British system)和国际单位制(International system of units).
主要单位有：
重量（weight）: ton, gram, kilogram, pound, ounce . 注意：ton有metric ton(1000KG), long ton( 1016KG) 和short ton(907KG) 之分，合同中如果未注明，很容易产生纠纷。

容积（capacity）: gallon, liter, bushel ….
个数（number）: piece, package, pair, set, gross, dozen, head, case, barrel, drum, bag ….
长度（length）: yard, meter, foot, cent imeter…..
面积（area）: square yard, square meter, square foot, square inch….
体积（volume）: cubic yard, cubit meter…..
4. 重量的计算方法：
1)毛重Gross weight: 商品连同包装的重量
2)净重Net weight: 商品本身重量
3)条件重量Conditioned weight：The dry weight of commodity plus the
standard moisture content涉及含水分问题
标准回潮率（standard regain rate）: the ratio between the water content and the dry weight of the goods, which is accepted in the worl d market or agreed
upon by the seller and the buyer
实际回潮率（actual regain rate ）: the ratio between the actual regaining water content in the goods and the actual dry weight
Conditioned weight = dried net weight *(1 + standard regain rate)
=
4)理论重量(Theoretical weight)：when the total weight of the product is calculated by multiplying the total quantity and the unit weight, rather than measured actually. 适用于固定规格和体积的商品。

5)法定重量(Legal weight)：The weight of goods including the immediate, inner, or direct packing of the goods. 通常法定重量是征收关税的依据。

5. 包装的类型
1)包括裸装货（nude cargo ）, 散装货(bulk cargo)，包装货(packed cargo)
2)运输包装（transport packing ）又称shipping packing, outer packing, big packing, is mainly adopted to facilitate cargo transportation.
包装容器(container): case, drums, bags, bales, crate …..
包装方法（method of packing ）: 单位包装（unit packing ）和集中包装(collective packing). 其中集中包装主要由托盘(pallet), 集装包(flexible container)和集装箱(container).
Chapter five 国际货物运输
1. 班轮和租船运输
1）班轮运输（liner transportation ）:是在一定航线上，在一定的停靠港口，定期开航的船舶运输。

⑴班轮运输的特点：班轮四固定
船期固定（regular scheduled departure ）, 航线固定（specified route ）, 停靠港口固定（routes with fixed base ports ）
和运费率相对固定（comparatively fixed freight rates ）
⑵班轮的种类：工会同盟班轮（conference liners ）和非工会同盟班轮（non-conference liners ）
⑶货物由承运人负责配载装卸并承担费用（包括如速遣费和滞期费等额外费用）⑷运费的构成（composition of liner freight ）: 基本运费（basic freight ）和附加费（surcharges and additionals ）Total Freight = Total Quantity x Basic Rate x (1+Surcharge / Additional Rates) ⑸基本运费的计算标准
①重量吨W (weight ton)
②体积吨M (measurement ton)
③W/M –重量和体积，取高者(Note: 1WT=1MT)
④基于商品价值 A.V.–根据商品FOB 价值的百分比收费
⑤W/M or A.V. –重量、体积、价值比较，取最高费率者，要先将W 、M 换算成basic rate 再比较。

注意单位
⑥Unit/Head
actual weight*（1+standard regain weight ）
1+ actual regain weight
⑦最低费率Minimum Rate –对于数量太小的货物设定最低费率
⑧临时议定运价Open Rate –对于大宗价值低无包装的货物
参考书本P121页例题
⑹附加费和附属费（了解）
Surcharge 附加费– beyond our control
Bunker Surcharge (bunker adjustment factor / BAF)
燃油附加费(15% of the cost)
Currency Surcharge (currency adjustment factor / CAF) 货币贬值附加费
Port Congestion Surcharge 港口拥挤附加费
Transshipment Surcharge 转船附加费
Deviation Surcharge 绕道附加费
Port Surcharge 港口附加费
Additionals 附属费– under our control
Heavy lift additional / Extra charges on heavy lifts 超重费(over 5
M/T)
Lengthy cargo additional / Extra charges on over lengths 超长费
(over 9m)
Bulky cargo additional 超大费(over 6cbm)
Additional on direct 直行附属费
Not at basic port, volume over 1000 M/T
Additional on optional discharging port 选卸港附属费
Additional for alternation of d estination 变更卸港附属费
2）租船运输（charter transportation）:
定程租船（voyage charter）
定期租船（time charter）
光船租船（bare boat charter/d emise charter）
定程和定期租船的区别（了解）p121
F.I.O (free in and out): the ship-owner d oes not bear loading and unl oading cost
2. 其他运输方式
1）航空运输Air transportation: 运费计算与海洋运输中的一样，只是单位不同(Note: 6000cm3=1kg)
2）铁路和公路运输Rail(way) transportation and Road transportation
3）国际多式联运I.M. T (International multimodal transportation): means the carriage of cargo from the place of sell ers in one country to the site of the buyer’s in another country by at least two modes of transportation on the basis of
a multi-modal transportation contract.
①Only one multi-modal transportation operator
②Only one multi-modal transportation contract
③Only on e freight rate
4）集装箱运输:Containerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form adopting an inter-modal system which provides a possible combination of sea, road and other mod es of transportation.
⑴特点：高效率，安全，节约成本
Variety in service
Involving one operator
Use of special equipment
Low risk of damage and pilferage
Substantial cost savings
⑵集装箱种类
Dry cargo container 干货集装箱
Refrigerated/reefer container 冷冻集装箱
Tanker container 油罐集装箱
Car container 车辆集装箱
⑶集装箱运输服务
①整箱装（FCL）和拼箱装（LCL）服务
②CY to CY service, CFS to CFS service, DR to DR service, DR to CFS service and
CFS to DR service（集装箱场CY, 集装箱货站CFS, 自有集装箱DR）P127
⑷运费计算
FCL: by the capacity（根据集装箱容积）
LCL: similar to liner service（与班轮运输相似）
3. 海运提单Bill of lading
1)提单的作用和功能functions
①A receipt of the goo ds 承运人签发给托运人的货物收据
②Evidence of the contract of carriage 货物运输合同的证明
③A d ocument titl e to the goods 货物所有权凭证
2）提单的种类
⑴装运提单(shipped B/L)和备运提单（received B/L）: 两者之间的区别可能考
简答
装运提单是指承运人在货物已经装上指定船舶后所签发的提单。

必须注明装船日
期和具体船只名称。

①Issued by the shipping company after goods shipped on board the designated vessel. ②Indicating date of shipment and name of the vessel
备运提单是指承运人已收到托运货物等待装运期间所签发的提单。

没有具体的装
船时间和船舶名称。

①Goods being received but not yet loaded ，is a confirmation
of goods handed over to ship owner ②Absence of date of shipment and name of the vessel, difficult to anticipate date of arrival, hence not favorabl e by buyer
联系：③When Words such as “Goods shipped on board S/S Red Star on May 10, add ed and signed by the carrier or the agent on the received B/L, it 2008”
becomes a shipped B/L
⑵清洁提单（clean B/L）和不清洁提单（unclean B/L）
清洁提单是指货物在装船时表面状况良好，承运人在提单上不带有明显宣称货物
或包装有缺陷状况的文字或批注的提单。

A cl e an B/L refers to one which d oes not declare a d efective condition of the exterior packing of goods.
不清洁提单是指承运人在签发的提单上带有明显宣称货物或包装有缺陷状况的
文字或批注的提单。

An unclean B/L is the one that contains
unfavorable notation about the apparent condition of the cargo.
⑶记名提单（straight B/L）, 不记名提单（bearer B/L）,指示提单（order B/L）
记名提单是指提单上的收货人栏内填明特定收货人名称的提单。

①Made out to a designated consignee ②Only the named consigne e is entitl ed to the cargo③Not transferable
不记名提单（open or blank B/L）: 指提单上的收货人栏内不写明特定收货人名
称的提单。

①The consignee box l eft bla nk or open, or bearing the wording “To 至持有人) ②Can be transferred without endorsement therefore with bearer” (
high risk ，unfavorable in international trad e
指示提单是指提单上的收货人栏内填写“凭指示”或“凭某某人指示”字样的提
单。

①Made out to the order of a named person，No definite consignee, “To
instead②
or “To order of the consignee”
order”“To order of the shipper”
Negotiable and transferable，but need endorsement ，Widely used in international trade
⑷直运提单（direct B/L）和转船提单(transshipment B/L)
直运提单是指货物装上船后，中途不再换船而直接驶往目的港卸货所签发的提
单。

转船提单①Involving additional charges, longer time and higher risks in transit, therefore unfavorable to the buyer②Acceptable only when there is no direct service
⑸正本提单（original B/L）和副本提单（copy B/L）
正本提单是指提单上有承运人或其代理人签名盖章并注明签发日
期的提单
①Valid only after being singed by the shipping company or its agent
②Showing “Original” and the number of the signed originals
③Normally mad e out in a set of three orig inals
④An evidence showing the ownership of goods
⑤Presented for taking the d elivery of the goods at d estination, one is used, the
others becomes void automatically
副本提单仅供参考和记录之用，注明副本字样。

Normally only used for reference
or for records.
⑹全式提单（Long form B/L）和略式提单（short form B/L）
⑺运费付讫提单（freight prepaid）和运费托收提单(freight to be collected)
⑻其他不规范提单
到付提单（stale B/L）: 指提单签发后超过信用证规定期限才交到银行的提单，
或者收货人不能在船到目的港前收到的提单。

倒签提单（ante-dated B/L）: 提单上签发的日期早于实际起运时间的提单。

（晚起运）
预签提单（advanced B/L）: 在货物还未实际装载前签发的提单。

（不知何时起运）
甲板提单（on-deck B/L）: 承运人签发的表明货物装于船舶甲板上的提单。

3）其他运输单证
海上运单（sea waybill）：附于提单后，详细解释提单内容，与运输合同一致,不具有所有权作用
航空运单（air waybill）: 与海运提单作用几乎一致，理论上不是
货物所有权证
书
铁路运输单据Consignment note (rail waybill)
公路承运货物收据Road consignment note
多式联运单据Multimodal transportation d ocument (MTD)
4. 装船期(time of shipment)和交货期的区别(time of delivery)
1) Under shipment contracts, the symbolic delivery takes place, so time of shipment is equal to time of d elivery. The time is the one limited for l oading the goods on board vessel or in the hand of the carrier at the port or place of shipment.
2) Under arrival contracts, the actual d elivery takes place, thus, time of shipment is different from time of delivery. Time of shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods on board vessel at the port or place of shipment; time of d elivery refers to the time limit during which the sell er shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place.
5. 分批运（partial shipment）和转运(transshipment)的区别
Partial shipment means the goods under a contract are to be shipped in more than one lot.分批装运是指一个合同下的货物先后分若干批装运。

Transshipment means unl oading and rel oading from one vessel to another during the course of ocean carriage from the port of loading to the port of discharge stipulated.转运是指从装运港至卸货港过程中，进行转装或重装，包括从一运输
工具移至另一运输工具的行为。

6.滞期费（d emurrage）和速遣费(dispatch)
滞期费是指在规定的装卸期限内，如果租船人未能完成装卸作业，为了弥补船方的损失，对超过的实践租船人应向船方支付一定的罚款。

Demurrage is the amount of money paid as a penalty at an agreed rate by charterer to compensate the ship-owner for his l
osses in case the charterer fails to have loading and unloading completed within the lay time.
速遣费是指租船人在规定的期限呢，提前完成装卸作业，则所节省的时间船方要向租船人支付一定的奖金。

Dispatch is the amount of money paid as a bonus by the ship-owner to the charterer if they get l oading and unloading done ahead of schedul e.
Chapter six 货物运输保险
1. 保险的四大基本原则（fundamental principl es of cargo insurance）：
1) 可保利益原则（the insurabl e interest principl e）
可保利益指的是投保人对保险标的具有法律上承认的利益。

Insurabl e interest is the interest on insurance subject matter held by the insurant and recognized by law, indicating that the insurant will suffer some financial l osses if any maritime risks materialize.投保人对保险标的不具有可保利益的，保险合同无效，这就是
可保利益原则。

通常的可保利益形式有货物的所有权、保费、运费等
2) 最大诚信原则（the utmost good faith principl e）
是指投保人和保险人在签订保险合同以及在合同有效期内，必须保持最大限度的诚意。

Both parties be faithful and honest in entering into the insurance contract. Insurant shall expose all important facts influencing the judgment and evaluation by the insurer to the perils.
3)补偿原则（the indemnity principl e）
是指当保险标的遭受保险责任范围内的损失时，保险人应当依照保险合同的约定
履行赔偿义务。

In the event of l oss of or damage to the subject matter resulting from an insured peril, the insurer shall
compensate the claimant exactly what the latter has lost in the occurrence of the peril.
补偿的范围不能超过:（total indemnification be limited to）：
a)保险金额The insurance amount: 110% of the insured value
b)实际损失The actual loss suffered
c)可保利益The insurable interest of the claimant
4）近因原则（the proximate cause principl e）:
指保险人只对承保风险和保险标的损失之间有直接因果关系的损失负赔偿责任。

The insurer shall only responsibl e for the l oss which has a direct link to the risks covered.
如果有两个以上原因造成损失，则①如果前因在保险范围内，后因不在，前因导致后因，保险人要赔付；②如果前因不在保险范围内，后因在，前因导致后因，
保险人不赔
2. 海上运输风险
自然灾害Natural calamities:
Caused by force majeure events such as heavy weather , lightening, Tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, thund erbolt (雷劈), etc.
意外事故Unexpected accid ents/fortuitous accid ents:
Caused by accid ents such as fire, explosion, vessel stranding （搁浅）, grounded （触礁）, sunk or capsized （倾覆）, collision （碰撞）, missing, etc.
一般外来风险General risks :
Caused by common factors such as theft, fresh water rain雨淋, shortage短量, leakage渗漏, clash and breakage破损, od or串味，heating and sweating受潮和受热, hook damage钩损, rust锈损, breakage of packing, etc.
特殊外来风险Special risks:
Caused by military factors, political factors, government regulations such as war, striking罢工, confiscation (没收), etc.
3. 海上损失
1）实际全损和推定全损的区别
实际全损是指该批被保险的货物在运输途中完全灭失，或者受到严重损坏完全失去原有的形体、效用。

Actual total loss means cargo has been totally lost or has been damaged to the extent that it has lost its original usage.
推定全损是指被保险货物在运输途中受损后，实际全损已经不可避免，或者恢复、修复受损货物并将其运送到原定目的地的费用超过货物到达目的地所原有的价
值。

Constructive total l oss means cargo is not totally l ost, but the actual total l oss shall be unavoidable or the restoration fees together with other miscellaneous expenses will exceed the anticipated amount of profit when cargo is d elivered to the destination as arranged originally.
2）部分损失
⑴指整批货物的部分损失或者部分货物的全部损失a partial damage to or the total loss of part of the insured cargo
⑵单独海损和共同海损的区别
共同海损是指在同一海上航程中，船舶、货物和其他财产遭遇共同危险，为了共同安全，有意的合理的采取措施所直接造成的特殊牺牲、支付的特殊费用。

A partial & d eliberate sacrifice of the ship, freight, or cargo, or additional expenses incurred to rescue a ship and its cargo from impeding danger or for the common safety of the adventure under a peril of the sea or some other hazards.
①共同海损的条件：a. 导致共同海损的危险必须是真实存在的或不可避免的；
b. 船方所采取的措施必须是为了解除船、货的共同危险，有意识而且是合理的；
c. 所做的牺牲具有特殊性，支出的费用是额外的；
d. 牺牲和费用的支出最终必须是有效的
②共同海损分担（general average contribution）: 由承运人、船方和货主按获益比例分担
计算：a.算出共同海损total GA l o ss；b. 算出共同海损分摊价值（得救价值）total GA contributory value；
c. 算出共同海损比率GA percentage = total GA l o ss / Total GA contributory value * 100%
d. 算出各受益方应该分担的共同海损:
GA contribution = contributory value * GA percentage
参考课本P165例题
单独海损是指除共同海损意外的部分损失，由受损方单独承担。

两者的主要区别为：单独海损是由海上风险直接造成的货物损失，没有人为因素在内，而共同海损则是因采取人为的故意的措施而导致的损失；单独海损的损失由受损方自行承担，而共同海损的损失由各受益方按获救财产价值的多少，按比
例共同分摊。

4. 费用：为了营救被保险货物所支出的费用
施救费用（sue and labor expense ）和救助费用(salvage charges)的区别:
施救费用是指保险标的在遭遇保险责任范围内的灾害事故时，被保险人或其代理人、雇佣人员和保险单受让人对保险标的所采取的各种抢救、防止或减少货损的措施而支出的合理费用。

保险人对这种施救费用负责赔偿，这是一种自救行为。

救助费用是指保险标的遭受保险责任范围内的灾害事故时，由保险人和被保险人以外的第三者采取了救助措施并获得成功而向其支付的报酬。

如果是发生在单独海损期间由保险人赔偿，如果发生在共同海损期间，则由受益方分摊。

这是一种他救行为。

5. 中国海上运输保险条款范围Coverage of marine cargo insurance of CIC
1）基本险Basic coverage
FPA (Free from Particular Average) 平安险：
主要有：a. 全损 b. 一部分自然灾害和意外事故造成的部损 c. 全部意外事故造成的部损 d. 共同海损
WPA (With Particular Average) 水渍险：平安险+自然灾害直接造成的部损
A.R. (All Risks) 一切险：水渍险+一般外来风险
2）附加险Additional coverage
一般附加险：General ad ditional coverage 如：淡水雨淋险、碰损破碎险、勾损
A.R. W.P. F.P.A. 3. T otal or partial loss caused by accidents and consequent on falling of entire package during loading, unloading or
transshipment
4. Reasonable expenses the insured makes for the salvage of
the goods insured, and for averting or minimizing
the
losses
5. Loss due to discharge of the insured goods at a port of distress following a sea peril as well as special charges arising from loading, warehousing and forwarding of the goods at an intermediate port of call or refuge
6. Sacrifice in and contribution to salvage charges
7. Loss due to “Both to Blame Collision ” Clause
8. Partial loss caused directly by natural calamities
Actual total loss
Constructive total loss 1. Total loss 2. Partial loss due to a. fortuitous accidents
b. natural calamities, where the
conveyance being grounded, stranded,
sunk or burnt before or after the
fortuitous accident
9. Loss or damage due to external causes including general extraneous risks,excluding special extraneous risks and exclusions
Figure 6.4 Basic Coverage of C.I.C.
a. natural calamities
b. fortuitous accidents
due to
险、偷窃提货不着险等
特殊附加险：如战争险、罢工民变险、交货不到险、舱面风险、拒收险、进口关
税险、黄曲霉素险（aflatoxin risk）等
6.除外责任（exclusions）: 不包括在中国海运保险条款的基本险和附加险中
loss or damage caused by the intentional act or fault of the insured;（被保
险人故意行为或过失所造成的损失）
loss or damage falling under the liability of the consignor; （属于发货人责
任所引起的损失）
loss or damage arising from the inferior quality or shortage of the insured
goods prior to the attachment of this insurance;（在保险责任开始前，被
保险货物已存在的品质不良或数量短差所造成的损失）
loss or damage arising from normal loss, inherent vice or nature of the
insured goods, loss of market and/or delay in transit and any expenses
arising therefrom;（被保险货物的自然损耗、本质缺陷、特性以及市价
跌落、运输延迟所引起的损失或费用）
Risks and liabilities exclud ed by the ocean marine cargo war risks clauses
and strike, riot and civil commotion clauses of C.I.C.（海洋货物运输战争
险条款和货物运输罢工险条款的责任范围和除外责任）
7.承保责任期（duration of basic insurance）
1)仓至仓条款（warehouse to warehouse clause 即W/W Clause）: The
insurance company undertakes an insurance liability over the insured cargo from the warehouse or place of storage of the shipper named in the policy until the cargo from the warehouse or place of storage of the receiver named in the policy.
2)在不同运输方式下的仓至仓条款：在货物到达目的港完成卸载与进入最终仓
库期间，海运条件下60天，空运条件下30天。

3) 战争险期限和W/W条款期限区别：仓至仓条款不适用于战争险，在战争险中，即使货物没有卸载，保险责任期是在从货物到达目的港那天午夜后的第15天为止
8. 其他运输方式险别
1）基本险：陆运/航空险= 水渍险
陆运/航空一切险
附加险：陆运/航空货物战争险
2）邮包险（parcel post risks）= 海运中的水渍险
邮包一切险（parcel post all risks）
邮包战争险
仓至仓条款同样适用，但承保期限到邮包通知单到达目的地15天后
8.货物保险程序（procedures of cargo insurance）了解
1)计算保险金额to calculate the insurance amount
a)Insurance amount = CIF (CIP) ×(1+ markup rate)
b)Markup rate is normally 110%
2) 决定保险范围To determine the insurance coverage
Under CIF&CIP, min. FPA；
3）获取保险费率T o obtain the insurance premium rate
4）投保并支付保费To apply for marine insurance and pay the insurance premium
Insurance Premium (I)=insurance value×premium rate (R)
= CIF(CIP) ×(1+ markup rate)×premium rate (R)
5）获取保单T o obtain an insurance document
大保单（insurance policy）和小保单( insurance certificate)
6) 发生损失时进行索赔To l o dge an insurance claim at the time of loss or damage 9. 保费计算
1）In surance Premium (I)=insurance value×premium rate (R) = CIF(CIP) ×(1+ markup rate)×premium rate (R)
2）免赔率（franchise）:refers to the practice that the loss or damage below a certain specified percentage value is non-recoverabl e.
Two kinds of franchise
①不可减除的Non-deductible: 只有当损失超过某个程度时按照全部损失比例进
行赔偿
②可减除的Deductible: 只对超过某个程度的部分进行补偿
3）I.O.P（irrespective of percentage）:不考虑免赔率而对损失进行全部赔偿
例如：Suppose the insured amount is USD 10,000
Damage /Loss
Compensation
Non-deductible franchise
3%
Deductible franchise
3%
I.O.P.
USD100 = 1% Nil Nil USD100
USD300 = 3% USD300 Nil USD300
USD500 = 5% USD500 USD200 USD500
Chapter Seven International Payments国际货款支付
一、支付工具
1、汇票Draft / Bill of Exchange （含义、基本内容、分类）
1）Definition:
A draft is an unconditional written order addressed by one person to another, singed by the person giving it, requiring the ad dressed person to pay at sight or at a fixed future time the sum of money cl early specified, to the payee or to his order.
汇票是由一人向另一人签发的书面无条件支付命令,是由出票人签发的，委托付款人在见票时或者在指定日期无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或其指定的人的
票据。

关系主体
Drawer (Exporter)
Payee (Exporter/ Exporter’s bank)Drawee/Payer (Importer/ Importer’s bank)
Bill of exchange
Money
2）基本内容：The content 可参考课本Specimen 7.1-7.4加深理解P237-238
1)The words of “Bill of Exchange” or “Draft”
2)The date and place of issuance of draft。