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saej1995v001-ENGINE POWER TEST CODE—SPARK IGNITION AND COMPRESSION IGNITION—GROSS POWER RATING

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS 6.2.Engine Equipment (8)7.Test Procedures (8)7.1.Instrumentation Accuracy (8)7.2.Adjustments and Run-in (9)7.3.Pressure and Temperature Measurement (9)7.4.Test Operating Conditions (9)7.5.Test Points (10)8Presentation of Results (10)8.1Reporting Requirements (10)8.2Recorded Test Conditions (10)8.2.1Inlet Air Supply Conditions (10)8.2.2Spark Ignition Engine Fuel-Liquid (10)8.2.3Spark Ignition Engine Fuel-Gaseous (10)8.2.4Diesel Fuels (10)8.2.5Lubricating Oil (10)8.3Recorded Test Data (11)8.4Engine Equipment (11)8.5Additional Recorded Information (11)9Correction Formulas (11)9.1Spark Ignition Correction Formulas (11)9.2Compression Ignition Engine Correction Formulas (12)9.2.1Calculation of Atmospheric Correction Factor, CA (12)9.2.2Calculation of Fuel Correction Factor, CF (13)1.Scope—This SAE Standard has been adopted by SAE to specify:a. A basis for gross engine power ratingb.Reference inlet air and fuel supply test conditionsc. A method for correcting observed power to reference conditionsd. A method for determining gross full load engine power with a dynamometer1.1Field of Application—This test code document is applicable to both four-stroke and two-stroke spark ignition(SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines, naturally aspirated and pressure charged, with and without charge air cooling. This document does not apply to aircraft or marine engines.1.2This test code supersedes those portions of SAE J1349 dealing with gross power rating.1.3Standard Cl diesel fuel specifications are range mean values for Type 2-D EPA test fuel per Title 40, Code ofFederal Regulations, Part 86.1313-87.1.4The corresponding test code for net power rating is SAE J1349.1.5The document for mapping engine performance is SAE J1312.1.6Relationship to ISO 2534—ISO 2534 (1972) differs from SAE J1995 in several areas, among which the mostimportant are:a.This document is not limited to road vehicles.b.This document requires inlet fuel temperature be controlled to 40 °C on CI engines.c.This document includes a reference fuel specification and requires that engine power be corrected tothat specification on all CI and certain SI engines.d.This document includes a different procedure for testing engines with a laboratory charge air cooler(ISO method optional).e.This document includes a different procedure for correcting power to reference atmospheric conditionson turbocharged CI engines.1.7Complete correlation has not been established with ISO 3046. It is expected that this power test code willeventually align with ISO 1585 and ISO 2534.2.References2.1Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1SAE P UBLICATIONS—Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J1312—Procedure for Mapping Engine Performance—Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition Engines SAE J1349—Engine Power Test Code—Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition—Net Power Rating2.1.2ISO P UBLICATIONS—Available from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New Y ork, NY 10036-8002.ISO 1585—Road vehicles—Engine test code—Net powerISO 2534—Road vehicles—Engine test code—Gross powerISO 3046—Reciprocating internal combustion engines—Performance2.1.3F EDERAL R EGULATION—Available from The Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC 20402.CFR 40 Part 86.1313-873.Definitions—This section contains the definitions of key terms used to describe the gross power test.3.1Gross Brake Power—The power of an engine when configured as a "basic" engine as defined in 3.4 and 6.2,and tested and corrected in accordance with this document.3.2Rated Gross Power—Engine gross power as declared by the manufacturer at "rated speed."3.3Rated Speed—The speed determined by the manufacturer at which the engine power is rated.3.4Basic Engine—A "basic" engine is an engine configured with only the built in equipment required for self-sustained operation. A basic engine does not include accessories that are necessary only to perform its intended service or that power auxiliary systems. If these accessories are integral with the engine or for any reason are included on the test engine, the power absorbed may be determined and added to the gross brake power. Common "basic" engine accessory examples are listed in Table 1.TABLE 1—ENGINE EQUIPMENTSystemRequiredComments1. Inlet Air System Optional See 6.1.1Air Ducting Optional Air Cleaner Optional Air PreheatNo 2. Pressure Charging System Y esFor all engines equipped with variable boost as a function of other engine parameters (speed/load/fuel octane, etc), the boost pressure controls must be set to reflect intended in-service operation. Boost Control SettingsManufacturer's Specification3. Charge Air Cooling System Y es If applicable.Charge Air Cooler Y es See 6.1.4 for auxiliary cooler options.Cooling Pump or FanConditionalNot required if it can be shown to be functioning less than 20% of running time during intended in-service operation at reference test conditions.4. Electrical System Y es See 6.1.5 Ignition System Y es StarterNo Generator/AlternatorConditionalRequired only if needed to operate the basic engine in a self-sustained manner and an external power supply is not used. In this case, the generator shall operate at a load level only sufficient to power the required components (i.e., fuel injectors, electric fuel pump). Ignition and Timing Control Settings Manufacturer's SpecificationFor any engine equipped with electronic controls and/or knock sensors, the spark or timing advance must be adjusted to reflect intended in-service operation.5. Emissions Control System OptionalIf used, all control settings or adjustments must be set to reflect intended in-service operation.6. RFI/EMI Controls (radio frequency or electromagnetic interference)Manufacturer's SpecificationControl settings must reflect intended in-service operation.7. Fuel Supply System Y es Fuel Filters/Prefilters Optional See 6.1.3Fuel Supply Pump Y esOr equivalent electrical load if applicable. Injection Pump/Carburetor or Fuel Metering Control SettingsManufacturer's SpecificationControl settings must reflect intended in-service operation.TABLE 1—ENGINE EQUIPMENT (CONTINUED)System Required Comments8. Engine Cooling System (liquid)Y esCooling Pump Y esRadiator Optional Functionally equivalent laboratory systemrecommended.Thermostat Optional If not used, then coolant temperature and flow shall beregulated to intended in-service levels.Cooling Fan No If used, power absorbed should be calculated andadded to the gross brake power.Engine Cooling System (Air)Y esBlower Conditional Required if not disconnectable. On variable speedunits the fan can be disconnected if it can be shown tobe functioning less than 20% of engine running timeduring intended in-service operation at reference testconditions.9. Lubrication System Y es The basic engine closed loop lubrication system isused. Oil fill shall be at manufacturer's full level. Oiltemperatures shall reflect in-service levels at referencetest conditions.10. Exhaust System Optional See 6.1.211. Auxiliary DrivesPower Steering Pump NoFreon Compressor NoVacuum Pumps Conditional Required only if needed to drive other required systemslisted and it functions in that capacity more than 20% ofengine running time during intended in-serviceoperation.Air Compressors Conditional See previous comments—same as vacuum pumps.3.5Reference Test Conditions—The standard or reference engine inlet air supply (atmospheric) and inlet fuelconditions to which all power corrections are made.3.6Friction Power—The power required to drive the engine alone as equipped for the power test. Friction powermay be established by one of the following methods (the value is needed for power correction of spark ignition engines):a.Assume 85% mechanical efficiency.b.Hot Motoring Friction—Record friction torque at wide open throttle at each test speed run on the powertest. All readings are to be taken at the same coolant and oil temperature as observed on the powertest points ±3 °C.3.7Indicated Power—The power developed in the cylinders. It is defined as the sum of the brake power andfriction power for the purpose of this document.4.Symbols, Units, and Subscripts 4.1Symbols and Units—See Table 2.4.2Subscriptsc = Refers to data corrected to reference inlet air and fuel supply conditions o = Refers to data observed at the actual test conditionsd = Refers to the dry air portion of the total inlet air supply pressure r = Refers to the reference test conditions per Section 55.Reference Test Conditions and Corrections—This section contains reference air and fuel supply test conditions and specifications, recommended test ranges, and applicability of the correction procedures.5.1Reference Atmospheric Conditions—Table 3 is reference atmospheric conditions and test ranges for which the correction procedures are valid.TABLE 2—SYMBOLS AND UNITSSymbols TermUnitsCA Air correction factor CF Fuel correction factor fa Atmospheric factor fm Engine factor fd Fuel density factor fv Fuel viscosity factorαPressure sensitivity exponent βTemperature sensitivity exponent S Viscosity sensitivity coefficient D Engine displacement L B Inlet air supply total pressure kPa t Inlet air supply temperature °C P Inlet manifold total pressure kPar Pressure ratio q Fuel delivery mg/L cycle bp Brake power kW fp Friction power kW ip Indicated power kW n Engine speed min −1F Fuel flowg/s SG Fuel density at 15 °C kg/L VFuel viscosity at 40 °Cmm 2/s TABLE 3—REFERENCE ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONSStandard ConditionTestRange LimitsInlet Air Supply Pressure (absolute)100 kPa —Dry Air Pressure (absolute)99 kPa 90–105 kPa Inlet Air Supply Temperature25 °C15–40 °C5.2Reference SI Gasoline Specifications—Reference gasoline research and motor octane numbers in Table 4have been determined corresponding to "regular" and "premium" test fuels. Reference gasoline is required for all SI engines equipped with knock sensors or other devices that control spark advance as a function of spark knock. Other SI engines may use any gasoline with an octane number sufficient to prevent knock.5.3Reference CI Fuel Specifications—Reference fuel specifications are per Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 86.1313-87, and represent range mean values for Type 2-D diesel fuel. The reference fuel characteristics in Table 5 have been determined to affect engine test power, and are listed with the applicable test ranges for which the correction procedures are valid.Observed engine power is also corrected for variations in lower heating value (LHV) based on an empirical relationship between LHV and fuel density per 9.2.2.5.4Alternate Fuels—Reference values for alternate SI and CI fuels, both liquid and gaseous, are not presented in this document. Therefore, when alternate fuels are used for the gross power engine test, no corrections to reference fuel conditions shall be made.5.5Power Corrections—The performance of SI and CI engines is affected by the density of the inlet combustion air as well as by the characteristics of the test fuel. Therefore, in order to provide a common basis of comparison, it may be necessary to apply correction factors to the observed gross power to account for differences between reference air and fuel conditions and those at which the test data were acquired.5.5.1All power correction procedures for atmospheric air are based on the conditions of the engine inlet air supply immediately prior to the entrance into the engine inlet system. This may be ambient (atmospheric) air or a laboratory air plenum that maintains air supply conditions within the range limits defined per 5.1.5.5.2On any engine where the power output is automatically controlled to compensate for changes in one or more of the listed inlet air and fuel supply test conditions, no correction for that test parameter shall be made.5.5.3The magnitude of the power correction should not exceed 5% for inlet air or 3% for inlet fuel corrections. If the correction factor exceeds these values, it shall be noted in accordance with 8.1.TABLE 4—REFERENCE SI GASOLINE SPECIFICATIONSRegular FuelPremium FuelResearch Octane No.:92 ± 0.597 ± 0.5Motor Octane No.:83 ± 0.587 ± 0.5Lower Heating Value:43.3 MJ/kg ± 0.1 MJ/kg43.1 MJ/kg ± 0.1 MJ/kgTABLE 5—REFERENCE CI FUEL SPECIFICATIONSStandard ConditionTestRange LimitsFuel Density at 15 °C0.850 kg/L 0.840–0.860 kg/L Fuel Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C 2.6 mm 2/s 2.0–3.2 mm 2/s Fuel Inlet Temperature40 °C39–41 °C(pump/line/nozzles)or37–43 °C(unit injectors)5.6Correction Formulas—The applicable correction formulas for spark ignition and compression ignition enginesare listed in Section 9. These correction formulas are designed for correction of gross brake power at full throttle operation; however, for CI engines the formulas may also be used to correct partial load power for the purpose of determining specific fuel consumption. These correction formulas are not intended for altitude derating.boratory and Engine Equipment—This section contains a list of laboratory and engine equipment used inthe gross power test.6.1Laboratory Equipment—The following standard laboratory test equipment is required for the gross powertest.6.1.1I NLET S YSTEM—Any laboratory system that provides a supply of air to the basic engine. The inlet systembegins at the point where air enters from the supply source (atmosphere or lab plenum) and ends at the entrance to the throttle body, inlet manifold, or turbocharger inlet, on engines as appropriate. Restriction induced by the inlet system may be at minimum levels.6.1.2E XHAUST S YSTEM—Any laboratory system that vents exhaust gas from the outlet of the basic engine. Theexhaust system begins at the exhaust manifold outlet or at the turbine outlet on engines so equipped.Restriction induced by the exhaust system may be at minimum levels.6.1.3F UEL S UPPLY S YSTEM—Any laboratory system that provides a supply of fuel to the fuel inlet of the basicengine. The fuel supply system must be capable of controlling fuel supply temperature to within the ranges specified in 5.3 for CI engines. The fuel supply system shall not exceed the manufacturer's maximum permissible restriction requirements, if applicable.6.1.4C HARGE A IR C OOLER—For charge-cooled engines a laboratory auxiliary cooler may be employed for testpurposes. If used, one of the following test methods is required and the appropriate correction procedure is applied per Section 9:a.Standard Method—This is the preferred test method. The laboratory unit is set to simulate intended in-service charge air cooler restriction and inlet manifold temperatures as if the ambient and inlet supplyair temperatures were 25 °C.b.Optional Method—The laboratory unit is set to duplicate the charge air cooler restriction and inletmanifold temperatures that would be obtained during intended service operation at the observed inletair test conditions.6.1.5A UXILIARY P OWER S UPPLY—Electrically driven engine components determined to be part of the basic enginemay be operated via an external power supply. In such cases, the power required must be determined and subtracted from the corrected gross brake power.6.2Engine Equipment—A basic engine, as defined in 3.4, is used for the gross power test. Table 1 lists basicengine accessories and control settings required for the gross power test.7.Test Procedures—This section contains the required test procedures for determining gross engine power.7.1Instrumentation Accuracy—The following minimum test instrumentation accuracy is required:a.Torque—±0.5% of measured valueb.Speed—±0.2% of measured valuec.Fuel Flow—±1% of measured valued.Temperature—±2 °Ce.Air Supply Pressure—±0.1 kPaf.Other Gas Pressures—±0.5 kPa7.2Adjustments and Run-in7.2.1Adjustments shall be made before the test in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. No changesor adjustments shall be made during the test.7.2.2The engine shall be run-in according to the manufacturer's recommendation. If no such recommendation isavailable, the engine shall be run-in until corrected brake power is repeatable within 1% over an 8 h period.7.3Pressure and Temperature Measurement7.3.1Pressure and temperature of the inlet air supply, used for the purpose of engine power corrections, shall bemeasured in a manner to obtain the total (stagnation) condition at the entrance to the engine inlet system.On those tests where the engine air supply is ambient air, this pressure is the barometric pressure; on those tests where the air supply is test cell ambient air, this pressure is the cell barometric pressure.7.3.2Inlet manifold pressure and temperature shall be measured as static values with probes located in a sectioncommon to several cylinders. In such installations dynamic pressure is assumed zero.7.3.3On charge air-cooled engines in which a laboratory cooler is employed for testing, precooler charge airpressure must also be measured for the purpose of setting in-service restrictions per 6.1.4. Precooler pressure must be measured upstream of the auxiliary unit in a manner to obtain the total (stagnation) value.Auxiliary cooler restriction is the difference between the precooler and inlet manifold pressures.7.3.4Coolant temperatures in liquid-cooled engines shall be measured at the inlet and outlet of the engine, in air-cooled engines at points specified by the manufacturer.7.3.5Oil pressure and temperature shall be measured at the entrance to the main oil gallery.7.3.6Fuel temperature shall be measured at the inlet to the carburetor or fuel injector rail for SI engines, and at theinlet to the high-pressure injection pump or unit injector rail for CI engines, and at the outlet of the volumetric flow meter for gaseous fueled engines.7.4Test Operating Conditions7.4.1The engine must be started and warmed up in accordance with manufacturer's specifications. No data shallbe taken until torque and speed have been maintained within 1% and temperatures have been maintained within ±2 °C for at least 1 min.7.4.2Engine speed shall not deviate from the nominal speed by more than ±1% or ±10 min−1, whichever isgreater.7.4.3Coolant outlet temperature for a liquid-cooled engine shall be controlled to within ±3 °C of the nominalthermostat value specified by the manufacturer. Coolant inlet air temperature for an air-cooled engine is regulated to 35 °C ± 5 °C.7.4.4Fuel inlet temperature for diesel fuel injection shall be controlled to 40 °C ± 3 °C for unit injector systems, and40 °C ± 1 °C for pump/line/nozzle systems. Test fuel temperature control is not required on SI engine powertests.7.4.5The exhaust gas must be vented to a reservoir having a total pressure within 0.75 kPa of the inlet air supplypressure.7.5Test Points—Record full throttle data for at least five approximately evenly spaced operating points to definethe power curve between 600 rpm (or the lowest stable speed) and the maximum engine speed recommended by the manufacturer. One of the operating speeds shall be the rated speed, one shall be the peak torque speed.8.Presentation of Results—This section contains a listing of test data to be recorded and procedures forpresenting results.8.1Reporting Requirements—All reported engine test data shall carry the notation: "Performance obtained andcorrected in accordance with SAE J1995." Any deviation from this document, its procedures, or limits, shall be noted. All reported or advertised test data bearing the SAE J1995 notation shall include a minimum of the following information at each test point:a.Engine speedb.Corrected gross brake power (or torque)8.2Recorded Test Conditions—Record the following ambient air, fuel, and lubricating oil test conditions andspecifications.8.2.1I NLET A IR S UPPLY C ONDITIONSa.Air supply pressureb.Air supply vapor pressurec.Air supply temperature8.2.2S PARK I GNITION E NGINE F UEL—L IQUIDa.Fuel type and/or blendb.Research and motor octane numbersc.Lower heating value8.2.3S PARK I GNITION E NGINE F UEL—G ASEOUSa.Fuel type or gradepositionc.Density at 15 °C and 101 kPad.Lower heating value8.2.4D IESEL F UELSa.ASTM or other fuel gradeb.Density at 15 °Cc.Viscosity at 40 °Cd.Lower heating value (optional)8.2.5L UBRICATING O ILa.API engine service classificationb.SAE-viscosity gradec.Manufacturer and brand name8.3Recorded Test Data—Record the following minimum information at each data test point:a.Brake torqueb.Friction torque (if measured)c.Engine speedd.Fuel flow ratee.Fuel supply pressure and temperaturef.Ignition and/or injection timingg.Oil pressure and temperatureh.Coolant temperaturei.Inlet manifold air temperature and pressurej.Total pressure drop across the auxiliary cooler (if applicable)k.Smoke (optional—CI engines only)8.4Engine Equipment—Record all engine equipment listed per 6.2. Additionally, record engine manufacturer,displacement, bore and stroke, number and configuration of cylinders, carburetion or injection system type, plus type of pressure charging system, if applicable. If a laboratory charge air cooler is used, record the test method per 6.1.4.For SI engines equipped with knock sensors, the engine should be designated as a "regular" or "premium" fuel engine. For those SI engines without knock sensors, the minimum octane number for which knock does not occur shall be recorded as stated by the engine manufacturer.8.5Additional Recorded Information—Record any other pertinent test data as determined by the manufacturer.This may include, but is not limited to: test date, engine serial number, test number, test location, etc.9.Correction Formulas—This section includes all formulas necessary to correct observed engine powerperformance for deviations in inlet air and fuel supply conditions.9.1Spark Ignition Correction Formulas—These spark ignition engine correction formulas are only applicable atfull (WOT) throttle positions.(Eq. 1) Calculation of atmospheric correction factor, CA. If 85% mechanical efficiency is assumed:(Eq. 2) If friction power is measured:(Eq. 3) where:(Eq. 4) and:(Eq. 5)NOTE—If a lab auxiliary charge air cooler is used in conjunction with the standard test method per 6.1.4,no inlet air temperature corrections shall be made. In this case, the temperature correction exponent becomes zero. Otherwise use the previous equation.9.2Compression Ignition Engine Correction Formulas—These CI engine correction formulas are applicable at all speed and load levels.(Eq. 6)9.2.1C ALCULATION O F A TMOSPHERIC C ORRECTION F ACTOR , CA(Eq. 7)where:(Eq. 8)and values for α and β, are summarized in Table 6:Where "standard" and "optional" refer to the lab auxiliary cooler test method described in 6.1.4.The value of fm is given as:(Eq. 9)where:q = 120 000 F/Dn for four stroke engines q = 60 000 F/Dn for two stroke enginesr = P o /B o for all engines (r=1 if naturally aspirated)TABLE 6—ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION FACTOR EXPONENTSPressure Charging SystemCharge Air Cooling System αβNaturally Aspirated None1.00.7Mechanically Supercharged All 1.00.7Turbocharged None 0.7 1.2Turbocharged Air-to-Air 0.7 1.2Turbocharged Jacket Water0.70.7Turbocharged Lab Auxiliary (Standard)0.70.4TurbochargedLab Auxiliary (Optional)0.71.29.2.2C ALCULATION O F F UEL C ORRECTION F ACTOR, CF(Eq. 10) where:(Eq. 11) and:(Eq. 12) NOTE—The previous equations correct observed power to reference fuel density and viscosity levels. A correction coefficient of 0.70 in the previous density factor equation is added to account fortypical changes in lower heating value at differing density levels, based on an empirical LHV-SGrelationship.Values of S shall be determined by the engine manufacturer. If no values are available, the followingshall be used:a.Pump/Line/Nozzle Systems—0.15b.Unit Injectors—0.0NOTE—If used for the purpose of determining specific fuel consumption, the corrected fuel flow is given by the following:(Eq. 13) PREPARED BY THE SAE POWER TEST CODE STANDARDS COMMITTEERationale—Not applicable.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard—Not applicable.Application—This SAE Standard has been adopted by SAE to specify:a. A basis for gross engine power ratingb.Reference inlet air and fuel supply test conditionsc. A method for correcting observed power to reference conditionsd. A method for determining gross full load engine power with a dynamometerReference SectionSAE J1312—Procedure for Mapping Engine Performance—Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition Engines SAE J1349—Engine Power Test Code—Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition—Net Power RatingISO 1585—Road vehicles—Engine test code—Net powerISO 2534—Road vehicles—Engine Test code—Gross powerISO 3046—Reciprocating internal combustion engines—PerformanceCFR 40 Part 86.1313-87Developed by the SAE Power Test Code Standards Committee。

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教育体系：政府支持高校开设电子竞技相关专业，培养专业人才。
国际交流：政府鼓励中国电子竞技企业参与国际交流与合作，提升中国电子竞技产业的国际竞争力。
其他国家电子竞技产业政策分析
美国：鼓励发展电子竞技，提供税收优惠和资金支持
俱乐部赛事：如英雄联盟职业联赛、王者荣耀职业联赛等
业余赛事：如校园电子竞技联赛、社区电子竞技联赛等
全球电子竞技赛事运营模式
赛事组织：由专业的电子竞技赛事组织者负责策划和执行
赛事赞助：吸引各大品牌赞助商，提供资金和物资支持
赛事直播：通过线上直播平台，向全球观众直播比赛实况
赛事奖金：设置丰厚的奖金，吸引更多优秀选手参加比赛
电子竞技产业价值链分析
直播平台：提供比赛直播，吸引观众
赞助商：提供资金支持，提高品牌知名度
观众：观看比赛，购买相关产品
游戏开发商：开发游戏，提供游戏版权
电子竞技联盟：组织比赛，制定规则
电子竞技俱乐部：培养选手，参加比赛
电子竞技产业投资分析
2024年全球电子竞技赛事分析
05
全球电子竞技赛事规模
税收优惠：为电子竞技企业提供税系：建立完善的电子竞技教育体系，培养专业人才，推动产业发展

OSHA现场作业手册说明书

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

魔兽世界7.0军团再临痛苦术士PVP指引

魔兽世界7.0军团再临痛苦术士PVP指引Darkarchonyo的痛苦术士 PVP指引原创，如需转载请注明作者,正式服上线110后重新整理此帖===目录===前言在 7.0.3中的痛苦术的变化天赋分析神器分析PVP荣誉天赋分析种族分析在竞技场中痛苦术士输出优先级总结推荐国外术士直播===前言===Hi 大家好, 我是Darkarchonyo。

我是一个从台服S8开始玩痛苦术的深度PVP玩家，曾在ESL上使用痛苦术拿过第三的成绩，从S14开始选择术士为主职业参加比赛，当然这不是今天的猪蹄(？)。

这是我在NGA第三次写职业指引，从A测开放PVP测试服后我就开始着重于痛苦术在3V3中的一些测试，希望借此能与大家进行分享，我也将持续更新本帖。

当然也欢迎各位在回复中提出新的问题，以及一些其他的见解。

===在 7.0.3中的痛苦术的变化===1.)Legion中消失的技能和天赋: 黑暗灵魂,暗影之怒(恶魔),黑暗交易,灵魂链接(恶魔),猩红恐惧,无拘意志,黑暗再生。

2.) 腐蚀术不在产生碎片，改为痛苦诅咒产生碎片且没有目标数量限制(意为不再像以前腐蚀术那样只有最后一个目标的腐蚀术产生碎片，而是所有痛苦诅咒都有几率产生碎片)3.) 痛苦无偿需要消耗一个碎片，并且每次施放的痛苦无偿在同一个目标上会无限累加。

在Legion中多次累加的痛苦无偿成为痛苦术的最强大的爆发技能，而且多次累加没有上限，就是说此技能在Legion中有无限可能并且成为最核心的技能。

痛苦无偿雕文移除+急速降低使得术士在Legion中读条流畅度大大降低。

4.) 恶魔法阵施放和传送合并为同一个技能，施放后再使用一次则传送。

每次重新放置法阵需要取消法阵BUFF，/cancelAura 恶魔法阵。

5.) 灵魂榨取由天赋改为被动技能，且任何单体技能(包括DOT)的13%伤害都会转换成吸收盾永久持续，不能超过最大生命的20%。

此为痛苦术在Legion中最强大的自保能力。

2024年世界各地的新兴电竞赛事

赛事组织难度大：需要协调众多参赛队伍和赞助商，确保比赛公平公正
版权保护问题：随着赛事规模扩大，盗版和侵权问题愈发严重
网络安全问题：保障比赛数据和观众观赛安全是重要挑战
人才短缺问题：电竞赛事快速发展，但专业人才供给不足
提升电竞产业的品牌形象与知名度
推动电竞产业的全球化发展
提升电竞产业的经济效益
促进电竞技术的创新与发展
赛事名称：英雄联盟全球总决赛
赛事历史：自2011年起举办，每年一届
成绩：2024年冠军为T1战队
赛事影响：全球最知名的电竞赛事之一，吸引数百万观众观看
赛事名称：英雄联盟全球总决赛
赛事时间：2024年10月
赛事地点：美国洛杉矶
赛事冠军：Team Liquid
明星选手：Jensen、Sneaky、Svenskeren
赛事名称：英雄联盟全球总决赛举办地：美国洛杉矶特点：全球最高荣誉的电竞赛事，吸引全球顶尖战队参与
赛事名称：DOTA2国际邀请赛举办地：中国上海特点：奖金最高的电竞赛事之一，全球最高水平的DOTA2比赛
赛事名称：守望先锋联赛总决赛举办地：美国洛杉矶特点：全球首个以城市为单位的电竞联赛，代表各城市最高荣誉
汇报人：XX
2024年世界各地新兴电竞赛事
目录
全球电竞赛事概览
新兴电竞赛事分析
重点赛事介绍
电竞赛事未来展望
全球电竞赛事概览
赛事名称：DOTA2国际邀请赛举办地：中国上海
举办地：中国上海
赛事名称：英雄联盟全球总决赛举办地：美国纽约
举办地：美国纽约
赛事名称：CS:GO Major Championship 举办地：德国科隆
赛事内容丰富：涵盖了各种类型的游戏，如MOBA、FPS、RTS等，满足了不同玩家的需求。

Alsanfan HVLS 大气流扇产品介绍说明书

HVLS FAN INDUSTRY6BLADESIndustrial Ceiling FansHVLS FAN INDUSTRYHigh Volume Low Speed Fan (6 Blades)Fancy Fan (8 Blades)Mobil Pivot Fancy Fan (6 Blades)Pivot Farm HVLS Fan (6 Blades)15913 HVLS FAN INDUSTRYWith the aerodynamic fan blade design that our company developed and designed in the early 2000s, our company has become one of the few companies in the world. Alsanfan works with the leading university in our country in terms of product development and fan performance. We have also added ceiling fans that we have completed R & D activities to our production portfolio. The constant principle of our company has always been quality service, on time delivery and reasonable price.What are Industrial Ceiling Fans (HVLS Fan) ?Alsanfan HVLS ceiling fans offers an innovative product that reduces heating-cooling costs in large-volume, high-ce-ilinged spaces. Alsanfan is capable of activating a high volume of air with low speed. With this feature, homogenous tempreture is obtained from floor to ceiling distribution of air stratification in high ceiling areas.At the same time, air is sent to the employees at a low speed to provide evoparative cooling (fan effect) without dis-turbing them, comfort and working hours are increased.HVLS fans are used in various industrial areas, commercial spaces, social spaces, factories, logistics warehouses, automotive service buildings, sports halls and residential areas by working in coordination with HVAC systems where energy saving is required with developing technology.12357647654321Double Angle Adjustable BracketSafety RopesEngine Housing And Protection Covers Belt Safety Hooks Steel Ring Seat BeltsFan Hub and Bottom Cover Aerodynamic Aluminum Blades1Fan Control Board:•Standard Speed C ontroller (Inverter).• External Touch Screen (HMI).• Inboard Ventilation And Temperature Control.•Add-on Fan Control Options ..Benefits of Celling Fans:Offer silent operation. Supply winter destratification and summer cooling.Offer multi-fan control and adjustable fan speed.Help reduce condensation on floors and equipments.Work coordinated with high velocity fans and other air conditioning systems.Assist in the removal of contaminant and heat.Cut energy consumption for heating. Provide eco-friendly and economic solutions.Require lower cost for investment, installation and maintenance than traditional cooling methods.Product Details :Fans are tested and simulated for best results.Safety Cable secures the fan to the mounting structure. Fan can be mounted to different construction profiles.Custom mounting systems for customersDesigned best for users safety and comfort.Body conducts heat into the air layer Summer CoolingBefore ProfanAfter ProfanHeated air collects at ceilingHVLS Fans Supply warm air destratificationBefore ProfanAfter ProfanCooling by air movementIE SUPERPremiumE ciencyIE5IE4IE3IE2Motor Efficiency ClassFan Diameterbetween Ø 8.2ft - 24ft(2.5m - 7.3m)• Saving up to 30% in summer.• Comfortable Coolness in Outdoor• 7.3m diameter fan sizes.•3m-6m Pole Fan Length Size3INVERTERCONTROLMOTORGEARREDUCER55d BA<45d BA<PERMANENTMAGNET6BLADESFan Control Board:Inboard Ventilation And Temperature Control.*Weight of fans change depending on the lenght and design of ceiling mounting brackets.*Coverage area is affected by objects such as obstructing the airflow. (columns, walls, machines, furnitures...)5Benefits of Celling Fans:Offer silent operation. Supply winter destratification and summer cooling.Offer multi-fan control and adjustable fan speed.Help reduce condensation on floors and equipments.Work coordinated with high velocity fans and other air conditioning systems.Assist in the removal of contaminant and heat.Cut energy consumption for heating. Provide eco-friendly and economic solutions.Require lower cost for investment, installation and maintenance than traditional cooling methods.8BLADESINVERTERCONTROLMOTOR123456123Double Angle Ceiling Mount Apparatus Engine Housing And Protection Cover Steel Safety Ropes456Belt Safety HooksSteel Ring Safety ConnectionsAerodynamic Aluminum BladesTechnical Details :6Benefits of Jumbo Fans:•Offers Easy and Safe Use.• Economical with Low Energy Consumption.• Enables Coolness in Wide Area with High Diameter.• Long And Healthy Engine Life With Reducer Design.•Wide Range of Color Options. (Colors with RAL Code)Product Details :• Designed best for users safety and comfort.• Protective wire grating is available as standard.• The most suitable materials were used in the tests.• Body length can be manufactured specially for the user.•Fan angle can be adjustable at certain limits to the enviroment which used.7INVERTERCONTROLMOTOR6BLADESFan Control Board:• Standard Speed C ontroller (Inverter).• External Touch Screen (HMI).• Inboard Ventilation And Temperature Control.•Add-on Fan Control Options ..Technical data :• Two different types of motors are available.• Water and Dust Resistant in Outdoor Areas.• 3 Year Warranty Period.•Powder Coating Painted Body.8Order Code Fan Diameter Ø (mm)Motor Power (KW)Covarage Area (m²)Maximum Speed (Rpm)Weight (kg)Maksimum Speed P.Consumption(KWh)Maximum SpeedCurrent (Amps)Airflow (m³/s)*Coverage area is affected by objects such as obstructing the airflow. (columns, walls, machines, furnitures...)T echnicial SpecificationsJfan16ft (1.83m)1501,51,323818414,56• Easy to use & Cycle Controlled • 6 Blades, 6 ft (1.80m) Fan Diameter • High Performance & Durability • Easy PortabilityBenefits of Mobile Pivot Fans :• Offers Easy and Safe Use.• Economical with Low Energy Consumption.• Provides Wide Area Cooling with 160 ° Swing Function.• Long And Healthy Engine Life With Reducer Design.•Convenient than current cooling systems in point of cost and usage.9INVERTERCONTROLMOTORProduct Details :Fans are tested and simulated for best results.Safety cage standardly available.Fan can be mounted to different construction profiles.Custom mounting solutionsDesigned best for users safety and comfort.6BLADESP�vot Soc�al FanMobile Pivot Fans1234510Fan Control Board:• Standard Speed C ontroller (Inverter).• External Touch Screen (HMI).• Inboard Ventilation And Temperature Control.•Add-on Fan Control Options ..Flexible Solutions for Ventilation at Every Place Flexible Pivoting Joints Allow Head Angle Adjustments Up to 160° of Airflow, Wide Coverage Area High Performance & Heavy Duty8 Blades, Fan Sizes up to 5ft (1.52m)P�vot Soc�al Fans11Benefits of Pivot Social FansOffer multi-fan control and adjustable fan speed.With oscillating head option, up to 160 degrees of airflow covers wide area.It offers high performance, heavy duty and affordable solutions.Assist in the removal of contaminant and heat. Help reduce condensation on floors and equipments.The fan can be easily pivoted up or down to aim in one direction for optimal air flow.Require lower cost for investment, installation and maintenance than traditional cooling methods.It is recommended for places where ceiling heigh is low. It offers flexible solutions for ventilation at every place.Product Details :Fans are tested and simulated for best results.Safety cage standardly available.Fan can be mounted to different construction profiles.Custom mounting solutionsDesigned best for users safety and comfort.• Up to 160° of Airflow, Wide Coverage Area • 8 Blades, Fan sizes up to 5ft (1.52m)• High Performance & Durability• Flexible Solutions for Ventilation at Every Place• Flexible Pivoting Joints Allow Head Angle Adjustments12INVERTERCONTROLMOTORAdjustable Ceiling or Column Mounting Bracket160° Oscillating FunctionInventer Control AC MotorHorizontal Pivot Adjustable HeadAerodynamic Aluminium Blades Galvanized Fan CageFan Control Board:• Standard Speed C ontroller (Inverter).• External Touch Screen (HMI).• Inboard Ventilation And Temperature Control.•Add-on Fan Control Options ..6BLADES123456• Cow Farms..• Chicken Farms..• Up to 25 % Increase on Milk Production of Dairy Cows.• Offers Cooling and Comfort for Dairy Cows.• Up to 160° of Airflow, Wide Coverage Area.• High Performance & Durability.•Reliable & Quiet Operation.13Pivot Farm FansBenefits of Pivot Farm FansOffer multi-fan control and adjustable fan speed.(Optionally required)With oscillating head option, up to 160 degrees of airflow covers wide area.It offers eco-friendly and affordable solutions.Assist in the removal of contaminant and heat. Help reduce condensation on floors and equipments.The fan can be easily pivoted up or down to aim in one direction for optimal air flow.15 °C is ideal ambient temperature for dairy cows’ milk production. Inconvenient conditions and hot weather effects negatively.Layer of warm air on body and blow flies annoy cows. However, Pivot Farm Fans distract them with maximum air movement andoffers cooling and comfort for dairy cows. Also Pivot Farm Fans sustain to increase productivity of them.• Ideal ambient tempreture for cows is 15 degrees. Hot ambient stress is a problem which causes low milk efficiency for cows. Heat layer and flies disturbs animals. Pivot Farm Fans moves away the heat layer and flies with air flow which is cause coolness and increase efficiency.14INVERTERCONTROLMOTOR6BLADESEye Bolts for Suspended MountingSteel FrameCeiling or Column Mounting Bracket 160° Oscillating Function Horizontal Pivot Adjustable Head Aerodynamic Aluminium BladesVee Belt Drive Motor or Gear Reducer AC MotorOrder Code Fan Diameter Ø (mm)Motor Power (KW)Coverage Area (m²)Maximum Speed (Rpm)Weight (kg)Maximum Speed P. Consumption(KWh)Maximum Speed System Current(Amps)Airflow (m³/s)*Weight of fans change depending on the lenght and design of mounting brackets.*Coverage area is affected by objects such as obstructing the airflow. (columns, walls, machines, furnitures...)T echnical SpecificationÇİFTLİK66ft (1.83m)2942.22150 -350110218•Our 6 Blade HVLS fans can be used in cow and chicken farms.• In summer you can relax in a more comfortable area as it provi-des coolness and relaxation on animals.• It plays an effective role in the fertilizer and soil ventilation.Remote ControllerOf FansHome Type Fans Of Alsanfan’s15Profan IstanbulModel: 93PRF-7046-A Light: Available/Led Diameter: 235 cmTimer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-RightMotor Power: 100 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 50m2PProfan ModernModel: 52PRF-3092-ALight: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 38 W Meteryal: Wood Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2Profan HisarModel: 52PRF-7063Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cmTimer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-RightMotor Power: 35 W Meteryal: Plastic Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2PPProfan HardwoodModel: 52PRF-3092Light: -Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 38 W Meteryal: Wood Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2PProfan Hisar WhiteModel: 52PRF-7063-W Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 HoursSupply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: Plastic Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2PProfan Istanbul Brown MiniModel: 60PRF-7025-KALight: Available/Led Diameter: 152 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 96 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2Profan Istanbul - Without LampModel: 93PRF-7046Light: -Diameter: 235 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 100 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 50m2Profan Istanbul BrownModel: 93PRF-7046-B Light: Available/Led Diameter: 235 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 100 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 50m2Profan Modern DarkModel: 52PRF-3092-DA Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 38 W Meteryal: Wood Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2Profan Istanbul OutdoorModel: 93PRF-7046-W Light: -Diameter: 235 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 100 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 50m2PrProfan Istanbul MiniModel: 60PRF-7025-A Light: Available/Led Diameter: 152 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 100 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 35m2PHVLS FAN INDUSTRY16Profan ChichtWe C.2m2htWe C.2m2Profan BosphorusModel: 52PRF-7062-B Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: Plastic Controller: Remote C.Coverage Area: 32m2Profan StormModel: 56PRF-820 Light: Available/Led Diameter: 142cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 40W Meteryal: PlasticController: Remote C. Coverage Area: 42m2Profan GalataModel: 52PRF-002-B Light: -Diameter: 135 cm Timer: -Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 80 W Meteryal: WoodController: Manual Coverage Area: 30m2Profan RetroModel: 52PRF-002Light: -Diameter: 132 cm Timer: -Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 70 W Meteryal: WoodController: Manual Coverage Area: 32m2Profan FrostyModel: 52PRF-1008Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: Plastic Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2htWe C.2m2Profan FunnyModel: 52PRF-1060Light: Available Diameter: 107 cm Timer: -Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 100 W Meteryal: Wood Controller: ManualCoverage Area: 30m2Profan SunnyModel: 52PRF-1060-A Light: Available Diameter: 107 cm Timer: -Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: Wood Controller: Manual Coverage Area: 30m2htWe C.2m2Profan Bosphorus SteelModel: 52PRF-7062-MS Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: PlasticController: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2Profan DaisyModel: 65PRF-801-DC Light: Available/Led Diameter: 165 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 38 W Meteryal: Wood Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 42m2Model: 52PRF-811Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 32 W Meteryal: Plastic Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2htWe C.2m2Profan ActiveModel: 52PRF-868Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: PlasticController: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2Profan DarkModel: 56PRF-821-B Light: -Diameter: 140 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 22 W Meteryal: PlasticController: Remote C. Coverage Area: 35m2Profan WhiteModel: 56PRF-821-W Light: -Diameter: 140 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 22 W Meteryal: Plastic Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 35m2Profan Bosphorus WhiteModel: 52PRF-7062-W Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2Ikitelli Atatürk Mah. Marmara San. Sit. S Blok No:8 Küçükçekmece - Istanbul / TURKEY Tel: (0212) 494 25 25 Fax: (0212) 494 45 97*****************//alsanfanHVLS FAN INDUSTRY。

The rise of E

The rise of E⁃sports 电子竞技运动的兴起作者：葛凯霞来源：《疯狂英语·爱英语》2020年第11期人们对电子竞技争议不断。

作者认为，成长中的孩子们应该花更多的时间阅读或者关注传统体育。

The latest sports craze is not even a sport. According to a recent article，“e⁃sports” are attracting a large number of audiences.In e⁃sports， players and teams compete in popular video computer games such as Dota 2 and Overwatch. Fans fill arenas to watch the action live on huge television screens.The games have gone far beyond kids playing against each other while they sit on a sofa at home. The International， a major competition for players of Dota 2， awarded $24 million in prizes， with the winner taking home almost $11 million. A recent e⁃sports competition attracted more than 80，000 fans to the Olympic Stadium in Beijing， China.I have to admit that I am not a big fan of computer games. I know that some games can be educational， but I think too many kids spend too much time sitting in front of a screen shooting space aliens. I think it would be better if kids spent more time reading or playing real sports such as basketball， baseball and soccer.And please don’t tell me that competitive gaming is a real sport because it requires hand⁃eye coordination. According to The American Heritage Dictionary， a sport is “an activity involving physical exertion and skill”. I don’t think anyone works up much of a sweat playing video games.Too often， regular sports send kids a kind of message. Competition starts early， when lots of kids are not ready for the ups and downs of games. Tryouts and travel teams come next， giving too many kids the message that they are“not good” at sports. So lots of kids quit sports and start playing more video games.Maybe everyone in youth sports， including coaches， parents and kids， should think more about the advantages of real sports.[Reading][Check]1. What are “e⁃sports” according to paragraph 2？A. Easy sports games for kids.B. Sports events on television screens.C. Video computer game competitions.D. The latest sports in the Olympic Games.2. What does the author think of “e⁃sports”？A. They have some negative influences on children.B. They should be controlled to a certain extent.C. They should be banned in school.D. They are not instructive.3. What does the underlined word “exertion” in paragraph 5 mean？A. Energy.B. Fitness.C. Growth.D. Effort.4. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text？A. To call on people to pay more attention to traditional sports.B. To explain the importance of playing sports.C. To introduce a competition held in Beijing.D. To introduce a new kind of sport.[Language][Study]Difficult sentenceI think it would be better if kids spent more time reading or playing real sports such as basketball， baseball and soccer.【翻譯】______________________________【点石成金】这是一个主从复合句，it would be better if kids spent more time reading or playingreal sports such as basketball， baseball and soccer是宾语从句，省略了从属连词that。

SIMATIC Energy Manager PRO V7.2 - Operation Operat

Disclaimer of Liability We have reviewed the contents of this publication to ensure consistency with the hardware and software described. Since variance cannot be precluded entirely, we cannot guarantee full consistency. However, the information in this publication is reviewed regularly and any necessary corrections are included in subsequent editions.
2 Energy Manager PRO Client................................................................................................................. 19
2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.5.1 2.1.5.2 2.1.6
Basics ................................................................................................................................ 19 Start Energy Manager ........................................................................................................ 19 Client as navigation tool..................................................................................................... 23 Basic configuration ............................................................................................................ 25 Search for object................................................................................................................ 31 Quicklinks.......................................................................................................................... 33 Create Quicklinks ............................................................................................................... 33 Editing Quicklinks .............................................................................................................. 35 Help .................................................................................................................................. 38

美国狂欢节好玩吗英语作文

美国狂欢节好玩吗英语作文Mardi Gras in the United States is a blast! It's a wild and crazy celebration that takes place in various cities across the country. People dress up in outrageous costumes, dance in the streets, and throw beads and trinkets to the cheering crowd. It's a non-stop party filled with music, laughter, and lots of fun. You can't help but get caught up in the excitement and let loose for a day or two.The energy during Mardi Gras is infectious. Everywhere you look, people are laughing, dancing, and having a great time. The streets are filled with vibrant colors and loud music, creating a festive atmosphere that is hard to resist. It's a time when people can let go of their inhibitions and just enjoy the moment. Whether you're a local or a visitor, you'll feel like a part of the community as you join in the revelry.One of the highlights of Mardi Gras is the parades. Giant floats adorned with elaborate decorations andcostumed performers make their way through the streets, throwing beads, toys, and other goodies to the crowd. It'sa spectacle that you won't want to miss. The excitement builds as each float passes by, and everyone tries to catch as many throws as possible. It's a friendly competitionthat adds to the thrill of the celebration.The food during Mardi Gras is another reason why it'sso much fun. From traditional New Orleans dishes like gumbo and jambalaya to delicious king cakes, there's somethingfor everyone to enjoy. The flavors are bold and spicy, reflecting the vibrant spirit of the festival. And let'snot forget about the drinks! Mardi Gras is known for its cocktails like the famous hurricane and the refreshing Sazerac. It's a time to indulge in the culinary delightsand let your taste buds go wild.But Mardi Gras isn't just about the partying and the food. It's also a time to come together as a community and celebrate the rich history and culture of the United States. The festival has deep roots in the Catholic tradition and has evolved into a celebration of diversity and unity. It'sa time when people from all walks of life can come together and embrace their differences. It's a reminder that despite our individuality, we are all part of something bigger.In conclusion, Mardi Gras in the United States is aone-of-a-kind experience that you won't want to miss. It's a celebration of life, love, and community. So put on your wildest costume, grab some beads, and get ready to let loose. Mardi Gras is waiting for you!。

去电竞城玩的作文英文

去电竞城玩的作文英文I went to the e-sports arena to play some games. It was so much fun! The atmosphere was electric, with people cheering and shouting all around me. I felt like I was in the middle of a huge battle, and it was exhilarating.The competition was fierce. Everyone was so skilled, and I had to really focus to keep up. But I love the challenge, and it pushed me to play my best. I ended up winning a few rounds, and it felt amazing to come out on top.I met some really cool people at the arena. We bonded over our love of gaming, and it was awesome to connect with others who share the same passion. We exchanged tips and tricks, and I even made some new friends along the way.The technology at the e-sports arena was top-notch. The graphics were incredible, and the sound effects were so realistic. It felt like I was fully immersed in the games,and it made the experience even more thrilling.After spending the day at the e-sports arena, I felt so energized and inspired. It was a great way to unwind and have some fun. I can't wait to go back and do it all over again.。

我们有大促销的英语作文

我们有大促销的英语作文Big Promotion。

As the holiday season approaches, many stores and businesses are gearing up for big promotions to attract customers and boost sales. One such store is our very own, which is offering a huge promotion to celebrate the festive season.The promotion includes discounts on a wide range of products, from clothes and accessories to electronics and home appliances. Customers can enjoy up to 50% off on selected items, making it the perfect opportunity to stock up on gifts for loved ones or treat themselves to something special.In addition to the discounts, the store is alsooffering special deals and promotions throughout the holiday season. This includes buy one get one free offers, free gifts with purchase, and even a lucky draw withexciting prizes up for grabs.To make the shopping experience even more enjoyable, the store has extended its opening hours and hired extra staff to ensure that customers are well taken care of. There will also be festive decorations, music, and refreshments to create a joyful and welcoming atmosphere for shoppers.With all these amazing offers and promotions, there's no better time to shop at our store and take advantage of the great savings. So come on down and join us for our big promotion – you won't want to miss out on all the fantastic deals!。

亚运电竞馆英文介绍作文

亚运电竞馆英文介绍作文英文：The Asian Games Esports Arena is a state-of-the-art facility dedicated to hosting and promoting esports events. It is equipped with the latest gaming technology and provides a top-notch experience for both players and spectators. The arena is designed to accommodate a wide range of esports tournaments, from popular games like League of Legends and Dota 2 to mobile games like PUBG Mobile and Honor of Kings.The arena features a large main stage with high-quality audio and visual equipment, allowing for an immersive gaming experience. There are also multiple smaller stages for side events and exhibition matches. The seating area is designed to provide a clear view of the action from every angle, ensuring that all spectators can fully enjoy the excitement of the competitions.In addition to the gaming facilities, the arena also offers amenities such as food and beverage options, merchandise shops, and gaming lounges for players to relax and socialize between matches. The atmosphere in the arena is always electric, with fans cheering on their favorite teams and players, creating a vibrant and thrilling environment for everyone involved.The Asian Games Esports Arena has hosted numerous successful events, attracting top esports talent from around the world and drawing in large crowds of enthusiastic fans. It has become a hub for the esports community, bringing people together to celebrate their shared passion for gaming and competition.Overall, the Asian Games Esports Arena is a fantastic venue that has played a significant role in the growth and development of esports in the region. It provides a platform for players to showcase their skills, for fans to connect with their favorite games and teams, and for the industry to continue to thrive and evolve.中文：亚运电竞馆是一个最先进的设施，专门用于举办和推广电子竞技赛事。

2024年全球电子竞技的市场规模与全球赛事

01
全球电子竞技赛事概览
全球知名电子竞技赛事
英雄联盟全球总决赛 D OTA 2 国际邀请赛守望先锋联赛堡垒之夜大逃杀锦标赛
赛事的举办频率和规模
全球电子竞技赛事数量逐年增加，大型赛事如《英雄联盟》全球总决赛、《 D OTA 2 》国际邀请赛等备受关注。
举办频率方面，各大赛事通常每年举办一届，但也有一些赛事如《CS:GO》 Major赛事等每两年举办一届。
参与人数：全球电子竞技赛事的参与人数逐年增长， 2024年预计将有数百万的选手和观众参与其中，覆盖全球各个国家和地区。
赛事的观众人数和影响力
2024年全球电子竞技赛事观众人数预计达
到XX亿
影响力：全球电子竞技赛事已成为全球范围内最受欢迎的体育赛事之
一
知名赛事：如《英雄联盟》、《Dota2》等全球总决赛吸引了数百万观
未来几年的市场规模预测
2024年全球电子竞技市场规模将达到18亿美元预计到2027年，全球电子竞技市场规模将达到26亿美元电子竞技市场在未来几年内将以每年两位数的增长率持续增长全球电子竞技市场规模在未来几年内将保持稳定增长态势
市场增长的动力和趋势
用户基数增长：随着全球互联网普及率的提高，电子竞技用户数量不断攀升，推动市场规模扩大。
欧洲：欧洲拥有许多知名的电子竞技选手和团队，在电子竞技领域具有较高的竞争力。
北美：北美的电子竞技市场也非常发达，拥有许多顶尖的电子竞技选手和团队。
其他地区：南美、非洲和中东等地区也有一些优秀的电子竞技选手和团队，但与亚洲、欧洲和北美相比，他们的数量较少。
选手和团队的发展趋势和未来展望
选手和团队数量持续增长，竞争愈发激烈

去电竞城玩的作文英文

去电竞城玩的作文英文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!I went to the e-sports arena to play games with my friends. It was so much fun! We played all kinds of games, like shooting games, racing games, and even some strategy games. The atmosphere was really exciting, with all the lights and sounds from the different gaming stations.There were so many people there, all competing in different games. It was really cool to see everyone so focused and determined to win. I even got to try out avirtual reality game for the first time, and it was amazing! It felt like I was actually inside the game, dodgingbullets and fighting off enemies.After playing for a few hours, we took a break and grabbed some snacks from the concession stand. We talked about our favorite games and shared tips and tricks with each other. It was a great way to relax and recharge before jumping back into the action.I was really impressed by the skill of some of the players there. They were so fast and accurate, it was almost like they were superhuman! It made me want to practice more and improve my own gaming abilities.Overall, it was an awesome experience and I can't wait to go back again. The e-sports arena is definitely the place to be for any gaming enthusiast. I had a blast andI'm already looking forward to my next visit.。

去电竞城玩的作文英文

去电竞城玩的作文英文英文：I had a blast at the e-sports center last weekend! It was my first time going there, and I was really impressed by the facilities and the atmosphere. As soon as I walked in, I could feel the excitement in the air. The place was buzzing with energy, and I couldn't wait to jump into a game.I spent most of my time playing League of Legends witha group of friends. We were all sitting in a row, completely focused on the game. It was so much fun to strategize and work together as a team. There were moments of intense concentration, punctuated by bursts of laughter and high-fives. It felt like we were in our own little world, completely immersed in the game.After a few hours of gaming, we took a break and headed to the snack bar. I grabbed a slice of pizza and a soda,and we all sat around chatting and sharing stories about our favorite gaming moments. It was great to connect with other gamers and hear about their experiences.As the day went on, I tried out a few different games, including Overwatch and Fortnite. It was a blast to mix things up and challenge myself with new gameplay styles. I even got to watch a live e-sports tournament that was taking place in the center. The energy in the room was electric, and it was so inspiring to see the professional gamers in action.Overall, my experience at the e-sports center was unforgettable. I can't wait to go back and spend more time honing my skills and connecting with other gamers. It's a fantastic place to hang out, have fun, and immerse yourself in the world of gaming.中文：上个周末我在电竞城玩得太开心了！这是我第一次去那里，我对设施和氛围印象非常深刻。

动视暴雪买下了美国最大的电子竞技联盟,它想干嘛？

动视暴雪买下了美国最大的电子竞技联盟，它想干嘛？根据国外媒体 Esports Observer 的报道，在去年的最后一天，世界最大的第三方游戏发行商动视暴雪，花费 4600 万美元买下了美国最大的电子竞技联盟，MLG。

MLG（Major League Gaming）是北美地区成立最早也是最有名的电子竞技联盟之一，是最早开始将游戏主机项目列入比赛的联盟，靠着美国国民射击游戏《光环 2》，从2002 年建立起迅速建立起知名度，并在 2013 年建立起来的北美最大的电子竞技专用视频播放平台。

目前旗下游戏赛事除了《光环》，还有《CS：Global Offensive》、《星际争霸 2》、《英雄联盟》等。

比起收购《糖果粉碎传奇》开发商 King Entertainment 时候花的 59 亿美元，4600 万美元简直不值得一提，而带来的好处是明显的：新成立的动视暴雪电子竞技分部将直接接管 MLG 近 14 年以来的赛事资源，和这个视频平台。

随着《英雄联盟》、Dota2 等一系列游戏在电子竞技赛事中的分量越来越重，这些游戏的拥有公司希望更加直接参与到这个行业的运作中：控制比赛。

Valve 为自己搭建的 Dota2 一系列赛事和各种破纪录的奖金池告诉了所有公司，将比赛握在自己手里可以带来多大的好处。

有了 MLG 之后，暴雪在未来推行《使命召唤》、《星际争霸 2》、《风暴英雄》以及即将上线的《守望先锋》电子竞技赛事的时候，无疑会方便。

相对来说，MLG 本身的非动视暴雪的项目很可能就会遭到冷落。

动视暴雪也有权力要求这些。

本身，MLG 的重要组成部分《使命召唤》世界联盟职业联赛，就和动视有关；同时，《星际争霸 2》则是暴雪旗下游戏。

不过在去年 10月，《使命召唤》世界联盟职业联赛的主办权被 MLG 的对手 ESL（Electronic Sports League）夺去。

整个联盟的运行状况也不甚乐观，去年，MLG 预计他们将会出现 600万美元的赤字。

ESL的野心

ESL的野心作者：杨直来源：《电子竞技》2020年第03期过去一年是ESL逐渐展露野心的一年。

只要稍微捋一捋过去一年里ESL在赛事上的部署，你就不会怀疑这种说法。

9月份的时候，ESL和DreamHack合作，宣布将在今年推出世界上规模最大的CS：GO巡回赛体系-ESLPro Tour。

紧接着二者又宣布聘请尼尔森评估整个MTG集团旗下的电竞赛事价值;并在今年一月份，宣布了和布雷克广播公司的区域性转播合作。

同样在9月份，一向不爱掺和到电竟圈里的V社难得发声，而且还发了一篇长文。

文章里Valve虽然没有指名道姓地点名ESL，却强调了V社欢迎尝试，但反对做法过激的态度。

一时之间，关于ESL企图垄断整个CS：GO电竞市场的口诛笔伐充斥在整个互联网之上。

但是，在电竞项目受制于游戏IP的前提下，作为第三方赛事的ESL真的能做到垄断第三方赛事的市场吗？终于，ESL用“朗盛协议”给出了最终的答案。

朗盛协议也成了我们解读ESL Pro Tour所需要的最后一块拼图。

几天前，ESL正式确认了外界长期猜测的“朗盛协议”的存在。

按照协议的内容，13家电竞俱乐部已经和ESL签署了长期合作伙伴协议。

参与其中的俱乐部将能获得ESL Pro League的直邀名额和ESL Pro Tour的预留席位。

并且，积极参与其中的俱乐部还将成为ESL的大股东，并持续地从赛事收益里获得分红。

13家合作俱乐部之外，ESL Pro League还预留了11个名额，提供给那些从资格赛里晋级的战队。

换句话说，通过朗盛协议，ESL搭建了一个看上去并不严格的开放式联盟（后文简称为ESL联盟），并且体系性地锁定了大部分电竞资源。

从参与的俱乐部的数量和资质看，ESL目前正走在一条自己希望出现的路上。

其实，从架构上看，ESL联盟和当下已经存在的电竞联盟没有太多不同。

首先，ESL Pro Tour是世界上规模最大、奖金最高的CS：GO巡回赛事，这和国内的联赛一样。

2019年美国洛杉矶国际游戏展会E3

2019年美国洛杉矶国际游戏展会E3
展会介绍
展会时间:2019年06月11日
举办周期:一年一届
主办单位:美国洛杉矶国际会展公司
展会地址:美国-洛杉矶-洛杉矶会展中心Los Angeles Convention Center
展会详情
美国洛杉矶国际游戏展会由美国洛杉矶国际会展公司举办，在美国洛杉矶会展中心举办。

该展由美国娱乐软件协会主办,创办于1995年,每年一届，至今已经有21年的历史。

E3展是目前全球规模最大、影响力最广的电脑和视频游戏及相关产品的互动娱乐贸易展览会，在全球电子游戏产业中有着至高无上的地位，被誉为“电子娱乐界奥斯卡”。

E3游戏展是仅向游戏产业专业人士开放的专业展会，不对公众开放，该展会的主要观众集中在游戏产业的开发、发行、媒体等各个环节的专业人士。

作为游戏产业的最受全球媒体关注的展会平台，世界各大游戏厂商每年都会在此发布新产品、世界各地的游戏代理商也都会到此寻找新机遇。

E3展可以说是游戏产业的每年一度集中展示，也是游戏业界最重要的年度交流盛会。

在这里你既可以了解全球游戏产业的最新产品，又可以了解游戏产业最新的技术发展动向，更可集中拜会全球游戏产业各个环节的专业人士。

展品范围
游戏:电子游戏、网络游戏、移动游戏、电动游戏及游戏软件开发商设备:电信设备、电视游乐器、游戏机、个人电脑、掌上电脑、多媒体相关产品软件:游戏软件、教育软件、家用及其他软件、认证代理机构、售后服务机构、游戏延伸产品服务和技术:游戏培训机构、游戏外包服务与提供商、国际游戏营销策划机构、游戏国际产权交易、游戏技术交流与合作等。

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本届ESL魔兽PVP比赛将在美国最大商场举行,本新闻系WOM Pookz发表，本站仅为转载，不代表NGA/178赞同并支持其新闻内容。

Sodah离队Verty取而代之
Complexity的Sodah最近发现他无法参加埃德蒙顿站的比赛了，因为他要期末考试…正因为如此，最开始因为Sodah担心自己参加不了比赛，所以在阿纳海姆站的比赛之后，Reckful
和Venruki就一直在和Verty组队练习。

结果后来Sodah又发现他其实可以去，所以他们又回过头来和Sodah一起打，结果现在，Sodah已经确定无法出席了，Complexity只能被迫带着Verty去参赛了，纵然他们磨合的还不够。

Verty也是一名竞技场的老手了，而且我觉得他绝对被低估了。

他的大号是个猎人，而我们在阿纳海姆站的比赛中看到他以牧师参赛。

Verty曾经一度是我队里的牧师，我们还一起参加了我们的第一次锦标赛。

我们和曾经的盗贼队友Hosty一起打3v3并且很快在战场组拔得头筹。

于是这让我们萌生了参加锦标赛的想法，而出乎我们意料的是，我们在第2次参加地区锦标赛就取得了第四的成绩。

而那之后Verty就没多少时间玩了，在Hosty离队之后我也离开了Verty并加入了SK，和Neilyo还有Triks搭档。

在阿纳海姆，Verty和Complexity一起对抗Check Six，那是他第二次参加线下赛的比赛，而之前一次他只是在ESL洛杉矶站打了为数不多的几场比赛。

线下赛的经验积累对锦标赛太关键了。

韩国人就是个很好的例子，GOT T V经常会举办很多比赛。

而我也从观看很
多Orangemarmalade的比赛中学到了很多。

我觉得Verty会是一个超级替补，但他所缺少的
是Sodah的经验。

如果Complexity这次得到了第一的话，他们会不会永久的用Verty替换掉Sodah呢？而这个会成为Sodah离开游戏的诱因吗？让我们拭目以待吧！
ESL的场地
选择在埃德蒙顿举办这次的ESL实在是令人激动。

具体地点是在西埃德蒙顿商场里，它可是全北美最大的商场，也是全世界第五大的商场。

商场里有一个主题公园，一个水上乐园，一个海洋生物馆，一个滑冰场，一个小型高尔夫球场，多间电影院还有许多其他的设施。

参赛者们肯定有很多空闲时间去享受这些豪华的设施。

我倒是很期待尝尝Tim Horton 的咖啡，我已经不止一次听过它比星巴克好喝多了，如果不是那么好喝的话，商场里有九间星巴克可以弥补我的遗憾。

Azael甚至说这间商场比加拿大海军的潜艇还夸张呢。

令我最爽的一点就是我的房间就在商场里，外面实在是太冷了，我想我们估计没人会出去溜达的，肯定会整天都呆在这家商场里的。

ESL分组情况
Group A
CheckSix Gaming - Beast Cleave
- RLS
Loaded - RMP
（待定）
Group B
compLexity - RMP
fnatic - RLS
Evil Geniuses - Voldemort Cleave
（待定）
两个待定位置估计是Lafu的三板队或者是Vidra 的贼法牧，但我已经不止一次听说Lafu的三板队来不了了，而Vidra的赞助商直接不打算送他们来了。

如果他们真的来不了了，那么将会有两支本土队伍参赛，而它们的组成和组合将不得而知。

而8支来自北美的队伍不能聚集在一起确实是有点不尽人意。

我们来看看这两个组吧。

A组有Check Six，Realz和Glick，Kollektiv新组的贼术萨，Lipstick，Rgostic和Ayume组
成的“Loaded”。

Check Six将以他们惯用的野兽菜刀参赛，这只队伍毫无变动，他们的成员依旧
是Twixz，Flex和Toes，我觉得他们能轻松击败Loaded和SK US。

他们在这次锦标赛上肯定会大放光彩，除非他们还在被自己上次在阿纳海姆的失利阴影所笼罩着。

对这一点我表示怀疑。

SK US这次将以贼术萨参赛，虽然他们看起来不如fnatic那么强势，但至少贼术萨是个顶级组合。

亡灵意志的削弱直接buff了贼术萨，再加上盗贼的改动，我觉得他们能轻松击败Loaded 的贼法牧但会输给Check Six。

也许Realz博士会打出什么奇兵击败Check Six，但在看过了Azael 的贼术萨和Check Six激战五局最终还是2-3败下阵来之后，我不觉得SK US能有什么出其不意的作为。

Loaded这支贼法牧没什么名气，Rgostic是Tenderlion曾经的牧师队友，他在德国地区赛的表现完全给人留不下什么印象，所以很难说他这次能有什么作为。

Ayume和我以前在同一个服务器我们还决斗过，要不是Sargaz告诉我他还在玩而且玩的还不错的话我确实没什么他的消息。

没人看过他们的比赛，但也许他们用了其他的号也在Blackrock玩。

但总而言之，我觉得他们是这次最弱的一支队了。

再来看B组，就算做出了人员变动，但Complexity始终是一支充满挑战性的队伍。

作为一支贼法牧队伍，他们曾经能收割贼术萨的，但现在亡灵意志被削弱了，贼术萨可就不是那么好打了。

但据我所知，他们还是能一如既往的收割fnatic。

Fnatic将以强大的贼术萨参赛，说实话，这支队伍能做出什么确实很难说。

他们
和Complexity可以说是互有胜负，而且面对其他队伍的时候也是如此。

EG这次将由我，Azael和Tenderlion以法术萨出战。

在线上这个组合是很强没错但在T R上就不是这么回事了。

在线上赛中，我们需要做的就是打出大量的伤害然后关键性的控制一下就好。

但在T R上我们就需要打出完美的控制链来，因为我们只有20%的致死。

带德的队伍确实是个问题因为他们的hot实在是太容易对付这可怜的20%致死了。

贼术萨也是个头疼的组合，因为我们发现大地之盾已经能很好的让我们的集火目标存活了，即使我们很好的控制住了萨满。

最近在线上赛中我们发现我们能很好的搞定Check Six了，但在比赛中我们确实不敢这么自信的说什么大话。

这将是一次有趣的比赛，因为我不仅自己没有在比赛中打过这个组合，而且也没有在比赛中见过这个组合。

近期PVP消息：
3.3版本明日上线：致命毒药/毒伤是否好用？12/09
正在变化的游戏：追忆曾经缓慢的PVP节奏12/09
术士之神Drakedog Vs 死亡骑士的决斗短片12/08
高玩的竞技场按键：ASD绑选目标宏用EQ移动12/08
WoW让我们得到还是失去的多？3.3可能毁掉巨星12/06
心情：我只有残酷角斗士肩膀，但我依然是战士12/04
战神：战士过分依赖穿透魔兽为何没有传奇队伍12/03
银白锦标赛：骑战任务声望和称号全指引12/02
3.3测试服：新冬拥湖BOSS 白送的装备库12/01
ESL比赛欧洲区已经开始：新的赞助队伍出现11/30。

本届ESL魔兽PVP比赛将在美国最大商场举行,

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