Environmental impact assessment环境影响评估

Environmental impact assessment环境影响评估
An action is used in this text in the sense of any engineering of industrial project,legislative proposa l,policy,programme or operational procedure with environmental implications. An environmental impact assessment is an activity designed to identify and predict the impact of an action on the biogeophysical environment an on man’s health and well-being,and to interpret and communicate information about the imapcts.
Operational procedures
EIA should be an integral part of all planning for a major project, and should be carried out at the same time as engineering, socio-political and economic assessment.
In order to provider guidelines for EIA,national goals and policies should be established which take environmental consideratons into account.These goals and policies should be promulgated.
The institutional arrangements for the environmental impact assessments should be determined and made public. Here it is essential that the roles of the various particants（decision-maker,proponent,reviewer,assessor）other export advisors ,the public and inter-national bodies. be made established,so that proposed actions are not unduly held up建议的行动不会受到不必要的拖延and the assessor and the reviewer are not so pressed that they undertake only superficial analyses.肤浅的分析。

An environmental impact assessment should contain the following:
1 a description of the proposed action and of alternatives拟议的行动和替代品的说明
A prediction of the nature and magnitude of environmental effects
An identification of human concerns人类关切的一个鉴定
A listing of impact indicators as well as the methods used to determine their scales of magnitude and relative weights.相对权重
A prediction of the magnitudes of the impact indicators and of the total impact,for the impact and for alternatives.
Recommendations for acceptance ,remedial action, acceptance of one or more of the alternatives ,or rejecton.验收的建议，采取补救措施，对一个或多个选择，或拒绝更多的接受。

EIA should include study of all relevant physcial,biological,economic,and social factors.
EIA should include both mid-term and long-term predictons of impacts. In the case of engineering projects,the following timeframes should be covered:durning construction;immediately after completion of the development ;two or three decades later.
EIA should be assessed as the difference between the future state of the environment if the action took place and the state if no action occurred. Estimates of both the magnitudes and importance of environmental impacts should be obtained.Some large effects may be not very important to society ,and vice versa.
Research
Research should be encouraged in the following areas:
1 Post-audit reviews environmental impact assements for accuracy and completeness in order that knowledge of assessment methods may be improved.
Study methods suitable for asssessing the environmental effects of industrial and social programmes and of other activities of the non-construction type.
Study of bacteria for environmental quality.
Study of quantifying value judgements on the relative worth of various components of environmental quality.
Development of modeling techniques for impact assessments ,with special emphasis on combined physical ,biological ,socio-economic systems.
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