中古英语时期解读

1st the Medieval Period中古英语时期
1．The Middle Ages中世纪
European history: the 5th century AD --- the end of the 15th century
The Anglo-Saxon period: 446AD --- 1066 + 400 years
欧洲的历史：公元5世纪---15世纪的结束
盎格鲁- 撒克逊时期：446AD---1066+400年
一．The major literary forms一，主要文学形式
1. Epic --- Beowulf贝奥武甫
Epic, a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition史诗，一首诗，庆祝连续叙述形式的历史和传统中的一个或多个英雄人物的成就
—— Basic information基本信息
1）the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people 盎格鲁- 撒克逊和英国的民族史诗
2）a long poem of about 3,000 lines（2）一首长诗约3000线
3）a folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their continental home. （3）一个民间传说带到英格兰的盎格鲁- 撒克逊人从他们的大陆的家。

——Features特点
（1）The use of alliteration (certain accented words in a line beginning with the same consonant sound, generally 4 accents in a line, three of them showing alliteration. 1）在一条线上，使用头韵（某些重音单词开头的辅音相同的声音，一般4口音在一条线上，他们三个显示头韵。

（2）The use of metaphor 2）使用隐喻
（3）The use of understatements 3）使用低调陈述
三．Major writer: Geoffrey Chaucer—the founder of English poetry杰弗雷.乔叟
1. Chaucer’s literary career。

乔叟的文学生涯
Three periods 三个时期
（1）法国---来自法国的翻译作品，“玫瑰的传奇故事”（电表，语言和主题）
（1）France --- works translated from the French, “The Romaunt of the Rose”(meter, language and subject)
（2）意大利---改编自意大利，“特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达”的作品（显示出了他的创造性，通过借来的主题）（2）Italy --- works adapted from the Italian, “Troilus and Criseyde” (showing his creativeness through borrowed themes)
（3）英国---纯英文，“坎特伯雷故事集”（他自己的选择题目，自己掌握的性格和他自己的用词和情节）（3）England --- purely English, “The Canterbury Tales” (his own choice of subject, his own grasp of character and his own diction and plot)
2. “The Canterbury Tales” (1307 -1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》
--- Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of th e monumental works in English literature. ---乔叟的杰作和英国文学的不朽作品之一。

1“heroic couplet”, the rhymed couplet of iambic pentametre (五音步抑扬格) (his chief contribution to English poetry --- introducing from France the rhymed stanzas of various types) 1“英雄双面体”，抑扬pentametre（五音步抑扬格）的押韵的对联（他的主要为英语诗歌的贡献---从法国引进各种类型的押韵的诗节）
2 Doing much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech 2做多在使伦敦方言为现代英语演讲的基础
2nd the Elizabethan Age伊丽莎白时期
一．Renaissance, humanism一，文艺复兴时期，人文主义
1 Renaissance 1文艺复兴
When: the 14th century --- the 17th century; 时间：14世纪---17世纪;
Where: Italy, all over Europe; 地点：意大利，整个欧洲;
What features: a thirsting curiosity for classical literature; the keen interest in life and human activities; What effects: leading to the flowering of painting, sculpture, architecture and so on; 哪些功能：一个渴慕的好奇心古典文学，在生活和人类活动的浓厚兴趣;
什么样的影响：导致绘画，雕塑，建筑等的开花;
Key-note: humanism; Humanism means a shift from the divine element to human element. 关键提示：以人为本，以人为本是指从神圣的元素转移到人的因素
Mark: a period of transition from the medieval to the modern world. 标记：一个过渡时期，从中世纪到现代世界
2 Historical and cultural background of the English Renaissance历史和文化的英国文艺复兴的背景
(1)Renaissance in the mainland Europe; （1）在文艺复兴时期的欧洲大陆;
(2) the religious revolution: Henry ⅧEdward ⅦMary Elizabeth（2）宗教革命：亨利Ⅷ爱德华Ⅶ玛丽·伊丽莎白
(3) the continuing development of trade, the growth of the middle class, the education for lay people, the centralization o f power, the widening horizons of exploration, printing introduced into England（3）贸易的不断发展，中产阶层的成长，教育的平信徒，中央集权，探索拓宽视野，印刷引入英国
二．Major achievement in English literature二，主要成就在英国文学
1. Renaissance poetry 1。

文艺复兴时期的诗歌
The greatest innovators:,Edmund Spenser --- displaying the ornate, somewhat florid, highly figured style; 这两个最伟大的创新：埃德蒙斯宾塞---显示华丽，有点红润，高度想通风格;
Metaphysical poet --- John Donne; 形而上学诗人---约翰·多恩
John Milton --- revealing poetic power and grace under the control of a profound mind; 约翰·弥尔顿---揭示了深刻的心灵的控制下诗意的力量和恩典
2. Renaissance drama2。

文艺复兴时期的话剧
Most of the plays were in an elaborate verse style and under the influence of classical examples. 大多数戏剧都是在一个精心制作的诗歌风格和经典范例的影响下。

Christopher Marlowe, beginning the tradition of the chronicle plays, and establishing blank verse in plays; 克里斯托弗·马洛，拉开了历史剧的传统，在戏剧建立空白的诗句;
William Shakespeare, depictions of world-shattering characters that strive to go beyond the normal human limitations. 威廉·莎士比亚，即努力超越正常人类的局限世界惊天动地的人物描写。

3. Late Renaissance and the 17th century3。

文艺复兴晚期和17世纪
Ben Johnson, carefully plotted comedies written in a more sober and careful style (the character of the later Restoration comedy); 本·约翰逊，精心策划编写一个更清醒和谨慎的风格（后来的恢复喜剧的人物）的喜剧;
The King James Bible, vocabulary, imagery and rhythms国王詹姆斯圣经，词汇，意象和节奏
四．Major writers: Francis Bacon, William Shakespeare, John Donne主要作家：弗朗西斯·培根，莎士比亚，约翰·多恩
1 Francis Bacon (1561 --- 1626)弗朗西斯.培根
（1）Points of view
His belief: people are the servants and interpreters of nature; truth is not derived from authority; knowledge is the fruit of experience;
His contribution: to logic the method implicative inference（1）点的看法
他相信：人是大自然的仆人和口译，真理不是来自权威，知识是经验的果实;
他的贡献：以逻辑的方法推理含蓄
（2）Major works
1The Advancement of Learning (1605)《学问的演进》
2 Novum Organum (1620)《新工具》
3Essays (1597 --- 1625)
4The New Atlantis(1627)《新大西岛》
（3）Selected readings
“Of Studies”
one of the shortest yet the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays;
Analyzing the use and the abuse of studies, and how studies exert influence over human character;
Revealing typically the prose style of Bacon; “论读书”
一个最短但最流行的培根的散文58;
分析了使用和研究的滥用，以及研究如何发挥影响力，人的性格;
揭示通常培根的散文风格;
2. William Shakespeare (1564 --- 1616)威廉.莎士比亚
（1）Points of view
一Humanistic ideas: 人本理念：
1. Affirming the importance of the feudal system in order to uphold the nation’s unity and social order;
1。

申明，以维护国家的统一和社会秩序的封建体系的重要性;
2. Being against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money 2。

作为反对宗教迫害和种族歧视，反对社会不平等和黄金和金钱腐败影响;;
3. Fearing anarchy, hating rebellion and despising democracy; 3。

由于担心无政府状态，恨叛乱和蔑视民主;
二Literary ideas: 文艺思想：
Literature --- a combination of beauty, kindness and truth; ---文学之美，善良和真理的组合;
Literature --- reflecting nature and reality; 文学---反映自然和现实;
Literature --- reaching immortality by reflecting nature and reality; 文学---通过反射自然和现实达到不朽; （2）Major works (3 plays + 2 long poems + 154 sonnets)
1. The First Period (1590-1600)
1590: Henry Ⅵ, Part ⅠHenry Ⅵ, Part Ⅱ.
1591: Henry Ⅵ, Part Ⅲ.
1592: Richard Ⅲ.The Comedy of Errors.
1593: Titus Andronicus. The Taming of the Shrew.
1594: The Two Gentlemen of Verona. Love’s Labour’s Lost.《爱的徒劳》
Romeo and Juliet.《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
1595: Richard Ⅱ.A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream.《仲夏夜之梦》喜
1596: King John.The Merchant of Venice.《威尼斯的商人》喜
1597: Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅰ.Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅱ.
1598: Much Ado About Nothing. Henry Ⅴ.The Merry Wives of Windsor.《温莎的风流娘们儿》
1599: Julius Caesar.As You Like It.《皆大欢喜》喜
1600: Twelfth Night. 《第十二夜》喜
2．The Second Period (1601--- 08)
1601: Hamlet.哈姆雷特》悲
1602: Troilus and Cressida. All Well That Ends Well.《终成眷属》
1604: Measure for Measure. Othello.《奥赛罗》悲
1605: King Lear.《李尔王》悲Macbeth.《麦克白》悲
1606: Antony and Cleopatra.《安东尼与克里奥佩特拉》
1607: Coriolanus.Timon of Athens.《雅典的泰门》
1608: Pericles.
3．The Third Period (1609 --- 12)
1609: Cymbeline.《辛白林》
1610: The Winter’s Tale.《冬天的故事》
1611: The Tempest.《暴风雨》Henry Ⅷ.
四大悲剧：Hamlet.哈姆雷特King Lear.李尔王Macbeth.麦克白Othello.奥赛罗
四大喜剧： A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream.《仲夏夜之梦》Twelfth Night. 《第十二夜》The Merchant of Venice.《威尼斯的商人》As You Like It.《皆大欢喜》
（3）Selected readings
1“The Merchant of Venice” (1596)
一Themes
1 Justice vs. Mercy
All men should be merciful.
Human mercy should follow the example of Divine mercy.
Injustice is revealed in the Christians’ treatment of the Jews.
2Appearance vs. Reality
Variations on this theme: superficial or external beauty vs. moral or spiritual beauty or truth; the letters of law vs. the spirit of the law
3 Commercial or Material Values vs. Love
True love is much more worthwhile than money and material values. 一主题
1正义与慈悲
所有的人应该是仁慈的。

人类的怜悯应该遵循的神圣慈悲的例子。

不公正显露在基督徒的治疗犹太人。

2Appearance与现实
;法律与法律的精神字母肤浅或外在美与道德或精神之美和真理：在这个主题变奏曲
3商业或物质价值与爱情
真正的爱情是比金钱和物质价值更有价值。

二Character analysis二性格分析
夏洛克- 在剧中最具争议性的人物
波西亚- 女主角，见着她的美貌，活泼智慧，机智和高尚的道德严肃性
2“18首十四行诗”
Shylock – the most controversial character in the play
Portia – the heroine, renowned for her beauty, lively intelligence, quick wit and high moral seriousness 2“Sonnet 18”
Theme: In immortal poetry you become even with time主题：在不朽的诗你变得更加随时间
大
3rd the Restoration复辟时期17世纪背景复杂，社会动荡混乱
一．Major writer: John Milton, John Bunyan
1．John Milton (1608 - 1674)约翰.弥尔顿
（1）Points of view
A humanist: his passionate belief in free belief, his zeal for knowledge, his respect for truth; 人文主义：他在自由的信仰热情的信念，他的热情，对知识，他尊重真理;
God --- representing power and love, the rule of reason in the universe and in the soul of man; his wishes --- “contribute to the progress of r eal and substantial liberty, which is to be sought for not from without, but from within 他的愿望---“贡献的真正实质和自由，这是要寻求不从没有进展，但是从内
（2）Major works
1. Lycidas (1637)
2. Paradise Lost (1667) 《失乐园》
A twelve-book epic in blank verse;
The original story: Genesis 3: 1-24 of the Bible;
The theme: “fall of man”;
The central conflict and contrast: good vs. evil --- heaven and hell, light and darkness, order and chaos, love and hate. humility and pride, reason and passion. 一个十二本书史诗空白诗句;
原来的故事：创世纪3：圣经1-24;
主题：“人的堕落”;
中央的冲突和反差：善与恶---天堂与地狱，光明与黑暗，秩序混乱，爱与恨。

谦逊和骄傲，理性与激情。

3. Paradise Regained (1671)《复乐园》
A four-book epic in blank verse;
main idea: Based on the Gospels, it shows Christ in the wilderness withstanding Satan’s temptation, thereby proving his fitness for his ultimate trial and, in his human role, showing what humankind might achieve through strong integrity and humble obedience to the divine will.一个四本书史诗空白诗句;
主要思想：基于福音，它显示了基督在旷野承受撒旦的诱惑，从而证明他的体能为他的最终审判，并在他的人类角色，显示什么可能导致人类通过强有力的诚信和谦逊顺服神的意志实现。

4. Samson Agonistes (1671)《力士参孙》
Partly in blank verse, partly in unrhymed choric verse of varied line length;
Main idea: It depicts Samaon, betrayed by Dalila and blinded by the Philistines, defeating his captors at the cost of his life.部分无韵诗，部分在不同的线路长度的无韵诗合唱曲;
主要思想：它描述Samaon，由达利拉背叛和非利士人蒙蔽，击败他的俘虏在他生命的代价。

（3）Special features
Style ---the rich and complex texture,
---the multiplicity of its classical (Biblical and mythological) references,
---the wealth of ornament and decoration.
Subjects --- lofty and magnificent,
Endings --- lifelike,（3）特殊功能
风格---丰富而复杂的质感，
---其经典（圣经和神话）引用的多样性，
---财富装饰装修的。

主题---崇高，宏伟的，
结局---栩栩如生，
2. John Bunyan (1628 - 1688)约翰.班扬
（1）Points of view
A devout Christian, a firm non-conformist of the Anglican Church;
The best way of life --- adherence to the Biblical doctrines;
Man’s final salvation --- achieving by one’s own spiritual struggle.一个虔诚的基督徒，坚定不循规蹈矩的圣公会;
生活---坚持圣经教义的最佳途径;
男人的最后的救赎---按照自己精神的奋斗实现。

（2）Major works
1. The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》
In allegorical form;
Condemning the vices of sloth, hypocrisy, arrogance, indulgence in pleasure-seeking, falsehood;
Eulogizing perseverance, firmness in belief, unyielding will, unfading courage;
Urging people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of social evils.以寓言的形式;
谴责懒惰的恶习，虚伪，傲慢，沉溺于享乐，谬误;
讴歌的毅力，坚定的信仰，不屈的意志，不褪色的勇气;
呼吁人们以基督教教义，遵守并通过自己的弱点不断斗争和各种社会丑恶现象寻求救赎。

1. Paradise Lost
Satan addresses to Beelzebub, his second-in-command, a speech of proud rebellion. God may have proved Himself the stronger, but Satan will not repent, nor will he cease to defy God. Though the field is lost, he will plan revenge. In spite of the great loss they have suffered, Satan’s forces are still strong and still immortal. And their experience has made them wiser. 1 。

失乐园撒旦地址，魔王，他的第二号命令，一个值得骄傲的叛乱讲话。

上帝可能已经证明了自己的强大，但撒旦不会悔改，他也不会停止违抗上帝。

虽然本场输了，他将计划报复。

尽管他们所遭受的巨大损失，撒旦的势力依然强劲，仍然不灭。

他们的经验使他们更聪明。

2. The Pilgrim’s Progress
“The Vanity Fair” is a well-known section. Here the writer’s condemnation of the vices of his society is most strongly expressed. The Vanity Fair allegorically refers to the real world where people have become so degenerated that all they are concerned about is to buy and sell everything they can. By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands of the people of Vanity Fair, the author makes his readers conscious of the prevalent political and religious persecution of his time, the hard lot of the simple, honest people, their spiritual sufferings at a time of great changes, and their aspiration for a better life.
2 。

在天路历程
“名利场”是一个众所周知的部分。

在这里，他的社会恶习的作家的谴责是最强烈表达。

名利场寓言是指现实世界中，人们已经变得如此堕落，所有他们关心的是购买和出售一切所能。

通过使求实朝圣者在遭受名利场的人手中，作者让他的读者意识到他那个时代的普遍的政治和宗教迫害，硬很多简单的，诚实的人，他们的精神痛苦在一时间的巨大变化，他们渴望更好的生活。

4th the Enlightenment Period启蒙主义运动时期第二次大繁荣
一．The enlightenment movement
1.When: the 18th century,
What: an intellectual movement, 一个思想运动，
The essence: an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism, 反对封建主义的资产阶级斗争的一种表现
The aim: fighting against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism, 对阶级不平等，停滞，偏见和封建主义残余等战斗，
Attempting to place all branches of science at the service of mankind.，试图把科学的所有分支在人类服务
2. The English Enlighteners英国启蒙
Striving to bring the bourgeois revolution to an end by clearing away the feudal remnants and replacing them by bourgeois ideology 力争通过扫清封建残余和资产阶级思想代替他们把资产阶级革命结束
3. Definition of the Enlightenment
一A progressive intellectual movement, with France in the vanguard, celebrating reason (rationality), equality, Sc ience and human beings’ ability to perfect启蒙运动的定义一渐进的智力运动，与法国的先锋，庆祝的理由（合理性），平等，科学和人类的完善能力themselves and their society,
The basic theories:
John Locke --- materialism,
Lord Shaftsbury --- Deism,
George Berkeley --- immaterialism,
David Hume --- skepticism基本理论：
约翰·洛克---唯物主义，
沙夫茨伯里勋爵---自然神论，
乔治·伯克利--- immaterialism，
大卫·休谟怀疑论---
二Holding the common faith in human持有人的共同信仰
Rationality and the possibility of human理性与人类的可能性
Perfection through education, 完美通过教育，
reason --- yardstick for the measurement of human activities and social relation --- superstition, injustice, privilege, oppression --- “eternal truth”,“eternal justice”, “natural equality”,inalienable rights of men.
原因---尺度人类活动的测量和社会关系---迷信，不公正，特权，压迫---“永恒的真理”，“永恒正义”，“自然平等”，人不可剥夺的权利。

三Significance: Providing theory for French evolution in 1789 and the American War of Independence in 1776.意义：提供了理论在1789年法国的演变和独立于1776年的美西战争。

二．Neoclassicism, features of the neoclassical literature新古典主义文学，新古典主义，功能
（1）The definition of neoclassicism
what: applying to the classical tendency dominating English literature;
when: the last decades of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th
century;
how: the result of reaction against the fires of
passion having blazed in the late Renaissance, esp. in the Metaphysical
poetry;
origin: the artistic models in the classical literature of
ancient Greek and Roman writers and in the contemporary French writers;
focus: the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, restrained
emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum;
significance: influencing literature of the coming generations in its
clarifying and chastening effect upon English prose style;
establishing the importance of certain classical graces, such as order, good form, unified structure, clarity, conciseness, and restraint.新古典主义（1）的定义
内容：适用于古典倾向主导的英国文学;
时：过去几十年的17世纪第一个18年上半年
世纪;
如何：反对的火灾反应的结果
有激情闪耀在文艺复兴后期，电除尘器。

在形而上学
诗歌;
产地：艺术模型中的古典文学
古希腊和古罗马作家和当代法国作家;
重点：秩序的古典艺术理想，逻辑，比例，抑制
情感性，准确性，口感好和礼仪;
意义：文学影响未来几代人在其
澄清并呼吁英国散文风格惩戒作用;
建立古典气质，如秩序，优美的形式，统一的结构，清晰，简洁，和克制的重要性。

（2）.Features of the neoclassical literature
1. taking the ancient Greek and Roman classical works and
contemporary French ones as the literary model;
2. in style: polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual;
3. literature being heavily didactic and moralizing – a very popular
means of public education;
4. following some fixed laws and rules;
5. poetry: elegant in structure and diction; noted for its
seriousness and earnestness in tone and constant didacticism;
novels: giving a realistic presentation of life of the common English
people新古典主义文学（2）。

特点
1。

服用古希腊和罗马古典作品和
当代法国的人的文学模式;
2。

风格：彬彬有礼，温文尔雅，充满灵性的知识分子;
3。

文学是充满了说教与道德理念- 一个非常受欢迎的
是指公众教育;
4。

下面的一些固定的法律，法规;
5。

诗歌：在结构和文辞典雅，指出其
严肃性和语重心长的语气和不断说教;
小说：给予英国普通百姓的生活现实演示
人
三．Major writers: Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Samuel Richardson, Joseph Addison, Samuel Johnson三主要作家：丹尼尔·笛福，斯威夫特，塞缪尔·理查森，约瑟夫·艾迪生，塞缪尔·约翰逊
1. Daniel Defoe (1660 -1731)丹尼尔.笛福
（1）Points of view
Valuing the Puritan ethic,评估的清教伦理，
Believing in diligence, self-reliance and fortitude, 相信勤奋，自立和坚韧，His duty, working for the welfare of all the people 他的职责，努力为全体人民的福祉
（2）Major works
1. Moll Flanders (1722)
2. Robinson Crusoe (1791)《鲁宾逊漂流记》
Celebrating the 18th-century Western civilization’s material triumphs and the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment.庆祝18世纪西方文明的物质的胜利和人类理性的意志的力量来征服自然的环境。

3. A Journal of the Plague Year (1722)
（3）Special features
An anti-feudal, anti-romantic realistic writer,
The Puritan virtues of self-reliance, diligence, patience, fortitude and thrift,
Exploitation, poverty, moral degeneration, corruption, cheating, desertion,
His language: smooth, easy, colloquial, but never coarse,
His sentences: short, crisp and plain; long, rambling without strong pause.
2.Jonathan Swift (1667 -1745)乔纳森.斯威夫特18世纪最伟大的讽刺作家
（1）Points of view
politically, neither conservative nor radical, not committing to any party politics;
having a deep hatred for the rich oppressors and a deep sympathy for the poor and oppressed;
liberal-minded, a fighter for truth, justice, equality, and freedom;
Holding the opinion that human nature was seriously and permanently flawed. 在政治上，既不保守也不激进，不承诺任何政党政治;
有一个深刻的仇恨富人压迫者和深切同情穷人和被压迫者;
开明，一个战士，为真理，正义，平等，自由;
坚持认为，人性被严重和永久性缺陷。

（2）Major works
1.A Tale of a Tub (1704)《一个木桶的故事》
2.The Battle of Books (1704)《书战》
3.A Modest Proposal (1729)《一个小小的建议》
4.Gulliver’s Travels (1726)《格列佛游记》
（3）Special features
a good style: “proper words in proper places”,
his language, precise, simple, clear, vigorous, economical and concise,
being unsurpassed in writing of simple, direct and precise prose,
a master satirist,
his satire, being masked by an outward seriousness and earnestness in tone and an objectivity
and detachment on the part of the author良好的作风：“适当的词在适当的地方”，
他的语言，精确，简单，清晰，有力，经济，简洁，
无与伦比正在以书面形式简单，直接而准确的散文，
主讽刺作家，
他的讽刺，被掩盖向外严重性，并语重心长的语气和对作者的一部分的客观性和支队
（4）Selected reading
1.Robinson Crusoe by Defoe
2.Gulliver’s Travels by Swift
5th the Romantic Period浪漫主义时期
一．Romanticism, features of the romantic literature浪漫文学的浪漫主义，功能
1 Expressiveness: the object of the artist, the expression of the artist’s emotion, impression or be lief, poetry, “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”; 1表现力：艺术家，艺术家的情感的表达，印象或信仰，诗歌，“强烈感情的自然流露”的对象;
2 Imagination: emphasizing the creative function of the imagination, art, a formulation of intuitive, imaginative perceptions;2畅想：强调想象力，艺术，直觉，想象力的看法配方的创新功能;
3 Singularity: a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, the illogical;3奇点：远程，不寻常的，奇怪的，超自然的，神秘的，灿烂的，风景如画的，不合逻辑的强烈的爱;
4 Worship of nature: nature, a revelation of Truth; the natural world, the dominant influence in changing people’s sensibilities; nature, a source of mental cleanness and spiritual understanding;4崇拜自然：自然，真理的启示，自然世界，改变着人们的情感的支配性影响，自然，精神清洁和精神理解的源泉;
5 Simplicity: subjects: the humble people and the everyday life;5简单：科目：不起眼的人，每天的生活;
materials: the commonplace, the natural, the simple;材料：司空见惯，自然，简单;
language: everyday language spoken by the rustic people;语言：由质朴的人使用的日常用语;
6 An age of poetry
二．Major writers: William Blake, Robert Burns
William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge
George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats
Jane Austen主要作家：威廉·布莱克，罗伯特·伯恩斯
威廉·华兹华斯，塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治
乔治·戈登·拜伦，雪莱，济慈
简·奥斯汀
1William Blake (1757 - 1827)
（1）Points of view威廉·布莱克
1 Politically, criticizing the capitalist’ cruel ex ploitation, cherishing great expectations and enthusiasm for the French Revolution;1在政治上，批评资本主义“残酷剥削，珍惜很大的期望和热情的法国大革命;
2 Religiously, the Bible, the causes of many errors, religion, outlawing the body and cutting off the mind from the real source of its energies (evils);2宗教上，圣经，许多错误，宗教，取缔体，并从它的能量（罪恶）的真正源头切断心灵的原因;
3 literarily’ showing contempt for the rule of neo-classicism, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, treasuring the individual imagination.3文采飞扬“表现出对新古典主义的统治，反对
18世纪的古典传统，珍惜个人想象力。

（2）Major works1) Poetical Sketches (1783)
a collection of youthful verse with notes of joy, laughter and love
2) Songs of Innocence (1789)
a volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, breaking completely with the traditions of the 18th century, introducing bold metrical innovations
3) Songs of Experience (1794)
a volume of poems, painting a world of poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone
4) Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790)
marking Blake’s entry into maturity,
a satire as well as a revolutionary prophecy,
exploring the relationship of the contraries,
marriage, the reconciliation of the contraries.
1）诗歌素描（1783）
青春的诗与喜悦，欢笑和爱集合票据
无罪2）歌曲（1789）
卷诗，呈现出快乐和天真的世界，18世纪的传统彻底打破，大胆引进创新格律
经验3）歌曲（1794）
诗卷，绘画贫困，疾病，战争和压迫的世界拥有忧郁的气质
4）婚姻天堂与地狱（1790）
标记布雷克的进入成熟期，
一个讽刺，以及革命性的预言，
探索对立面的关系，
婚姻，对立面的和解。

（3）Special features
1) major topic: political tyranny, economic exploitation, other evils of the reality in his day, fight for freedom;
2) language: plain simple, direct;
3) nature: visionary imaginative;
4) feature: symbolism3）特殊功能
1）主要议题：政治专制，经济剥削，现实的，他在一天的其他罪恶，争取自由;
2）语言：朴素简单，直接;
3）性质：有远见的想象力;
4）功能：象征
（4）Selected readings
1.The Chimney Sweeper” (from Songs of Innocence)
Main idea
The chimney sweepers get support for their position or situation from the dream of Tom Dacre, which supplies a vision of liberation.
confinement ---open spaces
dirt --- cleanliness
darkness --- light
the absent father --- a benign and resent God;
the role of religion: to drug the people, to supply them with a sort of “illusory
happiness”1，扫烟囱“（从天真之歌）
大意
烟囱清洁工得到他们从汤姆Dacre，它提供解放的愿景的梦想位置或情况的支持。

坐月子---开放空间
污垢---清洁
黑暗---光
缺席的父亲---一个良性和怨恨上帝;
宗教的作用：药物的人，要怀着一种“虚幻的幸福”提供它们
2.London” (from Songs of Experience)
Main idea
After the French Revolution, the British government pressed down the democratic activities at their most. London city then was a world of misery, poverty disease and war. On the other hand, the city was under the full control of the capitalists. Even the beautiful Thames was dominated by chartered companies.伦敦“（从经验之歌）
大意
法国大革命后，英国政府压下来的民主活动，在他们最。

伦敦城市则是苦难，贫穷疾病和战争的世界。

在另一方面，城市是完全控制的资本家下。

即使是美丽的泰晤士的主导力量是特许公司。

2.Robert Burns (1759 - 1796)
（1）Points of view
1) Politically, supporting the French Revolution,
calling on the people to fight for a happy life,
showing sympathy for the miseries of the Negro slaves,
satirizing the parasitism of the lackeys of the ruling class;
2) Religiously, satirizing the hypocrisy of the church leaders;
3) Literarily, the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.
Robert伯恩斯（1759年至1796年）
（1）点的看法
1）政治上，支持法国大革命，
呼吁人们对幸福生活的奋斗，
显示同情黑人奴隶的苦难，
讽刺统治阶级的走狗的寄生;
2）宗教上，讽刺教会领袖的虚伪;
3）文采飞扬，对各种学科的苏格兰方言。

（2）Special features
1) the national poet of Scotland
2) his peasant origin aiding him in capturing the simplicity, humor, directness and optimism （3）Selected reading: “A Red, Red Rose”友谊地久天长
2）特殊功能
苏格兰1）民族诗人
2）他的农民出身帮助他夺取简洁，幽默，直率和乐观
（3）选定的阅读：“一朵红红的玫瑰”
4.Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 - 1834)塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（1772年至1834年）
（1）Points of view
1) politically, an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution, “Pantisocracy”
a fiery foe of the rights of man,
a government, based upon the will of the propertied classes only
1）在政治上，法国大革命的狂热支持者，“Pantisocracy”
的人的权利火热的敌人，
一个政府，基于只有有产阶级的意志，,
2) religiously, a pious Christian,2）宗教，一个虔诚的基督徒，
3) artistically, art, the medium between man and nature,
poetry, the flower of all human knowledge, thoughts, passions and feelings,
art, the only permanent revelation of the nature of reality,3）艺术，艺术，人与自然之间的介质，诗歌，人类所有知识，思想，激情和感情之花，
艺术，对现实本质的唯一常设的启示，
4) philosophically and critically, opposing the limited and rationalistic trends of the 18th-century thought,
advocating a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life.4）从哲学和批判，反对18
世纪思想的有限理性和发展趋势，
崇尚生活的更加精神和宗教的解释。

（2）Major works
1) “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”
2) “Kubla Khan”1）“古舟子咏”
2）“忽必烈汗”
（3）Special features
1) a lyrical poet and literary critic of the first rank,
2) the demonic group, mysticism and demonism with strong imagination,
the conversational group, an allied theme: the desire to go home, to “an improved infancy”
1）一个抒情诗人和第一流的文学评论家，
2）恶魔群，神秘主义和信仰魔鬼具有很强的想象力，
该会话组，一个联盟的主题：回家，到“一种改进的婴儿期”的愿望，
3) giving close critical attention to language,
maintaining that the true end of poetry is to give pleasure “through the medium of beauty”.
3）语言给予密切关注的关键，
维护诗歌的真正到底是“通过美的语言”带来乐趣。

（4）Selected reading
“Kubla Khan”
Main idea, a poem about poetry,
a pleasure-dome and elaborate gardens: a type of the artist,
the glorious creation, a balanced reconciliation of the natural and the artificial,
reflecting Coleridge’s subconscious ruminations on poe try, paradise, and the heights and the depth
of his own unfathomable intellectual and spiritual being.
5.George Gordon Byron (1788 - 1824)乔治·戈登·拜伦（1788年至1824年）
（1）Points of view
1) politically, a strong passion for liberty, an intense hatred for all tyrants, appealing for the liberty of the oppressed nations, exalting the great fighters for freedom in history;政治上，强烈的激情自由，强烈的仇恨所有暴君，呼吁被压迫民族的自由，高举自由历史上伟大的战士;
2) artistically, continuing in the tradition of classicism advocating by the writers of the enlightenment in the 18th century, showing contempt for the commonplace and vulgarity of the “Lake Poets”.气韵，由启蒙于18世纪的作家继续在古典主义崇尚的传统，表现出蔑视司空见惯和“湖畔诗人”的超凡脱俗
（2）Major works
1) Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德·哈罗德游记"
2) Cain该隐
3) Don Juan唐璜
（3）Special features
1) exerting great influence on the Romantic Movement:
attacks on “cant political, religious, and moral”,
the novelty of his oriental scenery,
the romantic character of the Byronic hero,
the easy, fluent, and natural beauty of his verse;1）施加巨大影响力的浪漫主义运动：
在“着政治，宗教和道德”的攻击，
他的东方风景的新颖性，
在拜伦式英雄的浪漫性格，
轻松，流畅，自然美景他的诗歌的;
2) diction: having a freedom, copiousness and vigor;
3) descriptions: simple and fresh;2）用词：具有自由，丰裕和活力;
3）说明：简单而清新;
4) the glowing imagination of the poet rising and sinking with the tones of his enthusiasm, roughing into argument, or softening into the melody feeling and sentiments;4）诗人的想象力泛着上升，并与他的热情，粗加工的色调沉入参数，或软化成旋律感觉和情绪;
5) employing the Ottva Rima (Octave Stanza 八行诗节) from Italian mock-heroic poetry.来自意大利的模拟英雄诗歌采用Ottva玛（八度诗节八行诗节）。

（4）. Selected reading
“She Walks in Beauty”
6.Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 - 1822)珀西·比希·雪莱
（1）Points of view
1) politically, a revolutionary, a democrat,
fighting all his life against cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society在政治上，一个革命者，一个民主主义者，
争取他对残酷，不公正，权力，宗教机构和受社会尊敬的正式沙姆斯所有的生命
2) literarily, a triumphant praise of the imagination, exalting the role of poetry, poetry alone could free man and offer the mind a wider view of its powers,文采飞扬，想象力的胜利的赞美，颂扬诗歌的作用，单独诗歌可以自由的人，并提供心灵的权力更广泛的观点，
poetry “is a direct representation of the actions and passions of our internal being”.诗“是我们内部存在的行动和激情的直接表示”。

（2）. Major works
1) Prometheus Unbound (1819)
2) “Ode to the West Wind” (1819)
3) In Defence of Poetry (1822)1）解放了的普罗米修斯（1819）
2）“西风颂风”（1819）
3）在诗（1822国防）。