主体段扩展结尾段写作词汇(内容)提高概论及方法小班雅思英语作文课件6
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在此基础上的第二层因果(很可能是写进一步带来的结果； 比如incur mass protests) 常见继续写后续结果的方法： 扩写方法1. So that（特点可以换主语，并且和前文联系紧 密） Because this policy is equal to depriving the wage earning class of the right to use private vehicles, it is a biased one so that it will incur mass protests.
正向因果
一层因果关系的推荐结构： 2. 谓语表因果 这个政策会带来广泛的抗议 This policy will incur mass protests
正向因果
在此基础上的第二层因果 扩展思维1：对主语进行信息补充，作为谓语 动作发生的背景 常见补充主语信息的方法： 扩写方法1： 主语 + 主语定语从句 + 谓语 + 宾 语 The policy, which is equal to depriving the wage earning class of the right to use private vehicles, is a biased one.
因果反向：需求/重要性论述
方法思路1：理论分析 + 例证
除了正向的表达： A => C A => B => C 我们还可以反过来 想证明A对C重要： C 需要 A：C需要B，B又刚好需要A
例题
Supporters of abiding conventional rules may believe that we can at least learn some lessons from these pre-summarized wisdoms.
正向因果
一层因果关系的推荐结构： 3. Sth which 原因，结果 Maths, a subject widely recognised as the basis of almost every science subject, is of great importance to educational systems in many countries.
For example, it would have been hard for Ma Yun, a Chinese tycoon famous for his payment giant Alipay, to persevere in the hardship during the process of starting his business, had he not had his great ambition to establish his own cyber-based shopping platform.
结构
段落中心句 + A depend largely on C which requires B + For example, without B(B的某个 具体提现)，很难想象C（C的某个具体体现）
范例：
Supporters of abiding conventional rules may believe that we can at least learn some lessons from these presummarized wisdoms. Whatever culture is discussed, the well-beings of every individual and the society as a whole depend largely on the self-discipline of every single person, which exactly requires the cultivation of its traditions. For example, without the vivid illustration of moral disciplines in some interesting traditional stories, it would be hard for teenagers to learn efficiently how to behave correctly.
正向因果
在此基础上的第二层因果(很可能是写进一步带来的结 果；比如incur mass protests) 常见继续写后续结果的方法： 扩写方法2. Thereby doing 对于刚刚那句话的最后it is a biased one, 此时不适合 thereby doing： Because this policy is equal to depriving the wage earning class of the right to use private vehicles, it is a biased one thereby incurring mass protests 这样写是非常奇怪的，因为thereby doing 一般用在主 谓宾的句子后面写进一步会发生的动作，而it is a biased one 并不是主谓宾，而是主系表结构。
例题2
Ambition是好是坏？
例题2
Ambition是好是坏？ Traditional views that praise the benefits of being motivated were not entirely misguided. The success of any individual in any field often requires constant efforts, which warrants a certain amount of ambition. 如果加一个例子（例子平时要积累）
正向因果
一层因果关系的推荐结构： 1. 衔接词结构 Because this policy is equal to depriving the wage earning class of the right to use private vehicles, it is a biased one.
正向因果
Chapter 6 主体段扩展 & 结尾段写作&词汇
（内容）提高概论及方法
by x
目录
1. 主体段扩展 1.1 主体段扩展方法1： 例证+分析 1.2 扩展方法2：逻辑分析+例证支持 & 重要性论述方法 4. 词汇该如何加强的指导思想（上） 1. 论证扩展方法补充 2. 论证方法之举例以及其中的词汇加强&常见话题素材
例题
结构
在写完段落中心句以后 写： A depend largely on C which requires B
范例：
Supporters of abiding conventional rules may believe that we can at least learn some lessons from these presummarized wisdoms. Whatever culture is discussed, the well-beings of every individual and the society as a whole depend largely on the self-discipline of every single person, which exactly requires the cultivation of its traditions.
正向因果
在此基础上的第二层因果 扩展思维2：写后续结果 常见继续写后续结果的方法： 扩写方法1： 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语, thereby doing 例句2：A heavy tax will inevitably raise the cost of driving private vehicles.
或者： Because this policy is equal to depriving the wage earning class of the right to use private vehicles, it is a biased one so that mass protests are possible to occur.
对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程度和词汇两 方面下手）
和艺术好处相关的素材积累
The optimists argue that the investment in art is a good way to enrich citizens’ life as well as to make our cities more attractive: some easy-toreach art exhibitions or some concerts of famous singers can not only provide the audience with enjoyment of art but also give them the opportunity to improve their artistic appreciation standard.
积累 3. 总结段常见套路 4. 议论文的其他结构
Section 1
主体段扩展思路、方法、句型
1.1 正向连续因果论述
正向因果
一些并非不言自明的因果逻辑需要更深入地分析 而不是告诉读者说我说对就对，我说是就是。 比如我们不能直接斩钉截铁地说：对开车的人收 税能减少人们开车。 而是应该写成：对开车的人收税能够推升开车的 成本，从而让人们考虑转变交通方式。 从A => C的一层因果关系 变成A => B => C 的两层因果关系 甚至有的时候会变成A=>B=>C=>D三层因果关系 或 A=>B=>C=>D=>E四层因果关系
正向因果
在此基础上的第二层因果 扩展思维1：对主语进行信息补充，作为谓语动作发生的 背景 常见补充主语信息的方法： 扩写方法2： 主语 + 同位语插入语 + 谓语 + 宾语 例句2： The heavy workload many of us are facing with should be first responsible for this phenomenon. 扩写后： The heavy pressure many of us are facing with, probably an outcome resulting both from our work and family, should be first responsible for this phenomenon.
扩写后：A heavy tax will inevitably raise the cost of driving private vehicles, thereby forcing a large number of private car drivers to shift to public transportation.
正向因果
在此基础上的第二层因果(很可能是写进一步带 来的结果；比如incur mass protests) 常见继续写后续结果的方法： 扩写方法3. Which will thereby 这种方法放在it is a biased one,后面特别适合： Because this policy is equal to depriving the wage earning class of the right to use private vehicles, it is a biased one which will thereby incur mass protests 因为刚好最后是“one”这个代词后面可以直接 接定于从句。
Section 2
各类举例论证&话题素材积累
对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程度和词汇两 方面下手）
举例的方法值得学习： 第一类：由观点->例子（事例） 1. For example/instance, … 2. A case in point is that …/ 3. 其他副词：Most obviously/conspicuously, ... 4. “冒号”(略有列举的感觉) 5. 通过句子 6. 通过解释原因引入例子
正向因果
一层因果关系的推荐结构： 2. 谓语表因果 这个政策会带来广泛的抗议 This policy will incur mass protests
正向因果
在此基础上的第二层因果 扩展思维1：对主语进行信息补充，作为谓语 动作发生的背景 常见补充主语信息的方法： 扩写方法1： 主语 + 主语定语从句 + 谓语 + 宾 语 The policy, which is equal to depriving the wage earning class of the right to use private vehicles, is a biased one.
因果反向：需求/重要性论述
方法思路1：理论分析 + 例证
除了正向的表达： A => C A => B => C 我们还可以反过来 想证明A对C重要： C 需要 A：C需要B，B又刚好需要A
例题
Supporters of abiding conventional rules may believe that we can at least learn some lessons from these pre-summarized wisdoms.
正向因果
一层因果关系的推荐结构： 3. Sth which 原因，结果 Maths, a subject widely recognised as the basis of almost every science subject, is of great importance to educational systems in many countries.
For example, it would have been hard for Ma Yun, a Chinese tycoon famous for his payment giant Alipay, to persevere in the hardship during the process of starting his business, had he not had his great ambition to establish his own cyber-based shopping platform.
结构
段落中心句 + A depend largely on C which requires B + For example, without B(B的某个 具体提现)，很难想象C（C的某个具体体现）
范例：
Supporters of abiding conventional rules may believe that we can at least learn some lessons from these presummarized wisdoms. Whatever culture is discussed, the well-beings of every individual and the society as a whole depend largely on the self-discipline of every single person, which exactly requires the cultivation of its traditions. For example, without the vivid illustration of moral disciplines in some interesting traditional stories, it would be hard for teenagers to learn efficiently how to behave correctly.
正向因果
在此基础上的第二层因果(很可能是写进一步带来的结 果；比如incur mass protests) 常见继续写后续结果的方法： 扩写方法2. Thereby doing 对于刚刚那句话的最后it is a biased one, 此时不适合 thereby doing： Because this policy is equal to depriving the wage earning class of the right to use private vehicles, it is a biased one thereby incurring mass protests 这样写是非常奇怪的，因为thereby doing 一般用在主 谓宾的句子后面写进一步会发生的动作，而it is a biased one 并不是主谓宾，而是主系表结构。
例题2
Ambition是好是坏？
例题2
Ambition是好是坏？ Traditional views that praise the benefits of being motivated were not entirely misguided. The success of any individual in any field often requires constant efforts, which warrants a certain amount of ambition. 如果加一个例子（例子平时要积累）
正向因果
一层因果关系的推荐结构： 1. 衔接词结构 Because this policy is equal to depriving the wage earning class of the right to use private vehicles, it is a biased one.
正向因果
Chapter 6 主体段扩展 & 结尾段写作&词汇
（内容）提高概论及方法
by x
目录
1. 主体段扩展 1.1 主体段扩展方法1： 例证+分析 1.2 扩展方法2：逻辑分析+例证支持 & 重要性论述方法 4. 词汇该如何加强的指导思想（上） 1. 论证扩展方法补充 2. 论证方法之举例以及其中的词汇加强&常见话题素材
例题
结构
在写完段落中心句以后 写： A depend largely on C which requires B
范例：
Supporters of abiding conventional rules may believe that we can at least learn some lessons from these presummarized wisdoms. Whatever culture is discussed, the well-beings of every individual and the society as a whole depend largely on the self-discipline of every single person, which exactly requires the cultivation of its traditions.
正向因果
在此基础上的第二层因果 扩展思维2：写后续结果 常见继续写后续结果的方法： 扩写方法1： 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语, thereby doing 例句2：A heavy tax will inevitably raise the cost of driving private vehicles.
或者： Because this policy is equal to depriving the wage earning class of the right to use private vehicles, it is a biased one so that mass protests are possible to occur.
对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程度和词汇两 方面下手）
和艺术好处相关的素材积累
The optimists argue that the investment in art is a good way to enrich citizens’ life as well as to make our cities more attractive: some easy-toreach art exhibitions or some concerts of famous singers can not only provide the audience with enjoyment of art but also give them the opportunity to improve their artistic appreciation standard.
积累 3. 总结段常见套路 4. 议论文的其他结构
Section 1
主体段扩展思路、方法、句型
1.1 正向连续因果论述
正向因果
一些并非不言自明的因果逻辑需要更深入地分析 而不是告诉读者说我说对就对，我说是就是。 比如我们不能直接斩钉截铁地说：对开车的人收 税能减少人们开车。 而是应该写成：对开车的人收税能够推升开车的 成本，从而让人们考虑转变交通方式。 从A => C的一层因果关系 变成A => B => C 的两层因果关系 甚至有的时候会变成A=>B=>C=>D三层因果关系 或 A=>B=>C=>D=>E四层因果关系
正向因果
在此基础上的第二层因果 扩展思维1：对主语进行信息补充，作为谓语动作发生的 背景 常见补充主语信息的方法： 扩写方法2： 主语 + 同位语插入语 + 谓语 + 宾语 例句2： The heavy workload many of us are facing with should be first responsible for this phenomenon. 扩写后： The heavy pressure many of us are facing with, probably an outcome resulting both from our work and family, should be first responsible for this phenomenon.
扩写后：A heavy tax will inevitably raise the cost of driving private vehicles, thereby forcing a large number of private car drivers to shift to public transportation.
正向因果
在此基础上的第二层因果(很可能是写进一步带 来的结果；比如incur mass protests) 常见继续写后续结果的方法： 扩写方法3. Which will thereby 这种方法放在it is a biased one,后面特别适合： Because this policy is equal to depriving the wage earning class of the right to use private vehicles, it is a biased one which will thereby incur mass protests 因为刚好最后是“one”这个代词后面可以直接 接定于从句。
Section 2
各类举例论证&话题素材积累
对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程度和词汇两 方面下手）
举例的方法值得学习： 第一类：由观点->例子（事例） 1. For example/instance, … 2. A case in point is that …/ 3. 其他副词：Most obviously/conspicuously, ... 4. “冒号”(略有列举的感觉) 5. 通过句子 6. 通过解释原因引入例子