APA_citation_format_27April09
citation的格式
citation的格式对于“citation”的格式，不同领域和学术规范有不同的要求。
以下是一些常见的引用格式：1.APA (American Psychological Association):o书籍：作者，年份. 页码.o期刊文章：作者，年份. “文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，页码。
o网站：作者，年份. “文章标题”，网站名，日期。
2.MLA (Modern Language Association):o书籍：作者，年份，页码。
o期刊文章：作者，年份. “文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，页码。
o网站：作者，年份. “文章标题”，网站名，日期。
3.Chicago (Turabian):o书籍：作者，年份，页码。
o期刊文章：作者，年份. “文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，页码。
o网站：作者，年份，“文章标题”，网址，日期。
4.IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers):o书籍：作者，年份. 页码。
o期刊文章：作者，年份. “文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，起始页码-结束页码。
5.芝加哥格式（Chicago Manual of Style）:o书籍：作者，年份，页码。
o期刊文章：作者，年份，“文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，起始页码-结束页码。
6.Harvard Style:o书籍：作者, 年份, 页码。
o期刊文章：作者, 年份, “文章标题”, 期刊名, 卷号, 起始页码-结束页码。
7.Vancouver Style:o参考格式简短, 主要信息包括作者、文章标题、期刊名、卷号、年和页码。
不使用破折号或缩写。
8.OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities):o与APA类似, 但特别适用于法律文献的引用。
9.温哥华风格（Vancouver Style）:这是医学文献中最常用的引用格式之一。
apa第七版格式英文范文举例
apa第七版格式英文范文举例Living in the digital age has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact with one another. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have become integral parts of our daily lives, allowing us to connect with friends and family, share our thoughts and experiences, and stay up-to-date on the latest news and trends. However, the widespread use of social media has also raised concerns about privacy, cyberbullying, and the impact of excessive screen time on our mental and physical health.Privacy has become a major issue in the digital age, as personal information shared on social media can easily be accessed by third parties without our knowledge or consent. Companies use our data to target us with personalized advertisements, while hackers can steal our information for malicious purposes. In response to these threats, many peoplehave become more cautious about what they share online, adjusting their privacy settings and using encryption tools to protect their data.Cyberbullying is another significant concern in the digital age, as people can hide behind the anonymity of the internet to harass, intimidate, or threaten others. Social media platforms have taken steps to combat cyberbullying, such as implementing reporting tools and algorithms to identify and remove harmful content. However, cyberbullying remains a pervasive issue, particularly among teenagers and young adults who are more likely to experience online harassment.Excessive screen time has also emerged as a health concern in the digital age, as many people spend hours each day staring at their devices. This sedentary lifestyle can lead to physical health problems such as obesity, eye strain, and poor posture. Additionally, constant exposure to screenshas been linked to mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. To mitigate these risks, health experts recommend taking breaks from screens, limiting screen time before bedtime, and engaging in physicalactivities to maintain a healthy lifestyle.Despite these challenges, the digital age has brought about many positive changes, such as greater access to information, increased connectivity, and new opportunitiesfor creativity and expression. Social media platforms have allowed marginalized groups to amplify their voices, mobilize for social justice causes, and build supportive communities. Online education platforms have made learning more accessible and flexible, enabling people to acquire new skills and knowledge from the comfort of their own homes.In conclusion, the digital age has fundamentally transformed the way we live, work, and communicate. While it has brought about many benefits, such as increasedconnectivity and access to information, it has also raised concerns about privacy, cyberbullying, and the impact of excessive screen time on our health. As we navigate this new digital landscape, it is important to remain vigilant about our online behavior, prioritize our mental and physical well-being, and use technology responsibly to create a safer and more inclusive digital environment.。
杂志的英文apa格式
杂志的英文apa格式
在APA（American Psychological Association）格式中，杂志的英文引用格式如下：
1. 文章标题：首字母大写，每个单词的首字母都要大写。
如果是缩写词，则除了首字母和连字符以外都要大写。
2. 作者名字：需要包括作者全名。
如果文章有两位作者，需要在两者之间用“&”符号连接。
如果有三位或更多的作者，只列出第一位作者的名字，然后在后面加上“et al.”。
3. 杂志名：需要全称，且首字母大写。
如果是缩写，需要将全称和缩写都列出。
4. 出版年份：杂志的出版年份应该在括号内注明。
5. 杂志的卷号：如果文章所属的杂志有卷号，则需要在文章标题前加上卷号。
6. 页码范围：文章所在的具体页码范围。
请注意，上述格式仅为引用格式的概述，对于一些细节方面（例如期刊名称、论文类型、文章位置等），具体引用格式可能会因不同出版物和领域而有所不同。
在具体写作时，最好参考具体的APA样式指南或咨询编辑。
APA格式 reference citation
Documentation Style—APAIn-text citation(作者名年份)…(Brake 2004).…(Ewen and Puszatai 1999).…(Pusztai et al. 1998)End-of-text citation1. Books作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).出版社地址: 出版社名Example:Davidson, M. and Cooper, C. (1992). Shattering The Glass Ceiling: The Woman Manger. London: Paul Chapman.2. Articles in journals:作者名字.年代.文章名. 杂志名(斜体): 第几期, 页数Example:Pringle, J. (2004). Women Senior Managers: Successful Individuals Or Markers Of Collective Change. Women’s Studies Journal, 18, (2), 79-963. Resources from the internet作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).Retrieved on年月日. from:网站Example:Books from the internet:Adler, M. (2005). Women's Employment Concentrated In Service Industries. Retrieved on 20th September, 2005 from: .Articles on the internet:Belmonte IA and McCabe AM (1998) ‘Theme–Rheme Patterns in L2 Writing’. Retrieved on 30 May 2007 from:www.ucm.es/BUCM/edu/articulos/DIDA.pdf4.Articles from anthologies:Example:Fries PH (1983) ‘On the Status of Theme in English: Arguments in Discourse’. In: Petofi JS and Sozer E (eds), Micro and Macro Connexity of Text. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 116-52.APA reference 的注意事项1, 如果reference有两行或两行以上, 从第二行起,向内缩进五到七个字符Example:Rosener, J. (1995). America’s competitive secret: Utilizing women as a management strategy.USA: Oxford University Press.2, reference与reference中间要隔一行3文章名和杂志名：每个单词的首字母大写，虚词除外4,文章后面列出的所有reference必须与加进文章中的reference一一对应5, reference做完以后,以作者的首字为准,按字母顺序进行排列。
science文献引用格式
science文献引用格式
在科学文献中使用引用格式时,需要遵循特定的引用格式规范。
以下是一些常见的科学文献引用格式:
1.APA引用格式:APA(美国科学普及协会)推荐的引用格式。
这种引用格式包括引用源信息的头部和正文中使用的引用信息。
头部信息包括作者、出版年份、书名、出版商和页码等。
正文中使用的引用信息包括冒号、引文内容、作者、出版年份和页码等。
2.MLA引用格式:MLA(美国MLA协会)推荐的引用格式。
这种引用格式包括引用源信息的头部和正文中使用的引用信息。
头部信息包括作者、出版年份、书名、出版商和页码等。
正文中使用的引用信息包括引文内容、作者、出版年份和页码等。
3.Chicago引用格式:Chicago(美国芝加哥大学语法学家)推荐的引用格式。
这种引用格式包括引用源信息的头部和正文中使用的引用信息。
头部信息包括作者、出版年份、书名、出版商和页码等。
正文中使用的引用信息包括冒号、引文内容和作者、出版年份和页码等。
4.Chicago-style引用格式:这是一种通用的引用格式,可以在许多不同的学术环境中使用。
这种引用格式包括引用源信息的头部和正文中使用的引用信息,但是使用引文内容和作者、出版年份和页码等,而不是传统的引文格式。
在科学文献中使用引用格式时,应该根据具体引用格式规范进行排版。
芝加哥 apa mla引用格式
芝加哥 apa mla引用格式随着学术研究的深入，引用文献成为学术论文中不可或缺的一部分。
在学术界中，常用的引用格式有APA和MLA 两种，其中APA常用于社会科学和工程领域，MLA则主要用于人文学科领域。
本文将介绍芝加哥、APA和MLA三种引用格式的基本规则、注意事项及示例。
一、芝加哥引用格式芝加哥引用格式主要用于历史、文化研究等领域。
其引用格式主要包括两种方式：脚注和尾注。
脚注通常出现在每页页面下方，也可以将脚注转移到页面的末尾形成尾注。
（一）脚注引用格式脚注的引用格式通常由三个部分组成：作者姓名、书名及页码。
书籍：作者姓名，书名（出版地：出版社，出版年份），页码。
例如：1. Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 20.2. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1988), 12-13.期刊文章：作者姓名，“文章标题”，期刊名，卷数，期数（出版年份）：页码。
例如：1. Laura Cohen, “The Future of Genetically Modified Seeds,” The Environmental Review 22, no.4 (1998): 147.2. Jack A. Goldstone, “Efflorescences and Economic Growth in World History: Rethinking the ‘Rise of the West’ and the Industrial Revolution”， Journal of World History 13, no.2 (2002): 356-357。
apa citation的方法
apa citation的方法APA Citation的方法APA（美国心理学协会）引用格式是学术写作中使用最广泛的引用格式之一。
它提供了一种统一的方式来引用和引用他人的作品。
本文将详细介绍APA引用格式的各种方法。
引用书籍在引用书籍时，需要包含以下信息：•作者的姓和名(首字母大写，并用逗号隔开)。
•出版年份。
•书名（首字母大写）。
•出版地（城市）。
•出版社。
示例：Smith, J. D. (2008). Introduction to psychology. Ne w York, NY: Random House.引用学术期刊文章在引用学术期刊文章时，需要包含以下信息：•作者的姓和名(首字母大写，并用逗号隔开)。
•出版年份。
•文章标题（首字母大写）。
•期刊名称（首字母大写）。
•卷号和期号。
•文章页码。
示例：Brown, M. R., & Smith, K. L. (2015). The effects of meditation on stress levels. Journal of Mindfulness, 10 (2), .引用网页在引用网页时，需要包含以下信息：•作者的姓和名(首字母大写，并用逗号隔开)。
•出版年份。
•页面标题（首字母大写）。
•网站名称。
•访问日期（以月份和年份表示）。
•网页的URL。
示例：Johnson, A. L. (2019). The impact of climate change on biodiversity. Environmental Studies, Retrieved Octob er 15, 2021, from引用会议论文在引用会议论文时，需要包含以下信息：•作者的姓和名(首字母大写，并用逗号隔开)。
•出版年份。
•论文标题（首字母大写）。
•会议名称（首字母大写）。
•会议地点。
•论文页码。
示例：Smith, J. D., & Johnson, A. L. (2016). The impact o f technology on education. Proceedings of the Internatio nal Conference on Education Technology, Beijing, China (pp. .引用图书章节在引用图书章节时，需要包含以下信息：•章节的作者的姓和名(首字母大写，并用逗号隔开)。
apa第七版参考文献格式要求
标题：APA第七版参考文献格式要求全面解读在学术写作中，引用他人观点和研究成果是非常重要的。
而在撰写学术论文或期刊稿件时，遵循规范的参考文献格式是至关重要的一环。
本文将深入探讨APA第七版参考文献格式要求，帮助读者更好地理解和运用这一规范。
1. 什么是APA第七版？APA第七版是美国心理学会（American Psychological Association）颁布的学术写作规范，用于指导在心理学和相关领域的学术论文、期刊稿件等的撰写和编辑。
其参考文献格式要求在学术界被广泛接受和应用。
2. 参考文献的基本格式要求根据APA第七版的要求，参考文献应该包括作者尊称、出版年、文章题目、期刊名称、页面范围等基本信息。
还需注意不同类型文献的格式区别，如书籍、期刊文章、网页、会议论文等。
对于每种类型，都有详细的规范和示例可供参考。
3. 作者的引用方式在撰写文中引用时，需要遵循APA第七版对作者尊称的引用格式。
当引用一个作者的作品时，应在括号中注明作者姓氏和出版年；当引用两位作者的作品时，应注明两位作者的姓氏和出版年；当引用三位或以上作者的作品时，应注明第一位作者的姓氏，然后加上“et al.”表示其他作者，并注明出版年。
4. 标点符号和字体要求在参考文献中，对标点符号、斜体、加粗等格式也有详细的要求。
书名、期刊名需要斜体表示，而文章标题、章节标题需要使用双引号括起来。
这些细微的格式要求在撰写参考文献时都需要严格遵守。
5. 专家观点和个人理解在我看来，APA第七版参考文献格式要求的制定，旨在规范学术写作，提高学术成果的可信度和可读性。
遵循严格的参考文献格式，有助于读者更清晰地了解作者借鉴的研究成果，并为读者提供了准确的文献信息，方便其进行深入阅读和研究。
总结回顾通过本文的全面介绍，读者对APA第七版参考文献格式要求应该有了更加全面和深入的了解。
从基本格式要求到作者引用方式，再到标点符号和字体要求，每一个细节都至关重要。
逆天总结英文文献的引用方法与格式-APA格式
逆天总结英文文献的引用方法与格式-APA格式所谓APA格式是指美国心理学会(American Psychological Association) 所出版的出版手册(PublicationManual) 中，有关投稿该协会旗下所属二十九种期刊时必须遵守的规定而言。
学术界通称为APA格式。
APA引证格式由两部分组成：论文中的文献引用与论文后面的参考文献。
必须注意的是，参考文献部份与文献引用部份息息相关，引用过的文献必须出现在参考文献中，而且参考文献中的每一项文献都被引用过，两者的作者姓氏以及发表年代也必须完全一致。
一、文献引用（Citation in Text）文献引用的目的，一方面是帮助读者进一步直接查阅有关文献的内容，另一方面是尊重与保障他人的知识产权。
文献引用的方式主要有两种，一种是在行文当中直接引用作者姓氏，如：Widdowson (1978)has claimed that native speakers can better understand ungrammatical utteranceswith accurate vocabulary than those with accurate grammar and inaccuratevocabulary. 另一种是直接引用研究的结果或论点，如：Communicative methods have the common goalsof bringing language learners into closer contact with the target language(Stern, 1981). APA文献引用的格式主要有下列几种，分述如下：(一)作者为一个人时例1：Stahl(1983) has demonstrated that an improvement in reading comprehension can beattributed to an increase in vocabulary knowledge. [注：若行文中提到作者姓氏，用此例所示格式引用]例2：Duringthe period of Grammar Translationmethodology, bilingual dictionaries becamecommon as reference tools (Kelly, 1969). [注：行文中未提到作者姓氏，用此例所示格式引用；句子本身的标点符号位于括号的后面。
apa引用格式参考 -回复
apa引用格式参考-回复[APA引用格式参考]APA (American Psychological Association) 引用格式是一种常用于学术写作中的引用格式，用于准确地引用他人的观点、数据和研究成果，同时也可为读者提供查找和深入了解引用来源的方便。
以下是一份APA引用格式的参考指南，详细介绍了如何在文章中正确地引用文献、书籍、期刊等不同来源的内容。
一、引用文献文献是学术写作中最常引用的来源之一，可以是书籍、学术文章、报告等。
其引用规则如下：1. 书籍：作者姓氏、首字母. (年份). 书名. 出版地：出版商。
例如：Smith, J. D. (2008). The Psychology of Love. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.2. 学术文章：作者姓氏、首字母. (年份). 文章标题. 期刊名称, 卷号(期号),页码。
例如：Johnson, M. A. (2010). The Impact of Exercise on Mental Health. Journal of Applied Psychology, 25(2), 123-145.3. 报告：公司或机构的全名. (年份). 报告标题. 出版地：出版商。
例如：World Health Organization. (2015). Global Health Statistics 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.二、引用期刊期刊是学术研究中常用的来源之一，其引用规则如下：1. 期刊文章：作者姓氏、首字母. (年份). 文章标题. 期刊名称, 卷号(期号), 页码。
例如：Johnson, M. A. (2010). The Impact of Exercise on Mental Health. Journal of Applied Psychology, 25(2), 123-145.2. 期刊文章中的引用：使用作者姓氏和出版年份的引用形式。
apa大写格式 -回复
apa大写格式-回复如何写一篇符合APA 大写格式的文章？在学术界和科研领域中，APA（美国心理学协会）是最常用的引用与格式化风格之一。
遵循APA 大写格式重要性如同等规范的学术作品。
下面将一步一步地回答如何写一篇符合APA 大写格式的文章。
第一步：研究主题首先，选择一个研究主题。
确保你感兴趣的领域是该主题所属领域的一部分，并且有足够的信息和资源可供参考。
在选择主题之后，阐述你的研究问题，明确你想要回答的问题。
第二步：文献综述进行文献综述是一项重要的任务，可以帮助你了解该领域的现有研究和已知信息。
在综述文献时，确保你引用的文章符合APA 格式。
引用时应包括作者的姓和名首字母，年份，文章标题，期刊（或书籍）名称和页码。
第三步：提出假设或研究问题在进行研究之前，需要明确你的假设或研究问题。
确保你的研究假设是可验证的，并能够通过收集和分析数据来得出结论。
第四步：方法在这一部分，详细描述你的研究方法。
包括你的研究设计，参与者的特征，所使用的工具或测量方法以及数据收集过程。
确保使用清晰和准确的语言来描述你的研究方法，以便其他人能够复制你的研究。
第五步：数据分析在这一部分，解释你计划如何对收集到的数据进行分析。
选择合适的统计方法，并解释为什么你选择了这些方法。
确保详细记录你的数据处理过程，并清晰地说明你计划如何解读数据。
第六步：结果在这一部分，报告你得到的结果。
使用适当的统计方法对数据进行分析，并在文章中使用统计量和显著性水平等术语。
通过表格和图表的形式展示结果，以便读者更容易理解你的发现。
第七步：讨论和结论在这一部分，解释你得到的结果，并将其与之前的研究结果进行比较。
分析你的结果是否支持或拒绝了你的研究假设。
并解释你的研究结果对该领域的重要性。
最后，提出你的结论，并讨论你的研究的局限性和未来的研究方向。
第八步：引用和参考文献最后，在你的文章中引用其他作者的作品，并列出参考文献。
使用APA 格式引用，确保包括所有必要的信息，如作者的姓和名首字母，年份，文章标题，期刊（或书籍）名称和页码。
APA_CITING格式_ 详细指导
4
APA Style
Two steps to Documenting Sources:
In-text citations…
– –
i.e. written ‘in’ the text of your essay [Smith, 2007..] “citation” means quote or reference;
–
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
–
"Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 1998:57).
APA Style
8
More than one author:
Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use "&" in the parentheses.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Acknowledging
your sources
APA格式原文参考
APA Citation Styleas Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstratedWhen a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs.Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) foundIn all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the year of publication.Kahneman et al. (1991) foundWorks by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference.(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007)When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the Reference List without difficulty.(NIMH, 2007)Works with no authorWhen a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.on climate change ("Climate and Weather," 1997)Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (1981)Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date.on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)Specific parts of a sourceTo cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include the page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.(Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96)De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem•Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names.Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list. •Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work.e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.•Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.•Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. Theseabbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.•Indentation*: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".•Underlining vs. Italics*: It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books and journals.Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online.•Internet Address**: A stable Internet address should be included and should direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital objectidentifier (DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-baseddatabases, use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from.•Date: If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of a journal article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article, include the date that you retrieved the information.* The APA has special formatting standards for the use of indentation and italics inmanuscripts or papers that will be typeset or submitted for official publication. For more detailed information on these publication standards, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, or consult with your instructors or editors to determine their style preferences.** See the APA Style Guide to Electronic References for information on how to format URLs that take up more than one line.Examples:Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapersReferences to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date ofpublication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers.Journal article, one author, accessed onlineKu, G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in escalation of commitment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 105(2), 221-232.doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002Journal article, two authors, accessed onlineSanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities consultation and outreach strategies for universitysettings. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice andResearch, 59(4), 286-295. doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286 Journal article, more than two authors, accessed onlineVan Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from thepast. American Psychologist, 63(3), 182-196.doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182Article from an Internet-only journalHirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright restoration, and the difficulty of determining copyright status. D-Lib Magazine, 14(7/8).doi:10.1045/july2008-hirtleJournal article from a subscription database (no DOI)Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worthbillions.Fortune, 158(2), 73-79. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, EBSCO. Retrieved from search.ebscohost.Magazine article, in printKluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love. Time, 171(4), 54-60.Newspaper article, no author, in printAs prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May 5). The Wall Street Journal, p. A9.Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in printDelaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5).Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its onlineoptions. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12.BooksReferences to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.No Author or editor, in printMerriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003).Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.One author, in printKidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company.Two authors, in printFrank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of macro-economics (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Corporate author, author as publisher, accessed onlineAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Tasmanian year book 2000 (No. 1301.6). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. Retrieved.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/CA89...$File/13016_2000.pdfEdited bookGibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). Children of color: Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.DissertationsReferences for dissertations should include the following elements: author, date ofpublication, title, and institution (if you accessed the manuscript copy from the university collections). If there is a UMI number or a database accession number, include it at the end of the citation.Dissertation, accessed onlineYoung, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to sustainable cities (Doctoral dissertation).Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 327681)Essays or chapters in edited booksReferences to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.One authorLabajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in flamenco. In T. Magrini (Ed.), Music and gender: perspectives from the Mediterranean (pp. 67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Two editorsHammond, K. R., & Adelman, L. (1986). Science, values, and human judgment. In H. R. Arkes & K. R. Hammond (Eds.),Judgement and decision making: An interdisciplinary reader (pp. 127-143).Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Encyclopedias or dictionaries and entries in an encyclopediaReferences for encyclopedias must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For sources accessed online, include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time.Encyclopedia set or dictionarySadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2002). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (2nd ed., Vols. 1-29). New York, NY: Grove.Article from an online encyclopediaContainerization. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from search.eb.Encyclopedia articleKinni, T. B. (2004). Disney, Walt (1901-1966): Founder of the Walt Disney Company. In Encyclopedia of Leadership(Vol. 1, pp.345-349). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Research reports and papersReferences to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organization assigned anumber (e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online, include the URL.Government report, accessed onlineU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005).Medicaid drug price comparisons: Average manufacturer price topublished prices (OIG publication No. OEI-05-05- 00240).Washington, DC: Author. Retrievedfrom /oei/reports/oei-05-05-00240.pdfGovernment reports, GPO publisher, accessed onlineCongressional Budget Office. (2008). Effects of gasoline prices on driving behavior and vehicle markets: A CBO study (CBO Publication No. 2883). Washington, DC: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office. Retrievedfrom /ftpdocs/88xx/doc8893/01-14-GasolinePrices.p dfTechnical and/or research reports, accessed onlineDeming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood (NBER Working Paper 14124). Cambridge, MA: NationalBureau of Economic Research. Retrieved July 21, 2008,from /papers/w14124Document available on university program or department siteVictor, N. M. (2008). Gazprom: Gas giant under strain. Retrieved from Stanford University, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Web site:/publications/gazprom_gas_giant_under_st rain/Audio-visual mediaReferences to audio-visual media must include the following elements: name and function of the primary contributors (e.g., producer, director), date, title, the medium in brackets,location or place of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval ID, brackets are not needed.Videocassette/DVDAchbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J.(Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer) (2004). Thecorporation [DVD]. Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation.Audio recordingNhat Hanh, T. (Speaker). (1998). Mindful living: a collection of teachings on love, mindfulness, and meditation [Cassette Recording]. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Audio.Motion pictureGilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwriter/Director).(1980). Nine to five [Motion Picture]. United States:Twentieth Century Fox.Television broadcastAnderson, R., & Morgan, C. (Producers). (2008, June 20). 60 Minutes [Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.Television show from a seriesWhedon, J. (Director/Writer). (1999, December 14). Hush [Television series episode]. In Whedon, J., Berman, G., Gallin, S., Kuzui, F., & Kuzui, K. (Executive Producers),Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros..Music recordingJackson, M. (1982). Beat it. On Thriller [CD]. New York, NY: Sony Music.Undated Web site content, blogs, and dataFor content that does not easily fit into categories such as journal papers, books, and reports, keep in mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader a clear path to the source material. For electronic and online materials, include stable URL or database name. Include the author, title, and date published when available. For undated materials, include the date the resource was accessed.Blog entryArrington, M. (2008, August 5). The viral video guy gets $1 million in funding. Message posted to .techcrunch.Professional Web siteNational Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2008). Biofuels.Retrieved May 6, 2008,from /learning/re_biofuels.htmlData set from a databaseBloomberg L.P. (2008). Return on capital for Hewitt Packard 12/31/90 to 09/30/08. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2008, from Bloomberg database.Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Botswana.(2008). Gross domestic product per capita 06/01/1994 to 06/01/2008 [statistics]. Available from CEIC Data database.Entire Web siteWhen citing an entire Web site (and not a specific document on that site), no Reference List entry is required if the address for the site is cited in the text of your paper.Witchcraft In Europe and America is a site that presents the full text of many essential works in the literature of witchcraftFor more detailed information on APA citation style such as information on articles in press, journal special issues and supplements, translations, et cetera, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References.Other citation guides and useful Web sites:American Psychological Association's Web sitePurdue University Online Writing Lab's APA Formatting and Style GuideDiana Hacker's Research and Documentation OnlineLandmark's Son of Citation Machine。
apa参考文献格式
apa 参考文献格式APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。
下面是小编为大家整理的apa 参考文献格式，希望对大家有帮助。
APA参考文献的格式与其他写作格式比较,虽然比较单纯但也相当复杂，以下介绍文献的排列顺序。
一、依作者姓氏字母顺序排列，如以文章篇名或书名当作者，而该篇名或书名是以数字开头时，以国字之字母顺序比较，如21st century education 是以Twenty-first century education 作为比较的基准。
二、第一位作者姓名相同时，如为同一作者，依年代先后顺序排列: 例如:Hewlett, L. S. (1996) Hewlett, L. S. (1999)三、一位作者永远排在多位作者之前例如:Razik, T. A. (1991) Razik, T. A. , & Lin, T. -Y. (1995)四、当有多位作者必须比较时，依序由第二或第三第四…作者姓氏字母例如:Gosling, J. R., Jerald, K., & Belfar, S. F. (2000) Gosling, J. Y., & Tevlin, D. F. (1996)五、相同作者且相同年代，则依 (去除A, The等冠词之后) 篇名或书名字母例如:Razik, T. A., & Lin, T. -Y. (1990a). Fundamental concepts… Razik, T. A., & Lin, T. -Y. (1990b). Human relations…六、作者姓氏相同，名字不同时，依名字字母顺序排列例如:Liu,C. -R. (1993). Liu, M. -C. (1990).七、作者为机关团体时，以机关团体全名字母作为比较的基础，当作者为机关团体的附属团体时，全名要以「主团体先，附属团体后」来呈现例如:State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Educational Organization, Administration, and Policy. (1994).八、作者署名为Anonymous，以Anonymous来比较.九、没有作者时，把(去除冠词之后的) 篇名或书名视为作者来比较.十、引用后设分析(meta-analysis)之文献时,不必以附录一一列举,但融入於参考文献中并在文献前加注* 号,且在参考文献一开始时说明加注星号者为后设分析的相关文献。
研究生学位论文APA格式指南
研究生学位论文APA格式指南一、引用（Quotations）1. 如果引用字数少于40个，不必另起一段。
2. 如果引用字数超过40个，那就称为成段引用，需要另起一段，每一行从左右两边各缩进5-7个空格，下面每一行跟上面的对齐（见例1），但如果还要引用第二段，第二段开始应在左边再缩进5个空格（见例2）。
成段引用不需要引号，但要在引用结束时标明页码。
例1：Raymond Williams(1985) explains that the word career has all but lost its original meaning. He comments thatCareer is now so regularly used to describe a person’s progress in life, or, be deviationfrom this, his profession or vocation that it is difficult to remember, in the same context,its original meaning of a racecourse and a gallop---though in some contexts, as in thephrase “careering about”, these survive. (p. 10)例2：Raymond Williams(1985) explains that the word career has all but lost its original meaning. He comments thatCareer is now so regularly used to describe a person’s progress in life, or, be deviationfrom this, his profession or vocation that it is difficult to remember, in the same context,its original meaning of a racecourse and a gallop---though in some contexts, as in thephrase “careering about”, these survive.Career appeared in English…(p. 10)二、引证（Parenthetical reference citations in text）如果用某个作者具体的话或论点来进行引证，要注明作者的姓和出版年份。
APA_格式文内引用
APA_格式文内引用APA 格式文内引用文献引用（Citation）文献引用必须注明出处，这直接反映论文作者对所涉领域的把握和治学态度。
文献引用应遵照下列规范：引用规范：按专业方向的不同一般分为MLA（the Modern Language Association，人文科学常用）和APA（the American Psychological Association，社会科学常用）两类，区别在于次序、大小写、缩写、标点等细节上。
学位论文撰写人应该根据MLA 或APA的要求，格式上做到前后一致。
引文出处：使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注）。
正文中，括号夹注放在句末标点以内，但不得放在引文的引号以内。
引语段（block quotation）的括号夹注不属于单句，因而不得将其放在句末的标点以内。
直接引语都必须标明页码，以便读者查找。
引语（Quotations）用方括号（square brackets“[ ]”）和省略号（ellips es“…”）标明更动原文的地方。
短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文，并且用双引号标明。
双引号表示直接引语，单引号只用来标注引语中的引语。
引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示。
在任何情况下（即使引语仅仅只有一个单词）：句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内（无论单引号还是双引号），冒号（“:”）和分号（“;”）都必须放在引号之外，引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内，否则问号（“?”）应放在引号之外。
三行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段（block quotation）。
引语段可以用单倍行距，但其首行和末行应与正文空1.5行。
引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进5格或1个制表符（TAB）的距离。
如果引语段原为一自然段，则其首行应进一步缩进4至5格或1个制表符的距离。
引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。
引语段的字体必须与正文相同。
正文中的中文引文应提供英文译文。
引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况，一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓，如：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990).如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注，如：In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration forwriting.在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang, 2005)引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。
英语毕业论文APA论文标准格式
APA攻略APA格式写Paper——写给国际商学院双学位有需要的同学一．大家好，我是写作中心tutor Xylo。
常有外教要求我们使用APA形式去写论文，不论是在美方写作课，还是在专业课（例如：marketing，management等）。
很多朋友对于APA很困惑，不知道它到底是什么，怎么使用。
一篇要求用APA形式写成的英语论文，想要拿到满意的分数，APA的正确使用绝对功不可没。
下面我结合自身体会，向大家逐一介绍APA。
P.s.如果还有想要详细了解或者面谈的同学（有关英语作文），欢迎于每周一至周四下午4:35——6:00到国商Room515 Writing Center （写作中心）寻求帮助，那里有很多很好的老师和资源哦！说明：下面讲的apa参照的书目是09届的写作《A Pocket Style Manual》一书。
不同的老师往往对apa的一些细小的要求有不同的格式差别，这时请大家拿着自己具体的文章来国商515写作中心具体寻求指导！二．何为APAl 通俗来说，APA就是一种写外国文章需要遵循的一种格式，就是一种既定的写作规则。
没有什么玄机，当然，每个人喜欢和偏向所用的论文的形式不同，常见的书写论文的格式无外乎APA，MLA，Chicago等。
国商的外交很多，来自不同国家，要求使用APA的老师只是其中一部分，还有外教要求学生使用MLA。
这里只向大家介绍APA。
l APA的全称是：American Psychological Association，正式来说，APA格式指的就是美国心理学会（American Psychological Association），而此协会是目前在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。
APA格式起源于1929年是一种为广泛接受的研究型论文撰写格式。
APA 格式主要用于心理学、教育学、社会科学领域的论文写作。
三．APA的作用：（为何使用apa）Apa起到支撑论文论点，避免抄袭，引用并形成资源等作用。
文献综述apa格式
文献综述apa格式一、研究背景自从计算机技术的发展，人工智能开始成为一个重要的技术领域。
然而，在人工智能和机器学习领域中，数据集作为结果的实质性特征，其质量对于机器学习和数据分析至关重要。
同时，数据集质量研究也是近年来数据科学领域研究的热点之一。
在数据集创造方面，以人工为基础的数据集创造是最基本的方式，但是，使用无故意和不准确的人工标注数据造成了很多问题，并且还需要高昂的人力成本。
因此，如何使用较低的成本和无缝的方法创建数据集是一个关键问题，研究结果对于人工智能和机器学习领域都有着很高的指导意义。
二、研究目的因此，本文旨在综述和总结使用Crowdsourcing策略进行数据集标注的应用情况。
通过搜集和分析数据集标注的相关文献，总结和比较各个应用场景下Crowdsourcing策略的使用效果，为数据集标注的采集过程提供指导意义。
三、Crowdsourcing策略使用情况Crowdsourcing作为一种高效、低成本和公平的资源共享方式，已经在许多应用场景被证明是有效的。
在数据科学领域，Crowdsourcing策略被广泛应用于数据集标注。
使用Crowdsourcing的一大优点是容易扩展。
在大型数据集标注项目中，数据量非常庞大，需要考虑如何有效地利用大量的劳动力和资源，Crowdsourcing策略正好解决这一问题。
此外，在数据集标注中，标注者的专业知识和标注质量也是一个重要的问题，Crowdsourcing策略可以同时利用各个领域的知识，提高标注质量，并保证标注的客观公正性。
在Crowdsourcing策略的应用中，任务设计非常重要。
任务应该简单且易于理解，使得标注者能够快速而准确地标注数据。
同时，在任务进行中，应该对标注的质量进行监控和评估，及时纠正和调整标注者的工作。
在一些情况下，可以采用一些激励措施鼓励标注者参与，例如提供奖励或者公开排名。
四、总结本文对Crowdsourcing策略在数据集标注中的应用进行了综述。
APA论文格式引用规范
APA论文格式引用规范APA格式之所以被很多领域接受，是因为它的编排方式和撰写方法有独特之处，下面是搜集整理的APA规范问题，欢迎阅读查看。
标题根据APA格式，标题是用来组织文章，使得其有层次架构。
APA格式规定了文章内“标题”的特定格式(1到5级)，此详细内容可参阅《美国心理协会刊物手册》第五版的第113页，级数和格式如下：第1级：置中大小写标题(Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading)第2级：置中、斜体、大小写标题(Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading)第3级：靠左对齐、斜体、大小写标题(Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading)第4级：缩排、斜体、小写标题，最后加句号(Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period)第5级：置中大写标题(CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING)以下是中的一些用法。
APA格式规定“参考文献”部分的人名必须以姓氏的字母顺序来排列，包括姓氏的前缀。
譬如，Martin de Rijke应被改成“De Rijke, M.”;Saif Al Falasi则改成“Al-Falasi, Saif.”。
(阿拉伯文名字通常在姓氏和前缀之间加上连字号“−”，所以姓氏和前缀自成一体。
)纸本文献单一作者著作的书籍：Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.两位作者以上合著的书籍：Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.文集中的文章：Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.期刊中的文章(非连续页码)：Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.期刊中的文章(连续页码)：Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.月刊杂志中的文章：Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.报纸中的文章：Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are "Problematastic" says Mayor. Toronto Sol. p. 4.政府官方文献：Revenue Canada. (2001). Advanced gouging: Manual for employees (MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration and Revenue.线上文献网络文章的打印版本Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic version]。
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Examples of APA Format for Citing Materials:Books / Articles / ERIC Documents / Theses & Dissertations / Web / OtherBook CitationsOne Author / Edited / Chapter in Edited / No Author or Editor / Third Edition, Jr. in Name / Revised Edition / Corporate Author, Fourth Edition, Author as Publisher / English Translation / Electronic / Several Volumes in Multi-Volume Edited1. Book with One AuthorReference in the textWhen paraphrasing the general idea, page numbers are not required.. . . which offered a theoretical backdrop for a number of innovative behavior modification approaches (Skinner, 1969).Reference at the end of the text (bibliography)Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.2. Edited Book (#25, p. 249)Bremner, G., & Fogel, A. (Eds.). (2001). Blackwell handbook of infant development. Malden, MA: Blackwell.3. Chapter in An Edited Book (# 34, p. 252)Reference in the text. . . The elucidation of the potency of infant-mother relationships, showing how later adaptations echo the quality of early interpersonal experiences (Harlow, 1958, chap. 8).Reference at the end of the text (bibliography)Harlow, H. F. (1958). Biological and biochemical basis of behavior. In D. C. Spencer (Ed.), Symposium on interdisciplinary research (pp. 239-252). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.4. Book, No Author or Editor (#26, p. 249)Reference in the text. . . the number of recent graduates from art schools in France has shown that this is a trend worldwide (Art Students International, 1988).Reference at the end of the text (bibliography)Art students international. (1988). Princeton, NJ: Educational Publications International.5. Book, Third Edition, Jr. in Name (#23, p. 248)Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.6. Book, Revised Edition (#27, p. 249)Cohen, J. (1977). Manual labor and dream analysis (Rev. ed.). New York: Paradise Press.7. Book, Corporate Author, Fourth Edition, Author as Publisher (#29, 33, p. 250, 251)American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Note for citing this particular title: In text, cite the name of the association and the name of the manual in full at the first mention in the text; thereafter, you may refer to the traditional DSM form (italicized), such as DSM-IV or DSM-IV-TR.8. Book, English Translation (#32, p. 251)Luria, A. R. (1969). The mind of a mnemonist. (L. Solotaroff, Trans.). New York: Avon Books.(Original work published 1965).9. Electronic Book from netLibrary DatabaseWharton, E. (1996). The age of innocence. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Library.Retrieved March 6, 2001, from netLibrary database.10. Book, Several Volumes in a Multi-Volume Edited Work; Publication Dates Include More Than One Year. (#28, p. 250)Reference in the text. . . The cognitive development of the characters in Karlin's class illustrates the validity of this new method of testing (Wilson & Fraser, 1988-1990).Reference at the end of the text (bibliography)Wilson, J. G., & Fraser, F. (Eds.). (1988-1990). Handbook of wizards (Vols. 1-4). New York: Plenum Press.Top of PageArticle CitationsJournal / Journal from Library Database / Journal, more than Six Authors / Magazine or Newspaper on Internet / Internet eJournal / Cited in Secondary Source / Newspaper / Test Review 11. Citation for a Journal Article (# 1, p. 240)Reference in the textWhen quoting an author's words exactly, indicate the page number:Even some psychologists have expressed the fear that "psychology is in danger of losing its status as an independent body of knowledge" (Peele, 1981, p. 807).Reference at the end of the text (bibliography)Peele, S. (1981). Reductionism in the psychology of the eighties: Can biochemistry eliminate addiction, mental illness, and pain? American Psychologist, 36, 807-818.12. Journal Article from a Library Database (#88, p. 279)Schraw, G., & Graham, T. (1997). Helping gifted students develop metacognitive awareness. Roeper Review, 20, 4-8. Retrieved November 4, 1998, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.13. Journal Article, More than Six Authors (#4, p. 240)Reference in the text. . . the nutritional value of figs is greatly enhanced by combining them with the others (Cates et al., 1991).Reference at the end of the text (bibliography)Cates, A. R., Harris, D. L., Boswell, W., Jameson, W. L., Yee, C., & Peters, A. V. (1991). Figs and dates and their benefits. Food Studies Quarterly, 11, 482-489.14. Magazine or Newspaper Article on the Internet (not from a library database) Sarewitz, D., & Pielke, R. (2000, July). Breaking the global warming gridlock [Electronic version]. The Atlantic Monthly, 286(1), 54-64.Note: If you have reason to believe the content of the article in the electronic source is different from the version in the print source, follow the example for an Article from An Internet-Only Journal.15. Article from an Internet-only Journal (e-Journal) (#72, p. 272)Bilton, P. (2000, January). Another island, another story: A source for Shakespeare's The Tempest.Renaissance Forum, 5(1). Retrieved August 28, 2001, from/renforum/current.htm16. Work Discussed in a Secondary Source (#22, p. 247)Reference in the textJohnson's study (as cited in Beatty, 1982) illustrates that . . .Reference at the end of the text (bibliography)Beatty, J. (1982). Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 276-292.17. Newspaper Article, No Author (#9, p. 242)Counseling foreign students. (1982, April). Boston Globe, p. B14.18. Test Review from Mental Measurements Yearbook DatabaseCosden, M., & Morrison, G. M. (1991). [Review of the test Draw a person: Screening procedure for emotional disturbance]. Mental Measurements Yearbook, 12. Retrieved March 22, 2005, from Mental Measurements Yearbook database.Top of PageERIC Documents (# 43, p. 257)Print or Microfiche / ERIC Database19. ERIC Document from Print or MicroficheReference in the text. . . assists in formulating strategies for translating IEP goals and objectives into classroom activities (Education Development Center, Inc., 1998).Reference at the end of the text (bibliography)Education Development Center, Inc. (1998). Translating the IEP into everyday practice. Training guides for the Head Start learning community. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (ERIC Document No. ED424022)20. ERIC Document from ERIC database.Jarrett, D. (1999). The inclusive classroom: Mathematics and science instruction for students with learning disabilities. It's just good teaching. Portland, OR: Northwest Regional Educational Lab, Mathematics and Science Education Center. (ERIC Document No. ED433647). Retrieved July 27, 2004, from ERIC database.Top of PageTheses & Dissertations21. Unpublished Master's Thesis (#57, p. 262)Caravaggio, Q. T. (1992). Trance and clay therapy. Unpublished master's thesis, Lesley University, Cambridge, MA.22. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation (#56, p. 262)Arbor, C. F. (1995). Early intervention strategies for adolescents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.Top of PageWeb PagesWeb Page not from library database / Published by Organization / Lesson Plan / Government Document23. Web Page (not from a library database)Shackelford, W. (2000). The six stages of cultural competence. In Diversity central: Learning. Retrieved April 16, 2000, from /learning/cultural_insights.html24. Web Site Published by an Organization (# 81, p.275)American Psychological Association. (n.d.) : Electronic references. Retrieved August 31, 2001, from /journals/webref.html25. Lesson Plan on the WebJaskoski, L. (1999, October 3). Earthquakes web quest. The educator’s reference desk (Lesson Plan #AELP-EAR0035). Retrieved September 7, 2005, from /cgi-bin/printlessons.cgi/Virtual/Lessons/Science/Geology/GLG0035.html26. Government Document on the WebMassachusetts Department of Education. (2001, June). Massachusetts English language curriculum framework. Retrieved June 12, 2002, from /frameworks/0601ela.pdf Top of PageOtherVideotape / Music Recording / Selection from Music Recording / Artistic Work / Item from Course Pack / Interviews and Personal Communications / Class Lectures / Quotes from other sources27. Videotape (#65, p. 266)Gardner, H. (Writer), & DiNozzi, R. (Producer/Director). (1996). MI: Intelligence,understanding and the mind [Motion picture]. Los Angeles: Into the Classroom Media.Note: According to (Changes to the 5th Edition) [Motion picture] now describes videos and movies.28. Music Recording, Whole Tape, LP, or CD (#69, p. 267)Rorem, N. (1992). Winter pages; bright music [CD]. New York: New World Records.29. Music Recording, One Selection (#69, p. 267)Albeniz, I. (1999). Estrellita. On A jug of wine and thou. [CD].Tempe, AZ: Summit Records.30. Artistic WorkVan Gogh, V. (Artist). (1888). Entrance to the public gardens in Arles [Painting]. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.31. Item Distributed Via Course PackFor articles or book chapters reproduced in a course pack but originally published in a book, journal, or newspaper, APA recommends citing the original source, ignoring its distribution via course pack. 32. Interviews and other Personal CommunicationsThe APA considers all personal communications, including interviews, as non-recoverable data, and therefore recommends that you not include these citations in your reference list. Instead, you should simply include an acknowledgement in the text of your paper, in the form of a parenthetical statement. Provide the initials as well as the surname of the person and as exact a date as possible.(D. Johnson, personal communication, February 14, 2004)D. Johnson (personal communication, February 14, 2004) pr ovided an interesting description…33. Class LecturesOnly include class lectures in your reference list if they are formal lectures that recur each year for which your professor likely has extensive notes. For more informal class discussions use the Personal Communication format above.Dockray-Miller, M. (2004, March). Modernism: A quick overview. Lecture given in CLITR 2116English Literature II: Romanticism to the Present, Lesley University, Cambridge, MA.34. Quote from Another SourceIf you will be using information from a source that is attributed to a separate author than the source you actually read, you need to include the source you read in your reference list and mention the author that work discusses in the text of your paper. In the example below, you would actually have the article by Beatty in hand but want to refer to the study by Johnson (unread by you) that Beatty mentioned.Reference in the textJohnson's study (as cited in Beatty, 1982) illustrates that . . .Reference at the end of the text (bibliography)Beatty, J. (1982). Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processingresources. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 276-292.Top of Page。