世界化石能源使用情况ppt课件
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7
8
Coal mines
Surface (strip) mine, Western U.S.
Underground (shaft) mine, Eastern U.S.
9
Coal cheaper, but polluting
Much Eastern U.S. coal has high-sulfur content, more expensive to mine
• Cleaner to burn
– Half as much CO2 as coal
• More efficient
– 10% energy lost
• 60-year supply at current rates
24
Disadvantages of natural gas
• Difficult to transport
Rainforest Action Network Project Underground
61
COAL
FOSSIL FUELS 85% of the world’s commercial energy
NATURAL GAS
OIL
1
2
3
20 richest countries consume:
• 50% of coal • 80% of natural gas • 65% of oil
4
Lawsuit against Texaco in U.S. courts, 1999
55
Oil in Nigeria
Largest producer in Africa, mainly In Niger Delta
Nigeria had military governments in 1990s
32
33
34
Proven oil reserves
• 465 billion barrels consumed • 1 trillion barrels left • 22 billion consumed a year • 45 years to go! Party now!
35
Global Oil Production for Resources of 1800,
• pH of 6.0
– Kills insects, crabs
• pH < 5.0
– Kills fish, trees
17
Sources of Nitrogen Oxides
Transport ation
Electrical plants
Other
• Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide create acid rain
56
Environmental problems in Niger Delta region
Homeland of Ogoni, Ijaw groups
Gas flaring hazards
Oil spills in mangrove swa5m7 p
Ogoni environmental protests
• Displacement of Indians, • deforestation
• Oil leaks into rivers larger than Valdez spill
54
Ecuador Indian occupations
Texaco withdrew 1992, Arco met demands
51
52
Oil in Ecuador
• Ecuador 2nd largest S. America producer
– 70% of exports
• Drilling in Amazon rainforest
53
Opposition to oil companies
• Construction of roads, pipelines on Indian lands
• Respiratory illnesses (public)
13
Effects on land
• Coal sludge releases • Hardpan at strip mines • Mountaintop removal • Huge water use
– Slurry pipelines
58
Oil companies collude with military
Many Ogoni killed by military
Shell Oil pays, transports soldiers
Ogoni leader Dr. Ken Saro-Wiwa executed in 1995 59
26
27
Oil Consumption by Sector (1998)
Electric Utilities
1.16
Residential Commercial
2.13
9.2 Industry
Transportation
24.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
QUADS of Oil
28
29
30
31
2200, and 2600 Billion Barrels
Billions of Barrels per Year 35
30
2600
25
20
2200 15
1800 10
5
0 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
36
Distribution of Estimates of Ultimately Recoverable World Crude Oil (1975-1993)
• Tall stacks deposit farther
18
Coal scrubbers
19
20
The future? Hydrogen fuel cells
21
NATURAL GAS
Methane, other Gases in bedrock
22
23
Advantages of natural gas
45
46
U.S. trends in oil
• Diverse sources (not Mideast)
– Venezuela, Nigeria, etc.
• Opening domestic sources
– Alaska controversy
• Polluting technologies?
Nigerian women protest, 2002
Ijaw women occupy Chevron oil docks
Protest against pollution, lack of local jobs
60
Websites on oil industry and global opposition
– Pipelines – Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) tankers
• Can be polluting, dangerous when extracted • Methane bed drilling pollutes
25
OIL (PETROLEUM)
Buried organic matter rich in hydrocarbons
– Oil shale extraction – Synthetic fuels (coal-to-oil)
47
Exxon Valdez, Alaska 1989
48
Attempts to contain spill
49
Clean-up efforts
50
Prince William Sound fishing industry damaged
2000
Байду номын сангаас39
Global trends in oil
• Growing use in China (+10%/year)
• Japan, Europe depend on Mideast • New reserves around Caspian Sea
– Nearly size of Saudi Arabia
5
U.S. energy consumption
9%
Mining/metals Other industry Transportation Other
6
COAL
Fossilized, condensed carbon-rich fuel
10 X reserves of oil/gas, last 200 years at present rate
51% of U.S. use in coal
11
Energy lost from coal
65% lost in power plants
10% lost on transmission lines (stray voltage)
12
Effects on health
• Black Lung Disease (miners)
14
Effects on air
• Greenhouse gases
– 3/4 sulfur dioxide – 1/3 nitrogen oxides – 1/2 carbon dioxide
• Toxics
– Mercury – Uranium
15
Acid rain
16
Acidity of rain
• Increasing source of major wars, human rights abuses
40
Kuwait oil well fires, 1991
41
42
Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea
43
44
Oil & natural gas pipelines
Much Western U.S. coal has low-sulfur content, cheaper to mine
But mining in semi-arid West more damaging to land.
10
Heat value of coal types
Anthracite Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite
25
20
15
10
5
0 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010 38
World Crude Oil Prices (economic crises in oil states)
$1992 per barrel
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Percentage of Estimates 35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 Billion Barrels
37
World Crude Oil Production
Billions of Barrels per Year 30
8
Coal mines
Surface (strip) mine, Western U.S.
Underground (shaft) mine, Eastern U.S.
9
Coal cheaper, but polluting
Much Eastern U.S. coal has high-sulfur content, more expensive to mine
• Cleaner to burn
– Half as much CO2 as coal
• More efficient
– 10% energy lost
• 60-year supply at current rates
24
Disadvantages of natural gas
• Difficult to transport
Rainforest Action Network Project Underground
61
COAL
FOSSIL FUELS 85% of the world’s commercial energy
NATURAL GAS
OIL
1
2
3
20 richest countries consume:
• 50% of coal • 80% of natural gas • 65% of oil
4
Lawsuit against Texaco in U.S. courts, 1999
55
Oil in Nigeria
Largest producer in Africa, mainly In Niger Delta
Nigeria had military governments in 1990s
32
33
34
Proven oil reserves
• 465 billion barrels consumed • 1 trillion barrels left • 22 billion consumed a year • 45 years to go! Party now!
35
Global Oil Production for Resources of 1800,
• pH of 6.0
– Kills insects, crabs
• pH < 5.0
– Kills fish, trees
17
Sources of Nitrogen Oxides
Transport ation
Electrical plants
Other
• Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide create acid rain
56
Environmental problems in Niger Delta region
Homeland of Ogoni, Ijaw groups
Gas flaring hazards
Oil spills in mangrove swa5m7 p
Ogoni environmental protests
• Displacement of Indians, • deforestation
• Oil leaks into rivers larger than Valdez spill
54
Ecuador Indian occupations
Texaco withdrew 1992, Arco met demands
51
52
Oil in Ecuador
• Ecuador 2nd largest S. America producer
– 70% of exports
• Drilling in Amazon rainforest
53
Opposition to oil companies
• Construction of roads, pipelines on Indian lands
• Respiratory illnesses (public)
13
Effects on land
• Coal sludge releases • Hardpan at strip mines • Mountaintop removal • Huge water use
– Slurry pipelines
58
Oil companies collude with military
Many Ogoni killed by military
Shell Oil pays, transports soldiers
Ogoni leader Dr. Ken Saro-Wiwa executed in 1995 59
26
27
Oil Consumption by Sector (1998)
Electric Utilities
1.16
Residential Commercial
2.13
9.2 Industry
Transportation
24.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
QUADS of Oil
28
29
30
31
2200, and 2600 Billion Barrels
Billions of Barrels per Year 35
30
2600
25
20
2200 15
1800 10
5
0 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
36
Distribution of Estimates of Ultimately Recoverable World Crude Oil (1975-1993)
• Tall stacks deposit farther
18
Coal scrubbers
19
20
The future? Hydrogen fuel cells
21
NATURAL GAS
Methane, other Gases in bedrock
22
23
Advantages of natural gas
45
46
U.S. trends in oil
• Diverse sources (not Mideast)
– Venezuela, Nigeria, etc.
• Opening domestic sources
– Alaska controversy
• Polluting technologies?
Nigerian women protest, 2002
Ijaw women occupy Chevron oil docks
Protest against pollution, lack of local jobs
60
Websites on oil industry and global opposition
– Pipelines – Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) tankers
• Can be polluting, dangerous when extracted • Methane bed drilling pollutes
25
OIL (PETROLEUM)
Buried organic matter rich in hydrocarbons
– Oil shale extraction – Synthetic fuels (coal-to-oil)
47
Exxon Valdez, Alaska 1989
48
Attempts to contain spill
49
Clean-up efforts
50
Prince William Sound fishing industry damaged
2000
Байду номын сангаас39
Global trends in oil
• Growing use in China (+10%/year)
• Japan, Europe depend on Mideast • New reserves around Caspian Sea
– Nearly size of Saudi Arabia
5
U.S. energy consumption
9%
Mining/metals Other industry Transportation Other
6
COAL
Fossilized, condensed carbon-rich fuel
10 X reserves of oil/gas, last 200 years at present rate
51% of U.S. use in coal
11
Energy lost from coal
65% lost in power plants
10% lost on transmission lines (stray voltage)
12
Effects on health
• Black Lung Disease (miners)
14
Effects on air
• Greenhouse gases
– 3/4 sulfur dioxide – 1/3 nitrogen oxides – 1/2 carbon dioxide
• Toxics
– Mercury – Uranium
15
Acid rain
16
Acidity of rain
• Increasing source of major wars, human rights abuses
40
Kuwait oil well fires, 1991
41
42
Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea
43
44
Oil & natural gas pipelines
Much Western U.S. coal has low-sulfur content, cheaper to mine
But mining in semi-arid West more damaging to land.
10
Heat value of coal types
Anthracite Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite
25
20
15
10
5
0 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010 38
World Crude Oil Prices (economic crises in oil states)
$1992 per barrel
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Percentage of Estimates 35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 Billion Barrels
37
World Crude Oil Production
Billions of Barrels per Year 30