Final Incident Package (2005) - National Geographic Area 最后的事件包(2005)-美国国家地理杂志区
英语单词模块一到五纯英文
Enjoyable /experience /assembly /headmaster /earn /respect /devote /literature average /struggle /challenging /encouragement /cooking /for free /extra /fond be fond of /Spanish /sculpture /dessert /look back (on) /satisfaction /surf / academic /exchange /former /graduate /fluent /painting /donate /kindness /splendid independent /make use of /title /dynasty /somehow /recent /professor /inform/ opening hours /run /host /approve charge /take charge of /schoolmate /broadcast preparation /event /outing /graduation /poet /generation /literary /select/ courtyard /compositionM1U2act /curtain /can’t wait to do sth /soccer /frightened /be supposed to /bend/ starve /cash /garbage /pizza /sink(sank,sunk) /garbage can /adult /tolerate/ behavior(behaviour)/teenager /fault /scene /upset /defend /emergency anyhow/ deserve /explanation /clinic /hard /be hard on /now that /rude /sight /bicycle/ hardworking /stay up /handle /error /mix up /guidance /as if /insist /insist on/ cafe /internet cafe /chat /at present /argument /freedom /worried /harm /foolish/ patience /selfish /distant /annoyed /forbid(forbade,forbidden)/adolescence/ along with /misunderstand /(misunderstood,misunderstood)/normal /confused physical /psychology /tend /limit /wisdom /independent /balance/last challengeM1U3work out /slim /figure /ashamed /weight-loss /pill /kilogram /work /energetic / recover /liver /failure /contain /chemical /treatment /painful /damage/ attractive /embarrassed /pressure /overweight /diet /go on a diet /prefer /waist/ suffer /athlete /effect /side effect /fall out /affect /achievement /post/membership /including /branch /downtown /freeway /midnight /equipment/get into shape /make the most of /marathon /expert /chip(chips)/sadness /comfort/ useless /in the long term /approximately /skip /properly /mostly /system /skin/count /peaceful /concentrate /amount /as a matter of fact /loss /gaintale /unexplained /puzzled /step up /incident /due /due to /alien /disappear /witness /spaceship /creature /flash /assume /construction /occur /show up /aboard /possibility /detective /take charge of /case /journalist /make up /amazing /evidence /injury /dismiss /look into /laughter /schoolboy /astronomer /enthusiastic /base /exist /mystery /comic /strip /questionnaire /tick /statement /disagree /appropriate /blank /humour /discount /table tennis /badminton /organize (organise)/tournament /award /Yeti Bigfoot /hairy /human being /attack /villager /fur /track /centimetre /length /examine /north-west /dozen /dozens of /reserve /strength /belong /belong to /existence /convince /link /ancestor / make one’s way to /surviveM2U2adventure /arrange /extraordinary /flight /camel /desert /dusty /shade /brilliant /flashlight /altogether /uncomfortable/ rough /white-water rafting /helmet /life /jacket /protection /in case /backpack advance/ in advance /supply /wildlife /photograph /defence /scare /up close /mount /tiring /atmosphere /Africa /afterwards /sleeve /cheek /tourism /schedule /crane /explorer /sunrise /view /heaven /mountaintop /temple /bury /destination /cage /beauty /south-west /highway /classic /novel /kingdom /steep /forever /officially /spot /tourist /spot /publish /announce /tower /sunshine /reflect /diamond /cattle /wander /surrounding /harmony /endless /mildM2U3curse /mummy /explorer /curious /set sail //tomb /Egyptian /fortune /jewel /preserve /valley /lord /come across /entrance /content /swallow /death /shortly /within /coincidence /connection /punishment /scientific /virus /disturb /breath /result in /clothing /riddle /labour /whichever /airplane /signal /captain /warning /iceberg /widespread /requirement /inspire /sex /female /nationality /native /outgoing/ gorilla /data /companion /rare /discourage /devotion /murder /various /organization /voyage /orbit /astronaut /north-east /desire /apply /candidate /survival /rocket /status /superior /be in control (of sth) /quality /optimistic /indeed /look up toHearing /raised /dot /sign /confuse /vase /fog /mist /forecast(forecast forecast)/ observe/overcoat /glance /nowhere /footstep /wherever /in sight /narrow /approach /wish for /darkness /hesitate/reach out/grasp/stare/bear/watch out for /crossroads /anxious /firmly /grateful /helper /aid /relief /lorry /pavement /reduce /volunteer /sniff /analyse /recognize /puzzle /ignore /pole /the north pole /boot(boots) /sweat /distance /thunder /lightning /triangle /wave /overhead /tap /suit /attach /disability /hopeful /whisper /bite(bit bitten) /shark /jaw /bull /contrary /flesh /jewellery /attract /calm /panic /fist /likely /pigeon /soldier /roll /roll up /loose /employ /compass /unlikeM3U2be made up of /vocabulary /nowadays /mainland /occupy /consist /consist of /mixture /name after /aside /aside from /official /phrase /contribution /defeat /take control of/lead to /replace /entire /servant /raise /therefore /mutton /bacon /plural /high-class /mother tongue /process /distinction /spelling /accent /concern /ban /pure /unique /access /character /bark /racial /gentle /embarrass /backwards /conclusion /custom /interrupt /mistaken /ought to /differ /differ from /alphabet /stand for /deed /writing /hunt /appearance /represent /drawing /simplify /as a whole /combine /distinguish /indicate /shortcoming /ink /eyesight /press /wire /convenient /battle /pattern /drag /practical /thus /typewriter /versionM3U3civilization /lecture /found /BC /Roman /take over /volcano /AD /erupt /lava /ash /unfortunate /unfortunately /mud /decorate /flee(fled fled)/researcher /true-to-life /disaster /destroy /commercial /wealthy /gradually /sandstorm /scholar / cultural / institute /ruin /remains /beneath /pot /material /document /workshop /explode /nearby /extreme /complain /bone /wooden /leather /historical /solution /expression /audience /cave /ceremony /republic /chairman /pearl /harbor (harbour)/navy /powerful /airfield /bomb /sailor /fortunate /aircraft /carrier /declare /in memory of /memorial /educate /statue /no doubt /rise up against /troop /stand in one's path /march /glory /ahead /come down with /vast /philosophy /salary /aware /basis /court /god /corrupt /trial /judge /poisonAdvertising / advertising /airline /drug /shine /shampoo /advertisement /persuade /advertise /be meant to /welfare /cheat /skilful /even if(though) /innocent /breath /bad breath /fool /cure /grocery /pleased /comment /mental /fall for /trick /play trick on /aim /nationwide /campaign /deal with /motto /cigarette /benefit /promote /intelligence /slave /consult /comprehension /latest /best-seller /amazed /recommend /publisher /senior /purchase /designer /software /tip /eye-catching /logo /slogan /corporation /bar /multiply /design /update /youth /aspect /CD /recipe /yummy /bargain /bonus /fancy /figure out /media /poster /target /determine /analysis /appeal /appeal to /react /personally /get something across /anti-smoking /packet /poisonous /lung /cancer /smoker /fingernail /urge tobacco /essay /shock die fromM4U2committee /delighted /significance /Olympia /Greece /wrestling /tradition /compete /honour /in honour of /male /nation /contemporary /well-known /boxer /medal /heavyweight /boxing /championship /flame /opening /absence /excite /hurdle /lead the way /gymnastics /champion /hang on /final /joy /attempt /boundary /movement /nest /torch /stadium /pass something on (to somebody) /transport /citizen /vest /underwear/kettle /otherwise /per /association /grain /routine /toast /Coke /lemonade /ping-pong /net /origin /outdoors /frequent /technique /bowling /continent /budget /remove /unusual /power / power boating /make way for /tae kwon do /rugby /golf /eagle /teammate /kangaroo /goal /shot /referee /whistle /reporter /unfair /bitter /meanwhile /tie /precious/M4U3virtual /reality /presentation /amaze /passive /user /sightseeing /happiness /headset/3-d /add to /network /studio /social /Brazilian /winning /confident /put forward /disappointed /disabled /convenience /secure /firefighter /injure /biology /whale /squirrel /urban /planning /neighbourhood /as to /operator /fee /disadvantage /electric /built-in /power-free /Clay /powder-free /liquid /power /last but not least /programming /accuse /piracy /fade /editor /constant /modern /monitor /function /PC /printer /button /chief /importance /pack /nephew /hire /shore /mushroom /gas /dinosaur /exit /ceiling /float /escape /terror /upward /sunlight /zip /worn /mankind /evolve /beast /impression /master /frostBetray /quiz /pretend /cheerful /washroom /beg /swear /spy /spy on /truly /forgive /sincerely /childhood /superb /focus /pace /keep pace with /manner /horrible/guilty /cruel /remark /dislike /argue /awkward /apologize /quarrel /sensitive/athlete /envy /blame /gifted /disagreement /before long /mailbox /algebra/arithmetic /Easter /amusement /amusement park /circus /online /identity /absurd /hopeless /overcome /get through /acquaintance /twin /apartment /topic /attitude /anchor /be based on /cautious /eager /worldwide /adolescent /respond /pause/regardless /regardless of /security /end up /waiting room /rely /rely on/trolleybus /revision /thanks to /committed /mercy /apologyM5U2economy /spokeswoman /consultant /debate /open the floor /flow /billion /duty /cut back on /production /recycle /pipe /greedy /businessman /responsibility /belief /environmental /operate /credit /quantity /raw /raw material /seafood /willing /tax /goods /pump /use up /run out (of) /madam /arrival /cleanup /arrest /illegally /customs /feather /tortoise /blanket /impress /clap /economic /conflict /queue /queue up /desertification /crop /fence /soil /bush /decrease /drill /measure /admin /stration /satellite /pick out /typhoon /flood /range /illegal /under way /conservation /dolphin /white-flag dolphin /in(with) regard to /appreciate /climate /low-carbon /carbon /dioxide /carbon dioxide /let off /vehicle /petrol /engine /electrical /plant /fuel /consume /particular /absorb /oxygen /decade /do one's partM5U3Clone /embryo /on the one hand...on the other hand... /tissue /toy with /real-life /monster /exact /cell /mammal /Scottish /intention /anxiety /saleswoman /adopt/legal /push ahead with /Italian /physician /goat /consequence /harvest /for sale /transform /concept /crime /fellow /profession /radiation /breakthrough /original /judgement /be(get) burnt out /relation /public relation /follow in one's footsteps /conduct /majority /summary /consideration /take...into consideration /hunger/tasty /nutrition /ordinary /reliable /accurate /brief /actual /confirm/agriculture /channel /favour /in favour of /point of view /catastrophe /resource /acre /rainforest /income /genetics /frighten /genetically /modify /genetically modified /insert /DNA /pest /profit /chain /food chain /permission。
2005年6月大学英语四级(CET-4)真题试卷及参考答案
2005年6月大学英语四级(CET-4)真题试卷Part I Listening Comprehension (20 minutes)Section A1. A) The man hates to lend his tools to other people.B) The man hasn’t finished working on the bookshelf.C) The tools have already been returned to the woman.D) The tools the man borrowed from the woman are missing.2. A) Give the ring to a policeman.B) Wait for the owner of the ring in the rest room.C) Hand in the ring to the security office.D) Take the ring to the administration building.3. A) Save time by using a computer.B) Buy her own computer.C) Borrow Martha’s computer.D) Stay home and complete her paper.4. A) The man doesn’t have money for his daughter’s graduate studies.B) The man doesn’t think his daughter will get a business degree.C) The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in science.D) The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision.5. A) The cinema is some distance away from where they are.B) He would like to read the film review in the newspaper.C) They should wait to see the movie at a later time.D) He’ll find his way to the cinema.6. A) He’s been to Seattle many times.B) He has chaired a lot of conferences.C) He has a high position in his company.D) He lived in Seattle for many years.7. A) Teacher and student.B) Doctor and patient.C) Manager and office worker.D) Travel agent and customer.8. A) She knows the guy who will give the lecture.B) She thinks the lecture might be informative.C) She wants to add something to her lecture.D) She’ll finished her report this weekend.9. A) An art museum.B) A beautiful park.C) A college campus.D) An architectural exhibition.10. A) The houses for sale are of poor quality.B) The houses are too expensive for the couple to buy.C) The housing developers provide free trips for potential buyers.D) The man is unwilling to take a look at the houses for sale. Section BPassage 111. A) Synthetic fuelB) Solar energyC) AlcoholD) Electricity12. A) Air traffic conditionsB) Traffic jams on highwaysC) Road conditionsD) New traffic rules13. A) Go through a health checkB) Carry little luggageC) Arrive early for boardingD) Undergo security checksPassage 214. A) In a fast-food restaurantB) At a shopping centerC) At a county fairD) In a bakery15. A) Avoid eating any foodB) Prepare the right type of pie to eatC) Wash his hands thoroughlyD) Practice eating a pie quickly16. A) On the tableB) Behind his backC) Under his bottomD) On his lap17. A) Looking sideways to see how fast your neighbor eats.B) Eating from the outside toward the middle.C) Swallowing the pie with water.D) Holding the pie in the right position.Passage 318. A) BeautyB) LoyaltyC) LuckD) Durability19. A) He wanted to follow the tradition of his country.B) He believed that it symbolized an everlasting marriage.C) It was thought a blood vessel in that finger led directly to the heart.D) It was supposed that the diamond on that finger would bring good luck.20. A) The two people can learn about each other’s likes and dislikes.B) The two people can have time to decide if they are a good match.C) The two people can have time to shop for their new home.D) The two people can earn enough money for their wedding.Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)Passage 1Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) (ANWR) to help secure America’s energy future? President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWR’s oil would help ease California’s electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the country’s energy independence. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth with the last government survey, conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels.The oil industry goes with the high end of the range, which could equal as much as 10% of U.S. consumption for as long as six years. By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also mean a multibillion-dollar windfall (意外之财) in tax revenues,royalties (开采权使用费) and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all, advocates of drilling say, damage to the environment would be insignificant. “We’ve never had a document case of oil rig chasing deer out onto the pack ice.” says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan.Not so far, say environmentalists. Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America’s energy problems. And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits, because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases, environmental permits and regulatory review. As for ANWR’s impact on the California power crisis, environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1% of the Golden State’s electricity output—and just 3% of the nation’s.21. What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR?A) It will exhaust the nation’s oil reserves.B) It will help secure the future of ANWR.C) It will help reduce the nation’s oil imports.D) It will increase America’s energy consumption.22. We learn from the second paragraph that the American oil industry ________.A) believes that drilling for oil in ANWR will produce high yieldsB) tends to exaggerate America’s reliance on foreign oilC) shows little interest in tapping oil in ANWRD) expects to stop oil imports from Saudi Arabia23. Those against oil drilling in ANWR argue that ________.A) it can cause serious damage to the environmentB) it can do little to solve U.S. energy problemsC) it will drain the oil reserves in the Alaskan regionD) it will not have much commercial value24. What do the environmentalists mean by saying “Not so fast” (Line 1, Para. 3)?A) Oil exploitation takes a long timeB) The oil drilling should be delayedC) Don’t be too optimisticD) Don’t expect fast returns25. It can be learned from the passage that oil exploitation beneath ANWR’s frozenearth ________.A) remains a controversial issueB) is expected to get under way soonC) involves a lot of technological problemsD) will enable the U.S. to be oil independentPassage 2“Tear‘em apart!” “Kill the fool!” “Murder the referee (裁判)!”These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But let’s not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. V olumes have been written about the way words affect us. It has been shown that words having certain connotations (含义) may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I see the term “opponent” as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms.The dictionary meaning of the term “opponent “is “adversary “: “enemy “; “one who opposes your interests.” “Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one’s intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player’s request for a time out for a glove change because he did not considered then wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. “Are they wet enough now?”In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent’s international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior.Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated (提升) the game to the level where it belongs thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term “opponent” with “associate” could be an ideal way to start.The dictionary meaning of the term “associate” is “colleague”; “friend”; “companion.” Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference i n your reaction to the term “associate” rather than “opponent.”26. Which of the following statements best expresses the author’s view?A) Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences.B) The words people use can influence their behavior.C) Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes.D) Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field.27. Harsh words are spoken during games because the players ________.A) are too eager to winB) are usually short-tempered and easily offendedC) cannot afford to be polite in fierce competitionD) treat their rivals as enemies28. What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change hisgloves?A) He refused to continue the game.B) He angrily hit the referee with a ball.C) He claimed that the referee was unfair.D) He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his T-shirt.29. According to the passage, players, in a game, may ________.A) deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their wayB) keep on screaming and shouting throughout the gameC) lie down on the ground as an act of protestD) kick the ball across the court with force30. The author hopes to have the current situation in sports improved by ________.A) calling on players to use clean language on the courtB) raising the referee’s sense of responsibilityC) changing the attitude of players on the sports fieldD) regulating the relationship between players and refereesPassage 3Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge (大杂烩) of environmental claims made by household products, according to a “green labeling” study published by Consumers International Friday.Among the report’s more outrageous (令人无法容忍的) findings-a German fertilizer described it self as “earthworm friendly” a brand of flour said it was “non-polluting” and a British toilet paper claimed to be “environmentally friendlier”The study was written and researched by Britain’s National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission.“ While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy,” said Consumers International director Anna Fielder.The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in Britain, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom made the most environmental claims on average.The report focused on claims made by specific products, such as detergent (洗涤剂) insect sprays and by some garden products. It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September, 1999.Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.“Many products had specially-designed labels to make them seem environmentally friendly, but in fact many of these symbols mean nothing,” said report researcher Philip Page.“Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners were second with 145 separate claims, while paints were third on our list with 73. The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading.” he said.The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because terms such as “environmentally friendly” and “non-polluting” cannot be verified. “What we are now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO.” said Page.31. According to the passage, the NCC found it outrageous that ________.A) all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standardsB) the claims made by products are often unclear or deceivingC) consumers would believe many of the manufactures’ claimD) few products actually prove to be environment friendly32. As indicated in this passage, with so many good claims, the consumers ________.A) are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buyB) are still not willing to pay more for products with green labelingC) are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on theenvironmentD) still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment33. A study was carried out by Britain’s NCC to ________.A) find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmentalstandardsB) inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buyC) examine claims made by products against ISO standardsD) revise the guidelines set by the International Standards Organization34. What is one of the consequences caused by the many claims of household products?A) They are likely to lead to serious environmental problems.B) Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the false.C) They could arouse widespread anger among consumer.D) Consumers will be tempted to buy products they don’t need.35. It can be inferred from the passage that the lobby group Consumer Internationalwants to ________.A) make product labeling satisfy ISO requirementsB) see all household products meet environmental standardsC) warn consumers of the danger of so-called green productsD) verify the efforts of non-polluting productsPassage 4Two hours from the tall buildings of Manhattan and Philadelphia live some of the world’s largest black bears. They are in northern Pennsylvania’s Pocono Mountains, a home they share with an abundance of other wildlife.The streams, lakes,meadows (草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region. Open spaces are threatened by plans for housing estates and important habitats (栖息地) are endangered by highway construction. To protect the Poconos natural beauty from irresponsible development, the Nature Conservancy (大自然保护协会) named the area one of America’s “Last Great Places”.Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvania, the conservancy’s bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth with environmental protection. By forging partnerships with people like Francis Altemose, the Conservancy has been able to protect more than 14,000 acres of environmentally important land in the area.Altemose’s family has farmed in the Pocono area for generations. Two years ago Francis worked with the Conservancy to include his farm in a county farmland protection program. As a result, his family’s land can be protected from development and theAltemoses will be better able to provide a secure financial future for their 7-year-old grandson.Cook attributes the Conservancy’s success in the Poconos to having a local presence and a commitment to working with local residents“The key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecting with the local community,” Cook said. “The people who live there respect the land. They value quiet forests, clear streams and abundant wildlife. They are eager to help with conservation effort.For more information on how you can help the Nature Conservancy protect the Poconos and the world’s other “Last Great Places,” please call 1-888-564 6864 or visit us on the World Wide Web at .36. The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of America’s “Last Great Places” is to________.A) gain support from the local communityB) protect it from irresponsible developmentC) make it a better home for black bearsD) provide financial security for future generations37. We learn from the passage that ________.A) the population in the Pocono area is growingB) wildlife in the Pocono area is dying out rapidlyC) the security of the Pocono residents is being threatenedD) farmlands in the Pocono area are shrinking fast38. What is important in protecting the Poconos according to Cook?A) The setting up of an environmental protection websiteB) Support from organizations like The Nature ConservancyC) Cooperation with the local residents and business leadersD) Inclusion of farmlands in the region’s protection program39. What does Bud Cook mean by “having a local presence” (Line 1, Para. 5)?A) Financial contributions from local business leadersB) Consideration of the interests of the local residentsC) The establishment of a wildlife protection foundation in the areaD) The setting up of a local Nature Conservancy branch in the Pocono area40. The passage most probably is ________.A) an official documentB) a news storyC) an advertisementD) a research reportPart III Vocabulary (20 minutes)41. A word processor is much better than a typewriter in that it enables you to enter and________ your text more easily.A) registerB) editC) proposeD) discharge42. We don’t know why so many people in that region like to wear dresses of such________ colors.A) lowB) humbleC) mildD) dull43. The news has just ________ that the president is going to visit China next month.A) come downB) come upC) come outD) come about44. The ________ that exists among nations could certainly be lessened ifmisunderstanding and mistrust were removed.A) tensionB) strainC) stressD) intensity45. The other day, Mum and I went to St. James’s Hospital, and they did lots and lots oftests on me, most of them ________ and frightening.A) cheerfulB) horribleC) hostileD) friendly46. In the Mediterranean seaweed is so abundant and so easily harvested that it is neverof great ________.A) fareB) paymentC) worthD) expense47. The writer was so ________ in her work that she didn’t notice him enter the room.A) absorbedB) abandonedC) focusedD) centered48. Actually, information technology can ________ the gap between the poor and therich.A) linkB) breakC) allyD) bridge49. Some research workers completely ________ all those facts as though they neverexisted.A) ignoreB) leaveC) refuseD) miss50. Computer power now allows automatic searches of fingerprint files to match a printat a crime ________.A) stageB) sceneC) locationD) occasion51. The most basic reason why dialects should be preserved is that language helps to________ a culture.A) retainB) relateC) remark52. Companies are struggling to find the right ________ between supply and demand,but it is no easy task.A) equationB) formulaC) balanceD) pattern53. Mass advertising helped to ________ the emphasis from the production of goods totheir consumption.A) varyB) shiftC) layD) moderate54. Because of his excellent administration, people lived in peace and ________ and allpreviously neglected matters were taken care of.A) convictionB) contestC) consentD) content55. I know you’ve got a smooth tongue, so don’t talk me ________ buying it.A) awayB) downC) outD) into56. Showing some sense of humor can be a(n) ________ way to deal with somestressful situation.A) effectiveB) efficientC) favorableD) favorite57. The situation described in the report ________ terrible, but it may not happen.A) inclinesB) maintainsD) remains58. The company is trying every means to ________ the wholesale price of its products.A) pull downB) put downC) set downD) bring down59. The mayor ________ the police officer a medal of honor for his heroic deed inrescuing the earthquake victims.A) rewardedB) awardedC) creditedD) prized60. The native Canadians lived in ________ with nature, for they respected nature as aprovider of life.A) coordinationB) acquaintanceC) contactD) harmony61. Many people are asking whether traditional research universities in fact have anyfuture ________.A) at allB) so farC) in allD) on end62. I was impressed ________ the efficiency of the work done in the company.A) inB) aboutC) withD) for63. Now in Britain, wines take up four times as much ________ in the storehouse asboth beer and spirits.A) blockC) patchD) space64. His hand shook a little as he ________ the key in the lock.A) squeezedB) insertedC) stuffedD) pierced65. For professional athletes, ________ to the Olympics means that they have a chanceto enter the history books.A) accessB) attachmentC) appealD) approach66. In the long ________, the new information technologies may fundamentally alterour way of life.A) viewB) distanceC) jumpD) run67. All the arrangements should be completed ________ your departure.A) prior toB) superior toC) contrary toD) parallel to68. We need to create education standards that prepare our next generation who will be________ with an even more competitive market.A) tackledB) encounteredC) dealtD) confronted69. In the late seventies, the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle inJapan was ________ equivalent to that in the United States.B) roughlyC) readilyD) coarsely70. Many people believe we are heading for environmental disaster ________ weradically change way we live.A) butB) althoughC) unlessD) lestPart IV Short Answer Questions (15 minutes)We commonly think of sportsmanship in connection with athletic contests, but it also applies to individual outdoor sports. Not everyone who picks up a fishing rod or goes out with a gun is a sportsman. The sportsman first of all obeys the fish and game laws, not because he is liable to be punished as a violator, but because he knows that in the main these laws are made for his best interests.The following are some of the things that those who would qualify for membership in the sportsmanship fraternity (圈内人) will do.1. Take no more game than the bag limit provided for by the fish and game laws. The person who comes back from a trip boasting about the large number of fish or game taken is not a sportsman but a game hog (贪得无厌的捕猎者).2. Observe the unwritten rules of fair play. This means shooting game birds only when the birds are “on the wing”. For the same reason, do not use a shotgun to shoot a rabbit or similar animal while it is sitting or standing still.3. Be careful in removing illegal or undersized fish from the hook. This should be done only after wetting the hands. This is necessary because the body of the fish is covered with a thin, protective film which will stick to your dry hands. If the hands are dry when the fish is handled, the film is torn from the body of the fish. Without the protective film, the fish is more easily attacked by diseases. If you wish to release a fish that is hooked in such a way that it will be impossible to be close to the hook as convenient. In a remarkably short time, the hook will break down and the fish will remain almost unharmed. Fish have been known to feed successfully while hooks were still in their lips.4. Be sure of the identity of your target before you shoot. Many useful and harmless species of wildlife are thoughtlessly killed by the uninformed person who is out with a gun to kill whatever flies within range.S1. In what respect does the author think individual outdoor sports are similar to athletic contests?S2. A person who goes out fishing with a fishing rod or hunting with a gun is not necessarily ________.S3. What’s the most important thing a true sportsman should bear in mind when he goes fishing or hunting ________.S4. Those who violate the fish and game laws will not be ________ for membership in the sportsmanship fraternity.S5. What are people called when they break the bag limit and boast about their big catch?S6. A true sportsman will not shoot an animal which is not ________.S7. What are people advised to do before they remove illegal or undersized fish from the hook?S8. What should sportsman do to avoid killing rare species of wildlife?Part V Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay in honor of teachers on the occasion of Teacher’s Day. You should write at least 120words following the outline given below:1. 向老师致以节日祝贺2. 从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献3. 我如何回报老师的关爱2005年6月四级参考答案Part I Listening Comprehension1. D2. C3. B4. D5. A6. A7. C8. B9. C 10. D 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. BPart II Reading Comprehension21. C 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. D 29. A 30. C 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. B 35. A 36. B 37. A 38. C 39. D 40. DPart III41. B 42. D 43. C 44. A 45. B 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B 51. A 52. C 53. B 54. D 55. D 56. A 57. C 58. D 59. B 60. D61. A 62. C 63. D 64. B 65. A 66. D 67. A 68. D 69. B 70. CPart IV Short Answer QuestionsS1. Both of them are in common with sportsmanshipS2. a sportsmanS3. To obey the law.S4. qualifiedS5. A game hog.S6. movingS7. To wet their hands.S8. They should know the identity of the target.。
汽车行业关键词(英文简写)大全
OEM生产,即贴牌生产,也称为定牌生产,俗称“贴牌”,由于其英文表述为Original Equipment/Entrusted Manufacture(译为原始设备制造商或原产地委托加工),因此简称为OEM。
基本含义为品牌生产者不直接生产产品,而是利用自己掌握的关键的核心技术负责设计和开发新产品,控制销售渠道,具体的加工任务通过合同订购的方式委托同类产品的其他厂家生产。
之后将所订产品低价买断,并直接贴上自己的品牌商标。
这种委托他人生产的合作方式简称OEM,承接加工任务的制造商被称为OEM厂商,其生产的产品被称为OEM产品。
可见,贴牌生产属于加工贸易中的“代工生产”方式,在国际贸易中是以商品为载体的劳务出口。
OEM 的特征就是:技术在外,资本在外,市场在外,只有生产在内。
ODM是英文Original Design Manufacturer (原始设计制造商)的缩写,指一家厂家根据另一家厂商的要求,为其生产产品和产品配件,亦称为定牌生产或授权贴牌生产.即可代表外委加工,也可代表转包合同加工.国内习惯称为协作生产,三来加工。
ODM的厂商设计方案分为买断或不买断的方式供应: 1.买断方式:有品牌拥有方买断ODM厂商现成的某型号产品的设计,或品牌拥有方单独要求ODM厂商为自己设计产品方案。
2.不买断方式:品牌拥有方不买断ODM厂商某型号产品的设计,ODM厂商可将同型号产品的设计采取不买断的方式同时卖给其它品牌。
当这两个或多个品牌共享一个设计时,两个品牌产品的区别主要在于外观。
SOP (small-outline package,批量生产,为上市积累一定的库存)SOP =Standard Operating Procedure 标准操作程序OBD是英文On-Board Diagnostics的缩写,中文翻译为“车载自动诊断系统”。
这个系统将从发动机的运行状况随时监控汽车是否尾气超标,一旦超标,会马上发出警示。
山东省2024-2025学年高三上学期新高考联合质量测评9月联考英语试题(含答案,无听力音频)
试卷类型:A 山东新高考联合质量测评9月联考试题高三英语本卷满分150分,考试时间120分钟注意事项:1.答题前,考生先将自己的学校、姓名、班级、座号、考号填涂在相应位置。
2.选择题答案必须使用2B铅笔(按填涂样例)正确填涂:非选择题答案必须使用0.5毫米黑色签字笔书写,绘图时,可用2B铅笔作答,字体工整、笔迹清楚。
3.请按照题号在各题目的答题区域内作答,超出答题区域书写的答案无效,在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。
保持卡面清洁,不折叠、不破损。
第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题纸上。
第一节(共5 小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.What will the speakers eat tonight?A.Italian food. B.Indian food. C.Chinese food.2.What does the man want to do?A.Invite Janet to the gym after work. B.Become a member of the gym.C.Take exercise every morning.3.How many cups of ingredients will the woman need in total?A.Six cups. B.Five cups. C.Four cups.4.Where does the conversation most likely take place?A.At home. B.In the office. C.In a restaurant.5.What is the man’s suggestion?A.Booking tickets in advance. B.Sitting at the back.C.Arriving early.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
OSHA现场作业手册说明书
DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。
专业术语缩写翻译
FAMAS Financial And Management Accounting System 金融管理会计系统FAMOS Fast Multi –Tasking Operating System 快速多任务操作系统FAMOS Floating –gate Avalanche injection MOS 浮动栅雪崩注入型金属氧化物半导体FAMS Forecasting and Modeling System 预测与建模系统FAMT Fully Automatic Machine Translation 全自动机器翻译FANET Federal Acquisition NETwork 联邦信息采集网FAP Facial Animation Parameters 面部表情参数〖MPEG〗FAP Failure Analysis Program 故障分析程序FAP File Allocation Problem 文件分配问题FAP Financial Analysis Program 财政分析程序FAP Floating –point Arithmetic Package 浮点运算软件包FAP Format And Protocol 格式与协议FAP FORTRAN Assembly Program Fortran语言的汇编程序FAPRS Federal Assistance Program Retrieval System 联邦辅助程序检索系统FAPS Financial Analysis and Planning System 金融分析与计划系统FaPS File and Print Service 文件和打印服务FAPUSMCEB Frequency Allocation Panel United States Military Communication Electronics Board 美国军事通信电子委员会频率分配小组FAQ Frequently Asked Questions 经常被问及的问题,常见问题解答〖因特网〗.faq 常问问题的文本文件格式〖后缀〗FAQS Fast Queuing System 快速排队系统FAR Facility Request 设备请求FAR Failure Analysis Report 故障分析报告FAR Fault Address Register 故障地址寄存器FAR File Address Register 文件地址寄存器FAR Function Analysis Report 功能分析报告.far 音乐文件格式〖后缀〗FARA Federal Acquisition Reform Act 联邦信息采集改革法案FARNET Federal Academic Research Network 联邦学术研究网FARNET Federation of American Research Networks 美国科研网络联盟FAS Federation of American Scientists 美国科学家联合会FAS Fiber Access System 光纤接入系统FAS Floating –point Arithmetic System 浮点运算系统FAS Frame Alignment Signal 帧对齐信号FASA Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act 联邦信息采集合理化法案FAST Facility for Automatic Sorting and Testing 自动分类测试设备FAST Fast Access Storage Technology 快速访问存储技术FAST Fingerprint Access and Searching Technique 指纹存取与搜索技术FAST Formula And Statement Translator 公式和语句翻译程序FAST Future Automatic Search Traveler 未来自动搜索旅行者技术〖数字护照〗FASTI Fast Access to System Technical Information 快速存取系统技术信息FASTNet Full Automated Switched Telecommunication Network 全自动切换式远程通信网FAT Fast Automatic Transfer 快速自动传送FAT File Allocation Table 文件分配表FAT Formula Assembler Translator 公式汇编程序翻译器FAT32 32 –bit File Allocation Table 32位文件分配表FATAL Fully Automatic Test Algebraic Language 全自动测试代数语言FATDL Frequency And Time Division Data Link 频率和时间分开的数据链路FAW Frame Alignment Word 帧对齐字FAX (Facsimile) 传真(设备,系统,传输).fax 传真文件格式〖后缀〗FB Feedback 反馈FB File Block 文件块FB Fixed Block 固定块FB Flow Block 流程图FB Frame buffer 帧缓冲(器)FBA Facial and Body Animation 面部和身体动作译码器〖MPEG〗FBA Fanned Beam Antenna 扇形束天线FBA Fixed Block Architecture 固定块体系结构FBA Frame Bandwidth Allocation 帧带宽分配FBC File Buffer Count 文件缓冲区计数FBC File Buffered Channel 全缓冲通道FBD Flow Block Diagram 流程块图表FBD Function Block Diagram 功能块图表FBF FeedBack Filter 反馈滤波器FBFM FeedBack Frequency Modulation 反馈调频FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation 联邦调查局FBI Federation of British Industries 英国工业联合会FBI File Bus In 文件输入总线FBM Foreground and Background Monitor 前后台监控程序FBN FeedBack Network 反馈网络FBO File Bus Out 文件总线输出FBOE Frequency Band Of Emission 发射的频带FBRAM Frame Buffer RAM 帧缓冲器随机存取存储器FBT Facility Block Table 设备组表格FBTF Fiber Bundle Transfer Function 光纤束传送功能FC DOS的外部命令:比较两个文件的内容FC Failure Count 故障计数FC Failure Control 故障控制FC False Code 伪码FC Family Computer 任天堂家用机〖模拟器〗FC Feed Count 送纸计数FC Fiber Channel 光纤通道FC Fiber Connector 光纤连接器FC fingers crossed 十指交合〖网语〗FC Firefox Communications “火狐”通信设备公司(美国,出品网关设备)FC Flow Control 流程控制FC Folio Corp. “开卷”公司(美国,出品网络数据库出版工具)FC Font Change 字体改变FC Font Color 字体颜色FC Format Counter 格式计数器FC Frame Control 帧控制FC Frequency Changer 变频器FC Frequency Channel 频道FC Frequency Converter 变频器FC Fresh Copy 最新副本FC Full Client 全功能客户端〖服务器〗FC Functional Code 功能码.fc Harvard Graphics 2.0的拼写检查字典文件格式〖后缀〗FCA Fault Correction Array 故障纠正数组(惠普公司的)FCA File Cylinder Address 文件查找柱形区地址,文件同位标磁道组地址FCA Fixed Channel Allocation 固定通道分配FCA Frequency Conversion Accessory 频率变换辅助设备FCA Functional Configuration Audit 功能配置审查FC-AL Fiber Channel –Arbitrated Loop 光纤通道仲裁环FCB File Control Block 文件控制块FCB Forms Control Block 表单控制块FCB Forms Control Buffer 窗体控制缓冲器(区)FCB Function Control Block 功能控制块FCC Federal Communication Commission 联邦通信委员会(美国)FCC File Carbon Copy 文件复写副本FCC Flight Control Computer 飞行控制计算机FCC Forward Control Channel 前方控制通道FCCH Frequency Correction Channel 频率修正通道FCCN Federal Communication Commission Network 联邦通信委员会网络FCD Facsimile Coded Data 传真编码数据FCD Frequency Compression Demodulator 频率压缩解调器FCDR Failure Cause Data Report 故障原因数据报告FC-EL Fiber Channel Enhanced Loop 光纤通道增强环FCF Facilities Control Form 设备控制形式FCF Facsimile Control Field 传真控制字段FCF File CCW Flags 文件通道命令字标志FCF Frequency Compressive Feedback 频率压缩反馈FCFC First –Character Forms Control 首字符形体控制FCFS First Come First Served 先来先服务FCH File Count High 文件计数高位FCHM Fully Continuous Hidden Markov 完全不间断隐蔽型马尔可夫模型(用于嵌入软件的声音部件)FCI Frame Copied Indicator 帧拷贝指示器FCIF Full Common Intermediate Format 全通用中介格式FCIN Fast Carry Iterative Network 快速进位迭代网络FCL Feedback Control Loop 反馈控制环FCL Feeder Control Logic 馈线控制逻辑FCL File Count Low 文件计数低位FCL Format Control Language 格式控制语言FCLOSE File CLOSE 关闭文件FCM Fast Component Mounter 快速组件安装机FCM Fault Control Module 故障控制模块FCM File Compare Mask 文件比较掩码FCM Firmware Control Memory 固件控制存储器.fcm jlpak10的向前压缩二进制文件批处理文件格式〖后缀〗FCO Fault Control Office 故障控制室FCO Functional Check –Out 功能检查FCodes (Forth bytecodes)向前字节码FCP Federal Cataloging Program 联邦编目程序(美国)FCP File Control Panel 文件控制面板FCP File Control Procedure 文件控制过程FCP File Control Processor 文件控制处理器FCP File Control Program 文件控制程序FCP Firewall Control Protocol 防火墙控制协议FCP Four –Color Printing 四色打印FCP Frequency Comparison Pilot 频率对比向导FCP Fujitsu Computer Products Inc. 富士通计算机产品有限公司(日本,1935年从富士公司分出,出品硬盘、打印机、扫描仪、便携机等)FCP Function Control Package 操作程序包FCPGA Flip –Chip PGA 反转芯片针栅阵列,倒装塑针矩阵〖封装〗ECPU Flexible Central Processing Unit 软性中央处理单元FCS Facsimile Communications System 传真通信系统FCS Facsimile Control System 传真控制系统FCS Fast Circuit Switching 快速线路切换FCS Fiber Channel Standard 光纤通道标准FCS File Control Services 文件控制服务FCS File Control System 文件控制系统FCS First Customer Ship 第一艘顾客船(Sun公司的)FCS Frame Check Sequence 帧检查顺序FCS Frame Check Sum 帧检查概要FCS Frye Computer Systems Inc. 弗赖尔计算机系统公司(美国,出品网络管理设备)FCS Functional Check –Out Set 功能检验设置FCST Federal Council for Science and Technology 联邦科学技术委员会(美国)FCU File Control Unit 文件控制单元FCU Function Conversion Unit 功能转换单元FCW Format Control Word 格式控制字FD Feedback Decoding 反馈译码FD Fiber Duct 光纤管道FD File Definition 文件定义FD File Description 文件描述FD File Directory 文件目录FD Flexible Disk 软盘FD Floppy Disk 软盘FD Floppy Drive 软驱FD Frames Dropped 帧丢失数FD Frequency Diversity 频率差异FD Frequency Divider 分频器FD Frequency Doubler 倍频器FD Full Duplex 全双工FD Function Description 功能描述FD Function Device 功能设备.fd MS Fortran的说明文件格式〖后缀〗.fd DataFlex用于编译程序的域偏移量文件格式〖后缀〗FDA File Data Address 文件数据地址FDACS Floating Decimal Abstract Coding System 浮点十进制抽象编码系统FDB Field Descriptor Block 域描述符数据块FDB File Data Block 文件数据块FDB File Data Buffer 文件数据缓冲器(区)FDB Full Debug Build 完全调试生成〖测试〗FDB Functional Data Base 功能数据库FDBMS Federated Data Base Management System 联合数据库管理系统FDBS Federated distributed Data Base System 联合分布式数据库系统FDC Facsimile Data Converter 传真数据转换器FDC Field Data computer 野外数据计算机FDC Flexible Disk Controller 软盘控制器FDC Flight Director Computer 飞行定向器计算机FDC Floppy Disc Controller 软盘控制器FDC Fluid Digital Computer 射流数字计算机FDC Fractal Design Corp. 分形设计公司(美国,出品绘图软件)FDCS Functionally Distributed Computing System 功能分布式计算系统FDCT Factory Data Collection Terminal 工厂数据收集终端FDCT Forward Discrete Cosine Transform 前方离散余弦变换FDD Flexible Disc Drive 软式磁碟机,软盘驱动器FDD Floppy Disk Drive 软盘驱动器FDD Frequency Division Duplex 频率分开的双工操作,频分双工FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface 光纤分布式数据接口(局域网标准,100Mbps)FDDL Field Data Description Language 域数据描述语言FDDL File Data Description Language 文件数据描述语言FDDL Frequency Division Data Link 频率分开的数据链路,频分数据链路FDDQ Fair Dual Distributed Queuing 公平双分布式排队FDF Fiber Distribution Frame 光纤配线架FDFS File Descriptor File System 文件描述符文件系统(Sun公司的)FDHP Full Duplex Handshaking Protocol 全双工信号交换协议FDI Failure Detection and Identification 故障检测与识别FDI Feeder / Distribution Interface 馈线/ 配电接口FDIC Facsimile Data Interchange Continuance 传真数据交换接续设备FDISK Fixed DISK 固定磁盘FDL Facilities Data Link 设备数据链路FDL Feature Definition Language 特性定义语言FDL Figure Description Language 图形描述语言FDL File Definition Language 文件定义语言FDL Formatter Define Language 格式标识符定义语言FDL Forms Description Language 窗体描述语言FDM Frequency –Division Modulation 频率分开的调制,频分调制FDM Frequency –Division Multiplexing 频率分开多路复用,频分多工法FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Address 频率分开多路多址,频分多址FDME Frequency Division Multiplex Equipment 频率分开多路复用设备,频分多路复用设备FDMVC Frequency Division Multiplex V oice Communication 频率分开多路复用语音通信,频分多路语音通信FDP Fast Digital Processor 快速数字处理器FDP Facial Definition Parameters 面部定义参数〖MPEG〗FDP Fiber Distribution Point 光纤分布点FDP Field Developed Program 现场开发程序(IBM公司的)FDP File Definition Processor 文件定义处理器FDP Flight Data Processing 飞行数据处理FDP Form Description Program 表格描述程序FDP Fortran Debug Package Fortran调试程序包(施乐公司的)FDPC Federal Data Processing Center 联邦数据处理中心(美国)FDS Fast –Access Disc Subsystem 快速存取磁盘子系统FDS Fiber Distribution System 光纤分布系统FDS FielD Separator 字段分隔符FDS File Description Subsystem 文件描述子系统FDS File Description System 文件描述系统FDS Fixed Disk Storage 固定磁盘存储FDS Flexible Disk Storage 不定磁盘存储FDSL File Structure Definition Language 文件结构定义语言FDSP Full Duplex Service Phone 全双工免提电话FDT File Description Table 文件描述表FDT Formal Description Techniques 形式描述技术FDT Format Description Techniques 格式描述技术FDT Full Duplex Teletype 全双工电传打字机FDT Function Decision Table 功能决策表FDT Function Description Table 功能描述表FDTC Forward Data Traffic Channel 前方数据通信交往信道FDU Flexible Disc Drive Unit 软盘驱动器FDV Fault Defect Verification 故障缺陷验证FDVDI Fiber Distributed Video / V oice Data Interface 光纤分布式视频/ 语音数据接口.fdw F3设计与映射的格式文件格式〖后缀〗FDX Full DupleX 全双工FE Fast Ethernet 快速以太网FE Focus Error 聚焦误差〖光驱〗FE Format Effectors 格式控制字符FE Framing Error 成帧错误,图像定位错误FE Front End 前端(软件,装置等)FE Functional Entity 功能实体FEA Federal Energy Administration 联邦能源署(美国)FEA Field Effect Amplifier 场效应放大器FEAL Fast Encryption ALgorithm 快速加密算法.feb WordPerfect for Win用于Figure Editor的按钮棒形图文件格式〖后缀〗FEBE Far –End Bit Error 远端位错误FEBE Far –End –Block –Error 远端块错误FEC Feedforward Error Correction 前馈纠错FEC Floating Error Code 浮动错误码FEC Forward Error Coding 前方错误编码FEC Forward Error Control 前方错误控制FEC Forward Error Correction 正向纠错,向前纠错FEC Forward Error –Correcting Coding 正向纠错编码FEC Front –End Computer 前端计算机FECN Forward Explicit Congestion Notification 前方明显拥塞通知FECP Front End Communication Processor 前端通信处理机FECT Forward Error –Correction Technique 向前纠错技术FED Field Emission Display 场射显示器FED Forward Error Detection 前方错误检测FEDAC Forward Error Detection And Correction 正向检错和纠错FedCIRC Federal Computer Incident Response Capability 联邦计算机事件反应能力FEDI Financial Electronic Data Interchange 金融电子数据交换FEDINET FEDeral Information NETwork 联邦信息网FEDLINK FEDeral Library and Information NetworK 联邦图书情报网FED-STD FEDeral STanDard 联邦标准FEDWIRE FEDeral reserve WIRE 联邦备用线路FEE Failure Effects Evaluation 故障影响评估FEE Far –End Error 远端错误FEEL Fox Editor Enhancement Library 编辑器增强库(Visual FoxPro的)FEF File Error Flags register 文件错误标志(寄存器)FEFO First –End First –Out 先完先出,先结束先退出FEHM Fault / Error Handling Model 故障/ 错误处理模型FEI Fargo Electronics Inc. 法戈电子公司(美国,出品打印机)FEIS Financial Executive Information System 金融主管信息系统FEL Feedback Error Learning 反馈错误学习FEP Financial Evaluation Program 财务评估程序FEP Front End Processor 前端处理器FEP Flow Enforcement Parameter 流量执行参量FEP Flow Enhancing Protocol 流量增强协议FEP Front –End Processor 前端处理器FERF Far End Receive Failure 远端接收故障FERS Facility Error Recognition System 设备错误识别系统FES Field Effect Transistor 场效应晶体管FES Frequency Encoding Signal 频率编码信号FES Front –End Scanner 前端扫描器FESH Fast Ethernet Switching Hub 快速以太网交换式集线器(英特尔公司1996年推出)FET Field Effect Transistor 场效应晶体管FETS Field Effect Transistor Storage 场效应晶体管存储体FEXT Far –End Cross Talk 远端串音〖电话〗FF File Find 查找文件FF Final Fantasy 《最终幻想》,《太空战士》〖游戏名〗FF Fixed Frequency 固定频率FF Flip –Flop 触发器FF Form Feed 换页,送纸FF Full Figure 全图,全像.ff Agfa Compugraphics的字体轮廓描述文件格式〖后缀〗FFC Fixed –Form Coding 固定格式编码FFD Functional Flow Diagram 功能流程图FFF FeedForward Filter 前馈滤波器.fff defFax的传真文件格式〖后缀〗FFG Flip –Flop Group 触发器组FFG ForeFront Group “前沿”集团公司(美国,出品浏览器附件)FFGS Faust: the Seven Game of Soul 《浮士德:七个灵魂的游戏》〖游戏名〗FFH Fast Frequency Hopping 快速跳频FFM Fixed Format Message 固定格式报文FFN Full Function Node 全功能节点FFO Failure –Free Operation 无故障运行FFO Fixed Frequency Oscillator 固定频率振荡器FFR Freeze Frame Request 冻结帧请求FFS Formatted File System 格式化文件系统FFSK Fast Frequency –Shift Keying 快速移频键控FFSR FeedForward Signal Regeneration 前馈信号再生FFST First Failure Support Technology 首次故障支持技术FFT Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换.fft DisplayWrite的Dca/FFT定型文本文本文件格式〖后缀〗FFTDCA Final Form Text Document Content Architecture 最终形式的文本文件内容体系结构FFTI Fast Fourier Transform Inverse 快速傅里叶反变换FFTS Fiber Feeder Transport System 光纤馈线传送系统FG Forward Gate 正向门(电路)FG Function Generator 功能发生器FGBM ForeGround and Background Monitor 前台与后台监视器FGC Fixed Gain Control 固定增益控制FGC Focusing Grating Coupler 聚焦光栅耦合器FGCS Fifth Generation Computing System 第五代计算系统FGIPC Federation of GovernmeGG Gate 栅极,门(电路),选通G Giga 千兆,吉G Graph 图形G Grid 网格,格栅G Grounding 接地.g APPLAUSE的数据图表文件格式〖后缀〗.g8 PicLab的半成品图形平面3文件格式〖后缀〗G.E.C. General Electric Company 通用电气公司(美国)G.TLD Generic Top –Level Domain 普通顶层域GA a Gigantic Adventure 《开心冒险家》〖游戏名〗ga Gabon 加蓬(域名)GA Gene Amdahl 吉恩·阿姆达尔(1922-1996 大型机之父)GA General Arrangement 常规排列GA Generic Algorithm 普通算法GA Global Address 共用地址,全局地址GaAs FETs Gallium Arsenide Field Effect Transistors 砷化镓场效应晶体管GA&CS Ground Acquisition and Command Station 地面接收和指令站〖航空〗GAC General Access Copy 通用存取副本GACT Graphic Analysis and Correlation Terminal 图像分析与校正终端GAHA Global Information Industry Association 全球信息产业协会联盟GAI Graphics Adapter Interface 图形适配器接口gais 盖世〖中文搜索引擎〗GAL Generalized Assembly Language 通用汇编语言GAL Generic Array Logic 通用阵列逻辑(电路)Galaxy “银河”系列显卡(生产商:AGI)GAM Graphics Access Method 图形存取法.gam GammaFax的传真文件格式〖后缀〗GAMA Graphics Assisted Management Application 图形辅助管理应用软件Game Blaster “游戏冲击波”系列显卡(生产商:Creative)GAN Generalized Activity Network 广义活动网络GAN Generating and Analyzing Network 生成与分析网络GANDALF General Alpha Numeric Direct Access Library Facility 通用甲级数字直接存取库设施GAP Gateway Access Protocol 网关存取协议GAP General Accounting Package 通用会计程序包GAP General Assembly Program 通用汇编程序GAP Graphics Application Program 图形应用程序GAPSS Graphical Analysis Procedures for System Simulation 用于系统仿真的图形分析规程GAPI Gateway Application Programming Interface 网关应用软件编程接口GAPT Graphical Automatically Programmed Tools 自动程控绘图工具GARP Group Address Registration Protocol 组地址注册协议GART Graphics Address Remapping Table 图形地址再映射表〖芯片组〗GAS Gateway Access Service 网关接入服务GAS Global Address Space 全局地址空间GAT General Application Template 通用程序模板GAT Generalized Algebraic Translator 通用代数翻译程序,广义代数翻译程序GAT Georgetown Automatic Translation 乔治敦自动翻译程序(美国乔治敦大学研制)GAT Global Atom Table 全局原子表〖编程〗GAT Graphic Arts Terminal 图形刻印艺术终端〖照排〗GAT Group Audio Terminal 群音频终端GA TD Graphic Analysis of Three –Dimensional Data 三维数据的图形分析GA TE General Purpose Automatic Test Equipment 通用自动测试设备Gateway 2000 网关两千〖厂标〗见:GIGA TT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税及贸易总协定,关贸总协GB Gain Bandwidth 增益带宽GB Game Boy 任天堂游戏小子〖模拟器〗GB GigaBit 千兆位,千兆比特GB GigaByte 吉字节,十亿(千兆)字节(1GB=1,073,741,824 bytes =1,024MB)GB Gordon Bell 戈登·贝尔(1934-小型机之父)GB Graphic Background 图形背景gb Great Britain 大不列颠联合王国(域名)GB Group Box 组框〖编程〗GB (guo jia biao zhun) 国标(中国)GBEMS Golden Bridge Electronic Mail System 金桥电子邮件系统GBH Graphics Based Hypermedia 基于图形的超媒体GBL GarBLe 错乱,失真.gbl V AXTPU editor的通用定义文件格式〖后缀〗GBM Generalization –Based Memory 基于通用化的存储器GBMP General Bench Mark Program 通用基准程序GBOF General Bill –of –Forms 通用帐表GBNET Gold Bridge interNET 金桥网(即中国国家公用经济信息网)GBP Gain Bandwidth Product 增益带宽乘积Gbps Gigabits / Second 每秒千兆位GBR Global Base Register 共用基准寄存器GBS General Business System 通用商业系统GBT Group on Basic Telecommunications 基础电信分组GBTS General Banking Terminal System 通用银行终端系统GC Genicom Corp. 基因通信公司(美国,出品打印机,德州仪器公司属下)GC Global Control 全球网控制GC Graph Control 统计图控件〖编程〗GC Graphics Context 图形环境(Sun公司的)GC Group Command 组命令.gc1 V AXTPU editor的源码文件格式〖后缀〗.gc3 Golden Common Lisp 3.1的源码文件格式〖后缀〗GC Guidance Computer 导航计算机GCA Gain Control Amplifier 增益控制放大器GCA Ground –Controller Approach 地面控制进场着陆系统GCAP Generalized Circuit Analysis Program 通用电路分析程序GCC General Conference Control 通用会议控制技术GCC Graphic Character Composition 图形字符合成GCC Guidance Checkout Computer 制导校验计算机GCCA Graphic Communications Computer Association 图形通信计算机协会GCCS Global Command Control System 共用指挥控制系统GCD Global Common Directory 综合公用目录.gcd 图形文件格式〖后缀〗GCE Graphics Control Extension 图形控制扩展GCE Ground Checkout Equipment 地面检验设备GCE Ground Common Equipment 地面公用设备GCE Ground Communication Equipment 地面通信设备GCE Ground Communication Facility 地面通信设施GCE Ground Control Equipment 地面控制设备GCH Giga Characters 吉字符,千兆字符GCHQ Government Communications HeadQuarters 政府通信总部(英国)GCI Garbage Collection Interval 垃圾收集间隔GCI General Command Interface 通用命令接口GCI General Communications Interface 通用通信接口GCI Ground – Controlled Interception 地面控制拦截GCM General Circulation Model 常规循环模型GCM Generic Call Monitor 一般呼叫监视器GCN Generalized Connection Network 通用连接网络GCOE Ground Controlled Operational Equipment 地面控制的操作设备〖飞行〗GCP Grand challenge Problems 重大挑战性问题GCPS GigaCycles Per Second 每秒千兆赫GCP Ground Control Point 地面控制点GCR Ghost Cancellation Reference Signal 虚像取消参照信号GCR Ground Controlled Radar 地面控制雷达GCR Group Coded Recording 成组编码记录GCRA Generic Cell Rate Algorithm 普通单元速率算法GCS Gate Controlled Switch 栅控开关GCS General Computer System, Inc. 通用计算机系统公司GCS Global Control System 共用控制系统GCS Graphics Compatibility System 图形兼容性系统GCS Ground Communication System 地面通信系统GCS Group Control Subsystem 群控子系统GCSS (Global Command and Control System and the Global Combat Support System) 全球指挥控制系统与全球战斗支援系统GCSS Global Communication Satellite System 全球通信卫星系统GCSS-AF Global Combat Support System – Air Force 空军全球战斗支援系统GCT Graphics Communications Terminal 图形通信终端GCT Greenwich Civil Time 格林威治民用时GCT Guidance Computer Test 指导计算机测试GCTS Ground Communication Tracking System 地面通信跟踪系统GCTTech 汶鸿主板〖品牌〗GD Gate Driver 门驱动器GD Global Data 全局数据GD good day 白天好〖网语〗GD GrounD 接地,地线GD Group Delay 组延时gd Grenada 格林纳达(域名)GDA Global Data Administrator 共用数据管理程序GDA Global Data Area 共用数据区域GDAS General Data Analysis and Simulation 一般数据分析和模拟GDAS Ground Data Acquisition System 地面数据采集系统GDB Global Data Base 共用数据库GDBMS Generalized Data Base Management System 综合数据库管理系统GDBMS Global Data Base Management System 共用数据库管理系统GDBS Global Data Base System 共用数据库系统,全球数据库系统GDC General – purpose Digital Computer 通用数字计算机GDC Graphics Display Controller 图形显示控制器GDCI General Data Communications Interface 一般数据通信接口GDD Group Delay Dispersion 组延时色散GDDL Graphical Data Definition Language 图形数据定义语言GDF General Data File 一般数据文件GDF Graphics Data File 图形数据文件GDF Group Distribution Frame 用户组配线架.GDF GEOS的字典文件格式〖后缀〗GDHP Globalized Dual Heuristic Programming 全局化双启发式编程GDHS Ground Data Handling System 地面数据处理系统GDI General Database Interface 通用数据库接口GDI Graphic Device Interface 图形设备接口GDI Graphical Direct Interface 图形直接接口GDI Graphical Driver Interface 图形驱动程序接口GDIP GDI Printer 基于主机的打印机GDL Global Data Link 全球数据链接,环球数据线路GDL Graphic Display Library 图形显示库GDM Generalized Directive Model 广义指令模型GDM Global Data Manager 共用数据管理器,全局数据管理程序GDM Graphical Desktop Management 图形桌面管理GDMI Generic Definition of Management Information 管理信息的一般定义GDMO Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects 管理对象定义准则GDMS Generalized Data (base) Management System 广义数据(库)管理系统GDN Global Directory Navigator 共用目录引导器GDN Government Data Network 政府数据网(英国)GDNS Global Domain Name Server 共用域名服务器GDO Grid – Dip – Oscillator 栅陷振荡器GDOS Generalized Disk Operating System 通用磁盘操作系统GDOS Graphic Disk Operating System 图形磁盘操作系统GDP Generalized Data Base Processor 通用数据库处理器GDP Goal Directed Programming 目标引导的程序设计GDPS Generalized Disk Programming System 通用磁盘编程系统GDPS Global Data Processing System 共用数据处理系统GDRAM Synchronous Graphic Dynamic Random Access Memory 同步图形动态随机存取存储器GDS Generalized Data base (Sub)System 通用数据库(子)系统GDS Generalized Data Structure 通用数据结构GDS Global Data Schema 共用数据模式GDS Global Data – processing System 共用数据处理系统GDS Global Digital high Speed road 全球数字高速公路GDS Global Directory Service 共用目录服务GDS Global Directory System 共用数据系统GDS Graphic Data System 图形数据系统GDS Graphic Design System 图形设计系统GDS Graphic Display System 图形显示系统GDS / HA Graphical Design Specification for Hospital Administration 医院管理图形设计规范,GDS / HA语言GDSDF Generalized Data Structure Definition Facility 广义数据结构定义设备GDSS Global Decision Support System 共用决策支持系统GDSS Group Decision Support System 群体决策支持系统GDT Gate Delay Time 门延迟时间GDT Global Descriptor Table 共用描述符表GDU Graphic Display Unit 图形显示器GE General – graphic Editor 通用图形编辑程序GE General Electric Co. 通用电气公司(美国)ge Georgia 格鲁吉亚(域名)GE Gigabits Ethernet 十亿比特以太网,千兆位以太网GE Graphic Escape 图形换码,图形转义符GE Greater than or Equal to 大于或等于(Fortran 用语)GE Ground Equipment 地面设备GEA Gigabit Ethernet Alliance 千兆位以太网联盟GEA Graph Extended Algol 图形扩展Algol语言GEAM Generic Engineering Analysis Model 普通工程分析模型GEC General Electric Corporation 通用电气公司GECOM GEneral COMpiler 通用编译程序GECOS GEneral Comprehensive Operating System 通用综合操作系统.ged Arts & Letters的编辑器本地文件格式〖后缀〗GEDAN GEneral Data ANalyzer 通用数据分析程序GEEC Gigabit Ethernet Educational Council 千兆位以太网教育委员会GEIS GE Information Service 通用电气公司信息服务GEIS General Electronic Information Service 一般电子信息服务GEL General Emulation Language 同意仿真语言GEM Global Enterprise Manager 企业网全局管理器.gem GEM和V entura Publisher的矢量图形文件格式〖后缀〗GEMMS Global Enterprise Manufacturing Management System 企业制造全局管理系统GEMS General Epitaxial Monolithic Silicon 普通单晶硅片GEMS Global Enterprise Management of Storage 全局性企业存储管理GEN Gigabit Ethernet Networking 千兆位以太网联网GEN Global Education Network 全球教育网(中国分部:启迪咨询培训有限公司)GEN Global Enterprise Network 全球企业网GEN Global European Network 欧洲共用网,全欧网.gen dBase Application Generator的编译模板文件格式〖后缀〗.gen Ventura Publisher生成的文本文件格式〖后缀〗Genesis “创世纪”系列显卡(生产商:耕宇)GENIE General Electric Network for Information Exchange 通用电器公司的信息交换网GENTEC General Telephone & Electronic Co. 通用电话与电子公司(美国)GENUSC Global Enterprise Network User Super Conference 全球企业网用户高峰会议GEO GEOstationary 与地球同步的GeoCities “地球村”(网站名,1999.1被雅虎并购)GEOS Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite 大地测量地球轨道卫星GEOS Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Satellite 地球轨道同步卫星GEOS Graphical Environment Operating System 图形环境操作系统GEP Grolier Electronic Publishing 格罗利尔电子出版公司(法国,专出综合知识类光盘)GEROS GEneral Routine Optimization System 通用例程最佳化系统GERT Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique 图形鉴定与检测技术GERTS GEneral Remote Terminal Supervisor 通用远程终端管理程序GERTS GEneral Remote Terminal System 通用远程终端系统GERTS GEneral Remote Transmission Supervisor 通用远程传输管理程序GES Gateway Exchange Switches 网关交换机开关GES General(ized) Edit System 通用编辑系统GES Global Event Services 全局事件服务GES Ground Earth Station 地面地球站GES Ground Electronic System 地面电子系统GESAL General Electric Symbolic Assembly Language 通用电器符号汇编语言GESAL GEneral Symbolic Assembly Language 通用符号汇编语言GESC (Government Electronic Data Processing Standards Committee) 政府电子数据处理标准委员会(加拿大)GESPL Generalized Edit System Programming Language 通用编辑系统编程语言GEYP Global Electronic Yellow Page 全球电子黄页〖电话号码簿〗gf French Guiana 法属圭亚那(域名)GF Glossy Film 光面胶片〖打印机介质〗GF Gradient Fill 渐变色填充〖打印机〗GFA General Frame Allocation 通用帧分配.gfb 由GIFBLAST生成的压缩GIF图像文件格式〖后缀〗GFC General Flow Chart 总流程图GFC General Flow Control 总流量控制GFF Graphics File Formats 图形文件格式GFI General Format Identifier 通用格式标识符GFLOPS Giga FLoating –point Operations Per Second 每秒千兆浮点运算次数GFP Global Functional Plane 共用作用面GFS Grandfather – Father – Son 祖辈-父辈-子辈调度法GFSK Gauss Frequency Shift Key 高斯频移键GFT Generalized Fault Table 广义故障表.gft NeoPaint的字体文件格式〖后缀〗GG Global Group 全局组〖网络〗GG Go ahead Got it “勇往直前,夺取目标”(“勇往直前”软件公司1998年出品的网页浏览加速器)〖软件名〗GG good game 上等游戏〖网语〗GGC Ground Guidance Computer 地面制导计算机GGID Global Graphic Character Identifier 共用图形字符标识符GGP Gateway – to – Gateway Protocol 网关至网关协议gh Ghana 加纳(域名)GHz Gig Hertz 千兆赫GI Gateway 2000 Inc. 网关2000公司(美国,出品笔记本电脑等)GI General Information 通用信息gi Gibraltar 直布罗陀(域名)GI Group Identification 群组识别GI Group Identifier 群组识别符GI Group Interface 组接口.gib Graph-in-the-Box的图表文件格式〖后缀〗GIBN Global Interoperability for Broadband Network 宽带网全球互用性GIC General Input / Output Channel 通用输入/ 输出通道GIC General Instrument Corporation 通用仪器公司(美国)GID Gateway ID 网关标识符GID General IDentifier 通用标识符GID Group ID (Identifier) 组标识符GID Group IDentification number 组识别号码GIDEP Government Industry Data Exchange Program 政府工业数据交换程序GIF Graphics Interchange Format 图形交换格式(美国计算机服务公司1987年开发).gif 可以存储动画的图像格式,美国计算机服务公司的图像文件图形交换格式〖后缀〗GIG Giga Information Group 千兆信息组GigaByte 技嘉科技股份有限公司(台湾,出品主板)GIGO Garbage In, Garbage Out 垃圾进来,垃圾出去(输入的是错误数据,输出的也是错误数据),无用输入,无用输出GII Geospatial Information Infrastructure 地球空间信息基础设施GII Global Information Infrastructure 全球信息基础设施(1994年美国提出)GIIC Global Information Infrastructure Committee 全球信息基础设施委员会GII-IS Global Information Infrastructure and the Information Society 全球信息基础设施和信息社会GIIPT Geospatial Information Integrated Product Team 地球空间信息综合产品组GIL General purpose Interactive programming Language 通用交互式编程语言GILC Graphical Input Language Computer 图形输入语言计算机GILC Graphical Input Logic Computer 图形输入逻辑计算机GILS。
名词词义辨析及练习(100题 含答案解析)初中英语专题练习 (1)
名词辨析(100题含答案解析)初中英语专题练习名词词义辨析1. clothes, cloth, clothingclothes 统指各种衣服,谓语动词永远是复数;cloth指布,为不可数名词,clothing是服装的总称。
2. incident, accidentincident 指小事件,;accident 指不幸的事故。
例:He was killed in the accident.3. amount, numberamount of 后接不可数名词;a number of 后接可数名词例:amount of money;a number of students4. family, house, homehome指家,包括住处和家人,house 房子,住宅,family 家庭成员。
例:My family is a happy one.5. sound, voice, noisesound 自然界各种各样的声音,voice 指人的嗓音,noise指噪音。
例:I hate the loud noise outside.6. photo, picture, drawingphoto 用照相机拍摄的照片;picture可指相片,图片,影片;drawing指画的画,主要是素描。
例:Let's go and see a good picture.7. vocabulary, wordvocabulary 指词汇,一个人拥有的单词量;word 指具体的单词。
例:He has a large vocabulary.8. population, peoplepopulation 指人口,人数;people 指具体的人。
例:China has a large population.9. weather, climateweather指一天内具体的天气状况;climate指长期的气候状况。
例:The climate here is not good for you.10. road, street, path, wayroad指具体的公路,马路;street指街道;path指小路,小径;way 指道路,途径例:take this road; in the streetShow me the way to the museum.11. course, subjectcourse 课程(可包括多门科目),subject 科目(具体的学科)例:a summer course12. custom, habitcustom指传统风俗,习俗,也可指生活习惯,后接 to do;habit指生活习惯,后接of doing.例:I've got the habit of drinking a lot.13. cause, reasoncause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因,后接 of sth./doing sth;reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由,后接 for sth./doing sth.例:the reason for being late14. exercise, exercises, practiceexercise 运动,锻炼(不可数);exercises练习,操类运动(可数);practice(反复做的)练习。
英国文学史名词解释
名词解释Old English: the language of Anglo and Saxon people during 5and 11th centuryEpic: A long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes. In a grand ceremonious style .The hero, usually protected by or even descended from gods, performs superhuman exploits in battle or in marvelous voyages, often saving or founding a nation.Romance:the most popular literary form in the Middle Ages in Europe; A tale (in verse or prose) that deals with knightly adventures or other heroic deeds or supernatural or amorous subjects, and usually emphasizes the chivalric love.Ballad:A folk song or orally transmitted poem telling in a direct and dramatic manner some popular story usually derived form a tragic incident in local history or legend.Ballad are normally composed in quatrains with alternating four-stress and three- stress lines ,the second and fourth lines rhyming.Couplet(双行体)a pair of rhyming verse lines of the same length. Chauser established the use of couplet in his Canterbury Tales, using rhymed iambic pentameters later known as heroic coupletThe Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and 17th centuries.The rebirth of literature, art, and learning that progressively transformed European culture from the mid-14th century in Italy to the mid-17th century in England, strongly influenced by the rediscovery of classical Greek and Latin literature. The Renaissance is commonly held to mark the close of the middle Ages, and the beginning of the modern western world. The term normally refer to the combined intellectual and artistic transformation of the 15th 16th centuries, including the emergency of humanism, protestant individualism, Copernican astronomy, and the discovery of AmericaHumanism:it stands for devotion to human values represent in classical literature.it is the keynote or the dominate ideology during the Renaissance Sonnet:A lyric of fourteen lines usually in iambic pentameter. 1. Shakespearean sonnet: Also called English sonnet or Elizabethan Sonnet. It is structured of 3 quatrains and a final couplet with the rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg2. Petrarchan Sonnet: Also called Italian sonnet. It contains an octave with the rhyme pattern abba abba and a sestet of various rhyme Patterns such as cdecde or cdcdcd.3. Spenserian sonnet: comprising 3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd eeOde is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.Elegy Formal lyric poem lamenting the death of a friend or a public figure, or reflecting seriously on a solemn subject.Pastoral: a highly conventional mode of writing that celebrates the innocent life of shepherds or shepherdesses in poems, plays, and prose romance. Tragedies were concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. They involved the trials and eventful death of a hero who was an important person and whose death led to the downfall of others.a. the central characters are always people of importance, like kings, queens, prince, general, nobles.b. a tragic hero often a flawed good man; often the hero’s fall from happiness was due to a weakness in his character, by some great error in his part.c. supernatural beings are often involved in the conflict of human beings, like gods, spirits, witches, ghosts.d. sadness is mixed with horror, murder, treachery, and blood-shedding.Catharsis or Cathartic effect of tragedies: Tragedies give an outlet for such emotions as greed, hatred, lust, fear and pity. The audience feel relieved or purged when they leave the theatre.Comedy deals with ordinary people in everyday situations, it deals with ordinary people in a humble style, usually beginning with misfortune and ending with joy. The purpose of comedy is chiefly to entertain people, but some have moral and corrective purposes, to ridicule and satirize human weaknesses.Comedy of humor according to the comedy of humor, each of characters in the play has some dominating passion or peculiar quality such as jealousy,greedy and comedy of humor mainly satires these humours demonstrated the characters in the play. Ben Jonson has been chefly known for his comedy of humors Soliloquy is the act of talking to oneself, whether silently or aloud. In drama it denotes the convention by which a character, alone on the stage, utters his or her thoughts aloud. Playwrights have used this device as a convenient way to convey information about a charact er’s motives and state of mind, or for purpose of exposition, and sometimes in order to guide the judgments and responses of the audience.Allegory: is a fictional narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel to but distinct from and more important than the literary meaning.Dramatic irony involves the reader (or audience) knowing something about what's happening in the plot, about which the character(s) have no knowledge. Dramatic irony can be used in comedies and tragedies, and it works to engage the reader, as one is drawn into what is happening. The audience may sympathize with the character, who does not know the true situation. Or, the reader may see the character as blind or ignorant (as with Oedipus). The clues may be rather obvious, but the character may be unwilling to recognize the truth.The term“metaphysical”indicates a common poetic style, use of figurative language, and way of organizing the meditative process or the poetic argument.This term is now applied to a group of 17th century poets who, whether or not directly influenced by Done, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry( Cleveland, Marvell, Cowley) and in religious poetry(Herbert, Vaughan, Crashaw, and Traherne). The term was coined by John Dryden (1693): "He affects the metaphysicsMetaphysical ConceitIn general, the metaphysical conceit will use some sort of shocking or unusual comparison as the basis for the metaphor. When it works, a metaphysical conceit has a startling appropriateness that makes us look at something in an entirely new way. Draws upon a wide range of knowledge, mainly using highly intellectual analogies; its comparisons are elaborately rationalizedHeroic drama:A kind of tragedy or tragicomedy that came into vogue with the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660. Influenced by French classical tragedy and its dramatic unities (time, place, action), it aimed at epic (heroic) grandeur, usually by means of bombast, exotic settings and lavish scenery. The noble hero would typically be caught in a conflict between love and patriotic duty, leading to emotional scenes presented in a manner close to opera. The leading English exponent of heroic drama was John Dryden: hid the conquest of Granada (1670-1) and Aureng-Zebe (1675) were both written in heroic couplets.the Enlightenment movementA general term applied to the movement of the intellectual liberation that developed in Western Europe from the late 17th century to the late 18th century( the age of reason)。
宪法与法治(英文版)
Dieter GrimmListe für China1. Constitutions, Constitutional Courts and Constitutional Interpretation at the Interface of Law and Politicsin: B. Iancu (ed.), The Law/Politics Distinction in Contemporary AdjudicationUtrecht 2009, S. 21 – 34(constitutional courts at the interface of law and politics 08-2008.doc)2. Constitutional Adjudication and Democracyin: M. Andenas (Hrsg.), Judical Review in International PerspectiveLiber Amicorum in Honour of Lord Slynn of Hadley Band IIDen Haag 2000, S. 103(constitutional adjudication lib.pdf)3. Political Parties(political parties engl fuer yale 07-2006)4. Levels of the Rule of Law(Levels of the rule of law final 15-12-09.doc)5. The Development towards a Rights-Oriented Legal Culture in Europe(rights-oriented legal culture china 03-2007.doc)6. Human Rights and Judicial Review in Germanyin: D. Beatty (Hrsg.), Human Rights and Judicial Review, Dordrecht 1994, S. 267(grimm human rights.pdf)7. Values in German Constitutional Law, Dennis Davis u.a. (Hrsg.) - noch nicht erschienen, (values in german const law Aenderungen 20-04-09.doc)8. Proportionality in Canadian and German Constitutional Jurisprudencein: University of Toronto Law Journal 57 (2007), S. 383 – 397(proportionality printversion 30-01-07.doc)9. The Protective Function of the Statein: G. Nolte (Hrsg.), European and US Constitutionalism, Cambridge (England) 2005,S. 137 – 155(protective function of the state 12-2004.doc)10. Civil Liberties in an Age of Terror(http://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/cps/rde/xbcr/SID-0A000F0A-935A2172/bst/Transatlantic%20Thinkers_Part_5_final.pdf)Dieter GrimmConstitutions, Constitutional Courts and Constitutional Interpretation at the Interface of Lawand PoliticsI.1. Before the end of World War II constitutional courts or courts with constitutional jurisdiction werea rarity. Although constitutions had been in place long before, a worldwide demand for constitutionaladjudication arose only after the experiences with the many totalitarian systems of the 20th century. The post-totalitarian constitutional assemblies regarded judicial review as the logical consequence ofconstitutionalism. In a remarkable judgment the Israeli Supreme Court said in 1995: "Judicial reviewis the soul of the constitution itself. Strip the constitution of judicial review and you have removed its very life… It is therefore no wonder that judicial re view is now developing. The majority of enlightened democratic states have judicial review… The Twentieth Century is the century of judicial review." (United Mizrahi Bank Ltd. v. Migdal Village, Civil Appeal No. 6821/93, decided 1995). Based on this universal trend the Israeli Court claimed the power of judicial review although it had not been explicitly endowed with it in the constitution.Yet, just as the transition from absolute rule to constitutionalism had modified the relationship between law and politics, this relationship was now modified by the establishment of constitutional courts. As long as law was regarded as being of divine origin politics were submitted to law. Political power derived its authority from the task to maintain and enforce divine law, but did not include the right to make law. When the Reformation undermined the divine basis of the legal order and led to the religious civil wars of the 16th and 17th century the inversion of the traditional relationship between law and politics was regarded as a precondition for the restoration of social peace. The political ruler acquired the power to make law regardless of the contested religious truth. Law became a product of politics. It derived its binding force no longer from God‘s will but from the ruler‘s will. It was henceforth positive law. Eternal or natural law, in spite of its name, was not law, but philosophy.Constitutionalism as it emerged in the last quarter of the 18th century was an attempt to re-establish the supremacy of the law, albeit under the condition that there was no return to divine or eternal law. The solution of the problem consisted in the reflexivity of positive law. Making and enforcing the law was itself subjected to legal regulation. To make this possible a hierarchy had to be established within the legal system. The law that regulated legislation and law-enforcement had to be superior to the law that emanates from the political process. Yet, since there was no return to divine law the higher law was itself the product of a political decision. But in order to fulfil its function of submitting politics to law it needed a source different from ordinary politics. In accordance with the theory that, in the absence of a divine basis of rulership the only possible legitimization of political power is the consent of the governed, this source was found in the people. The people replaced the ruler as sovereign, just as before the ruler had replaced God. But the role of the popular sovereign was limited to enacting the constitution while the exercise of political power was entrusted to representatives of the people who could act only on the basis and within the framework of the constitution.Hence, one can say that the very essence of constitutionalism is the submission of politics to law. This function distinguishes constitutional law from ordinary law in various respects. There is, first, a difference in object. The object of constitutional law is politics. Constitutional law regulates the formation and exercise of political power. The power holders are the addressees of constitutional law. Secondly, constitutional and ordinary law have different sources. Since constitutional law brings forth legitimate political power it cannot emanate from that same power. It is made by or attributed to the people. Consequently, the making of constitutional law differs, thirdly, from the making of ordinarylaw. It is usually a special body that formulates constitutional law and its adoption is subject to a special procedure in which either the people takes the decision or, if a representative body is called upon to decide, a supermajority is required.Fourthly, constitutional law differs from ordinary law in rank. It is higher law. In case of conflict between constitutional law and ordinary law or acts of ordinary law application constitutional law trumps. What has been regulated in the constitution is no longer open to political decision. Insofar, the majority rule does not apply. This does not mean a total juridification of politics. Such a total juridification would be the end of politics and turn it into mere administration. Constitutional law determines who is entitled to take political decisions and which procedural and substantive rules he has to observe in order to give these decisions binding force. But the constitution neither predetermines the input into the constitutionally regulated procedures nor their outcome. It regulates the decision-making process but leaves the decisions themselves to the political process. It is a framework, not a substitute for politics.Finally, constitutional law is characterized by a certain weakness compared to ordinary law. Ordinary law is made by government and applies to the people. If they do not obey government is entitled to use force. Constitutional law, on the contrary, is made by or at least attributed to the people as its ultimate source and applies to government. If the government does not comply with the requirements of constitutional law there is no superior power to enforce it. This weakness may differ in degree, depending on the function of the constitution. Regarding the constitutive function the structure of public power will usually conform to the constitutional arrangement. Regarding its function to regulate the exercise of political power this cannot be taken for granted. The historical and actual evidence is abundant.2. It was this weakness that gave rise to constitutional adjudication, in the United States soon after the invention of constitutionalism, in Europe and other parts of the world only after the collapse of the fascist and racist, socialist and military dictatorships beginning in the 1950s and culminating in the 1990s. Although many of these systems had constitutions their impact was minimal, and invoking constitutional rights could be dangerous to citizens. In the light of this experience constitutional courts were generally regarded as a necessary completion of constitutionalism. If the very essence of constitutionalism is the submission of politics to law, the very essence of constitutional adjudication is to enforce constitutional law vis-à-vis government. This implies judicial review of political acts including legislation. However, constitutional courts or courts with constitutional jurisdiction cannot fully compensate for the weakness of constitutional law. Since the power to use physical force remains in the hands of the political branches of government, courts are helpless when politicians refuse to comply with the constitution or disregard court orders.But apart from this situation, which is exceptional in a well-functioning liberal democracy with a deeply-rooted sense for the rule of law, it makes a difference whether a political system adopts constitutional adjudication or not. Even a government that is generally willing to comply with the constitution will be biased regarding the question what exactly the constitution forbids or requires in a certain situation. Politicians tend to interpret the constitution in the light of their political interests and intentions. In a system without constitutional adjudication usually the interpretation of the majority prevails. In the long run this will undermine the achievement of constitutionalism. By contrast, in a system with constitutional adjudication an institution exists that does not pursue political intentions, is not subject to election and specializes on constitutional interpretation in a professional manner. It is thus less biased and can uphold constitutional requirements vis-à-vis the elected majority. Even more important is the preventive effect of constitutional adjudication. The mere existence of a constitutional court causes the political majority to raise the question of the constitutionality of a political measure quite early in the political process and in a more neutral way. It observes its own political plans through the eyes of the constitutional court.Kelsen, whom the Israeli Supreme Court quotes approvingly in the Mizrahi opinion, may have exaggerated when he said that a constitution without constitutional adjudication is just like not having a constitution at all. There is a number of long-established democracies where the constitution mattersalthough no constitutional review exists. Here constitutional values have become part of the legal and political culture so that there is less need for institutionalized safeguards. But for the majority of states, in particular for those who turned toward constitutional democracy only recently, it is true that the constitution would not matter very much in day-to-day politics if it did not enjoy the support of a special agent that enforces the legal constraints to which the constitution submits politics. The small impact of fundamental rights before the establishment of judicial review proves this.However, the existence of a constitutional court alone is not sufficient to guarantee that politicians respect the constitution. Just as constitutionalism is an endangered achievement constitutional adjudication is in danger as well. Politicians, even if they originally agreed to establish judicial review, soon find out that its exercise by constitutional courts is often burdensome for them. Constitutions put politics under constraints and constitutional courts exist in order to enforce these constraints. Not everything that politicians find necessary – be it for themselves or their party, be it for what they deem good for the common interest – can be effectuated if the court sees it not in line with the constitution. Politicians therefore have a general interest in a constitutional court that, to put it mildly, is at least not adverse to their objectives and plans. But there is also a specific interest in the outcome of constitutional litigation on which the implementation of a certain policy depends.Yet, any political interference with the judicial process would undermine the whole system of constitutional democracy. This is why judges must be protected against political influence or pressure. The dividing line between the various organs of the state drawn by the principle of separation of powers is particularly strong where the judiciary is concerned. Independence of the judiciary is indispensable for the functioning of a constitutional system and is therefore itself in need of constitutional protection. If it is true that constitutional courts are helpless when political actors refuse to obey their orders, it is even more true that constitutional courts are useless when they cannot take their decisions independently from politics. The best protection of judicial independence is, of course, a deeply-rooted conviction on the side of politicians that any interference with court procedures is unacceptable, supported by a strong backing for the constitution within society. But this cannot be taken for granted. Rather, special safeguards are necessary. Judicial independence must be guaranteed, not only against any attempt to directly influence the outcome of litigation, but also against more subtle ways of putting pressure on the judiciary. This is why constitutions usually guarantee the irremovability of judges and often a sufficient salary, to mention only a few devices.A special problem in this context is the recruitment of judges of constitutional courts or courts with constitutional jurisdiction. Since these courts have a share in public power the judges need democratic legitimation. If they are not elected directly by the people, a circumstance which presents problems of its own regarding judicial independence, some involvement of the elected branches of government in the recruitment process seems inevitable. Yet, every involvement creates the temptation to elect or appoint deferential judges. Recruitment of judges is the open flank of judicial independence. A constitutional court that simply reflects political interests will hardly be able to keep the necessary distance from politics. Hence, safeguards against a politicization of the court are of vital importance.Most countries with constitutional adjudication have some special provisions for the election or appointment of constitutional judges. If they are elected by parliament often a supermajority, like the one required for amending the constitution, is prescribed. This means that majority and minority must agree on one candidate, which makes extreme partisan appointments unlikely. Other countries prefer a mixed system of election and appointment by dividing the right to select constitutional judges among different bodies of government. In others, non-political actors are involved in the process, for instance representatives of the legal profession. It may be difficult to determine which system is the best. But it is not difficult to see that some barriers against the threat of a politically docile constitutional court must be erected if constitutionalism is to live up to its aspirations.3. Judicial independence is the constitutional safeguard against the threat arising from politicians to the judges' proper exercise of their function. It is directed against attempts to induce judges not to apply the law but to bend to political expectations. This is an external threat. But it would be naïve toassume that this is the only threat the functioning of the constitutional system is exposed to. There is an internal threat as well that comes from the judges themselves. It comes in two forms. One is the inclination to voluntarily follow, for what reasons ever, political expectations or even party lines. The other is the temptation to adjudicate according to one‘s own political preferences or ideas of what is just and unjust instead of following constitutional standards. The constitutional guarantee of judicial independence protects judges against politics, but it does not protect the constitutional system and society against judges who, for other reasons than direct political pressure, are willing to disobey or distort the law.Therefore, external independence must be accompanied by internal independence. The constitutional guarantee of judicial independence is not a personal privilege to decide at will, but a functional requirement. It shall enable judges to fulfil their function, namely to apply the law irrespectively of the interests and expectations of the parties to the litigation or powerful political or societal forces. It frees judges from extra-legal bonds, not to give them leeway in their decisions, but to enable them to decide according to the law. The reason for the independence from extra-legal bonds is to give full effect to the legal bonds to which judges are submitted. Submission to law is the necessary counterpart of judicial independence. Like for external independence, precautions can be taken for internal independence as well.However, since internal independence is largely a matter of professional ethics and individual character, the possibilities of the law are limited. Gross misbehaviour such as corruption can of course be outlawed and made a crime. Experience shows, however, that it is difficult to fight corruption within the judiciary when corruption is habitual among politicians and in society as well. This seems to be quite a problem in a number of new democracies. It is likewise justified to criminalize perversion of justice. But it is not easy to clearly distinguish perversion of justice from false or questionable interpretation of the law. This is why convictions because of perversion of justice are rare. Yet, criminalizing corruption and perversion of justice and removing judges from office who committed these crimes is not a violation of the independence of the judiciary.A more subtle misconduct is the willingness or pre-disposition to interpret the law in a way that is favourable to certain political views or to a party or a candidate for political office, either in general or in an individual case. This usually comes in the disguise of a legal argumentation that seeks to hide that, as a matter of fact, it is result-driven. This will not always occur intentionally. Self-deception of judges as to the motives of their judicial behaviour is not impossible. The problem is that this type of misconduct does not only appear in a number of new democracies. It can be observed in solid constitutional states as well. The decision of the US Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore in the year 2000 may serve as an example. There will hardly be a legal sanction in these cases. But there may be harsh public criticism or even a loss of trust in the judiciary to which no court can remain indifferent.II.1. Law owes its existence to a political decision. Political motives are legitimate in the process of law-making. But in a constitutional democracy the role of politics ends when it comes to applying the law. Application of the law is a matter for the legal system in which political motives are illegitimate. For this reason the division between law and politics is of crucial importance. But what if law application and in particular constitutional adjudication is in itself a political operation so that all attempts to separate law from politics on the institutional level are thwarted on the level of law application? This is a serious question, and it is a question that should not be confused with the abuse of judicial power which lies in the intentional non-application or misapplication of the law.Of course, constitutional adjudication is inevitably political in the sense that the object and the effect of constitutional court decisions are political. This follows from the very function of constitutional law, which is to regulate the formation and exercise of political power, and the function of constitutional courts, which consists in enforcing this law vis-à-vis politics. Constitutional courts are a branch of government. Excluding political issues from judicial scrutiny would be the end ofconstitutional review. Hence, the question can only be whether operations that judges undertake in order to find the law and to apply it to political issues are of a political or a legal character.This question arises because all analyses of the process of law application to concrete issues show that the text of the law is unable to completely determine judicial decisions. One of the reasons is that the law in general and constitutional law in particular is neither void of gaps and contradictions nor always clear and unambiguous, and it can hardly be different, given the fact that a legal system is a product of different times, reacting to various challenges, inspired by different interests or concepts of justice and depending on the use of ordinary language. Filling the gaps, harmonizing the contradicting provisions, rendering them precise enough for the decision of an issue is the task of the law applicants, in the last resort of the courts, which, in turn, draw profit from the efforts of legal science.But even if provisions are formulated as clearly and as coherently as possible they can raise questions when it comes to solving a concrete case. This incapacity to guarantee a full determination of legal decisions, even in the case of seemingly clear provisions, is inherent in the law because a law is by definition a general rule applicable to an indefinite number of cases arising in the future. This is why it must be formulated in more or less abstract terms. Consequently, there will always remain a gap between the general and abstract norm on the one hand and the concrete and individual case on the other. The judge has to find out what the general norm means with regard to the case at hand. This is achieved by interpretation, which always precedes the application of the norm. The general norm must be concretized to a more specific rule before the individual case can be decided.Like the task of filling gaps, harmonizing contradicting provisions, clarifying vague norms, the concretization contains a creative element. Norm application therefore is always to a certain extent norm-construction. The fact as such is undisputable. The degree can vary. It depends on a number of variables. The most important one is the precision of a norm. A narrowly tailored norm leaves less room for the constructive element whereas a broad or even vague norm requires a lot of concretization before it is ready for application to a case. Usually a constitution will contain more vague norms than, say, the code of civil procedure. This is certainly true for the guiding principles and for fundamental rights, less so for organizational and procedural norms. Another variable is the age of a norm. The older a norm the larger the number of problems that were not or could not have been foreseen by the legislature and thus raise questions of meaning and applicability.The mere fact that the law does not fully determine the judgment in individual cases is not sufficient to turn law application from a legal into a political operation. It remains a legal operation if what the judge adds to the text of the law in the process of interpretation has its basis in the text and can be derived from it in a reasonable argumentative manner. If not it becomes a political one. The task therefore is to distinguish between legal and non-legal arguments, be they political, economic or religious. This decision can only be taken within the legal system. No other system is competent to determine what counts as a legal argument. Within the legal system the distinction between a legal and a non-legal argument is the concern of methodology. By doing so methodology attempts to eliminate subjective influences from the interpretation of the law as far as possible. This is why the distinction between legal and non-legal operations in the course of law application becomes largely a question of legal method.Yet, different from the text of the law that is the product of a political decision and thus not at the disposition of judges, methodology is itself a product of legal considerations. It emerges in the process of interpreting and applying the law or is developed in scholarly discourse, but it is nowhere decreed authoritatively. This means at the same time that various methodologies can coexist and so can different variations of a certain methodological creed. Method is a matter of choice within the legal system. All historical attempts by legislators to prohibit interpretation or to prescribe a certain method have been in vain. They were themselves subject to interpretation. But the lack of one authoritative method does not mean that methodology can justify any solution and thus loses its disciplining effect on judges. Just as certain legal systems have their time in history methodologies have their time, too. There is usually a core of accepted arguments or operations and a number of arguments or operationsthat are regarded as unacceptable. The degree to which a method can succeed in eliminating all subjective elements from interpretation is controversial. There were and are methods that claim this capacity.2. A historically influential method that promised to eliminate subjective influences was legal positivism, not in its capacity as a theory of the validity of law opposed to all natural law theories, but in its capacity as theory of legal interpretation. For a positivist in this sense the legal norm consists of its text and nothing else, and the only instrument to discover the meaning of the text is philology and logic, i.e. not the legislative history, not the motives or the intent of the legislature, not the values behind the norm, not the social reality that brought forth the problems the norm was meant to solve and in which it is to take effect, not the consequences the interpretation may entail. There can be but one correct understanding of a norm and this remains correct as long as the norm is in force, no matter how the context changes.The problem with positivism was on the one hand that it could not fulfil its promise to eliminate all subjective influences on interpretation. Rather these influences were infused into the interpretation in a clandestine way, mostly in connection with the definition of the notions used by the legislature. On the other hand, positivism prohibited an adaptation of the law to social change by way of interpretation. Since the social reality in which the norm was to take effect was regarded as irrelevant for the interpretation a positivist could not even perceive of social change. Of course, a positivist would not have denied that, because of social change, a legal norm may miss its purpose and produce dysfunctional results. But this was regarded as a matter for the law-maker, not for the law-applicant. It was this deficit that largely contributed to the decline of positivism after the far-reaching social change in the wake of the Industrial Revolution and World War I.There is yet another influential theory of interpretation that claims to preclude all subjective influences, namely originalism. Different from positivism, originalists believe that only a historical method is the right way to ascertain the meaning of a legal norm. The law-applicant must give a norm, in particular a norm of the constitution, no meaning other than the one that the framers had had in mind. Sometimes originalism appears in a crude way that excludes the application of a norm to any phenomenon the framers could not have known. If the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects the freedom of the press, this would not allow the law-applicant to extend the protection to radio and TV by way of interpretation. Sometimes originalism appears in a more enlightened form. The law-applicant is then permitted to ask whether the framers clearly would have included a new phenomenon had they known it at the time when the law was enacted. In this case it would be methodologically permissible to include radio and TV into the protection of the First Amendment by way of interpretation. But like a positivist an originalist is not prepared to acknowledge that there can be more than one sound interpretation of a norm and that the interpretation can legitimately change when the circumstances change in which it is applied.The problem with originalism is first a practical one. In most cases it is difficult or even impossible to know what the original understanding or the original intent was. It is the more difficult if many persons are involved in the process of constitution-making many of whom may not have expressed their understanding or intent. For this reason ascertaining the original intent or understanding is often a highly selective process, in which some utterances of actors are singled out and taken for the whole. The second problem is the same that positivism encountered. There is extremely limited or even no room at all for the adaptation of legal norms to social change. If social change affects the constitution adversely the only remedy is to amend the text, which can be extremely complicated in a country like the United States. The constitution tends to petrify, in opposition to the theory of a living constitution.Although one would have difficulties in finding positivists or originalists in Germany, these methodologies are by no means of historical interest only. Positivism, or more precisely a crude literal understanding, plays a considerable role in a number of post-communist countries and in parts of Latin America. Originalism has a stronghold in the United States in reaction to the activist Warren Court of the 1950s and '60s. In Germany, the idea that a legal method exists that can exclude any subjective。
足球英语专业术语
足球英语专业术语first half 上半场internal中场休息second half 下半场allowance 补时extra time 加时choice of ends and the kick-off are decided by the toss of a coin掷币挑边和开球kick off 开球kick-off-time开赛时间close game with long forward passes长传急攻short pass短传combination passed短传配合double pass二过一drive down the side-lines before centering the ball沉底传中pass-and receive combinations传接配合center传中cross pass横传one-touch pass一脚球ground pass地面传球scissors kick倒钩球lofted ball高吊球head ball顶球ferocious tackle拼抢block堵截support策应side tackle侧面抢截dash forward插上excessive dribbling盘带过多pincers movement两翼包抄playmaker进攻组织者outflank边路进攻fast break快攻volley shot凌空射门man-for-man marking盯人防守fill gap 补位balancing defense防守补位“blanket” defense 密集防守off side越位trip opponent绊人charge opponent 冲撞charge opponent from behind背后铲人fair charge合理冲撞send off the field of play将球员驱逐出场tackle铲球penalty-mark罚点球点take kick主罚点球sudden death突然死亡法determine the winner by penalty kicks以点球决胜负make space 制造空档off-side trap造越位战术total play全攻全过打法Football, soccer, Association football 足球杯赛Cup 杯FIFA 国际足联arch-rival 主要对手defending champion 卫冕冠军qualify for the next round 出线eliminate 淘汰final eight 前八强favourists 夺标热门dark horse 黑马、爆冷门Underdog - 黑马group round robin 小组循环赛group preliminaries 小组预赛联赛league 联赛ranking 排名次,名次aggregate score 总积分league table 联赛积分表away ground 客场场地away match 客场比赛on a home and away basis 主客场制home team 主队visiters team 客队promotion 升级relegation 降级first division team 甲级队second division 乙级队golden ball 金球golden boots 金靴奖top scorer 得分最高的队员transfer 转会其它比赛warming up competition 热身赛charity soccer match 慈善足球赛return leg 回访赛exhibition match 表演赛friendly match 友谊比赛invitational tournament 邀请赛场地stadium 体育场stands 看台field, pitch 足球场midfied 中场 center fieldhalf-way line 中线halfway flag 中线旗byline 边线 by-line 边线end line 底线back line卫线、端线kick-off circle 中圈,开球区corner area 角球区corner flag 角球旗penalty area 禁区 penalty box 禁区penalty mark (点球)发球点goal 球门,进球数goal area 球门区goal line 球门线goal net 球门网crossbar 球门横杆、门楣goal post 球门柱base of post 柱脚locker room (运动员)休息室、更衣室Boardroom 会议室Changing-room 更衣室Corporate boxes 团体席Dugout 教练席Bench 替补席Clubshop 俱乐部店Running-track 跑道Scoreboard 记分牌Hoardings 广告牌Tannoy 广播Ticket-office 售票厅Treatment room 治疗室Trophy room 纪念品展室Tunnel 球员通道Turnstiles 球场旋转门赛程Fixture list 赛程表half,halftime 半场first half 上半场half-time break 中场休息second half 下半场injury time伤停补时extra time 加时赛first leg 第一回合full time 全场比赛时间time out 暂停Warm-down 赛后休息Teamtalk 教练训话时间Press conference 记者招待会裁判referee 主裁判assistant助理裁判lineman 巡边员,边裁final whistle 终场哨声球员1professional soccer player 职业球员uniform number 球衣号码in red strip 身穿红色条衫fitness 身体素质stamina 体力、耐力in great form 竞技状态极佳football, eleven 足球队captain, leader 队长football player 足球运动员key player 主力队员player in 上场队员substitute,reserve players替补队员goalkeeper, goaltender, goalie 守门员back 后卫 defender 后卫 full back 后卫left 左后卫right back 右后卫centre half back 中卫midfield 中场half back 前卫 downfield 前卫left half back 左前卫right half back 右前卫forward 前锋 strikercentre forward, centre 中锋inside left forward, inside left 左内锋inside right forward, inside right 右内锋outside left forward, outside left 左边锋outside right forward, outside right 右边锋球员2后卫: Back前卫: Midfielder前锋: 中锋: Striker自由人: libero中后卫: Center Back全能选手: utility player守门员: Goalkeeper, Goalie左(右)后卫: Left (Right) Back清道夫, 拖后中卫: Sweeper左(右)前卫: Left (Right) Midfielder攻击型前卫, 前腰: Attacking Midfielder 防守型前卫, 后腰: Defending Midfielder球员3freeman 自由人sweeper 自由中卫march in 列队入场encounter 交锋winger 锋线队员offensive player 进攻队员striker 攻击手playmaker 组织进攻者supporting player 接应队员goal-buster 杰出射手up-rising star 后起之秀budding star 初露锋芒的明星star-studded 明星荟萃的观众fan 球迷aficionado (球)迷、狂热爱好者spectator 观众Crowd - 观众cheering squad拉拉队 cheering team 啦啦队football hooligan 足球流氓rioter 骚乱者capacity crowd 观众满座VIP box 重要人物席Supporters 支持者教练head coach 主教练coach 教练 instructorskipper 领队 guidetrainer 助理教练其他人员soccer commentator 足球评论员Groundsman 修理草皮人员Ballboys - 捡球者Mascots - 滑嵇小丑判罚kick-off 开球goal kick 球门球corner ball, corner 角球corner kick 发角球goal kick 球门球header 头球hand ball 手球penalty kick 点球 spot kick penalty for a foul 犯规罚点球free kick 任意球direct freekick 直接任意球indirect free kick 间接任意球defensive wall 防守人墙line up a wall 筑人墙to set a wall 筑人墙place kick 定位球kick-out 踢出界throw-in 掷界外球offside 越位 off-side 越位red card 红牌(表示判罚出场)yellow card 黄牌(表示警告)penalise 处罚banish罚出场sending-off 罚下场 send-off 罚下场send a player off判罚出场match ban 禁赛命令suspend 停赛、禁赛to cheat作弊violent conduct 粗鲁行为foul 犯规foul marker 犯规指示旗to breaks the rules犯规foul play严重犯规The goal is disallowed进球无效deny a goal 判射无效delay the game 拖延比赛refuse obedience to the referee 不服裁判score 得分goals 射中次数Substitute 换人技术long pass 长传close pass, short pass 短传flank pass 边线传球high lobbing pass 高吊传球scissor pass 交叉传球volley pass 凌空传球hook pass 弧形传球triangular pass 三角传球rolling pass, ground pass 滚地传球back pass转身传球steep forward pass 大脚直传cross传中send in a cross from the left 左路传中send in a cross from the right 右路传中line pass 横传back-heel pass 脚后跟传球flick-on header 头球摆渡back pass 转身传球ball playing skill 控救技术deceptive movement 假动作bicycle kick, overhead kick 倒钩球chest-high ball 平胸球ground ball, grounder 地面球,地滚球ball handling 控制球block tackle 正面抢截interception 拦截body check 身体阻挡fair charge 合理冲撞chesting 胸部挡球close-marking defence 钉人防守consecutive passes 连续传球diving header 鱼跃顶球flying headar 跳起顶球dribbling 盘球,带球beat an opponent过人、越过对手slide tackle 铲球steal a ball 断球bullt 球门前混战clearance kick 解除危险的球make a powerful clearance kick 大脚解围goalkeeping守门finger-tip save (守门员)托救球clean catching (守门员)跳球抓好,接高球beat out a shot将球击出(守门员)to shoot 射门course of action 球路rebound 反弹球banana shot弧线射门、香蕉球volley shot 凌空射门grazing shot 贴地射门close-range shot 近射long drive 远射mishit 未射中own goal 踢入本方球门(对方得分),乌龙球equalizer 造成平分的射门free shot 射空门tap in the ball 轻拨入网open net 空门solo drive 单刀直入wall pass 二过一to pass the ball 传球runing off the ball 跑位support 接应to take a pass 接球trapping 停球spot pass 球传到位make a spot pass 传球到位to trap 脚底停球to intercept 截球to break through, to beat 带球过人to break loose 摆脱 shake off 摆脱break through 突破down-the-middle thrust 中路突破empty space 空档make space 制造空档blanket defence 密集防守man to man defence 人盯人防守mark space 区域联防offensive on the wings 从两翼进攻aerial duel向前场推进fast break 快攻fast counterattack 快速反攻be level with与……站在一条线上beat the offside trap反越位成功drop-ball(足球中的)争球to control the midfield 控制中场to disorganize the defence 破坏防守to fall back 退回to set the pace 掌握进攻节奏tempo of the game 比赛节奏to ward off an assault 击退一次攻势to break up an attack 破坏一次攻势one-sided game 一边倒的比赛close game 比分接近的比赛an incident-packed game 一场事故叠出的比赛tie-breaker 平分决胜的比赛rough play 粗野的比赛level the score 将比分扳平solid defence 防守坚固break the deadlock 打破僵局goal drought进球荒战术all-out attacking 全攻型打法total football 全攻全守足球战术open football 拉开的足球战术off-side trap 越位战术wing play 边锋战术shoot-on-sight tactics 积极的抢射战术time wasting tactics 拖延战术阵法formation 阵型line-up 阵容back line 卫线、端线forward line 锋线Brazilian formation 巴西阵式, 4-2-4 阵式four backs system 四后卫制four-three-three formation 4-3-3 阵式four-two-four formation 4-2-4 阵式赛制competition regulations 比赛条例disqualification 取消比赛资格extra time 加时赛golden goal, sudden death 金球制,突然死亡法penalty shoot-out 罚点球决胜负the away goals rule 客场进球规则draw, sortition 抽签 drawing lots 抽签grouping 分组eighth-finals 八分之一决赛quarterfinal 四分之一决赛semi-final 半决赛round-robin 循环赛five-a-side-football 五人制室内足球结果goalless draw 未得分,不分胜负a hat trick帽子戏法,连中三元Draw - 平局装备Ball 球Gloves 手套knee pads 护膝Socks 袜子Shinguards 护具Tracksuit 运动套装Studs 鞋钉Adaptor 转拉器Boots 足球鞋Cycling-shorts 自行车短型紧身裤First-aid kit 急救包Nets 网兜Notebook 小笔记本Pump 气筒Shinguards/Shinpads 护胫Shirts 足球上衣Shorts 短裤Socks 短袜Stopwatch 秒表Strips 服装足球英语2012-02-22 19:45red card 红牌yellow card 黄牌The goal is disallowed. 进球无效。
维多利2修改大杂烩
industry_tech.txt 文件
打开
activate_building = fabric_factory rgo_output = 0.125 farm_rgo_size = -0.05 factory_throughput = 0.1 pop_growth = -0.0008 #添加这个人口增长率-0.08%,计划生育,别减太多, 时间长呢 factory_goods_throughput = { shares = -0.1 } factory_goods_throughput = { financial_services = -0.1 } } 在 E:\Paradox Interactive\Victoria 2\technologies 第一个科技 例如: post_napoleonic_thought = { area = army_doctrine
常用外贸术语
外贸词汇exclusive sales 包销joint venture/ joint venture enterprise 合资企业exclusively foreign-owned enterprise 外商独资企业state-owned enterprise 国营企业state-operated 国营的collectively-owned enterprise 集资企业individually owned enterprise 私营企业cooperative enterprise 合作企业chamber of commerce 商会on the bases of equality and mutual benefit 在平等互利的基础上pamphlet 小册子financial position 财务状况trade reputation 贸易声誉on display 展出dealer 商人port of delivery 目的港Port of discharge卸货港Port of loading 装货港Place of receipt收货地prompt delivery 即期交货to postpone delivery 推迟交货partial shipment 分批装船a firm offer 实盘validity有效期offer subject to final confirmation 回盘以最后确认为准specialize in 专门经营enjoy great popularity 享有盛誉ready seller; quick seller; quick-selling product 畅销品conclude business with sb. 与某人达成交易close business, close a deal , close a transaction, close a bargain 达成交易trade fair 交易会trade mark 商标trade in sth 经营某物Favorable price 优惠价格Favorable terms 优惠条件general practice 惯例in bulk/in loose packing散装nude packing 裸装jute bag 麻袋adhesive tape 胶带Transship 转运Force Majeure 人力不可抗力bargain 讨价还价currency 货币floor price 底价drive a hard bargain over sth. 为某事拼命讨价还价a bargain sale 廉价出售rock-bottom price 最低价出口津贴export subsidy商品倾销dumping外汇倾销exchange dumping优惠关税special preferences保税仓库bonded warehouse贸易顺差favorable balance of trade贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制import quotas自由贸易区free trade zone普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences (GSP)最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment (MFNT)码头费wharfage卸货费landing charges关税customs duty净价net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税port dues回佣return commission 折扣discount, allowance期货价格forward price现行价格(时价)current price prevailing price国际市场价格world (International) Market price轮船steamship(缩写S.S)租船charter (the chartered ship)定程租船voyage charter班轮regular shipping liner舱位shipping space报关clearance of goods陆运收据cargo receipt空运提单airway bill在......(时间)平均分两批装船shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月,每月平均装运in three equal monthly shipments立即装运immediate shipment即期装运prompt shipment收到信用证后30天内装运shipment within 30 days after receipt of L/C不允许分批装船partial shipment not allowedpartial shipment not permittedpartial shipment not unacceptable参考价reference price习惯做法usual practice交易磋商business negotiation不受约束without engagement有效期限time of validity招标invitation of tender投标submission of tender一般代理人agent总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement累计佣金accumulative commission补偿贸易compensation trade (或抵偿贸易)compensating/compensatory trade (又叫:往返贸易)counter trade来料加工processing on giving materials来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/专营权exclusive right独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement独家代理sole agency;sole agent; exclusive agency;exclusive agent宣传小册pamphlet溢短装条款more or less clause外汇foreign exchange法定贬值devaluation法定升值revaluation 浮动汇率floating rate国际收支balance of payments国际货币基金international monetary fund 黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchange reserve外贸短句If you take quality into consideration, you will fi nd our price reasonable. 如果您把质量考虑进去的话,您会发现我方价格是合理的。
高考英语 单词易混词记忆及难词巧记
高考考纲单词对比记忆及难词巧记1) quite 相当 quiet 安静地2) affect v 影响, effect n 结果, 影响3) adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行4) angel 天使 angle 角度5) dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记6) contend 奋斗, 斗争 content 内容, 满足的 context 上下文 contest 竞争, 比赛7) principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文10) abroad 国外 aboard 上(船,飞机)11) altar 祭坛 alter 改变12) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音13) champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役14) baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓15) beam 梁,光束 bean 豆 been have 过去式16) precede 领先 proceed 进行,继续17) pray 祈祷 prey 猎物18) chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房19) monkey 猴子 donkey 驴20) council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事21) crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛22) dose 一剂药 doze 打盹23) drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水24) emigrant 移民到国外 immigrant 从某国来的移民25) excess n 超过 exceed v超过 excel 擅长26) hotel 青年旅社 hostel 旅店27) lone 孤独的 alone 单独的 lonely 寂寞的28) mortal 不死的 metal 金属 mental 神经的 medal 勋章 model 模特meddle 玩弄29) scare 惊吓 scarce 缺乏的30) drought 天旱 draught 通风, 拖拉 draughts (英)国际跳棋31) assure 保证 ensure 使确定 insure 保险32) except 除外 expect 期望 accept 接受 excerpt 选录 exempt 免除33) floor 地板 flour 面粉34) incident 事件 accident 意外35) inspiration 灵感 aspiration 渴望36) march 三月, 前进 match 比赛37) patent 专利 potent 有力的 potential 潜在的38) police 警察 policy 政策 politics 政治39) protest 抗议 protect 保护40) require 需要 inquire 询问 enquire 询问 acquire 获得41) revenge 报仇 avenge 为...报仇42) story 故事 storey 楼层 store 商店43) strike 打 stick 坚持 strict 严格的44) through 通过 thorough 彻底的 (al)though 尽管 thought think 过去分词45) purpose 目的 suppose 假设 propose 建议46) expect 期望 respect 尊敬 aspect 方面 inspect 视察 suspect 怀疑47) glide 滑翔 slide 使滑行 slip 跌落48) steal 偷 steel 钢49) strive 努力 stride 大步走50) allusion 暗示 illusion 幻觉 delusion 错觉 elusion 逃避51) prospect 前景 perspective 透视法52) stationery 文具 stationary 固定的53) loose 松的 lose 丢失 loss n 损失 lost lose过去式54) amend 改正, 修正 emend 校正55) amoral unmoral immoral 同义不道德的第三部分难词巧记Innocent 无辜的;无罪的;记忆法:in+ no+ cent 里面没有一分钱Wedding 婚礼;记忆法:we +dd+ing 我们俩的定住了。
航海英语评估词汇(中英对照1)2
航海英语评估词汇1.abbreviation 缩写词2.abnormalities 异常情况3.absorbent 吸油剂4.accommodation ladder5.accompany 陪伴6.activate 启动7.activity 活动8.actual 实际的9.adequate 足够的10.adjacent 邻近的11.adjustment 调整12.adrift 漂流的13.advisable 可行的14.aforementioned前文提及的15.agent 代理16.alert 警报17.aloft 高处的18.alongside 并靠19.alpha 希腊字母A20.alter 改变21.amongst 在…之中22.annual 每年的anti-corrosive pain 防腐漆23.apparatus 设备24.appliance 用具25.applicable 适用于的26.application 申请,应用27.appropriate 恰当的28.approval 批准(n.)29.approve 批准(v.)30.armband 袖标31.arrange 安排32.ascertain 断定33.ashore 岸上34.assemble 集合,组装35.assembly station集合点36.assessment 评估37.assignment 任务38.assistance 救助39.associate 与…联想40.attachment 附件41.attendance 出席42.attribute 归因于43.audits 审计44.authority 权威45.avoid 避免46.aweigh 锚离底的47.awful 可怕的48.bale 捆49.ballast 压载水50.ban 禁止51.barge 驳船52.batten 封舱53.beams 横梁54.bearing 方位,轴承55.berth 泊位56.bilge pump 污水泵57.billboard 广告牌58.biscuit 饼干59.blame 责怪60.blast 声号61.block 帖图62.boiler 锅炉63.bosun 水手长64.bottom 海底65.bound 注定的66.briefly 简短地67.bruise 疤痕68.bulkhead 隔舱69.bulwark 舷墙70.bump 碰撞71.bunkering 加油72.cabin 舱室73.cable 锚链,电报74.cadet 见习驾驶员75.calibration 校正76.canal 运河77.cancellation 取消78.canvas sling帆布吊货带79.capacity 能力80.capsize 倾覆81.carbon dioxide二氧化碳82.cardinal 基础的83.carpenter 木匠84.carton 纸箱85.casualty 伤亡人数86.catalogue 目录87.categorize 分类88.category 范畴89.caution 谨慎90.cease 停止91.centigrade 摄氏度92.certificate 证书93.chain sling 吊链94.chain 锚链95.chandler 供货商96.charterer 租船97.charterer 租船方98.cheerily 开心地99.chemical 化学的100.chief 主要的101.chipping and scaling 铲锈与刮锈102.chisel 凿103.clearance 清楚,通关104.clip 夹扣105.coastguard 海岸警备队员106.code, 标准,密码107.collide 碰撞108.collision 碰撞109.column 栏木,柱子bination 合并bustible 易燃的bustion 燃烧modity 商品pensation 赔偿petency 能力pulsory 强制的117.concerned 关注的118.condensation 凝固119.conduct 行为,举办120.congested 拥挤的121.consignee 收货人122.consistent一致的123.constrain 迫使124.consumption 消费125.container 集装箱126.continuous 连续的127.contradict与…意见相左128.conveniently 方便地129.convention 公约,习俗130.convoy 编队131.cooperation 合作132.correspondence 通讯133.corridor 通道,走廊134.corrosive 腐蚀的135.coupon 优惠券136.cover 覆盖137.crack 裂痕138.crane 起重机139.crate 柳条筐140.critical 关键的141.critical condition 临界状况142.crosswise 交叉的143.crude oil 原油144.crushed carton压扁的纸箱145.cubic meter 立方米146.cucumber 黄瓜147.currency 货币148.curriculum 课程表149.damage survey损坏勘验150.damp 潮湿的151.davit 吊艇柱152.decent 体面的153.declaration 申报,宣布154.declare 宣布155.decorate 装饰156.delay 推迟157.delicate 纤细的158.dent 凹进去159.departure 离开160.deposit 储存161.derrick 重吊162.derust 除锈163.destination 目的地164.destined 注定的165.detail 细节166.detention 扣留167.determine 确定168.deteriorate 恶化169.device 设施170.diagonal 对角的171.diameter 直径172.diesel 柴油173.dimension 尺寸174.disconnect 断开175.dismantle 拆除176.dispense 放弃177.dispersant 祛除剂178.dispute 争议179.distress 遇险180.distribution 分配181.diver 潜水员182.diverge 分歧183.divorce 离婚184.dizzy 眩晕的185.dockside 船坞边186.document 文件187.drain 排水188.drainage valve 排水阀189.dredger 疏浚船190.drifting 漂流191.drip-tray 滴水盘192.drum lid 桶盖193.drummed 桶装的194.dual watch facility 双工设备195.dunnage plank 垫料木板196.duplicate 一式两份197.durable 耐用的198.dust 灰尘199.dutiable 须征税的200.duunage 垫料201.eject 弹射202.embarkation 上船203.emit 散发204.endorsement 批准205.ensure 确保206.entirely 完全地207.entity 整体,法人208.epidemic 流行病209.errand 差事210.escort 护送211.essence 本质212.essential 本质的213.establish 建立214.evaporate 蒸发215.eventually 终于216.exactly 准确地217.exceed 超过218.exclusively 排他性地219.execute 执行220.execution 执行221.expire 过期222.explosive 爆炸物223.extend 延长224.extinguisher 灭火器225.extra 额外的226.facilitate 有利于227.fairly 相当地228.fake 假的229.familiarization 熟悉230.fare 票231.final 最后的232.flammable 易燃的233.floating 漂浮234.flooding 进水235.foodstuff 食品236.fore peak tank前尖舱237.foreman 工头238.foul 缠绕的,污浊的239.fracture 使…脱臼240.fragile 易碎的241.fuel 燃料242.fumigate 熏舱243.function 功能244.gain 获得245.galley 厨房246.gangway 舷梯247.gantry 龙门架248.generator 发电机249.germ 细菌250.grant 批准251.guideline 指导方针252.guy 稳索253.handsomely 漂亮地254.harbour 港口255.hawse pipe 锚链管256.hazardous 危险的257.hectopascal 百帕258.hoist 升起259.horizontal 水平的260.hospitalization 住院261.iceberg 冰山262.identification 身份263.immediate 立即的264.immersion 没入水中265.immigration 移民266.implement 履行267.implicitly 含蓄地268.imply 暗示269.inaccurate 不准确的270.incident 事件271.incinerator 焚烧炉272.incline 使倾斜273.inconsistency 不一致性274.indispensable不可缺少的275.individual 个别的276.ineffective 无效的277.inert 惰性气体的278.infect 感染279.inferior 低劣的280.inflation 通货膨胀281.initiate 启动282.injure 使受伤283.injury 受伤284.inoculate 打预防针285.inoperative 无法工作286.inspect 检查287.inspection 检查288.inspector 检察官289.install 安装290.interlock 联锁291.intermodalism多式联运292.interrelation 相互关系293.interval 间歇294.intonation 语调295.investigation 调查296.issue发放问题,期(刊)297.item 项目,东西298.jettison 弃船299.jumbo 重吊300.keep sb informed of让某人知道…bourer 劳动者ntern 灯笼unch 使…下水;交通艇undry 洗衣服305.leeside 下风舷306.level 水平,等级307.liable 易受……负责的308.liquor 酒309.litter 担架,垃圾310.longitudinal 纵向的311.longitudinal 经度的312.long-sleeved shirt 长袖的衬衫313.loose bale 散装包货314.lot 一票(货)315.lower 降低316.luminous 发光的317.luxury 奢侈318.magnetron 磁子319.mandatory 命令的320.manifold 总管321.manoevure 操纵322.manrope 扶手绳323.manual 手动的,手册324.mast 桅杆325.mat 垫子326. maximum 最大限度(的) 327. medical医疗的328. MFAG医疗急救指南 329. military assistance 军事援助 330. minimum 最小限度(的) 331. minor 次要的 332. missile 导弹 333. moderate 适中的 334. moisture 潮湿 335. moor 系泊 336. motor 马达 337. mount 架设 338. MSA海事局339. multilingual 多语种的 340. necessity必要性341. negative 否定的 342. neglectful 忽略的 343. non-essential 无关紧要的 344. nozzle喷头 345. observe 遵守 346. obstruct 妨碍 347. obtain 获得 348. obtain获得349. obvious 明显的 350. occasionally 偶然地 351. occupation 职业 352. oily water 油污水 353. on the spot 当场 354. optimize 使…优化 355. ordnance演习356. outfit 装备 357. outlet 排出口 358. overdue 超期 359. overflow 溢出 360. overhaul 大修 361. owing to 由于 362. oxidize使氧化363. package 包装/包裹 364. painkiller止痛药 365. paint油漆 366. parachute 降落伞 367. parallel 平行的368. particular average 单损 369. paste 粘贴 370. patrol 巡逻 371. perform实施372. periodically 定期地 373. permanently 永久地 374. personnel 人员 375. pertinent 中肯的 376. pier码头377. pilferage 偷窃 378. pilot ladder 引水梯 379. piping管系380. pirate 海盗 381. plank木版382. plug 塞子 383. plumber 管道工 384. poisonous 有毒的 385. portable可移动的386. potential 潜在的 387. pratique 免于检疫 388. previous 之前的 389. prior to在……之前 390. probably 或许 391. prohibit 禁止 392. projector探照灯393. prompt 快速的 394. properly 恰当地395. provision 食品,条款 396. pumproom泵房397. qualified 合格的 398. quantity数量399. quarantine 检疫 400. quay 码头 401. radioactive放射性的402. radius 半径 403. railings栏杆404. rating 低级船员 405. receipt收据 406. reciprocal 反向的 407. recondition修理408. rectify 矫正 409. reefer冰箱 410. refrigerated冷藏的411. registry 登记 412. regulation 规定413. release 释放,发行414. remark 议论,备注 415. removal排除416. renailed carton 重新用钉子钉上的箱子 417. renew 更新 418. repetition 重复 419. replenish补充420. representative 代表 421. rescue救护422. residue 残渣 423. resource 资源 424. respect 尊敬,方面425. respectively 各自地426. restow 重新码货 427. restrict 限制 428. resume重新开始429. retreat 撤退 430. revise 修订431. rig 架设 432. roger明白433. rope off 用绳子隔离 434. rotation轮转435. rough handling 野蛮装卸436.route 线路437.rust 生锈438.safeguard 保护439.sagging 中垂440.salvage 打捞441.sanitary 卫生的442.sanitize 使卫生443.scale and odor 刮锈与气味444.scattered 分散的445.scene 景色446.schedule 日程表447.scoop 勺子448.scrape away 勉强过关449.scupper 排水孔450.sea suction valve 海水吸水阀451.search 搜寻452.sea-valve 海阀453.secure 固定,安全454.security 安全455.segregate 隔离456.segregation 隔离457.seismic 地震458.separation 分离459.serviceable 可用的460.shift the guy 移稳索461.shifting cargo 移货462.shipowner 船东463.shipper 货方464.shipyard 船厂465.signature 签名466.slack 松弛的,空闲的467.slamming and pounding (指大浪)用力拍打468.sling 司令货吊469.slop tank 污水舱470.sludge 污水471.smelling cargo 有味道的货物472.smooth 顺畅的473.snatch block 开口滑车474.snatch 抓起475.souvenir 礼品476.spanner 扳手477.specification 规格478.sphere 范围479.spillage 溢出480.spirits 白酒,精神481.spontaneous 自发的482.stainless 不锈的483.stainless 不锈的484.stamp 邮票485.standardize使…标准化486.statement 说法487.statutory 法规的488.steadier 更稳健的489.steel pipe 钢管490.steer 操舵491.stevedore 搬运工492.steward 电报员493.storm valve 止回阀494.stove 炉子495.stow 堆放码垛496.stowage plan 积载图497.stowage 堆放498.stowaway 偷渡客499.stowpiece 固定夹500.strain 扭伤,拉紧501.strategy 策略502.structural 结构的503.submerge 浸入水中504.submit 提交505.substance 物质506.substitute 替代507.summary 总结508.superfluous 多余的509.superintendent 主管510.surge 纵摇511.survey 勘察512.surveyor 验船/货师513.survivor 幸存者514.suspend 中止515.sway 横荡516.swing 移动517.switch 开关518.syllabus 大纲519.synthetic scoop 合成材料做的舀水器520.tag 标签521.tally 理货522.tallyman 理货员523.target 目标524.tarpaulin 帆布525.technical 技术的526.temporary 临时的527.tension 绷紧528.terrestrial 地面的529.terrorist 恐怖分子530.The anchor is home. 锚已收至锚链舱531.thereto 向那里,此外532.thickness 厚度533.threat 威胁534.tide 潮汐535.tier 层536.tighten 旋紧537.timber 木材538.tonic 滋补的539.touch down 降落540.tour in pairs 两人一组巡逻541.toxic 毒气的542.transmit 传播543.transshipment 转运544.transverse 横向的545.treat 对待,请客546.triangular 三角形的547.trim 使均匀,纵摇548.tube 试管549.turbine 涡轮机550.turnover 装卸货时间551.tweendeck 二层甲板552.twist 弯曲553.two coats of 两层的554.unconscious 昏迷的555.under control 在控制下556.unfortunately 不幸地557.union purchase 双吊558.unseaworthiness 不适航性559.update 使更新560.upstream 上游561.vacant 空闲的562.vaccination 种疫苗563.valid 有效的564.validity 有效期565.veer 风向顺转566.ventilate 使通风567.ventilation 通风568.ventilator 通风管569.verify 核实570.vertical 垂直的571.via 通过572.vicinity 附近573.victual 食品574.viscosity 粘性575.visibility 能见度576.visual 视觉的577.voyage 航行578.wake 尾流579.walkie-talkie 步话机580.weld 电焊581.wharfside 码头边582.windlass 锚机583.windward 向风处的584.workmanship 工艺585.worn out 疲惫的586.wreck 毁坏587.yacht 游艇588.589.。
新东方刘一男考研词汇5500
考研词汇5500 主讲:刘一男00-01词汇的记忆方法常见方式:考试的词汇以列表的方式发给大家本课程的讲解方式:词根、词缀学1、难点2、重点3、知识点4、落脚点01-1 A开头的字母第一个规律:单词记不住的原因--没有理解英语和汉语的区别英语单词有词性,汉语无词性,例:讨论背诵英语单词的前后缀:前缀(9),后缀(30)angle n.角度----ang-角度+le名词缀备课方法:通过单词的词根开头字母的顺序来排列acid n酸,尖酸----a尖锐的形象+idache v.痛、刺痛----ach=ac尖,刺+eacute a.敏锐的、尖锐的;(疾病)急性的----ac尖+ute后缀acute sense 敏锐的感觉acute sense of smell 灵敏的嗅觉agony v.痛,刺痛 n.苦恼,痛苦----ag=ac尖,刺+ony 音:爱过你浊轻互变minute 分钟----mini小+ute名词后缀,一分钟是一小会儿01-2architect n.建筑师英语单词的三大变化:1.浊轻互变:p-d,t-d,k-g,f-v2.平卷舌音互换:s-sh,c-ch,t-th,p-ph吃饭 俄罗斯ac=ach3.近亲字母互换:r-l-n,er=el-名词缀veryParise 巴黎,翻译时把p浊化翻译成了b的音architect n.建筑师----arch拱+i词素+tect盖子i-在两个词根中间出现i或者u,他们叫做词素或者连字符,作用是承上启下,没有具体含义tect-盖子 detect 发现、察觉,t-top顶rect-直立 rectify 纠正,r-rightject-喷射 inject注射,j-jetfect-制造、改造 affect 影响、感动,f手fact 事实----f手,事实是一手制造的finger手指/ feel抚摸/ fist拳头/ foot脚/ factory工厂detect 发现、察觉----de往下+tect盖子,拿下盖子★知识点:单词如果是a+连续两个形同的辅音字母开头,那么a+第一个辅音字母的作用是加强语气(ac除外)ac-前缀的两个含义:1.进入 2.加强01-3课程回顾:如何记住单词:单词当中有前缀: 辅助表示含义词根:核心表示含义后缀:表示词性★规律:1. 单词的含义在词根上2. 词根的含义在开头的辅音字母上英语单词发展的三大变化1.浊清互变:p-b,t-d,k-g,f-vdentist 牙医----dent牙+ist名词缀artist 艺术家/ scientist 科学家----ist表示”专家”的名词缀do did donego went walk散步/ way路/ ward方向----w-go走inward往里 backward往后talk谈话/ teach讲/ tell告诉----t-tongue舌头dent-词根,牙,词根的含义在开头的辅音字母d上d-t-tooth 牙,这里就发生了浊清互变adapt v.(to)(使)适应,适合;改编,编写----ad加强语气前缀,解释为:去,to + apt容易be apt to 容易…adaptation n.改编;适应----ad加强+apt容易+ation名词缀agitate v.鼓动,搅动;搅拌----ag=act行动+it它+ate动词缀由ag=act可以得出,g=ctdistinct 截然不同的----di分开+st站+inct=ing 无义的表音成分aviation n.航空、航行----音:爱飞,av-鸟+ationaviary 养鸟笼----av,词根,鸟+iarysocial 社会的----soc词根,社会+i+al形容词缀actual 现场的、活的----act词根,行动+u+al形容词缀在一个正宗的后缀前面加上i或者u,用于组成后缀,无实质含义02-1 辅音字母Bblackboard 黑板----black黑色+board板子 →b板子,棒子bl-和颜色相关blue蓝色/ blush红色/ blood血/ blond金色/ blank空白的黄、红、黑、褐、灰→h,中文颜色和h相关粉f,此处发生近亲辅音字母h和f的互换英语单词中,相近的含义用相同的辅音字母开头board 板子----b板子、棒子+oard单音节词汇的含义在它开头的辅音字母上bar柜台/ boat船/ bed床/ bone骨头/ bench板凳aboard ad.在船(飞机、车)上,上船(车、飞机)prep.在(船、飞机、车)上,上(船、飞机、车)----a-at在+board板子,即在板子上abundance n.丰富,充裕---- a无+bound边界+ance名词缀abound v.丰富,充裕英语单词的名词和形容词是由同源动词派生出来的动词+-ant=形容词动词+-ance=名词abound v.丰富、充裕----a无+bound边界booud 边界---b板子,边界的含义来自于板子,界碑board+er=border 边缘abundant a.(in)丰富的,充分的,充裕的★知识点:a有否定前缀和加强语气两大功能beam n.(横)梁,桁条;(光线的)束,柱----b-板子,棒子+eamstream 小溪----str-表达一个和小溪相关的核心含义,-eam无义string琴弦/ street大街/ stripe 条纹/ strap皮带→与狭长、细长有关str-str-,英语单词中以str开头的词,如果是名词的话,含义总是与狭长、细长有关;动词则与拉紧、扯紧有关★结论:多音节词汇,去掉前缀和后缀,找到词根的含义单音节词汇,在单词第一次出现元音字母的地方分开,有几个辅音字母就把它划分出来abolish v.废除,取消----a否定前缀+bol=born生+ish动词缀bol-bom-bor 生finish v.完成----ish动词词缀final a.最终的----al形容词缀vanish 消失----van-went走+ish形容词缀van词根,表示走的概念v-w走pan盘子/ fan扇子/ clan家族/ scan扫描scan 扫描----sc看+anscout 侦察机、侦查员----sc表示看 +out出去,看出去.到外面看clan 家族class班级/ club俱乐部/ clap 鼓掌/ close关门/ cloud云cl-与集合相关fan 扇子----f与手相关pan 盘子----p与手掌和类似于手掌的含义和形象相关例: plam手掌/ piece一张/ peace和平/ paper纸近亲字母:r/l/n v/wvan=wentborn~bor~bol生fic fect 做 bene 好benign a.(病)良性的,(气候)良好的,仁慈的,和蔼的abolish v.废除,取消02-2如何寻找单词的含义:单词分为:1.多音节词汇 ,含义在词根上。
北京市西城区2023-2024学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题
北京市西城区2023—2024学年度第一学期期末试卷高二英语2024.1本试卷共14页,共140分。
考试时长120分钟。
考生务必将答案写在答题卡上,在试卷上作答无效。
第Ⅰ卷(共75分)I. 听力理解(共三节,22.5分)第一节: (共4小题;每小题1.5分,共6分)听下面四段对话,每段对话后有一道小题,从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
每段对话你将听一遍。
1. What will the man probably buy in the end?A. Juice.B. Water.C. Coke.2. What is the woman going to do on Sunday?A. Enjoy a concert.B. See a film.C. Work on a project.3. How did Sam go to school today?A. By bike.B. On foot.C. By bus.4. Who likes comedy?A. The man.B. The man's mother.C. The man's father.第二节: (共6小题;每小题1.5分,共9分)听下面三段对话或独白,每段对话或独白后有两道小题,从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
每段对话或独白你将听两遍。
听第5段材料,回答第5至第6小题。
5. Why did the woman go to the library?A. To meet the man.B. To check the textbook.C. To prepare for the exams.6. What's the probable relationship between the two speakers?A. Classmates.B. Workmates. .C. Neighbors.听第6段材料,回答第7至第8小题。
微软全球技术支持中心-香港 澳门说明书
Incident Support Services Overview and Ordering GuideIncident Support Services OverviewMicrosoft®Global Technical Support Center – HK/Macau top priority is to help every business, organization, and individual to be more successful with Microsoft products. Fast, accurate issue resolution and comprehensive support services mean you can focus on core business and personal goals rather than on technology. The result: Increased productivity and a higher return on your investments.This guide is designed to help you determine the incident support offering best suited to your business needs and provide you with the information, forms, or phone numbers necessary to obtain the support you need.There are two types of incident support services available, a brief summary of which is listed below with more detailed information online at /default.aspx?ln=en-hk. Support offering follows the product support lifecycle, please refer to /lifecycle/Professional Incident Support - Targeted at technical communities of individuals, including resellers and consultants, OEMs/SBs, Developers, IT Pros, and Microsoft Certified Partners. Support hours Monday – Friday 9:00am -6:00pm, except public holidaysPersonal Incident Support – Targeted for home users and SOHO (small office, home office) users using Microsoft desktop or consumer products in stand-alone or small network environments. Support hours Monday – Friday 9:00am -9:00pm, except public holidaysSeverity A English Product 24X7 business critical support in English - The delivery of Professional incidents on a 24x7 basis will consist of local support during business hours (Monday – Friday, 9:00am – 6:00pm, except public holidays) for all severities, and delivery of out of business hours support for Severity A incidents in English for English product only at a special rate.“Severity A” incidents means the following situations that you may be in: Critical business impact; Customer’sbusiness has significant loss or degradation of services; Need response within 2 hourOrdering Instructions:Credit card purchases can be made by calling our services hotline (852) 2388-9600; by faxing or mailing the Incident Support Services Order Form to the fax number or address below.Microsoft Hong Kong13/F, Cyberport 2100 Cyberport RoadHong KongAttention: Global Technical Support Center – HK/MacauFax: (852) 2967-1679©2011 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.Incident Support Services Order FormBoth Personal and Professional Incident Support package allow you to submit an incident over the phone or online. All annual Incident Support Services accounts are valid for one year from the date of purchase.Credit Card Number: Expiration Date ___ / ____Microsoft Global Technical Support Center - HK will send you an official invoice that contains your account information when accepted your purchase.TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF PERSONAL/PROFESSIONAL INCIDENT SUPPORTIMPORTANT - READ CAREFULLY: This Agreement is a legal agreement between you (either an individual or a single entity) and Microsoft Hong Kong Limited (for customers in Hong Kong SAR) or Microsoft Macau Limited (for customers in Macau SAR), as the case may be (“Microsoft”) for the number of support services (“Services”) incidents indicated on the Personal/Professional incident support order form for software products licensed by Microsoft Corporation (“Software”). This P ersonal and Professional incident support service may also include updates and supplements to Software released by Microsoft Corporation. Any software provided along with the Personal and Professional incident support is licensed to you under the terms of a separate end-user license agreement by Microsoft Corporation. By using the Personal/Professional incident support, you agree to be bound by the terms of this Agreement. If you do not agree to the terms of this Agreement, do not use the Services; you may, however, contact Microsoft support hotline for a full refund within 14 days from the date of purchase with the full receipt. If you do not seek a refund within 14 days after your purchase of this service, you will be deemed to have accepted the terms of this Agreement.NOTE : THE SERVICES UNDER THE PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL INCIDENT SUPPORT ARE ONLY VALID FOR USE IN HONG KONG SAR AND MACAU SAR AND MUST BE USED ON OR BEFORE THE EXPIRY DATE. IF YOU DO NOT USE THE SERVICES BEFORE THE EXPIRY DATE, IT WILL EXPIRE AND YOU WILL NOT BE ENTITLED TO USE THE SERVICES AFTER SUCH DATE. IN SUCH AN EVENT, YOU EXPRESSLY AGREE THAT MICROSOFT WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY REFUND OR ANY OTHER DAMAGES WHATSOEVER.1.Definitions :“Incident” means a single use or functionality prob lem and the commercial reasonable effort needed to resolve it regardless of the number of contacts with you concerning the problem. A “Single” use or functionality problem is a problem that cannot be broken down int o subordinate problems. If a problem consists of subordinate problems, each shall be considered a separate incident. Microsoft shall reasonably determine what a single incident is and when it has ended. “Online Support”, “Professional Support” and “Personal Support” shall have t he meaning as desc ribed in the relevant Services Description. “Services Description” means detail description of Services provided for Professi onal Support or Personal Support issued by Microsoft from time to time.2.Microsoft will provide the Services specified in this Agreement and the relevant Service Description (which may be amended by Microsoft fromtime to time). An appropriate number of Incidents will be deducted from the total number of Incidents covered by the Personal/Professional incident support for the services provided. The Services involve telephone and limited web support. You (on behalf of yourself and all employees and representatives (if any)) agree to use the Services on the terms and conditions set out in this Agreement.3.This Agreement applies only to those Services Microsoft has expressly agreed to provide. Provision of any product or services not so specifiedwill be the subject of separate agreement. References to this Agreement include a reference to the relevant Service Description and any annexes or appendices all of which constitute the entire agreement in relation to the Services.4.The Services are for the sole benefit of you as the named user (if you acquired this Personal/Professional incident support in your personalcapacity) or the named contact (if you acquired this Personal/Professional incident support as a corporate customer) provided that for Professional incident support of 5 incidents, corporate customers may register up to two (2) named contacts for receiving the Services.Microsoft reserves the right to immediately terminate any Services and this Agreement on reasonable suspicion that you have allowed someone else to use the Services in your name.5.You will take adequate precaution to ensure that no one will abuse the Services by wrongfully using your contract number to receive theServices. You are responsible for all use (including misuse) of any number provided to you as a prerequisite for the provision of the Services until such time as you advise Microsoft in writing that the relevant contract number or password has been lost or stolen, at which time a replacement number will be issued by Microsoft.6.Only Software which is validly licensed by Microsoft Corporation, purchased within Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR from a MicrosoftAuthorised reseller or Retailer, properly registered and unaltered is eligible for the Services. Only those Software described in the relevant Services Description from time to time will be supported. Where language versions other than English and Traditional Chinese are validly licensed, Microsoft will use commercially reasonable efforts to provide support for such language versions.7.Services will be provided to assist you in resolving problems you encounter with the use or functionality of the Software and may include advice,recommendations and information concerning your use of the Software with various hardware and software configurations. Microsoft warrants that it will use all commercially reasonable care and skill in trying to resolve problems but is unable to, and does not warrant that every problem will be resolved. To the extent permitted by law, this limited warranty is in lieu of all other warranties and conditions, express, or implied, including all implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose and of all other obligations, conditions, or liabilities on the part of Microsoft.8.Services will not be provided where the Software is be used with less than the minimum system configuration recommended by Microsoft. Onlycurrent versions of the Software at the time the request for Services is made, and the next to current version of the Software, will be supported.“Current” means that the relevant version of the Software is available for purchase by the public at the time of the d ate of the request for service. Microsoft may, at its sole discretion agree to provide services to support non-current software, in which case the appropriate number of Incidents to deal with such request for services will be deducted. The following are excluded from the Services: (a) failure, difficulty or inability in operation (“failure”) caused by equipment, product or services not supplied by Microsoft; (b) failure resulting from modifica tion of a Software; (c) misuse of a Software or operator error; and (d) unlicensed software.9.You must provide Microsoft with up to date, accurate and complete configuration and topology information concerning your computer system(s)and network(s) if asked to do so. Microsoft reserves the right to refuse to provide Services to you at any time if in its sole discretion Microsoft determines that your computer and network configuration(s) and topology(ies) are not supportable by Microsoft, you fail to provide the requested information or you have provided insufficient information for Microsoft to progress the issue. If Microsoft makes such a determination it may terminate this Agreement forthwith and you will be refunded an amount representing any unused Incidents on a pro-rata basis, except where you fail to provide or provide insufficient information on request from Microsoft and Microsoft has already spent more than 30 minutes working on the relevant problem.10.If Microsoft determines that the problem experienced by you is caused by hardware or software not provided by Microsoft the support will beregarded as a single Incident request, but support provided for that Incident will end upon such determination.11.Microsoft may amend the terms of this Agreement and/or the relevant Service Description on giving 30 days* written notice. If Microsoftprovides such notice and you do not accept the changes, then you may terminate this Agreement by notice in writing to Microsoft pursuant to Clause 13 below.12.Each fully paid Personal/Professional incident support shall be valid for a period of twelve (12) months from the date you register and use theServices unless terminated earlier in accordance with the conditions of this Agreement. ANY INCIDENTS OF PERSONAL/PROFESSIONAL INCIDENT SUPPORT WHICH HAVE NOT BEEN USED WITHIN THE SAID TWELVE (12) MONTHS WILL AUTOMATICALLY EXPIRE AT THE END OF THE SAID PERIOD. THE SERVICES UNDER PERSONAL/PROFESSIONAL INCIDENT SUPPORT ARE ONLY VALID FOR USE IN HONG KONG SAR AND MACAU SAR AND MUST BE USED ON OR BEFORE THE EXPIRY DATE. IF YOU DO NOT USE THE SERVICES BEFORE THE EXPIRY DATE, THE PERSONAL/PROFESSIONAL INCIDENT SUPPORT WILL EXPIRE AND YOU WILL NOT BE ENTITLED TO USE THE SERVICES AFTER SUCH DATE. IN SUCH AN EVENT, YOU EXPRESSLY AGREE THAT MICROSOFT WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY REFUND OR ANY OTHER DAMAGES WHATSOEVER.13.Either party may terminate this Agreement immediately by notice in writing if the other party has breached any term of this Agreement and hasfailed to remedy that breach within 14 days of being requested to do so or, alternatively, if the other party is no longer able to meet its debts as and when they fall due. Microsoft may terminate this Agreement by giving you 30 days* written notice. You may terminate this Agreement by giving Microsoft 90 days* written notice. Where this Agreement is terminated without fault on your side, you will be refunded an amount representing the number of unused Incidents on a pro-rata basis. At its discretion Microsoft may suspend provision of the Services if at any time your conduct is such that, in its reasonab le view, Microsoft’s ability to provide the Services is detrimentally affected by that conduct.14.You acknowledge that you have relied on your own skill and judgment in deciding to acquire the Services. You assume ALL RISKS for the useyou may make of the information, software and other materials and media made available to you under the Personal/Professional Incident Support or through access to the Services.15.You are not entitled to rely on, and Microsoft makes no warranties in respect of, the Services being uninterrupted or error-free. Microsoft doesnot warrant, and you must not rely on Microsoft providing, error-free or continuous availability communications links as the provision of Services via telephone or data links is dependent on the continued availability of communications facilities provided by third parties. You agree to take adequate precautions against damage to your operation that could be caused by such interruption or errors, including making appropriate data backups, and that Microsoft will not be held responsible for any loss of your data. You must ensure that means to access the Services are available and you must also ensure proper and lawful use of the same.16.If the relevant Services Description specifies response times then all reasonable efforts will be made by Microsoft to resolve service requests inaccordance with those response times, provided always that such requests can ultimately be resolved by Microsoft. If no specific response times are indicated, the Services will be provided within a reasonable time.17.Microsoft’s sole obligation and your exclusive remedy in the event of breach of any terms of this Agreement or any the warran ties by Microsoftshall be to use commercially reasonable efforts to correct the breach if the same results in the material impairment of the operation of the Services as warranted. If Microsoft cannot correct the breach within fourteen (14) days, Microsoft or you may terminate this Agreement immediately whereupon Microsoft shall have no obligation or liability to you except to refund an amount representing the unused Incidents, if any, on a pro-rata basis.18.Subject to, and to the extent permitted by applicable law, neither Microsoft, its Contractor (as defined below) nor anyone else who has beeninvolved in the creation, production, or delivery of the Services shall be liable for any direct, indirect, consequential or incidental damages (including damages for loss of business profits, business interruption, loss of business information, and the like or any other pecuniary loss) arising out of the use or inability to use Microsoft products or provision of, or failure to provide, the Services even if Microsoft, its Contractor orsuch third party has been advised of the possibility of such damages. In any event, the liability of Microsoft, its Contractor or such third party, whether for negligence, breach of contract, breach of warranty, or otherwise shall, in the aggregate, not exceed the total amount you paid for the Personal/Professional incident support. No action, whether in contract, tort, or otherwise, arising out of the performance of the Services or these Terms and Conditions may be brought by either party more than two (2) years after the cause of action arises.19.If Microsoft’s performance of any obligat ion under this Agreement is prevented or delayed by causes beyond its reasonable control including,but not limited to, Acts of God, fire, explosion, vandalism, storm, strikes, labour disputes, wars, national emergencies, lockout, work stoppages or other labour difficulties, supplier failures, breaches or delays, failures and down times of utilities and/or telecommunications equipment or computer down times then Microsoft shall be excused from such performance for the duration of the period during which such cause continues to bring about such prevention or delay.20.You may not assign this Agreement, or the right to receive the Services to any person or company without Microsoft’s prior wr itten permission.21.Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, Microsoft may engage, hire, license or sub-contract such persons as it considersnecessary to provide the Services (“Contractor”). Where a Contractor is engaged by Microsoft to perform the Services or any p art thereof then the references to Microsoft in this Agreement shall be deemed to include Microsoft’s Contractors.22.Microsoft treats the personal information provided by you during registration as confidential. The information may be disclosed or transferred ona confidential basis to our parent company, Microsoft Corporation, in the United States and/or other associated companies, partners andagents. Your personal data will only be used for the purpose for which it was originally collected and for general marketing purposes of products or services of Microsoft, Microsoft Corporation and affiliated companies and/or our selected partners. For details, please visit our web site at /hk/privacy.23.You may cancel any annual support incident within 90 days from time of purchase and receive a pro-rata refund provided that all requests forrefund are made in writing within the said 90 days period. All such requests should be directed to Customer Service hotline at (852) 2388-9600.24.This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws of in Hong Kong SAR of the People’s Republic of China.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
• Request for Mechanical
Equipment Use in Wilderness
• Cache Issue Return
Report/Requisitions (OF 315)s
• Waybills • Photos non-essential • Thank you letters to
Report (ICS 209)
• Check-In List (ICS 211) • Safety Inspection Checklist
(ICS 212& OPF 296)
• General Message Forms (ICS
213)
• Unit Log (ICS 214) • Planning Worksheets (ICS 215) • Support & Transportation
Something to Think About
A New Way to File
• Four Different Units
1. Permanent Records – 20 years 2. Operational Records – 7 years 3. Non records – destroy when no longer
• T – Card Holders • Jerky (just kidding) • Blank CD’s (unlabeled
anyway)
• Road Maps/Atlases • Local Informational Books • IIBMHB’s • Incoming Briefing Packages • Regional Direction –
Vehicle Inventory (ISC 218)
• T-Cards (ICS 219) • Demobilization Checkout (ICS
221)
• Daily Cost Estimates • Cost Apportionment
Agreement
• Fire Behavior
Message/Weather Forecast
Operational Fire Incident Management Records 7 Year Retention
• Incident Transition
Plan/Guidelines for Takeover Incident Action Plans – IAPs
• Fire Complexity Analysis • Incident Briefings (ICS 201) • Incident Status Summary
Individual Fire Report FS 5100-29, DI-1202 Wildland Fire Situation Analysis Delegation of Authority Fire Behavior Analyst Report Fire Narrative Report New Releases/Reports/Clippings Final Statement of Costs Fire Maps Photos essential**
Destroy when no longer needed
for administrative purposes
• Includes copies of records that are filed elsewhere, such
as:
• Copies of Resource Orders (ROSS/MIRPS) • Copies of Firefighter Time Reports • Copies of Crew Time Reports • Copies of Equipment Time Reports • Copies of Contracts (including EERAs) • Copies of Training Documentation • Copies of Performance Evaluations • Fire Qualifications (Red Cards) • Copies of Equipment Work Orders • T-card Equipment check out check in
Final Incident Package
Do You Really Need To Keep That?
as Found
• Office Supplies
– Empty file folders – Staplers – Hole Punchers – Pens/Pencils/Tablets – File Trays – Sticky Note Pads – Scotch Tape
needed 4. Other Stuff – staplers etc
• Raw Weather Data Files*
More 7 Year Retention
• Firing operations plans • Evacuation Plans • Air Operations/Helibase
Records
• Safety Officer Reports/Accident
public/community partners
• Structure Protection Plans • Justification for extended
hours
• Original Resource Orders not
in ROSS/MIRPS
Non Records
Copies of records
handouts
And Still More Findings
• IAP’s and more IAP’s • Demob Plan and more Demob Plans • Close Out Narrative and more CON’s • Transition Plan and more Transition Plan’s • Every single copy of General Message
Forms – and we need to keep a record of the pens and pencils
we order, why?
Source Document
• Think about where that document
originated, and do you really need to keep your COPY. Keyword – copy
Logs
• Incident Critical Stress
Management Documentation
• Training Specialist Narrative • Incident Communications Logs • Resource Advisor Information • Air quality monitoring plans • Notification to IMT Heritage
IAP’s Narratives Transition Plan Demob Plan
Wildland Fire Incident Management Records Filing Guidance
Permanent Fire Incident Records to National Archives after 20 years