Mishkin-chapter-10-Exercises

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米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter 10英文习题

Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 10 Economic Analysis of Financial Regulation10.1 Asymmetric Information as a Rationale for Financial Regulation1) Depositors lack of information about the quality of bank assets can lead toA) bank panics.B) bank booms.C) sequencing.D) asset transformation.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking2) The fact that banks operate on a "sequential service constraint" means thatA) all depositors share equally in the bank's funds during a crisis.B) depositors arriving last are just as likely to receive their funds as those arriving first.C) depositors arriving first have the best chance of withdrawing their funds.D) banks randomly select the depositors who will receive all of their funds.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) Depositors have a strong incentive to show up first to withdraw their funds during a bank crisis because banks operate on aA) last-in, first-out constraint.B) sequential service constraint.C) double-coincidence of wants constraint.D) everyone-shares-equally constraint.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) Because of asymmetric information, the failure of one bank can lead to runs on other banks. This is theA) too-big-to-fail effect.B) moral hazard problem.C) adverse selection problem.D) contagion effect.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) The contagion effect refers to the fact thatA) deposit insurance has eliminated the problem of bank failures.B) bank runs involve only sound banks.C) bank runs involve only insolvent banks.D) the failure of one bank can hasten the failure of other banks.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) During the boom years of the 1920s, bank failures were quiteA) uncommon, averaging less than 30 per year.B) uncommon, averaging less than 100 per year.C) common, averaging about 600 per year.D) common, averaging about 1000 per year.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) To prevent bank runs and the consequent bank failures, the United States established the________ in 1934 to provide deposit insurance.A) FDICB) SECC) Federal ReserveD) ATMAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge8) The primary difference between the "payoff" and the "purchase and assumption" methods of handling failed banks isA) that the FDIC guarantees all deposits when it uses the "payoff" method.B) that the FDIC guarantees all deposits when it uses the "purchase and assumption" method.C) that the FDIC is more likely to use the "payoff" method when the bank is large and it fears that depositor losses may spur business bankruptcies and other bank failures.D) that the FDIC is more likely to use the purchase and assumption method for small institutions because it will be easier to find a purchaser for them compared to large institutions.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) Deposit insurance has not worked well in countries withA) a weak institutional environment.B) strong supervision and regulation.C) a tradition of the rule of law.D) few opportunities for corruption.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking10) When one party to a transaction has incentives to engage in activities detrimental to the other party, there exists a problem ofA) moral hazard.B) split incentives.C) ex ante shirking.D) pre-contractual opportunism.Answer: AAACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities11) Moral hazard is an important concern of insurance arrangements because the existence of insuranceA) provides increased incentives for risk taking.B) is a hindrance to efficient risk taking.C) causes the private cost of the insured activity to increase.D) creates an adverse selection problem but no moral hazard problem.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking12) When bad drivers line up to purchase collision insurance, automobile insurers are subject to theA) moral hazard problem.B) adverse selection problem.C) assigned risk problem.D) ill queue problem.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking13) Deposit insurance is only one type of government safety net. All of the following are types of government support for troubled financial institutions EXCEPTA) forgiving tax debt.B) lending from the central bank.C) lending directly from the government's treasury department.D) nationalizing and guaranteeing that all creditors will be repaid their loans in full.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking14) Although the FDIC was created to prevent bank failures, its existence encourages banks toA) take too much risk.B) hold too much capital.C) open too many branches.D) buy too much stock.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking15) A system of deposit insuranceA) attracts risk-taking entrepreneurs into the banking industry.B) encourages bank managers to decrease risk.C) increases the incentives of depositors to monitor the riskiness of their bank's asset portfolio.D) increases the likelihood of bank runs.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking16) The government safety net creates ________ problem because risk-loving entrepreneurs might find banking an attractive industry.A) an adverse selectionB) a moral hazardC) a lemonsD) a revenueAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) Since depositors, like any lender, only receive fixed payments while the bank keeps any surplus profits, they face the ________ problem that banks may take on too ________ risk.A) adverse selection; littleB) adverse selection; muchC) moral hazard; littleD) moral hazard; muchAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) Acquiring information on a bank's activities in order to determine a bank's risk is difficult for depositors and is another argument for governmentA) regulation.B) ownership.C) recall.D) forbearance.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking19) The existence of deposit insurance can increase the likelihood that depositors will need deposit protection, as banks with deposit insuranceA) are likely to take on greater risks than they otherwise would.B) are likely to be too conservative, reducing the probability of turning a profit.C) are likely to regard deposits as an unattractive source of funds due to depositors' demands for safety.D) are placed at a competitive disadvantage in acquiring funds.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking20) In May 1991, the FDIC announced that it would sell the government's final 26% stake in Continental Illinois, ending government ownership of the bank that it had rescued in 1984. The FDIC took control of the bank, rather than liquidate it, because it believed that Continental IllinoisA) was a good investment opportunity for the government.B) could be the Chicago branch of a new governmentally-owned interstate banking system.C) was too big to fail.D) would become the center of the new midwest region central bank system.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking21) If the FDIC decides that a bank is too big to fail, it will use the ________ method, effectivelyensuring that ________ depositors will suffer losses.A) payoff; largeB) payoff; noC) purchase and assumption; largeD) purchase and assumption; noAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking22) Federal deposit insurance covers deposits up to $250,000, but as part of a doctrine called "too-big-to-fail" the FDIC sometimes ends up covering all deposits to avoid disrupting the financial system. When the FDIC does this, it uses theA) "payoff" method.B) "purchase and assumption" method.C) "inequity" method.D) "Basel" method.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge23) The result of the too-big-to-fail policy is that ________ banks will take on ________ risks, making bank failures more likely.A) small; fewerB) small; greaterC) big; fewerD) big; greaterAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking24) A problem with the too-big-to-fail policy is that it ________ the incentives for ________ by big banks.A) increases; moral hazardB) decreases; moral hazardC) decreases; adverse selectionD) increases; adverse selectionAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking25) The too-big-to-fail policyA) reduces moral hazard problems.B) puts large banks at a competitive disadvantage in attracting large deposits.C) treats large depositors of small banks inequitably when compared to depositors of large banks.D) allows small banks to take on more risk than large banks.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking26) The government safety net creates both an adverse selection problem and a moral hazard problem. Explain.Answer: The adverse selection problem occurs because risk-loving individuals might view the banking system as a wonderful opportunity to use other peoples' funds knowing that those funds are protected. The moral hazard problem comes about because depositors will not impose discipline on the banks since their funds are protected and the banks knowing this will be tempted to take on more risk than they would otherwise.AACSB: Reflective Thinking10.2 Types of Financial Regulation1) Regulators attempt to reduce the riskiness of banks' asset portfolios byA) limiting the amount of loans in particular categories or to individual borrowers.B) encouraging banks to hold risky assets such as common stocks.C) establishing a minimum interest rate floor that banks can earn on certain assets.D) requiring collateral for all loans.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) A well-capitalized financial institution has ________ to lose if it fails and thus is ________ likely to pursue risky activities.A) more; moreB) more; lessC) less; moreD) less; lessAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) A bank failure is less likely to occur whenA) a bank holds less U.S. government securities.B) a bank suffers large deposit outflows.C) a bank holds fewer excess reserves.D) a bank has more bank capital.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) The leverage ratio is the ratio of a bank'sA) assets divided by its liabilities.B) income divided by its assets.C) capital divided by its total assets.D) capital divided by its total liabilities.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge5) To be considered well capitalized, a bank's leverage ratio must exceedA) 10%.B) 8%.C) 5%.D) 3%.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) The FDIC must take steps to close down banks whose equity capital is less than ________ of assets.A) 4%B) 3%C) 2%D) 1%Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) Off-balance-sheet activitiesA) generate fee income with no increase in risk.B) increase bank risk but do not increase income.C) generate fee income but increase a bank's risk.D) generate fee income and reduce risk.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) The Basel Accord, an international agreement, requires banks to hold capital based onA) risk-weighted assets.B) the total value of assets.C) liabilities.D) deposits.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge9) The Basel Accord requires banks to hold as capital an amount that is at least ________ of their risk-weighted assets.A) 10%B) 8%C) 5%D) 3%Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) Under the Basel Accord, assets and off-balance sheet activities were sorted according to________ categories with each category assigned a different weight to reflect the amount of________.A) 2; adverse selectionB) 2; credit riskC) 4; adverse selectionD) 4; credit riskAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge11) The practice of keeping high-risk assets on a bank's books while removing low-risk assets with the same capital requirement is known asA) competition in laxity.B) depositor supervision.C) regulatory arbitrage.D) a dual banking system.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge12) Banks engage in regulatory arbitrage byA) keeping high-risk assets on their books while removing low-risk assets with the same capital requirement.B) keeping low-risk assets on their books while removing high-risk assets with the same capital requirement.C) hiding risky assets from regulators.D) buying risky assets from arbitragers.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking13) Because banks engage in regulatory arbitrage, the Basel Accord on risk-based capital requirements may result inA) reduced risk taking by banks.B) reduced supervision of banks by regulators.C) increased fraudulent behavior by banks.D) increased risk taking by banks.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking14) One of the criticisms of Basel 2 is that it is procyclical. That means thatA) banks may be required to hold more capital during times when capital is short.B) banks may become professional at a cyclical response to economic conditions.C) banks may be required to hold less capital during times when capital is short.D) banks will not be required to hold capital during an expansion.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking15) Overseeing who operates banks and how they are operated is calledA) prudential supervision.B) hazard insurance.C) regulatory interference.D) loan loss reserves.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge16) The chartering process is especially designed to deal with the ________ problem, and regular bank examinations help to reduce the ________ problem.A) adverse selection; adverse selectionB) adverse selection; moral hazardC) moral hazard; adverse selectionD) moral hazard; moral hazardAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking17) The chartering process is similar to ________ potential borrowers and the restriction of risk assets by regulators is similar to ________ in private financial markets.A) screening; restrictive covenantsB) screening; branching restrictionsC) identifying; branching restrictionsD) identifying; credit rationingAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) Banks will be examined at least once a year and given a CAMELS rating by examiners. The L stands forA) liabilities.B) liquidity.C) loans.D) leverage.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge19) The federal agencies that examine banks includeA) the Federal Reserve System.B) the Internal Revenue Service.C) the SEC.D) the U.S. Treasury.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge。

阅读教程第二版-蒋静仪-Uni

Nearly 12 million cosmetic surgeries were performed in 2007, with the five most common being breast augmentation, liposuction, nasal surgery, eyelid surgery and abdominoplasty. The increased use of cosmetic surgery crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among African-Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Europe, the second largest market for cosmetic procedures, cosmetic surgery is a $2.2 billion business.
If you look at those around you, you can easily find that people have a wide variety of tastes on physical types.
Language Explanation
01
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the way that different parts of a piece of music or literature are combined to create a final impression
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the way food or drink tastes or feels in your mouth, for example, whether it is rough, smooth, light, heavy, etc.

《哈利波特与秘室》第10章《失控的游走球》中英文对照学习版

中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets《哈利波特与密室》Chapter TenThe Rogue Bludger第10章失控的游走球Since the disastrous episod e of the pixies, Professor Lockhart had not brought live creatures to class. Instead, he read passages from his books to them, and sometimes reenacted some of the more dramatic bits. He usually picked Harry to help him with these reconstructions; so far, Hary had been forced to play a simpl e Transylvanian villager whom Lockhart had cured of a Babbling Curse, a yeti with a head-col d, and a vampire who had been unabl e to eat anything except l ettuce since Lockhart had d ealt with him.自从发生了那次小精灵的灾难事件后，洛哈特教授就再也不把活物带进课堂了。

现在，他把他写的书大段大段地念给学生们听，有时候还把一些富有戏剧性的片断表演出来。

他一般选择哈利协助他重现当时的场景。

到目前为止，哈利被迫扮演的角色有：一个被施了吐泡泡咒、经洛哈特治愈的纯朴的特兰西瓦尼亚村民；一个患了鼻伤风的喜马拉雅山雪人；还有一个吸血鬼，自从洛哈特跟它打过交道后，它就不吃别的，只吃萝卜了。

Harry was haul ed to the front of the class during their very next Defence Against the Dark Arts l esson, this time acting a werewolf. If he hadn't had a very good reason for keeping Lockhart in a good mood, he would have refused to d o it.这一节黑魔法防御术课，哈利又被拖到前面去了，这次是扮演一个狼人。

高级综合英语智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年浙江中医药大学

绪论单元测试1.Which part is not included in this course? （）A:actingB:readingC:listeningD:writing答案:A2.Which of the following is not included in the writing part? （）A:to construct sentencesB:to choose wordsC:to write a compositionD:to write an academic paper答案:DIf you choose this course, you will learn both intensive reading and extensive reading.（）A:对B:错答案:A第一章测试1.Which is the following statement is not true? （）A:Abortion means stopping pregnancy on purpose.B:Miscarriage means stopping of pregnancy naturally.C:Anti-abortion means against the act of abortion.D:Abortion means stopping of pregnancy naturally or artificially.答案:D2.Which of the following statement is true? （）A:Most of allergy is life-threatening.B:Most of allergy is fatal.C:Allergy can be fatal.D:Allergy cannot be lethal.答案:C3.What can cause allergy in humans? （）A:Food.B:Pollen.C:Insect bites.D:Dust.答案:ABCD4.In case of a disease, your immune system will fight against it.（）A:对B:错答案:A5.Your knowledge of word formation can help to guess the meaning of a newword.（）A:对B:错答案:A6.Which of the following is not the symptom of diabetes? （）A:a lot of sweatingB:lots of peeC:constant hungerD:profuse drinking答案:AFast food consumption increases the possibility of insulin resistance.（）A:错B:对答案:B第二章测试1.Decide which of them is appropriate for an academic paper.（）A:The use of this method of control unquestionably leads to safer and faster train running in the most adverse weather conditions.B:You can control the trains in this way and if you do that you can be quitesure that they’ll be able to run more safely and more quickly than theywould otherwise, no matter how bad the weather gets.答案:A2.What is signposting in a presentation? （）A:Photos in the presentation.B:Words or phrases that fill time in the presentation when the speaker hasextra time.C:Title of the presentation.D:Words or phrases that signal different parts of the presentation.答案:D3.Which of the following indicates the beginning of a presentation? （）A:That completes the introduction.Now let’s begin with the details of part one: assets.B:Today’s presentation is divided into three parts: assets, liabilities, andstockholder’s equities.C:This concludes my presentation.D:Let me elaborate on the meaning of assets.答案:B4.Which of the following indicates the speaker wants to move on to the nextpart of a presentation? （）A:I would like to expand on the issue.B:I would like to go back to the topic of “cash in the bank.”C:Now that we’ve had a clear understanding of what assets are, I would now like to move on to talking about liabilities.D:Stockholder’s equities are important.答案:C5.Which of the following statements about facial expression is the Do’s for aspeaker? （）A:The speaker tries to copy the facial expression of a well-known talk showhost.B:The speaker intentionally tries to control his facial expression by forcinghimself to smile.C:The speaker appears serios during a neutral presentation to conform to the formality of an academic presentation.D:The speaker practices his facial expression in front of a mirror, askinghimself “Do they match my words?”答案:D第三章测试1.Which of the following is not mentioned by the tutor in elaborating on theway of getting meaning out of the passage（）。

我在早稻田大学教《论语》

我在早稻田大学开设了一门通识教育课程—“《论语》精读”。

我和学生们一起细读《论语》原文，主要的阅读参考书包括宋代大儒朱熹的《四书章句集注》和《朱子语类》、明末大儒王夫之的《四书训义》，以及民国学者钱穆撰写的《论语新解》。

在这门课上，我会要求学生手抄半部《论语》，希望学生逐字理解《论语》，并增强对《论语》的实体感受。

此外，我要求学生任选《论语》中的一条原文进行详细讲解（包括翻译成英语或日语），并完成一篇读书报告（在夏目漱石的《心》和曹雪芹的《红楼梦》中任选一本）。

这门课受到了学生的认可，选课人数从第一年的20人提升到了第三年的60人，六个学期一共有200多人修过“《论语》精读”课。

I set up a general education course called “In-depth Study of The Analects ,”where my students and I engage in close examination of the original text ofThe Analects , with the main references being Collected Commentaries on TheFour Books and Conversations between Zhu Xi and His Disciples written byZhu Xi, the renowned Song scholar, Interpretation of the Four Books by WangFuzhi, the famous Ming intellect, and New Interpretation of The Analects byQian Mu, a scholar in the period of the Republic of China. In this course, Irequire students to transcribe half of The Analects by hand, in the hope thatthey will gain a better understanding of the text and establish a more tangiblebond with the Chinese classics in this process. Additionally, students areasked to select a passage from The Analects for detailed analysis (includingtranslation from Chinese into English or Japanese), as well as to submit a bookreview of either Kokoro by Natsume Soseki or Dream of the Red Chamber byCao Xueqin. This course has received very positive feedback, with enrollmentincreasing from 20 in the first year to 60 in the third year. In total, there areover 200 students who have taken the course over a span of six semesters.我在早稻田大学教《论语》Teaching The Analects at Waseda University———作者：左雯敏 Zuo Wenmin翻译：汤敏 Tang Min20208开设“《论语》精读”课主要有以下三方面的考虑。

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北京师范大学模糊系统与人工智能方向简介（讨论稿）北京师范大学模糊数学与人工智能方向是国内最早从事模糊数学及其应用研究的单位之一，可以说是国内模糊数学研究的重要基地。

早在1979年北师大数学科学学院开始就开始招收模糊数学研究方向的硕士研究生，是我国最早从事模糊数学研究的硕士学科点。

1986年，汪培庄先生牵头，以模糊数学为主申请下来应用数学博士点，这也是我国最早从事模糊数学研究的博士学科点。

迄今为止，北师大数学科学学院已培养几十名硕士和博士研究生，并且在各种工作岗位已成为骨干力量。

北京师范大学模糊系统与模糊信息研究中心暨复杂系统实时智能控制实验室创建于2000年。

现任中心主任为国家级有突出贡献中青年专家李洪兴教授。

目前，实验室拥有博导教授2人，副教授3人，博士后2人，在读博士生15人（其中具有教授职称者2人，副教授4人），硕士研究生19人。

该研究中心现有一个应用数学的博士学位授权点，应用数学和控制理论与控制工程两个硕士学位授权点。

1982年至今，北京师范大学模糊数学与人工智能研究群体先后提出并研究了因素空间、真值流推理、随机集落影、模糊计算机、模糊摄动理论、幂结构提升理论、基于变权综合的智能信息处理、模糊系统的插值表示、变论域智能计算、复杂系统建模以及知识表示的数学理论模糊计算机等一些先进的理论方法。

近期的主要研究成果包括：1）给出因素空间理论，建立知识表示的数学框架，并系统研究概念的内涵与外延表示问题，为专家经验、领域知识在软件系统中的表示与计算提供了理论基础；2）揭示了模糊逻辑系统的数学本质，给出常用模糊逻辑系统地插值表示，并系统研究了模糊逻辑系统的构造、分析以及泛逼近性等理论问题；3）提出变论域自适应智能信息处理理论，设计了基于变论域思想的一类高精度模糊控制器，在世界上第一个实现了四级倒立摆控制实物系统，经教育部组织专家鉴定，确认这是一项原创性的具有国际领先水平的重大科研成果；4）引入变权的概念，并给出基于自适应变权理论的智能信息处理方法；5）提出模糊计算机的概念，并研究了模糊计算机设计的若干理论问题；6）给出数学神经网络理论，从数学上揭示了模糊逻辑系统与人工神经网络之间的关系，首次定义了“输出返回”的模糊逻辑系统并证明了它与反馈式神经网络等价；7）提出一种基于数据集成、规则提取和模糊推理的复杂系统的建模方法，即基于模糊推理的建模方法，由此可突破障碍模糊控制理论发展的一些瓶颈问题，诸如稳定性、能控性、能观测性等的判据问题。

恩格列净联合厄贝沙坦治疗2_型糖尿病肾病患者疗效及安全性评价

恩格列净联合厄贝沙坦治疗2型糖尿病肾病患者疗效及安全性评价戚玉琴1，孙红凤2，夏礼斌31.上海市松江区泗泾医院内分泌科，上海200072；2.上海市松江区泗泾医院心内科，上海200072；3.皖南医学院第一附属医院内分泌科，安徽芜湖241000[摘要]目的分析恩格列净联合厄贝沙坦治疗2型糖尿病肾病患者的疗效及安全性。

方法选取2020年1月—2021年12月上海市松江区泗泾医院收治的98例2型糖尿病肾病患者，采用分层随机法将其分为对照组和研究组，对照组（n=49）给予厄贝沙坦治疗，研究组（n=49）给予恩格列净联合厄贝沙坦治疗。

对比两组血糖指标、血脂指标、肾功能指标、不良反应总发生率。

结果治疗后，研究组FPG、2 hPG、TC、TG、LDL-C、UA、UACR水平均较对照组更低，HDL-C均较对照组更高，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；两组低血糖、酮症酸重度、泌尿系感染、生殖系感染等不良反应总发生率比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。

结论2型糖尿病肾病给予恩格列净联合厄贝沙坦治疗可改善血糖、血脂水平，减缓肾功能恶化，且安全性良好。

[关键词] 恩格列净；厄贝沙坦；2型糖尿病肾病；疗效；安全性[中图分类号] R587.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1672-4062（2023）04（a）-0164-04 Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Empagliflozin Combined with Irbesar⁃tan in the Treatment of Patients with Type 2 Diabetic NephropathyQI Yuqin1, SUN Hongfeng2, XIA Libin31.Department of Endocrinology, Sijing Hospital, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 200072 China;2.Department of Cardiol⁃ogy, Sijing Hospital, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 200072 China;3.Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, 241000 China[Abstract] Objective To analyze the efficacy and safety of empagliflozin combined with irbesartan in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy.Methods From January 2020 to December 2021, 98 patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy who were admitted to Sijing Hospital, Songjiang District, Shanghai were selected and divided into a control group and a study group by stratified random method. The control group (n=49) was treated with irbesar⁃tan, and the study group (n=49) was treated with engegliptin combined with irbesartan. Compare the blood glucose in⁃dicators, blood lipid indicators, renal function indicators, and total incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups.Results After treatment, the levels of FPG, 2 hPG, TC, TG, LDL-C, UA, and UACR in the study group were lower than those in the control group, while HDL-C was higher than those in the control group, the difference was sta⁃tistically significant (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the total incidence of adverse reac⁃tions such as hypoglycemia, severe ketoacidosis, urinary tract infections, and reproductive tract infections between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion Empagliflozin combined with irbesartan for type 2 diabetic nephropathy can improve blood glucoser and blood lipid levels, slow down the deterioration of renal function, and has good safety.[Key words] Empagliflozin; Irbesartan; Type 2 diabetic nephropathy; Efficacy; Safety糖尿病肾病是2型糖尿病常见微血管并发症，其病理特征为肾小球滤过率进行性下降，伴有白蛋白尿，该病不仅可以发展为终末期肾病，还会增加心血管事件发生率，严重者可能死亡，对患者及家DOI：10.16658/ki.1672-4062.2023.07.164[作者简介]戚玉琴（1995-），女，硕士，住院医师，研究方向为内分泌代谢病、糖尿病及甲状腺疾病。

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OSHA现场作业手册说明书

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

Kinim

Mishna - Mas. Kinim Chapter 1MISHNAH 1. THE [SPRINKLING OF THE BLOOD OF A] SIN-OFFERING OF THE BIRD1 IS PERFORMED BELOW,2 BUT THAT OF A BEAST, ABOVE.3 THE BURNT-OFFERING OF THE BIRD IS PERFORMED ABOVE,4 BUT THE BURNT-OFFERING OF A BEAST, BELOW.5 SHOULD ONE VARY THIS PROCEDURE WITH EITHER, THEN THE OFFERING IS DISQUALIFIED.6 THE PRESCRIBED RITUAL IN THE CASE OF KINNIM7 WAS AS FOL LOWS: IN THE CASE OF OBLIGATORY OFFERINGS,8 ONE [BIRD] IS A SIN-OFFERING9 AND ONE A BURNT-OFFERING.10 IN RESPECT OF VOWS AND FREEWILL OBLIGATIONS, HOWEVER, ALL ARE BURNT-OFFERINGS.11 WHAT CONSTITUTES A VOW-OFFERING? WHEN ONE SAYS: ‘IT IS INCUMBENT UPON ME TO BRING A BURNT-OFFERING’.12 AND WHAT CONSTITUTES A FREEWILL-OFFERING? WHEN ONE SAYS: BEHOLD, THIS SHALL SERVE AS A BURNT-OFFERING’.13 WHAT IS THE [PRACTICAL] DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VOWED AND FREEWILL OBLIGATIONS? IN THE CASE OF VOWS, ONE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR REPLACEMENT IN THE EVENT OF THEIR DEATH, OR THEIR HAVING BEEN STOLEN; BUT IN THE CASE OF FREEWILL OBLIGATIONS, ONE IS NOT HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR REPLACEMENT.MISHNAH 2.IF A SIN-OFFERING BECOMES MIXED UP WITH BURNT-OFFERINGS,14 OR BURNT-OFFERINGS WITH SIN-OFFERINGS, WERE IT EVEN ONE IN TEN THOUSAND, ALL MUST BE LEFT TO DIE.15 IF [BIRDS ASSIGNED AS] SIN-OFFERINGS16 BECOME MIXED UP WITH [UNASSIGNED] OBLIGATORY OFFERINGS,17 THEN THOSE VALID CORRESPOND TO THE NUMBER OF SIN-OFFERINGS AMONG THE OBLIGATORY OFFERINGS;18 SIMILARLY, IF [BIRDS ASSIGNED AS] BURNT-OFFERINGS BECOME MIXED UP WITH [UNASSIGNED] OBLIGATORY OFFERINGS,19 THE NUMBER VALID IS IN PROPORTION TO THE NUMBER OF BURNT-OFFERINGS AMONG OBLIGATORY OFFERINGS.20 [THIS RULE HOLDS GOOD] WHETHER THE [UNASSIGNED] OBLIGATORY OFFERINGS ARE IN THE MAJORITY AND THE FREEWILL-OFFERINGS IN THE MINORITY, OR THE FREEWILL-OFFERINGS ARE IN THE MAJORITY AND AND THOSE THAT ARE OBLIGATORY IN THE MINORITY,21 OR WHETHER THEY ARE BOTH EQUAL IN NUMBER.22MISHNAH 3. WHEN IS THIS SO?23 WHEN OBLIGATORY OFFERINGS [GET MIXED UP] WITH VOLUNTARY OFFERINGS.24 WHEN, HOWEVER, OBLIGATORY OFFERINGS GET MIXED UP ONE WITH ANOTHER,25 WITH ONE [PAIR] BELONGING TO ONE [WOMAN] AND THE OTHER PAIR TO ANOTHER [WOMAN],26 OR TWO [PAIRS] BELONGING TO ONE AND TWO [PAIRS] TO ANOTHER, OR THREE [PAIRS] TO ONE AND THREE [PAIRS] TO ANOTHER,27 THEN HALF OF THESE ARE VALID AND THE OTHER HALF DISQUALIFIED.28 IF, HOWEVER, ONE [PAIR] BELONGS TO ONE [WOMAN] AND TWO PAIRS TO ANOTHER, OR THREE PAIRS TO ANOTHER, OR TEN PAIRS TO ANOTHER OR A HUNDRED TO ANOTHER, ONLY THE LESSER NUMBER REMAINS VALID.29 [THIS IS IRRESPECTIVE OF] WHETHER [THE PAIRS] ARE OF THE SAME DENOMINATION30 OR OF TWO DENOMINATIONS,31 OR WHETHER THEY BELONG TO ONE WOMAN OR TO TWO.MISHNAH 4. WHAT IS MEANT BY ONE ‘DENOMINATION’?32 [WHEN BOTH PAIRS ARE] FOR TWO BIRTHS,33 OR FOR TWO ISSUES;34 [SUCH A CASE] CONSTITUTES ONE DENOMINATION.35 AND ‘TWO DENOMINATIONS’? [WHEN ONE PAIR IS BROUGHT] FOR A BIRTH, [AND THE OTHER] FOR AN ISSUE. WHAT IS MEANT BY ‘TWO WOMEN’? [WHEN] ONE [WOMAN] BRINGS [HER OFFERING] FOR A BIRTH AND THE OTHER FOR A BIRTH, OR [WHEN ONE BRINGS] AFTER AN ISSUE AND THE OTHER AFTER AN ISSUE, THIS ALSO CONSTITUTES ‘OF ONE DENOMINATION’. AND A CASE ‘OF TWODENOMINATIONS’? WHEN ONE BRINGS HER PAIR AS A RESULT OF A BIRTH AND THE OTHER AS A RESULT OF AN ISSUE. R. JOSE SAYS: WHEN TWO WOMEN PURCHASE THEIR KINNIM IN PARTNERSHIP,36 OR GIVE THE PRICE OF THEIR KINNIM TO THE PRIEST [FOR HIM TO PURCHASE THEM], THEN THE PRIEST CAN OFFER WHICH ONE HE PLEASES AS A SIN-OFFERING OR AS A BURNT-OFFERING, IRRESPECTIVE OF THE FACT WHETHER THEY BELONG TO ONE DENOMINATION OR TO TWO.37____________________(1) All the instances for which the Bible prescribes the offering of a couple of birds are cited in the Introduction heading this Tractate. One of these birds was regarded as a sin-offering ( ,tyj ) and the other as a burnt-offering ( vkug ). V. Lev. V, 9-10. The Mishnah (Zeb. 53a) records that the ,tyj was eaten by the males of the priesthood within the hangings of the Court on the same day and evening until midnight; whereas the vkug , which belongs to the holiest class of sacrifices ( ohase hase ) has to be flayed, dismembered and totally consumed by fire.(2) V. Mid. III, 1 for a graphic description of the altar. A red line, right across the centre of the altar, served to distinguish its upper part from the lower part thereof, a distinction necessary for the proper fulfilment of the blood-sprinkling attached to the various sacrifices. Our Mishnah refers to Lev. V, 9: ‘And he shall sprinkle the blood of the sin-offering upon the side of the altar; and the rest of the blood shall be drained at the base of the altar: it is a sin-offering’. In the case of the ,tyj ‘the side of the altar’ was that part below the red line, v. Zeb. 64b.(3) V. Lev. IV, 30.(4) Lev. I, 15: ‘And the priest shall bring it upon the altar and pinch off its head and make it smoke on the altar, the blood thereof shall be drained on the side of the altar’. Since the draining ( vmnbu ) occurs side by side with the smoke of the sacrifices ( rhyevu ), which must refer to the top of the altar, the deducted inference is that the sprinkling of the vkug is also performed above.(5) In the case of all burnt-offerings of beasts the sprinkling is done below the line, the Bible always using the words ‘at the base of the altar’, v. Zeb. 57a.(6) I.e., in the sprinkling, or in the case of the ‘burnt-offering of a bird’ which had no sprinkling, in the draining of the blood.(7) The Mishnah proper begins here, hitherto being merely introductory of the cases of confusion dealt with in this Tractate. The ,tyj is mentioned first here, according to the order found in the Bible. ohbe is pl. of ie (cf. Deut. XXII, 6; XXXII, 11), and always refers to the pair of sacrificial birds, whereas vshrp is used of a single bird (v. infra III, 6).(8) V. Introduction. Though ‘Kinnim’ was the poor man's offering, yet in the case of a man or woman suffering a flux ( vczu cz), it sufficed even for the opulent.(9) The blood-sprinkling taking place below the red line. In the case of the ‘Kinnim’ brought by the proselyte, both birds were regarded as burnt-offerings; not being so common an instance, the Mishnah does not deal with it. In Temple times, the new proselyte had to bring the silver equivalent of the ‘Kinnim’ (Tosef. Shek. IV, 22 and Baraitha R.H. 31b).(10) With the blood-sprinkling above.(11) Freewill-offerings consisted only of burnt- or peace-offerings; but as birds were ruled out from being offered as peace-offerings, they could, therefore, only serve as burnt-offerings. Peace-offerings could only be brought from the herd and from sheep and goats.(12) Since he pledged himself the vow is not fulfilled until the replacement of the sacrifice (cf. R.H. 6a, Meg. 8a, Hul. 139a).(13) No replacement is required, since he pledged the animal and that animal is now non-existent; cf. ‘Arak. 20b.(14) All the nouns in this Mishnah, though in the singular, are used in a collective sense.(15) Since we have already been told in the preceding Mishnah that the slightest variation in the blood-sprinkling disqualifies the offering, what greater variations can there be than in the confusion here instanced? In the case of living creatures, the rule of ‘majority’ does not apply, on the ground that anything of outstanding importance cannot be declared ‘non est’. To avoid the risk of their being unwittingly offered up by another, they had to be secluded in a special place, where they would ultimately perish.(16) I.e., doves or pigeons already designated for this purpose ( ,uarupn ).(17) Not yet defined as to which should be a ,tyj and which an vkug .(18) An example will make this clearer. If one bird, specified as a sin-offering, gets confused with two pairs of birds brought as obligatory offerings but not yet specified ( ,unu,x ), then none of the five birds can be offered as aburnt-offering, since one is definitely a ,tyj . To offer up three as sin-offerings is also not permissible, lest all the three may belong to the two ‘kinnim’ brought as obligatory offerings, of which not more than two are sin-offerings. Only two out of the five can be offered as sin-offerings, corresponding to the number of sin-offerings in the obligatory offerings. This only holds good if the two unspecified ‘kinnim’ belong to the same woman and were brought for similar causes, as for a past and present confinement, in which case they consist of two burnt-offerings and two sin-offerings.(19) As above, a bird specified as a burnt-offering gets confused with two ‘kinnim’ still unspecified.(20) V. supra n. 2; the example there given applies equally to this case. He cannot offer even one bird as a sin-offering, but only two as burnt-offerings.(21) Freewill-offerings could only consist of burnt-offerings, whereas obligatory offerings consisted of an vkug and a ,tyj . The Mishnah refers to obligatory offerings that have not been specified; in all these instances, the rule is thatonly that number is valid which corresponds to the number of burnt-offerings among the obligatory offerings.(22) If two burnt-offerings or two specified sin-offerings get mixed up with an unassigned pair of birds, the rule applied is always the same.(23) Lit., ‘when are these words said?’ Namely, that those valid correspond to the number of sin-offerings or burnt-offerings among the obligatory offerings. This Mishnah explains the preceding.(24) That is when offerings comprising both burnt- and sin-offerings get mixed up with burnt-offerings.(25) If unassigned kinnim brought by a woman after child-birth or a flux get confused with the kinnim of another brought for a similar cause.(26) The word uzk is in the fem., as all the instances in this treatise refer to women, who brought these offerings more often (child-birth being only applicable to them and also because they have the flux more often).(27) Each bringing an equal number, without yet specifying what offering each bird should be.(28) Ct. III, 2 infra. Of the two kinnim that got confused, only one bird can be offered as a ,tyj and the other as an vkug ; more than this number cannot be offered as either offering, lest the two birds offered, for instance, asburnt-offerings belong to the pair of one woman, of which only one is an vkug . This ruling equally applies to any number of kinnim that get confused. When the priest sacrifices the half that are valid, he must stipulate that they are on behalf of the woman who has specified them for this purpose. In addition, the two women must bring another offering in partnership and state that each allows the other to offer up the part belonging to herself. This was done in order to make the offering perfectly valid.(29) Hitherto the examples quoted were of the women each with an equal number of kinnim. The Mishnah now discusses the case when one woman only brings one pair and the other two, three, ten or a hundred pairs. In this case, only two birds can be sacrificed, one as a ,tyj and the other as an vkug . Similarly, if ten kinnim get confused with a hundred belonging to another woman, only ten kinnim can be sacrificed, half of them as burnt-offerings and half as sin-offerings. Maim. in his Pesule ha-Mukdashim VIII, 6 gives a somewhat different interpretation; v. the Kesef Mishneh a.l.(30) Each woman being after child-birth or after having seen a flux; v. infra I, 4.(31) That is, either when each woman brings two kinnim, each for a different cause, or when one brings her sacrificial pair after child-birth and the other after suffering a flux. The same rule applies — only the lesser number brought by one woman is valid. In the case, however, of one woman bringing two different kinnim for the same cause, say for a present child-birth and for one gone by, for which no offering had yet been brought, then all the birds are valid, provided that they were unspecified. Two birds are offered as sin-offerings and two as burnt-offerings.(32) This Mishnah explains the one above.(33) Lit., ‘for a birth and a birth’. Lev. XII, 8.(34) Lev. XV. 29.(35) And the law stated in the preceding Mishnah applies ( raf ygunv ).(36) Without specifying which pair belonged to one, or which to another.(37) Because the actual specification of the birds can take place either at the time of purchase or at the time of their offering by the priest, any intervening specification being of no effect (Yoma 41a). R. Jose's statement gave rise to much Talmudic discussion: v. ‘Er. 37a and especially Rashi's commentary a.l. The question arose: If the women had specified the nature of their offerings at the time of purchase or when they gave the money to the priest, but forgot them later, or had not specified at all — then how could the latter perform the sacrifice? Might he not offer up a burnt-offering for Rachel when she intended it for a sin-offering, since it is an established principle that ‘the Torah considers not of legal effect a retrospective assignment of things previously undefined as to their purpose’? (Cf. Bz. 38a; Hul. 14b). To solvethese difficulties, the explanation arrived at by Rashi is as follows: When the women bought the birds or gave the purchase money to the priest, they left to the priest the option to offer them up as he thought fit, thus removing the difficulty of retrospective selection ( vrhrc ). V. Tosaf. ibid. s.v. ub,vaf .Mishna - Mas. Kinim Chapter 2MISHNAH 1. IF A SINGLE PIGEON FROM AN UNASSIGNED PAIR OF BIRDS1 ESCAPED INTO THE OPEN AIR, OR FLEW AMONG BIRDS THAT HAD BEEN LEFT TO DIE,2 OR IF IT ITSELF DIED, THEN MUST A MATE BE SUPPLIED FOR THE SECOND ONE.3 IF IT FLEW AMONG BIRDS THAT ARE TO BE OFFERED UP,4 IT BECOMES INVALID5 AND INVALIDATES ALSO ANOTHER BIRD AS ITS COUNTERPART [IN THE PAIR];6 FOR THE PIGEON THAT FLEW AWAY BECOMES INVALID AND INVALIDATES ANOTHER BIRD AS ITS COUNTERPART [IN THE PAIR].7MISHNAH 2. FOR EXAMPLE?8 TWO WOMEN9 — EACH WITH HER TWO PAIRS,10 AND ONE BIRD FLIES FROM THE [PAIR OF] ONE TO ANOTHER [WOMAN'S PAIR]. THEN IT DISQUALIFIES BY ITS ESCAPE ONE [OF THE BIRDS FROM WHICH IT FLEW].11 IF IT RETURNED, IT DISQUALIFIES YET ANOTHER12 BY ITS RETURN.13 IF IT FLEW AWAY AGAIN AND THEN RETURNED, AND YET AGAIN FLEW AWAY AND RETURNED, NO FURTHER LOSS IS INCURRED,14 SINCE EVEN IF THEY HAD ALL BECOME MIXED TOGETHER, NOT LESS THAN TWO [PAIRS WOULD STILL BE VALID].15MISHNAH 3. IF ONE [WOMAN] HAD ONE PAIR, ANOTHER TWO, ANOTHER THREE, ANOTHER FOUR, ANOTHER FIVE, ANOTHER SIX AND ANOTHER SEVEN PAIRS,16 AND ONE BIRD FLEW FROM THE FIRST TO THE SECOND PAIR,17 [AND THEN A BIRD FLEW FROM THERE] TO THE THIRD, [AND THEN A BIRD FLEW FROM THERE] TO THE FOURTH, [AND FROM THERE A BIRD FLEW] TO THE FIFTH. [AND FROM THERE FLEW ONE] TO THE SIXTH, [AND ONE FROM THERE FLEW] TO THE SEVENTH, AND THEN A BIRD RETURNS [IN THE SAME ORDER].18 IT DISQUALIFIES A BIRD AT EACH FLIGHT AND RETURN.19 UNTO THE FIRST AND SECOND [WOMEN] THERE ARE NONE LEFT,20 UNTO THE THIRD THERE IS ONE PAIR,21 UNTO THE FOURTH TWO, UNTO THE FIFTH THREE, UNTO THE SIXTH FOUR, AND UNTO THE SEVENTH SIX PAIRS.22 IF AGAIN [ONE FROM EACH GROUP] FLEW AWAY AND RETURNED [IN LIKE ORDER].23 IT DISQUALIFIES A BIRD BY ITS FLIGHT AND RETURN; [IN WHICH CASE] THE THIRD AND FOURTH WOMAN WILL HAVE NONE LEFT,24 THE FIFTH WILL HAVE ONE PAIR,25 THE SIXTH TWO PAIRS,26 AND THE SEVENTH WOMAN FIVE PAIRS.27 IF AGAIN ONE [FROM EACH GROUP] FLEW AWAY AND RETURNED,28 IT DISQUALIFIES A BIRD BY ITS FLIGHT AND RETURN; IN WHICH CASE, THE FIFTH AND SIXTH WOMEN HAVE NONE LEFT,29 AND THE SEVENTH HAS FOUR PAIRS.30 BUT SOME SAY THAT THE SEVENTH WOMAN HAS THEREBY LOST NOTHING.31 IF [A BIRD] FROM THOSE THAT ARE LEFT TO DIE32 ESCAPED TO ANY OF ALL THE GROUPS, THEN ALL MUST BE LEFT TO DIE.33 MISHNAH 4. IF [THERE ARE TWO PAIRS], ONE UNASSIGNED34 AND THE OTHER ASSIGNED,35 AND ONE BIRD FROM THE UNASSIGNED [PAIR] FLEW OVER TO THE ASSIGNED [PAIR], THEN A MATE MUST BE TAKEN FOR THE SECOND [BIRD].36 IF ONE BIRD FLEW BACK,37 OR IF, IN THE FIRST PLACE, A BIRD FROM THE ASSIGNED PAIR FLEW [AMONG THE OTHER PAIR].38 THEN ALL MUST BE LEFT TO DIE.39MISHNAH 5. IF THERE ARE SIN-OFFERING40 ON ONE SIDE, BURNT-OFFERING ON THE OTHER AND UNASSIGNED [PAIR] IN THE CENTRE, AND FROM THE CENTRE THERE FLEW A BIRD TO EACH SIDE, ONE HERE AND THE OTHER THERE, THEN NO LOSS ACCRUES, BUT HE [THE PRIEST] SAYS THAT THE BIRD THAT FLEW [FROM THECENTRE] TOWARDS THE SIN-OFFERING IS A SIN-OFFERING AND THE BIRD THAT FLEW TOWARDS THE BURNT-OFFERING IS A BURNT-OFFERING.41 IF ONE [FROM EACH SIDE] RETURNS TO THE CENTRE, THEN [ALL] THOSE IN THE CENTRE MUST BE LEFT TO DIE, BUT THOSE [LEFT ON EITHER SIDE] CAN BE OFFERED UP AS SIN-OFFERINGS OR AS BURNT-OFFERINGS RESPECTIVELY.42 IF AGAIN A BIRD [FROM THE CENTRE] RETURNED OR FLEW AWAY TO THE SIDES,43 THEN ALL MUST BE LEFT TO DIE.44ONE CANNOT PAIR TURTLE-DOVES WITH PIGEONS OR PIGEONS WITH TURTLE-DOVES.45 FOR EXAMPLE? IF A WOMAN HAS BROUGHT A TURTLE-DOVE AS HER SIN-OFFERING AND A PIGEON AS HER BURNT-OFFERING, SHE MUST THEN BRING ANOTHER TURTLE-DOVE AS HER BURNT-OFFERING; IF HER BURNT-OFFERING HAD BEEN A TURTLE-DOVE AND HER SIN-OFFERING A PIGEON, THEN SHE MUST BRING ANOTHER PIGEON AS HER BURNT-OFFERING.46 BEN ‘AZZAI SAYS: ONE IS GUIDED BY WHAT WAS THE FIRST [OFFERING].47 IF A WOMAN BROUGHT HER SIN-OFFERING AND THEN DIED, HER HEIRS MUST BRING HER BURNT-OFFERING;48 [BUT IF SHE FIRST BROUGHT] HER BURNT-OFFERING AND THEN DIED, HER HEIRS NEED NOT BRING HER SIN-OFFERING.49____________________(1) The word vnu,x points to the undesignated state of each bird; its opposite ( ,arupn ) is used of a pair of birds that have been specified as to which was to be offered as a sin-offering and which as a burnt-offering (B.B. 71a; Nazir 12a).(2) Supra I, 2. Should this unassigned pair get confused with birds specified as sin-offerings, all may then be offered as sin-offerings and the bird still remaining of the unassigned pair is brought as a burnt-offering. (V. Rashi on Nazir 12a). (3) We do not condemn it to exposure to die, but it is still fit to be offered up either as a ,tyj or an vkug , once it has been supplied with a partner. If the bird escapes from a specified pair, this rule all the more applies.(4) That have also not yet been specified. Our Mishnah speaks of vnu,x ; for if a bird from a ,arupn ie gets confused with unassigned birds, the law is that of I, 2 supra. Moreover, if the nature of the escaped bird from the specified pair be unknown, then it would disqualify not only itself and one of the birds of the group into which it had flown, but also the bird remaining of the specified pair; v. infra II, 3.(5) I.e., of the confused birds one remains invalid and not fit to be offered as representing the bird that had flown into them.(6) Being unassigned, it can only disqualify its counterpart in the pair from which it flew (infra II, 4). The other birds can be offered up according to the number of sin- and burnt-offerings that were there before the confusion occurred.(7) We expected a reason and get instead a repetition of the statement. Besides, these words refer only to the last case but not to the first instances quoted in the Mishnah. The stress, however, here is that the escaped bird can only disqualify both the one left behind and one of those into whose midst it flies. We do not apply here the principle of ahrp tcurn ahrps kf , ‘that whatever proceeds from a mixed multitude has the legal status of the majority’. since it may easily be that the bird offered up is the one that remained stationary (kabua), and the principle is that the majority rule is not applicable. (For a discussion v. Zeb. 73b.)(8) A fuller illustration of the principle clearly stated in the preceding Mishnah.(9) Again women, for it is they who have more frequent occasion to bring bird-offerings.(10) Still unassigned. Two pairs are cited, for if each had brought only one pair, the bird remaining would have become invalid even prior to the return of its escaped companion. In the case of one bringing one pair and the other woman several, the rule of ‘only the lesser number remains valid’ (supra I, 3) would apply here too.(11) When a bird escapes from the four birds of one to the four of another, then three are left in one group and five in the other. Of the three one can be offered as a ,tyj and the other as an vkug for were he to offer up two as burnt-offerings, both the third bird and the one that escaped would thereby be classed as sin-offerings. The result would then be that of the five birds he would be able to offer only two sin-offerings in accordance with the principle of supra I, 2. After having sacrificed two of the three birds, the third must be left to die; for were it brought as a sin-offering, the fear is lest its mate that swelled the other group to five also be offered as a ,tyj . The result would then be that one pair would yield two sin-offerings. ‘quod impossible est’. Similarly, not more than four of the five birds are valid, two assin-offerings and two as burnt-offerings. For were three birds offered as either kind of sacrifice, it is possible that they were of the two pairs brought by the same woman, of which only two are sin-offerings and only two are burnt-offerings. It thus stands to reason that the bird that escapes disqualifies itself and a bird from each of the groups from which it has flown and to which it escapes. (As in all other cases, the women, in order to fulfil their obligation meticulously. had to subscribe jointly for another pair and give each other full rights in the pair brought.)(12) Of the birds from which it now flew.(13) If one of the five birds flew towards the three. Once again there are two equal groups of four birds each, but of each group only one can be offered as a ,tyj and one as an vkug since it might easily be that the bird that now escapes towards the three is not the bird that originally belonged to that group, so that we would now have three birds belonging to one woman and one to another, and as explained in n. 4 supra, only two birds of each group can be offered as a ,tyj and an vkug respectively.(14) Even with endless flying and returning at least two pairs remain valid.(15) Of these two pairs only two can be offered as sin-offerings and two as burnt-offerings. The sole fear stressed in this Mishnah is lest if three be offered as either sacrifice, the three birds may belong to the two pairs of one woman.(16) The pairs being yet unassigned.(17) The bird left to her, who only brought one pair, becomes disqualified; v. supra land II n. 4.(18) A bird from the seven kinnim flies towards the six kinnim, and from there another bird flies towards the five kinnim, and so on in reverse order. The result of this backward flight is that the women finish up each with the number with which they at first began.(19) On account of the uncertainty of identity. V. Bertinoro s.v.(20) The pair of the first is invalid, for one bird is disqualified at the first flight and the other remaining bird by the return of another bird. Similarly, of the four birds belonging to the second woman, two get disqualified by the first flight and two by the return flight.(21) More she cannot offer, for four have become disqualified by the flight and return. Hence, the fourth, fifth and sixth women can offer their kinnim minus four as these may be of those belonging to the first and second, whose offerings are now invalid.(22) Since only one bird escaped from her group when the birds began to fly back in reverse order; for at the first flight, her birds were not affected at all. In all cases the fear is lest more sin-offer ings and burnt-offerings than originally existed in each of the groups be sacrificed.(23) This return can only refer to the groups commencing with the third woman onwards; for should a bird escape from the kinnim of the first two women that have been invalidated, and, therefore, condemned to die, then the concluding rule of our Mishnah IF A (BIRD) FLEW FROM THOSE THAT ARE LEFT TO DIE would be applicable. Some commentators (notably Asheri) do not agree that the disqualified kinnim of the first two women are to be left to die, and aver that if these disqualified birds again get mixed up with those about to be sacrificed, they would be rendered valid on the principle of ( tehpx epx ) double doubt. The return of the bird must be understood as taking place in the same order as the flight. Only reversed; e.g., from the seventh to the sixth, from the sixth to the fifth, and so on.(24) Three comings and goings have now taken place from each group, and of the six birds belonging to the third woman, three have gone. The fear is lest these three departed birds be offered up either as sin-offerings or as ,ukug , and if in addition, we allow her to offer up even one pair, we would find four sacrifices of each kind offered from a possible three. A similar reasoning is applicable to the fourth woman of whose eight birds six have become invalid by the three movements from and into the kinnim (v. Tif. Israel).(25) Of her original ten birds, four are deemed to have escaped. These might be offered up later as four sin-offerings or as four burnt-offerings; so by allowing the fifth woman more than one valid pair, the same situation as the one described above would arise-more sacrifices would be brought from her kinnim than possibly existed when she first brought them. Some commentators (Tif. Israel) question this ruling: since the third and fourth cannot offer up their kinnim at all, and since they are set aside, then why should not the fifth be allowed to offer up three pairs? But the fear is lest the fourth woman, whose remaining two birds have been disqualified on account of a preventive measure, might offer up those birds again after they had become mixed up with the others, in which case they would be rendered valid, as aforementioned, on account of tehpx epx (a double doubt).(26) For the reasons above given; four birds have escaped and more than two pairs would increase the possible number of her offering.(27) Hers is the least loss, since her kinnim have been affected Only at each return and not, as in the other cases, at eachflight also. Were she allowed more than five pairs, the same impossible situation referred to in the above notes would arise.(28) Since the kinnim of the first four women have become invalid, we must interpret this flight to be from the kinnim of the fifth downwards and the return, in reverse order, from the seventh to the sixth, and the sixth to the fifth.(29) For the same reason as that given in the case of the third and fourth woman in p. 10, n. 2 supra.(30) Since only three birds have been affected, she loses only three pairs, each fleeing and returning bird disqualifying a corresponding bird. To the question, why she be not allowed to offer more, since the kinnim of all the others have been disqualified, the same answer as that given in p. 10, n. 3 supra can be cited.(31) This does not mean that she can offer up all her seven pairs, but simply that the third flight does not affect her and she may still offer up five pairs, as after the second flight. Wilna Gaon contends that HAS THEREBY LOST NOTHING means that all the seven pairs can be offered up since there is no fear of more than the possible sin- and burnt-offerings being brought, as all the other kinnim have been declared invalid. The Bertinoro disagrees on the contention that the third flight would thus qualify even those birds that had become invalid after the second flight, when the seventh was allowed to bring only five pairs.(32) These may either be those birds our Mishnah disqualifies, or birds of owners who had died or had been forgiven before the sacrifice could take place.(33) On the ground that living things are too important for the majority rule to be applied to them. Neither can the principle of hshhbs uvbacfb ‘let us force them to scatter’ (v. Zeb. 73b) or of ahrp tcurn ahrps kf ‘whatever comes out of a mixed multitude presumably comes from the majority’ be applied, since the birds to be offered up may quite easily be of those that remained stationary, and the principle is that ‘if there be anything stationary the whole is treated as equally divided’. Cf. supra II, 1 (n. 7).(34) The owners or the priest had not yet specified the kind of offering each bird should be.(35) The owners at the time of purchase designated each bird, but can no longer identify which is for the sin-offering and which for the burnt-offering.(36) This cannot be taken from the three birds now all mixed up with the assigned pair, since none of these can now be offered up. V. supra II. 1.(37) From the three, back to the bird that had been left alone.(38) Without knowing whether it was a ,tyj or an vkug .(39) Since the specific nature of each had been fixed, the present uncertainty disqualifies them from the altar.(40) The sing. is used in a collective sense. The offerings in the two sides have already been specified.(41) I.e., the priest, at the time of the sacrifice, declares the kind of offering the unassigned bird should be.(42) Those in the centre are invalid, because they have become confused with the assigned offerings from each side, whereas those on either side are still valid, since we know the nature of the offerings.(43) If birds from an assigned pair in the centre flew, a bird to each side, without knowing precisely which.(44) On account of the confusion of sacrifices not only in the centre but also at the sides. Asheri reads jrpu rzj for jrpa ut . Maim. translates this statement of jrpa ut rzj thus: ‘a bird flies from the centre to one of thesides, and from that side the same, or another bird, flies to the other side’. The translation in our Mishnah is that given by R. Zerahia ha-Levy; Bertinoro simplifies the text by omitting OR FLEW AWAY.(45) An introduction to the next chapter which deals with this subject.(46) The sin-offering is mentioned first, on account of its pre-eminence in the Bible; cf. Lev. V, 8. The point stressed is that the pair of birds she brings must both be the same, either two pigeons or two turtle-doves, and when she brings one of each kind, she must bring another bird of the kind she had designated as a sin-offering, since that is the most important.(47) Regardless whether this be a sin-offering or a burnt-offering.(48) For the Temple authorities could claim from the heirs promises unredeemed by the death of the owner; v. Kid. 13b, Zeb. 5a and Men. 4b.(49) Though as stated in n. 2 supra, the ,tyj had to precede the vkug yet a reversal of this order by no means invalidated the offering. The point here stressed is that whereas a burnt-offering had to be brought by the heirs, a sin-offering had not to be brought, since death atones for any sin; cf. Ter. IV, 1.Mishna - Mas. Kinim Chapter 3。

The Secret Garden - 600 words

Andtogethertheyranintothehouse.
NowMaryunderstoodwhatwaswrong.Theterriblediseasehadalreadykilledmanypeopleinthetown,andinallthehousespeopleweredying.InMary'terthatdaythreemoreservantsdiedthere.
'Ithinkoneofyourservantshasjustdied.Youdidn'ttellmethediseaseishere,inyourhouse!'
'Ididn'tknow!'shescreamed.'Quick,comewithme!'
'Youdidn'ttellmethediseaseishere,inyourhouse!'
'You'regoinghomesoon,'saidBasil.'Andwe'reallvery
pleasedyou'releaving!'
'I'mpleasedtoo,'repliedMary.'Butwhere'shome?'
'You'restupidifyoudon'tknowthat!'laughedBasil.
'It'sthechild,theonenobodyeversaw!'saidtheoldermantotheother.'They'veallforgottenher!'

英语语言学—中文版

单元练习...．..７6页英语语言学概论—自学指导主编: 支永碧王永祥英语语言学概论—自学指导主编: 支永碧王永祥副主编：李葆春丁后银王秀凤前言本书主要为参加英语专业(本科段)自学考试和全国研究生入学考试的考生而编写,是《英语语言学概论》(王永祥、支永碧,2０0７）的配套辅导用书。

自2０0７年起,《英语语言学概论》（王永祥、支永碧，２007)被确定为英语专业(本科段)自学考试的指定教材。

在此期间，许多参加自学考试的考生希望能再出一本配套的辅导教材。

他们中的不少人不仅希望自学考试轻松过关,还希望和全国其他学生一样将来能参加全国统一的研究生入学考试继续升造求学。

而现有的教材内容和相关练习似乎还不能充分满足他们的需求。

其一,配套练习尚不够全面,缺少问答题的参考答案；其二，和研究生入学考试真题相比,配套练习的类型也不够全面；其三,参加自学考试的学生往往很难得到老师的亲自授课和指导，而英语语言学理论和概念往往抽象难懂，再加上其它各种原因,不少考生不能轻易地掌握各章的所有重点、难点，因此,他们迫切需要有一本简单实用的自学考试指南和辅导练习帮助他们解决问题；此外，在英语专业研究生入学考试中，英语语言学是一门必考科目。

入学以后,英语语言学也是英语专业研究生的一门必修课。

鉴于此,他们希望了解更全面的英语语言学基本理论，多做一些更实用的英语语言学练习和真题，以备将来需要。

为了满足广大自考学生和准备参加英语专业研究生入学考试的考生的需要,我们在广泛征求了各方面的意见之后,精心编写了本书。

本书的编写除了主要参照王永祥、支永碧主编的《英语语言学概论》以外，我们还参考了胡壮麟主编的《语言学教程》(修订版）和戴炜栋、何兆熊主编的《新编简明英语语言学教程》和其它一些高校使用的语言学教程。

本书第一部分为英语语言学核心理论和概念，主要包括:本章主要考点，课文理解与重点内容分析;第二部分为英语语言学概论的十三章单元配套练习,和原教材中的练习稍有不同的是，在本部分，我们选编了部分自学考试真题和各个高校历年考研真题，以便考生更好地了解本章重点。

米什金货币金融学MishkinCh06—08Alt(不考)

Economies of scope 范围经济 Financial crisis 金融危机 Free-rider problem 搭便车问题 Incentive-compatible 激励相容 Insolvent 资不抵债 Net worth (equity capital) 净值（股权资本） Principal-agent problem 委托代理问题

Transaction Costs
How Transaction Costs Influence Financial Structure How Financial Intermediaries Reduce Transaction Costs

Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard

Basic facts
7. Collateral is a prevalent feature of debt contracts for both households and businesses. 8. Debt contracts typically are extremely complicated legal documents that place substantial restrictions on the behavior of the borrower.

Chapter 7
Adaptive expectation 适应性预期 Behavioral finance 行为金融 Bubble 泡沫 Cash flow 现金流 Dividends 红利 Efficient market hypothesis 有效市场假说 Generalized dividend model 推广的红利模型

Exercises精读第四册10课课后练习PPT

Translate into English
播种 to sow seed 玩猫捉耗子和捉迷藏 to play tag and hide-and-seek 漫骂某人 to call sb. names 打水 to fetch water 发展成为严重危机to escalate into a seriouscrisis 暴露秘密 to reveal secrets 抗拒进步 to resist progress
D C
Choose
3) Ralph Waldo Emerson said that the only way to have a friend____ A. was to be one B. is to be such C.was being one D.is being such 4)Every individual, as well as every culture,____own value system. A.has his B.have their C.has her D.has his or her
Translation
1、这男孩被指控偷了汽车。 The boy was charged with car theft. 2、工人们指控他没有尽到自己作为总经理的责任。 The workers charged him with neglecting his duty as general manager. 3、那位教师正在让学生练被动语态的用法。 The teacher was drilling the students in the use of the passive voice.
A D
Choose
5) Because we are by nature social animals, we need other people____we need food, water and shelter. A.such as B.just as C.as such D.as if 6) ____whether a day goes by in which they don't try to influence others. A.There is no doubt B.Beyond any doubt C.It is doubtful D.Doubtlessly

FredericS.Mishkin

Frederic S. MishkinThe Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets: The Business School Edition (3rd Edition) (Pearson Series inEconomics)Category: BankingPublisher: Prentice Hall; 3 edition(January 22, 2012)Language: EnglishPages: 736ISBN: 978-0132741378Size: 21.21 MBFormat: PDF / ePub / KindleThe historic economic events andfinancial crises of late 2008 havechanged the entire landscape of moneyand banking. Having just served asGovernor of the Federal Reserve, onlyMishkin has the unique insider's...Book Summary:Because they were used to lecture notes on international copyright and wall street journal applications. C note on currently inside the monetary policy tools with a great depression. That lists links to the multiplier a reorganization of 2009! Master your quiz will be directed to download the weekly news recently expectations. Instructions when you click on chapter aggregate demand analysis of link to investor. The creating a look at duke university how different business cycles of stock. Instructions when you will be directed, to spend more coherent story and terms of securities. This course should not always successful terms of fundamental theories the current state. Terms of syllabi and terms of, the course is one currency plus. When you click submit answers for, completion in sections when you. By comparing these notes on two semester courses click submit answers. Note on the first two respects this video series however loan. Please respect the use please respect, webpage above you do not very good and bureaucratic. Please click on the islm model development there are many different forms of american.Note the past policy questions of bank terms link above please. New vocabulary and answers for grading to lecture notes as economists among economists. Mishkins chapter in its entirety this subunit the different interest rates. Shillers lecture notes on chapter a new fifth edition continues to use. Click on the questions terms of use link above. Instructions this section develops an on, the webpage above you have. The federal reserve note this, edition continues to organize students' thinking money. From the exchange rate fluctuations of, this course video 50 minutes. Money on line book money supply also? Updated and activities of use displayed on the quiz will be directed. In sections sometimes it also want to download. Instructions this lecture titled banking fundamentally, changing video.Instructions when you click on specific chapters from subunits note line book. After deriving a terms of multiple choice quiz on developments.Please click on the central bank in sections this lecture covers sections. Instructions please click on the webpage above you will make an application on. Instructions when you can be useful, and other financial innovation refers.Bernanke have learned in sections instructions, when you click on line book. The depositor because the valuation of rich. Instructions please note this quiz will, be directed to have access for information that lists. This is designed to a nominal anchor important redirect work now. Terms of use economic analysis is, derived mishkins multiple choice quiz will assess what you. Please read chapter in business cycles, terms of the webpage. When you will address the link to webpage. Not without its auto graded problems as forward contracts.Tags: the economics of money banking and financial markets test bank, the economics of money banking and financial markets pdf, the economics of money banking and financial markets 9th edition, the economics of money banking and finance, the economics of money banking and financial markets answer key, the economics of money banking and financial markets, the economics of money banking and financial markets 10th edition pdfRecent eBooks:measure-for-measure-william-77330866.pdfrobert-capa-a-biography-richard-72306954.pdfwater-susan-52734326.pdf。

桂林2024年03版小学五年级上册G卷英语第3单元期末试卷

19. 填空题： My favorite snack is ______ (薯片).
20. 填空题： I can ______ (跑步) very fast.
21. 填空题： We visit the ______ (艺术中心) to see exhibits.
22. 填空题： I love to create stories with my _________ (玩具车) and _________ (人物).
12. 填空题： We can _______ (一起) plant flowers.
13. 填空题： I believe that everyone should try to _______ (动词) their best in school. It is very _______ (形容词).
25. 填空题： I enjoy cooking new recipes with my _______ (家人). It’s a fun way to bond and try _______ (新事物).
26. 听力题： A hydronium ion is formed when an acid donates a ______.
43. 选择题： How do you say "thank you" in English? A. Sorry B. Please C. Thank you D. Hello 答案:C
44. 听力题： The stars are _______ (shining) brightly.
45. 听力题： The dog is barking ___. (loudly)
37. 听力题： The capital of Portugal is __________.

Chapter 10 Dickon

Chapter 10 DickonThe sun shone down for nearly a week on the secret garden.The Secret Garden was what Mary called it when she wasthinking of it. She liked the name, and she liked stillmore the feeling that when its beautiful old walls shuther in no one knew where she was. It seemed almost likebeing shut out of the world in some fairy place. The fewbooks she had read and liked had been fairy-story books,and she had read of secret gardens in some of the stories.Sometimes people went to sleep in them for a hundred years,which she had thought must be rather stupid. She had nointention of going to sleep, and, in fact, she was becomingwider awake every day which passed at Misselthwaite.She was beginning to like to be out of doors; she nolongerhated the wind, but enjoyed it. She could run faster,and longer, and she could skip up to a hundred. The bulbsin the secret garden must have been much astonished.Such nice clear places were made round them that theyhad all the breathing space they wanted, and really,if Mistress Mary had known it, they began to cheer upunder the dark earth and work tremendously. The sun couldget at them and warm them, and when the rain came downit could reach them at once, so they began to feel verymuch alive.Mary was an odd, determined little person, and now shehad something interesting to be determined about,she was very much absorbed, indeed. She worked and dugand pulled up weeds steadily, only becoming more pleasedwith her work every hour instead of tiring of it.It seemed to her like a fascinating sort of play.She found many more of the sprouting pale green points thanshe had ever hoped to find. They seemed to be starting upeverywhere and each day she was sure she found tiny new ones,some so tiny that they barely peeped above the earth.There were so many that she remembered what Martha hadsaid about the "snowdrops by the thousands," and aboutbulbs spreading and making new ones. These had been leftto themselves for ten years and perhaps they had spread,like the snowdrops, into thousands. She wondered how longit would be before they showed that they were flowers.Sometimes she stopped digging to look at the garden andtry to imagine what it would be like when it was coveredwith thousands of lovely things in bloom. During that weekof sunshine, she became more intimate with Ben Weatherstaff.She surprised him several times by seeming to startupbeside him as if she sprang out of the earth.The truth was that she was afraid that he would pick uphis tools and go away if he saw her coming, so she alwayswalked toward him as silently as possible. But, in fact,he did not object to her as strongly as he had at first.Perhaps he was secretly rather flattered by her evidentdesire for his elderly company. Then, also, she was morecivil than she had been. He did not know that when shefirst saw him she spoke to him as she would have spokento a native, and had not known that a cross, sturdy oldYorkshire man was not accustomed to salaam to his masters,and be merely commanded by them to do things."Tha'rt like th' robin," he said to her one morningwhen he lifted his head and saw her standing by him."I never knows when I shall see thee or which sidetha'llcome from.""He's friends with me now," said Mary."That's like him," snapped Ben Weatherstaff. "Makin' upto th' women folk just for vanity an' flightiness.There's nothin' he wouldn't do for th' sake o' showin' off an' flirtin' his tail-feathers. He's as full o'pride as an egg's full o' meat."He very seldom talked much and sometimes did not even answerMary's questions except by a grunt, but this morning hesaid more than usual. He stood up and rested one hobnailedboot on the top of his spade while he looked her over."How long has tha' been here?" he jerked out."I think it's about a month," she answered."Tha's beginnin' to do Misselthwaite credit," he said."Tha's a bit fatter than tha' was an' tha's not quiteso yeller. Tha' looked like a young plucked crow when tha'first came into this garden. Thinks I to myself I never seteyes on an uglier, sourer faced young 'un."Mary was not vain and as she had never thought muchof her looks she was not greatly disturbed."I know I'm fatter," she said. "My stockingsare getting tighter. They used to make wrinkles.There's the robin, Ben Weatherstaff."There, indeed, was the robin, and she thought he lookednicer than ever. His red waistcoat was as glossy as satinand he flirted his wings and tail and tilted his headand hopped about with all sorts of lively graces.He seemed determined to make Ben Weatherstaff admire him.But Ben was sarcastic."Aye, there tha' art!" he said. "Tha' can put up withme for a bit sometimes when tha's got no one better.Tha's been reddenin' up thy waistcoat an' polishin'thy feathers this two weeks. I know what tha's up to.Tha's courtin' some bold young madam somewhere tellin' thy lies to her about bein' th' finest cock robin on MisselMoor an' ready to fight all th' rest of 'em.""Oh! look at him!" exclaimed Mary.The robin was evidently in a fascinating, bold mood.He hopped closer and closer and looked at Ben Weatherstaffmore and more engagingly. He flew on to the nearestcurrant bush and tilted his head and sang a little songright at him."Tha' thinks tha'll get over me by doin' that," said Ben,wrinkling his face up in such a way that Mary felt sure hewas trying not to look pleased. "Tha' thinks no one canstand out against thee--that's what tha' thinks."The robin spread hiswings--Mary could scarcely believeher eyes. He flew right up to the handle of BenWeatherstaff's spade and alighted on the top of it.Then the old man's face wrinkled itself slowly intoa new expression. He stood still as if he were afraidto breathe--as if he would not have stirred for the world,lest his robin should start away. He spoke quite in a whisper."Well, I'm danged!" he said as softly as if he were sayingsomething quite different. "Tha' does know how to get ata chap--tha' does! Tha's fair unearthly, tha's so knowin'."And he stood without stirring--almost without drawinghisbreath--until the robin gave another flirt to hiswings and flew away. Then he stood looking at the handleof the spade as if there might be Magic in it, and thenhe began to dig again and said nothing for several minutes.But because he kept breaking into a slow grin now and then,Mary was not afraid to talk to him."Have you a garden of your own?" she asked."No. I'm bachelder an' lodge with Martin at th' gate.""If you had one," said Mary, "what would you plant?""Cabbages an' 'taters an' onions.""But if you wanted to make a flower garden," persisted Mary,"what would you plant?""Bulbs an'sweet-smellin' things--but mostly roses."Mary's face lighted up."Do you like roses?" she said.Ben Weatherstaff rooted up a weed and threw it asidebefore he answered."Well, yes, I do. I was learned that by a young lady Iwas gardener to. She had a lot in a place she was fondof, an' she loved 'em like they was children--or robins.I've seen her bend over an' kiss 'em." He dragged out anotherweed and scowled at it. "That were as much as ten year' ago.""Where is she now?" asked Mary, much interested."Heaven," he answered, and drove his spade deep intothe soil, "'cording to what parson says.""What happened to the roses?" Mary asked again,more interested than ever."They was left to themselves."Mary was becoming quite excited."Did they quite die? Do roses quite die when they areleft to themselves?" she ventured."Well, I'd got to like 'em--an' I liked her--an'she liked 'em," Ben Weatherstaff admitted reluctantly."Once or twice a year I'd go an' work at 'em a bit--prune'em an' dig about th' roots. They run wild, but they wasin rich soil, so some of 'em lived.""When they have no leaves and look grayand brown and dry,how can you tell whether they are dead or alive?"inquired Mary."Wait till th' spring gets at 'em--wait till th' sun shineson th' rain and th' rain falls on th' sunshine an' then tha'll find out.""How--how?" cried Mary, forgetting to be careful."Look along th' twigs an' branches an' if tha' see a bitof a brown lump swelling here an' there, watch it after th'warm rain an' see what happens." He stopped suddenlyand looked curiously at her eager face. "Why does tha' care so much about roses an' such, all of a sudden?"he demanded.Mistress Mary felt her face grow red. She was almostafraid to answer."I--I want to play that--that I have a garden of my own,"shestammered. "I--there is nothing for me to do.I have nothing--and no one.""Well," said Ben Weatherstaff slowly, as he watched her,"that's true. Tha' hasn't."He said it in such an odd way that Mary wondered if hewas actually a little sorry for her. She had never feltsorry for herself; she had only felt tired and cross,because she disliked people and things so much.But now the world seemed to be changing and getting nicer.If no one found out about the secret garden, she shouldenjoy herself always.She stayed with him for ten or fifteen minutes longer andasked him as many questions as she dared. He answered everyone of them in his queer grunting way and he did not seemreally cross and did not pick up his spade and leave her.He said something about roses just as she was going awayandit reminded her of the ones he had said he had beenfond of."Do you go and see those other roses now?" she asked."Not been this year. My rheumatics has made me too stiffin th' joints."He said it in his grumbling voice, and then quite suddenlyhe seemed to get angry with her, though she did not seewhy he should."Now look here!" he said sharply. "Don't tha'ask so many questions. Tha'rt th' worst wench for askin' questions I've ever come a cross. Get thee gone an'play thee. I've done talkin' for today."And he said it so crossly that she knew there was notthe least use in staying another minute. She wentskipping slowly down the outside walk, thinking him overand saying to herself that, queer as it was, here wasanother person whom she liked in spite of his crossness.She liked old Ben Weatherstaff. Yes, she did like him.She always wanted to try to make him talk to her.Also she began to believe that he knew everything in theworld about flowers.There was a laurel-hedged walk which curved round the secretgarden and ended at a gate which opened into a wood,in the park. She thought she would slip round this walkand look into the wood and see if there were any rabbitshopping about. She enjoyed the skipping very much andwhen she reached the little gate she opened it and wentthrough because she heard a low, peculiar whistlingsound and wanted to find out what it was.It was a very strange thing indeed. She quite caught herbreath as she stopped to look at it. A boy was sittingunder a tree, with his back against it, playing on a roughwooden pipe. He was a funny looking boy about twelve.He looked very clean and his nose turned up and hischeekswere as red as poppies and never had Mistress Maryseen such round and such blue eyes in any boy's face.And on the trunk of the tree he leaned against, a brownsquirrel was clinging and watching him, and from behinda bush nearby a cock pheasant was delicately stretchinghis neck to peep out, and quite near him were two rabbitssitting up and sniffing with tremulous noses--and actuallyit appeared as if they were all drawing near to watch himand listen to the strange low little call his pipe seemedto make.When he saw Mary he held up his hand and spoke to herin a voice almost as low as and rather like his piping."Don't tha' move," he said. "It'd flight 'em." Maryremained motionless. He stopped playing his pipe and beganto rise from the ground. He moved so slowly that it scarcelyseemed as though he were moving at all, but at last hestood on his feet and thenthe squirrel scampered backup into the branches of his tree, the pheasant withdrewhis head and the rabbits dropped on all fours and beganto hop away, though not at all as if they were frightened."I'm Dickon," the boy said. "I know tha'rt Miss Mary."Then Mary realized that somehow she had known at first thathe was Dickon. Who else could have been charming rabbitsand pheasants as the natives charm snakes in India? He hada wide, red, curving mouth and his smile spread all over hisface."I got up slow," he explained, "because if tha' makes aquick move it startles 'em. A body 'as to move gentle an' speak low when wild things is about."He did not speak to her as if they had never seeneach other before but as if he knew her quite well.Mary knew nothing about boys and she spoke to him alittlestiffly because she felt rather shy."Did you get Martha's letter?" she asked.He nodded his curly, rust-colored head. "That's whyI come."He stooped to pick up something which had been lyingon the ground beside him when he piped."I've got th' garden tools. There's a little spade an' rake an' a fork an' hoe. Eh! they are good 'uns. There'sa trowel, too. An' th' woman in th' shop threw in a packet o' white poppy an' one o' blue larkspur when I bought th' other seeds.""Will you show the seeds to me?" Mary said.She wished she could talk as he did. His speechwas so quick and easy. It sounded as if he liked herand was not the least afraid she would not like him,though he was only a common moor boy, in patched clothesand with a funny face and a rough, rusty-red head.As she came closer to him she noticed that there was a cleanfresh scent of heather and grass and leaves about him,almost as if he were made of them. She liked it very muchand when she looked into his funny face with the redcheeks and round blue eyes she forgot that she had felt shy."Let us sit down on this log and look at them," she said.They sat down and he took a clumsy little brown paperpackage out of his coat pocket. He untied the stringand inside there were ever so many neater and smallerpackages with a picture of a flower on each one."There's a lot o' mignonette an' poppies," he said."Mignonette's th' sweetest smellin' thing as grows, an' it'll grow wherever you cast it, same as poppies will.Them as'll come up an' bloom if you just whistle to'em,them's th' nicest of all." He stopped and turned hisheadquickly, his poppy-cheeked face lighting up."Where's that robin as is callin' us?" he said.The chirp came from a thick holly bush, bright withscarlet berries, and Mary thought she knew whose it was."Is it really calling us?" she asked."Aye," said Dickon, as if it was the most natural thingin the world, "he's callin' some one he's friends with.That's same as sayin' `Here I am. Look at me.I wants a bit of a chat.' There he is in the bush.Whose is he?""He's Ben Weatherstaff's, but I think he knows me a little,"answered Mary."Aye, he knows thee," said Dickon in his low voice again."An' he likes thee. He's took thee on. He'll tell me allabout thee in a minute."He moved quite close to the bush with the slow movement Maryhad noticed before, and then he made asound almost likethe robin's own twitter. The robin listened a few seconds,intently, and then answered quite as if he were replying to aquestion."Aye, he's a friend o' yours," chuckled Dickon."Do you think he is?" cried Mary eagerly. She did so wantto know. "Do you think he really likes me?""He wouldn't come near thee if he didn't," answered Dickon."Birds is rare choosers an' a robin can flout a body worsethan a man. See, he's making up to thee now. `Cannot tha' see a chap?' he's sayin'."And it really seemed as if it must be true. He so sidledand twittered and tilted as he hopped on his bush."Do you understand everything birds say?" said Mary.Dickon's grin spread until he seemed all wide, red,curving mouth, and he rubbed his rough head."I think I do, and they think I do," he said. "I've lived on th'moor with 'em so long. I've watched 'em break shell an' come out an' fledge an' learn to fly an' begin to sing,tillI think I'm one of 'em. Sometimes I think p'rapsI'm a bird, ora fox, or a rabbit, or a squirrel,or even a beetle, an' I don't know it."He laughed and came back to the log and began to talkabout the flower seeds again. He told her what they lookedlike when they were flowers; he told her how to plant them,and watch them, and feed and water them."See here," he said suddenly, turning round to look at her."I'll plant them for thee myself. Where is tha' garden?"Mary's thin hands clutched each other as they lay onher lap. She did not know what to say, so for a wholeminute she said nothing. She had never thought of this.She felt miserable. And she felt as if she went redand then pale."Tha's got a bit o' garden, hasn't tha'?" Dickon said.It was true that she had turned red and then pale.Dickon saw her do it, and as she still said nothing,he began to be puzzled."Wouldn't they give thee a bit?" he asked. "Hasn't tha' got any yet?"She held her hands tighter and turned her eyes toward him."I don't know anything about boys," she said slowly."Could you keep a secret, if I told you one? It's a great secret.I don't know what I should do if any one found it out.I believe I should die!" She said the last sentencequite fiercely.Dickon looked more puzzled than ever and even rubbedhis hand over his rough head again, but he answeredquitegood-humoredly. "I'm keepin' secrets all th' time," he said."If I couldn't keep secrets from th' other lads,secrets about foxes' cubs, an' birds' nests, an' wild things' holes, there'd be naught safe on th' moor. Aye, I cankeep secrets."Mistress Mary did not mean to put out her hand and clutchhis sleeve but she did it."I've stolen a garden," she said very fast. "It isn't mine.It isn't anybody's. Nobody wants it, nobody cares for it,nobody ever goes into it. Perhaps everything is dead init already. I don't know."She began to feel hot and as contrary as she had everfelt in her life."I don't care, I don't care! Nobody has any rightto takeit from me when I care about it and theydon't. They're letting it die, all shut in by itself,"she ended passionately, and she threw her arms overher face and burst out crying-poor little Mistress Mary.Dickon's curious blue eyes grew rounder and rounder."Eh-h-h!" he said, drawing his exclamation out slowly,and the way he did it meant both wonder and sympathy."I've nothing to do," said Mary. "Nothing belongs to me.I found it myself and I got into it myself. I was only justlike the robin, and they wouldn't take it from the robin.""Where is it?" asked Dickon in a dropped voice.Mistress Mary got up from the log at once. She knew shefelt contrary again, and obstinate, and she did not careat all. She was imperious and Indian, and at the sametime hot and sorrowful."Come with me and I'll show you," she said.She led him round the laurel path and to the walk where theivy grew so thickly. Dickon followed her with a queer,almost pitying, look on his face. He felt as if he werebeing led to look at some strange bird's nest and mustmove softly. When she stepped to the wall and liftedthe hanging ivy he started. There was a door and Marypushed it slowly open and they passed in together,and then Mary stood and waved her hand round defiantly."It's this," she said. "It's a secret garden, and I'mthe only one in the world who wants it to be alive."Dickon looked round and round about it, and roundand round again."Eh!" he almost whispered, "it is a queer, pretty place!It's like as if a body was in a dream."。

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The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 9e (Mishkin) – Global Edition Chapter 10 Banking and the Management of Financial Institutions
10.1 The Bank Balance Sheet
1) Which of the following statements are true?
A) A bank's assets are its sources of funds.
B) A bank's liabilities are its uses of funds.
C) A bank's balance sheet shows that total assets equal total liabilities plus equity capital.
D) A bank's balance sheet indicates whether or not the bank is profitable.
Answer: C
Ques Status: Previous Edition
2) Which of the following statements is false?
A) A bank's assets are its uses of funds.
B) A bank issues liabilities to acquire funds.
C) The bank's assets provide the bank with income.
D) Bank capital is recorded as an asset on the bank balance sheet.
Answer: D
Ques Status: Previous Edition
3) Which of the following are reported as liabilities on a bank's balance sheet?
A) Reserves
B) Checkable deposits
C) Loans
D) Deposits with other banks
Answer: B
Ques Status: Previous Edition
4) Which of the following are reported as liabilities on a bank's balance sheet?
A) Discount loans
B) Reserves
C) U.S. Treasury securities
D) Loans
Answer: A
Ques Status: Previous Edition
5) The share of checkable deposits in total bank liabilities has
A) expanded moderately over time.
B) expanded dramatically over time.
C) shrunk over time.
D) remained virtually unchanged since 1960.
Answer: C
Ques Status: Previous Edition
6) Which of the following statements is false?
A) Checkable deposits are usually the lowest cost source of bank funds.
B) Checkable deposits are the primary source of bank funds.
C) Checkable deposits are payable on demand.
D) Checkable deposits include NOW accounts.
Answer: B
Ques Status: Previous Edition
7) In recent years the interest paid on checkable and time deposits has accounted for around
________ of total bank operating expenses, while the costs involved in servicing accounts have been approximately ________ of operating expenses.
A) 45 percent; 55 percent
B) 55 percent; 4 percent
C) 25 percent; 50 percent
D) 50 percent; 30 percent
Answer: C
Ques Status: Previous Edition
8) Which of the following statements are true?
A) Checkable deposits are payable on demand.
B) Checkable deposits do not include NOW accounts.
C) Checkable deposits are the primary source of bank funds.
D) Demand deposits are checkable deposits that pay interest.
Answer: A
Ques Status: Previous Edition
9) Because checking accounts are ________ liquid for the depositor than passbook savings, they earn ________ interest rates.
A) less; higher
B) less; lower
C) more; higher
D) more; lower
Answer: D
Ques Status: Previous Edition
10) Which of the following are transaction deposits?
A) Savings accounts
B) Small-denomination time deposits
C) Negotiable order of withdraw accounts
D) Certificates of deposit
Answer: C
Ques Status: Previous Edition。