儿科名解(儿科学名词解释)

浙江大学儿科学教学网站题库汇总05级三系2班整理名词解释：UnderweightSyndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone(SIADH)in bacterial meningitis,when hypothalamus or posterior pituitary gland is involved, ADH secretion abnormal, resulting in hyponatremia, hyposmolality and aggravating brain edema, conscious disturbance and convulsion.Severe diarrheadiarrhea not only with severe gastrointestinal symptoms but also with dehydration, electrolyte-acid-base imbalance and systemic toxic symptom, most frequently caused by intra-intestinal infection.Secretory diarrheaSevere pneumoniapneumonia with not only severe respiratory symptoms, but also systemic toxic symptoms and disturbance in other systems, such as brain edema, respiratory failure, heart failure, gastrointestinal bleeding and acidosis.Stuntingheight be lower than normal mean height-for-age minus two standard deviations, the same sex (moderate: mean -3SD< height <mean -2SD, severe: height < mean -3SD). This index indicate that the child has chronic malnutrition.Small for gestational ageLarge for gestational agePhysiological anemiaIn infants 2-3 months after birth, the RBC decrease to 3×1012 /L and the Hb decrease to 110 g/L as a result of the decreased level of EPO, the increase of circulation volume and the physiological hemolysis. The process is self- limited. It usually has no clinical manifestations and will recover within 6 months.Postterm infantthose born after 42wk of gestation, calculated from the mother’s first day of last menstrual perio d, regardless of weight at birth.Premature (preterm infant)liveborn infant delivered before 37 wk from the first day of the last menstrual period.Physiological hemolysisPrimary pulmonary tuberculosisPrimary complexa clinical type of primary pulmonary tuberculosis with thecharacter of initial focus, lymphangitis and lymphadenitis. Its prognosis includes improve or dissolve(completely resolution, induration, calcification ), local progress and exacerbation. Physiological Jaundice1. Appear within 24 hrs after birth2. level of Bili. >13-15mg/dl (term>13, preterm>15) or Bili increase＞5mg/dl/day3. Increased conjugated Bili. >2mg/dl4. Last longer , >2 weeks in term or >4 weeks in preterm5. Bili. Increase progressively or Jaundice reappear after disappearing just one of the above five can make the diagnosis of pathological jaundice.Physiological loss of body weightthe body weight of the infant declines to the lowest point 5-6 days after delivery resulting from the fluid loss after birth. The body weight of the infant will recover to the birth weight 7-10 days later.Meconium aspiration syndromeNephrotic syndromeThe nephrotic syndrome is defined by a consultation of clinical and laboratory findings that includessevere proteinuria (>50mg/kg/24h) （1分）,hypoalbuminemia(<30g/L) （1分）,hyperlipidemia (cholesterol>5.72mmol/L) （1分）edema（1分）.Neutral Thermal Environment (neutral temperature)Eisenmenger syndromeThose patients with left-to-right shunts (ASD.VSD.PDA) whose shunts have became partially or totally right-to-left as a result of the development of pulmonary vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.Extramedullary hematopoiesisWhen hematopoietic demand increases after birth, especially in the infant period, the liver, spleen and lymph nodes come back to the status to produce blood cells, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and lymphadenectasis appears, and there are immature erythrocytes and granulocytets in circulating blood. It is the specific phenomena only appearing in infant and toddler. It will recover to normal when infection and anemia are cured.Differential cyanosisDiGeorge SyndromDiGeorge Syndrom is the classic example of T-cell deficiency（1分）that is the result of dysmorphogenesis of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches(0.5分). It is classically characterizd by abnormal facies, thymic hypopiasia, hypocalcemia,cardiac anomalies and palate（2.5分）.Osmotic diarrheaBronchiolitisApneaAppropriate for gestational agethe newborn with the birth weight between the 10th and the 90th percentile of the birth weight of the newborns with the same gestational age.HIEhypoxic-ischemic damage of the brain resulting from perinatal asphyxia, primary cause of permanent damage to CNS (cerebral palsy, mental deficiency, death)High Risk InfantAn infant who should be under close observation by experienced doctors and nurses because of his severe disease or his high probability of severe disease which is caused by the health problem of his mother, the obstetric factors or the infant’s own problem.Hyaline Membrane DiseaseHypotonic dehydrationHypotonic dehydration is usually due to a combination of sodium and water loss and water retention to compensate for the volume depletion, with a sodium concentration less than 130mmol/L.Koplik spotsa pathognomonic sign of measles. Tend to occur over the buccal mucosa opposite the lower molars 1-2 days before eruption. Grayish white dots (as small as grains of sands) with slight reddish areola. It will disappear after eruption.Tuberculin testA test based on the delayed type hypersensitivity. Intraderma l injection of 0.1ml containing 5 tuberculin units of PPD and measure the induration 48~72 hours after administration. Positive result means previous infection with TB，previous vaccination with BCG or active tuberculosis. Negative result means not infected with TB or false-negative.Term infantIsotonic dehydrationIsotonic dehydrationis usually due to a combination of sodium and water loss with the normal proportion, the fluid lost is mainly composed of extracellular fluid, with a sodium concentration between 130mmol/L and 150mmol/L.Wasting1.什么是新生儿生理性体重下降？新生儿生后由于体内水分丢失较多，导致体重逐渐下降，约第5-6天降到最低点（1分），体重下降小于出生体重的9%（1分），一般7-10天后回复到出生体重（1分），称为生理性体重下降。